capacitor and capacitance

Behaviour of conductors in Electrostatics field .

d) .
Net electrostatics Field is zero in the interior of a conductor .

1- > -

Éind
+ s
Éext
-
→

s -
Eino + ,
Net Field É= -

←
7- + > → →

> -
+ ,
Here text =
Find
1- + 7
So É=o
t
conductor

III. At the surface of a

changed conductor
,
electrostatic field must be normal to the surface
at
every point
.

☒ The net in the interior of conductor is and

change resides
.

change a zero
any excess
at its surface .

☒ Potential is constant within and on the surface of a conductor .

know that E= DI inside 11 Constant

a conductor E- 0 So
¥-0 Or =
we -

d,

④ Electric Field at the surface of changed conductor E= Ñ F- Surface change density

go
a

Electrostatic Shielding
The phenomenon of making a
region free from any electric field is called electrostatic
shielding Gt is based on •
the fact that electric field vanishes inside the cavity of a
hollow conductor
Savijanepa
. .

Capacitor
• A capacitor is a
system of two conductors separated by an insulator .

conduct is called the of the capacitor

conductor • 1- ve
change as
charge .

¥ •
11=14-112 , potential difference between the conductor .

•
Capacitor is used to store charge in a small space .

Symbol of capacitor

capacitance / Capacity
capacity of a conductor is the ratio of charge given to the conductor to the rise in
its potential it is denoted by
.
C.

capacity / Capacitance =
ch-ar-g.e-i.ec __Q si unit of capacitance is Farad ,
and farad
Potential µ is a
very big unit
.

1)
Capacitance depends upon
size and shape of Conductor
the
following
.
factors

5
wfjavfr%
② Nature of the surrounding medium
③ Presence of the other conductors in its neighbourhood .

It
µ
i. F-
capacitance of an isolated spherical capacitor .

-19
'

'
.
I
i.
Consider an isolated spherical conductor of Radius The charge
.

Q is uniformly ←
+
-
- - * -

"
- --
→
+
distributed over its entire surface assumed to be concentrated at the Centre of the sphere
,
. It '
.

on the surface of the spherical conductor

¥
potential point
:
The at will be
•
any + t
G- capacitance C- G- 411-612
✗ and
¥
=
.

4 ITEM
ie R
ca
Radius of conductor
•
Capacitance of Earth C=4ñEo ( Radius of Earth) i.ec = 711nF .

Dielectric
Dielectric are
insulating
produce electric effect without conduction
material that can .

Types 111 Polar dielectric .

2) Non Polar dielectric . -

II. Polar dielectric : The polar dielectric are made up of polar atoms / molecule , in which the
centre of positive charge does not coincide with the centre of
charge of the atom negative .

e.
g H2O CO2 NH, etc
, ,

2) . Non -
Polar dielectric :→ The polar dielectric l like Nag Oz
non -

,
benzene , methane etc) are
made up of non -

polar atom / molecule , in which centre of positive charge coincides with the
centre of negative charge of the atom molecule . e.
g Nz , Oa ,
benzene , methane .

•
Polarization in dielectric and Polarisation vector .

↳ When dielectric material is placed

a ↳ gt is defined as the dipole moment per unit
in electric field , dipole moment appears volume ; and its is referred to
an
magnitude as
in volume in it This fact is known the polarisation
wÑ
any as
. .

Polarisation of the material .

p=XeE Na .
Polarisation vector =
D-ipolemor-ne.int
Sjovg
Ummmm

volume

•
Behaviour of a conductor and a dielectric in an external electric field -

Here Ein __induced electric field .

to = External electric field .

Here Éo =/ -

Éi
and Éo = -

Éi i. e Net Electric Field É= EI

Dielectric constant ( K ) K
÷:ne ratio of strength of the applied electric field to the strength of the reduced value of
electric field on placing the dielectric between the plates of a capacitor is the dielectric
constant , denoted by K K Eo .
=

K
The Parallel Plate Capacitor
The parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates

parallel to each other and separated by a distance d.

The field due to the two charged plates ( in inner region)
E- E
Fe Feo E.
=
+
.

for uniform electric field ,

Potential difference is
Ed
Eod Q
V= &
v= T=
A.
9- Charge on
capacitor .

g- E:& Aeg
SÑwÑ
so -
i -
e G-

tote :→ Farad is a unit

very big 5
.

In practical the area of the plates needed to have G- IF for a separation of 1cm

A- 109 m2
Cdg
then A- = =

which is plate about in and breadth

a 30km
length .
 Effect of Dielectric on capacitance
T -
r

when there is a dielectric between the plates

+
when there is
-

a vacuum
it
+ -

between the plates then then Net Electric field E is given by

vacuum E. Eo Ein Here E= to
Eo
§
= = -

+ -

Eo Ein k
⇐
= -
.

+
-

youth E ro ri i
g-
ro ri where K dielectric
-

e - -
- -
= -

← d → EOK Eo Eo Constant .

Now Potential difference

Agg
K

guff
V= V=Qd
Fido §,
.
=

A- Eok

1 for vacuum]
G-
§ Co
-17¥
-

c=- cok

↳ increases K times
capacitance .

Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with a dielectric slab

# Partially filled .

+fEo+
+ + + + + +
(for vacate:D
vacuum) field
Eo=§=¥g(
Capacitance 8 Electric
co=Eo¥ Dielectric siab ^t
-

qÉi
- - -

d
When dielectric slab is
placed partially between the plates of the capacitor : : i I ii.
. +
r
×
Hence the potential difference between the capacitor plates is
.

gwuiljonnfhh
told t1- E- to K
¥0T where /
v= told t ) + Et
-
v= - .

V=Eo[ lotti
-1¥] v=,¥ / d- ¥1 §, ¥E÷+µ-k
GAI
1- + G-
of
=

. d- t + I
K
• if the dielectric fills the entire space between the plates
then 1- =D C- KAI
d
if conductor is k=N for conductor
placed between the plates of capacitor then G-
AdE÷ % .

Combination of capacitors
SERIES Q -

Q Q -

Q + Qi -

Q, PARALLEL
+ = + -

y¥ÉÉ É÷ In Parallel Combination

In series
divided
charge
G
remain same and Potential
ca

tQ=
¥2 ¥ I V
and
voltage remain same
change divided
.

The total Potential drop 11 across the combination

is Total charge Q=Q , + Qz
11=11 1- V2 Here 11=01
,
E
Q=cv Q, =
GU Qi Colt
and
14=4 &
112=9-2 CV =
411 + Call

gwggjdWNCV-CG-c.si/y--ytVz
,
.

9=0-2 ,
+
¥ , C =
C -1 Cz
,

{ to -1%2
=

,
 stored in a capacitor
Energy
The work done in changing the capacitor is stored as its electrical Potential energy .

This energy is supplied

by the battery In charging of the capacitor electric charges
•

transferred from one plate to another plate .

Suppose now a small additional charge dQ be

'

transferred from plate 2 to plate 1- The work done will be

'
dH=v'dQ' dH= SQ •

Total work done in changing the capacitor

did =Q
'

=/
!
IN SQ • &
H=[ c)
•
Q'
" a-

µjrÑ
o
'
-01
Hilda '

This work done is stored

•o③B@B_ H=§zQ electrical potential energy
as

U .

Cli
{§
U
Q=CV
•

QV :
{ {
= = =
.

Force between the plates of a capacitor

q -
q Electric susceptibility ( Xe)
'
negative
+
Electric field the 9T describes the electrical behaviour of
-

on
+ >
plate due to positive change is a dielectric gt is a dimensionless constant
-
. .

+ > - for vacuum Xe=0

E- I =L
1- , -

A
+ )
Ho 2AEo Relation between dielectric constant & electric
susceptibility
-

be
can given as

The
magnitude of force on the change in ve

gww.gg/wYMK--1tXe2AEo
-

Plate is
F=qE
f=qI

between the plates

'

Energy density (n) u= Energy stored

u=¥, u={ EOE

GO.AM Volume of capacitor