مقدمة في الرفع المساحي الطبوغرافي

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

134
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪100‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K12‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

135
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬1 J5
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E1
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬E2
‫א‬{‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K….{‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬{
W‫א‬‫ א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K…..‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 WEDatumF‫א‬ E4

136
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬E5
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

 
    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬      W ‫ א‬E6
 ‫א‬‫א‬      ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
      ‫א‬     ،  
 .‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ E7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬E8
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬E9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4 J1
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EK‫א‬،،،F‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

137
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
  

138
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J5
 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ J2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬–5
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

139
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ J6
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬4 J5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 E20FE20F،،‫א‬‫א‬

 
 .E25،20FEF‫א‬

140
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K4
.‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K6
K‫א‬

141
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K8

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9

‫א‬  (v)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K10
  ‫א‬ (U) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬

 

142
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

143
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J5
 W‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 0.5–0.2  
  1000L1F 
 1.0–0.5  
 2.0 J1.0  E
 
 1.5–0.5  
– 1000L1F 
 2.0 J1.5  
 E10000L1
 3.0 J2.0  
 3 J1  
 5 J3    F 
 10 J5    E10000L1
 50 J25 J10  

144
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬6 J5
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J1
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J5
   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1E1F

 
145
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫؟‬1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E88.33F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K92.00189.00
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 2E2F

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C 
Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

146
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 8ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 5.54Z45.18–50.72ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE46.00F‫א‬‫א‬
 8200Z45.18–46.00Z‫א‬‫א‬
8
 1.18Z82KKC  ZE46F‫א‬‫א‬
5.54
‫א‬     1.2 Z  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 46.00
8
 2.63ZE45.18–47FC  ZE47F‫א‬‫א‬
5.54

147
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     2.6 Z  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 47.00
8
 4.07ZE45.18–48FC ZE48F‫א‬‫א‬
5.54
‫א‬     4.1 Z  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 48.00
8
 5.52ZE45.18–49FC  ZE49F‫א‬‫א‬
5.54
    5.5 Z   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 49.00‫א‬
8
 6.96ZE45.18–50FC  ZE50F‫א‬‫א‬
5.54
‫א‬     7.0 Z  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 50.00
 

 W‫א‬8 J5
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬9 J5
 {‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W

148
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 K‫א‬ J3
 K1‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1.00

  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬C Z‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

149
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 J5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J10 J5
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J10 J5
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

150
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J10 J5


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

151
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J10 J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J10 J5
 W(‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J10 J5
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J10 J5
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 

152
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

153
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  3 J2 J10 J5
 WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

154
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF K

 W
 EF     ‫א‬ J1 
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2 
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
25C25F،
‫א‬E
‫א‬EF
 W
‫א‬‫ א‬E1
 K1.00
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E2
K‫א‬WK‫א‬ E3

155
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
          K33
        K34
        K35
        K36
        K37
        K38
        K39
        K40
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
  

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