Productive Thinking Fundamentals: Participant Workbook
Productive Thinking Fundamentals: Participant Workbook
Productive Thinking Fundamentals: Participant Workbook
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Welcome!
Welcome to ThinkX Productive Thinking. We at ThinkX believe that your most important intellectual resource
is your capacity for productive thinking. Whether in your business or personal life, the better you can think,
evaluate, and apply your ideas, the more successful you will be. By developing your productive thinking
skills, you will exponentially increase your personal and professional effectiveness.
We believe that everyone has the capacity to increase their productive thinking skills. No matter what your
starting point, you can learn how to generate better ideas, evaluate them more rigorously, and put them
into practice more effectively. Most of the people who have attended this program have been amazed at the
wealth of their own untapped thinking resources.
Productive thinking is as much a mindset as it is a set of skills. In a very real sense, your attitude about
productive thinking will be self-fulfilling. As Henry Ford once said, “Whether you think you can, or think you
can’t, you are right.” The productive thinking attitude is that there is always a way out, always a way
through, that nothing is fixed or fore-ordained. It’s an attitude of limitless possibility. But it’s not just wishful
thinking. The productive thinking mindset is also one of personal responsiblity. As powerful as productive
thinking is, it’s also hard work. The more skillful you become at it, the more natural it becomes, but learning
and developing that skill takes time. As with any skill, you need to practice it in order to perfect it. That’s
true in every realm of human endeavor — whether sports, the arts, the sciences, or the ability to think
productively. To truly embed your skills, we encourage you to use the Productive Thinking Process in both
your personal and professional life as much as possible. You will get better at it every time you do so. We’ll
also be offering you additional ways of developing and sharpening your new skills in the weeks and months
following this program.
So welcome to the ThinkX Productive Thinking Fundamentals workshop. We know you will benefit from the
concepts and tools you will learn today, and we hope you will continue to share you progress with the
thousands of people whose work and lives have been transformed by this new way of thinking.
Productive thinking combines and balances these two distinct thinking modes — creative thinking, aimed at
producing as many new ideas as possible, and critical thinking, aimed at selecting and developing ideas with
the most promise.
Think of all the times in your personal or business life when someone has come up with an idea and others
have said “Oh, no, that’ll cost too much,” or “The boss won’t go for it,” or “If it’s such a good idea, why
hasn’t anyone thought of it before?” or “What we’ve got works just fine,” or “That’s not our job.” Think of
the times in your life when both the person thinking the new thought and the person judging it were one
and the same — maybe even you!
You’ll see in the material that follows, that each step of the ThinkX Productive Thinking Model uses both
creative and critical phases and that each step makes a clear distinction between the two phases.
Both creative thinking and critical thinking have guidelines that can help you stay on track. The better you
become at applying these principles, the more productive your thinking will be.
Defer judgment. This doesn't mean Define success. Establish the criteria against
eliminating judgment, just waiting until the which to measure your ideas.
appropriate time. Give ideas a chance.
Unpack ideas. Analyze them to understand
Build on ideas. Create more ideas by adding their principles, themes, and implications.
slight twists and variations.
Evaluate. Measure your ideas against the
Seek wild ideas. It’s easier to tame a wild success criteria you have chosen.
idea than to invigorate a dull one.
Judge generatively. Avoid binary (yes/no)
Go for quantity. Stretch: set a target of 30 evaluations. Look for ways to improve your ideas
itches, criteria, questions, ideas — whatever as you evaluate them.
you're working on. Then go for more.
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High Five
High Five is an idea tool to use in What’s Going On?. You can’t generate effective solutions to problems you
don’t see clearly. Like a baseball batter with great power, but not a great eye, the strongest swing won’t do
much good, unless you connect your bat with the ball. The High Five tool prompts you to answer five
essential questions you need to know about your issue to get a good handle on what’s really going on.
For each question, first use creative thinking to generate a long list
of answers, then use critical thinking to select those that are most significant. Answering these questions
will give you a better chance of truly understanding your challenge.
High Five was developed by Tim Hurson, Think Better, McGraw Hill 2008.
KnoWonder
KnoWonder is a simple tool for analyzing issues, concepts, or conditions. The intent is to ask what is known
and yet to be known about the thing being examined. It lets you quickly and easily generate useful
perspectives on any issue you might want to explore. It can be used in any step of the Productive Thinking
Process, and it can be a great stand-alone tool whenever you need to increase the scope of your
understanding of an issue.
KnoWonder is particularly useful for examining Itch statements in What’s Going On?. It is also an
outstanding way to cap off any step in the Productive Thinking Process, allowing you to evaluate how you
are doing before moving on to the next step.
Know Wonder
Take a large sheet of paper, the bigger the better. Flip chart paper is ideal. Draw a vertical line down the
center, dividing the sheet in half. At the top, label the left half “Know” and the right half “Wonder”.
Start with the left half, and list all the things you know about your Itch. If you run out of ideas, cue yourself
by asking specific questions:
• What resources are involved?
• What might be causing the situation?
• Why does it exist at all?
• What might be perpetuating it?
• Do other people or organizations experience similar itches? Who? Why? How have they responded to it?
• Are there people or organizations who don’t experience similar itches? Why might that be?
• Have you ever attempted to resolve the itch before? What have you tried? What have others tried? What
happened? What worked? What didn’t? What obstacles got in the way of resolution?
When you run out of steam listing what you know, move to the Wonder side of the sheet. What do you
wonder about the itch and the situation surrounding it? List all the things you don’t know, but would like
to. Be as exhaustive as you can. Don’t judge any wonders out of existence.
KnoWonder makes your thinking visible. Not only can you see your output, but you can compare it with the
thinking and perspectives of others. A powerful application of KnoWonder in groups is to reveal where
people in work teams agree and differ on the “facts” around an issue.
I3
I3 stands for Influence, Importance, and Imagination. It is an excellent critical thinking tool for helping
evaluate whether a problem or opportunity is appropriate for you or your group to address. Use it in What’s
Going On?
If you can answer “yes” to all three of these questions, you will probably benefit by applying the ThinkX
Productive Thinking Model. If your answer to any of these questions is “no”, you may want to think about
Imagination
Importance
Influence
either redefining your challenge in a way that does meet the I3 criteria, or perhaps working on a different
challenge.
C-4
C-4 stands for for Cull, Combine/Cluster, Clarify, and Choose. C-4 is an excellent convergence tool for
narrowing down many options into a manageable number.
Combine/Cluster
• Create groups or categories of similar ideas with no more than 4-6 ideas per cluster.
• Eliminate duplicates.
• Combine similar ideas to form single ideas.
• You may find a single idea fits into more than one cluster. If so, duplicate the post-it and place the idea in
each appropriate cluster.
• You may find that a single idea cannot be clustered with any others because it is unique. If the idea
seems useful, put it alone in its own cluster.
• Label each cluster with a name that summarizes its essence, but which is specific enough to be useful.
For example, a cluster called “Communication” may be too broad to be useful. You may want to have
separate clusters for “Internal Communication” and “External Communication.”
Clarify
• Restate the essence of each cluster as a single idea.
• If a cluster is too broad, break it up so that each represents a single idea.
Choose
• Evaluate each of your restated ideas against your success criteria. Which ideas resonate most? Which are
most interesting or compelling? Which seem most worth pursuing?
• Select three to five of these ideas for further analysis and development.
C-4 is inspired by the work of Roger Firestein and Don Treffinger (Journal of Creative Behavior vol 17, no 1, 1983);
Revised and updated by ThinkX Intellectual Capital Inc., 2006.
DRIVE
DRIVE is a powerful tool for determining success criteria in What’s Success?.
D R I V E
DO (Desired Risk: Investment: Values: Essential
Outcomes): List the List your not-to- List the values Outcomes:
List the outcomes you exceeds for all your solution List the
outcomes you don’t want your your resources must represent measurables or
want your solution to bring functional specs
solution to about your solution must
achieve meet
Make a table with five columns labeled D - R - I - V - E. List as many statements as possible for each row.
In creating your lists, incorporate not only your own perspectives, but also those of your key stakeholders.
Once you have filled the table, choose the success criteria that are most important to you.
DRIVE was developed by Tim Hurson, Think Better, McGraw Hill 2008.
Excursions
Excursions are a way to help people see the challenge from a variety of different points of view. As the
name implies, Excursions are actually trips outside the conventional way of looking at an issue. These trips
can be real (as in a visit to a museum) or imaginary (as in a visualization or guided imagery exercise).
Excursions can be useful for imagining the future in What’s Success?, generating questions in What’s the
Question?, listing ideas in Generating Answers, and defining action steps in Aligning Resources.
• Imagine yourself as a part of the challenge or process you are dealing with. For example, Jonas Salk used
to picture himself as a virus or a cancer cell to get a better sense of the problems he was trying to solve.
Depending on the challenge you are exploring, you might imagine yourself as a package on a store shelf,
as a part in an automobile engine, as an email moving through the Internet, as a child’s toy.
• Imagine the environment in which the challenge exists. For example, if you are dealing with a
labor/management communication problem, imagine yourself on the shop floor. Hear the noise of the
machines, smell the smells, feel the temperature. Then imagine yourself in the executive suite. How might
the differences affect your challenge? How might they influence ideas for solution or action? If you are
exploring a new product, imagine the environment in which it will be used — a kitchen, a bathroom, a
child’s bedroom, the inside of a car.
To get the most out of excursions, take the time to write your observations, thoughts, feelings, and
questions in a journal (see the Journaling tool).
Excursions is based on the work of W.J.J. Gordon (Synectics) and Horst Geschka (Methods and Organization of Idea
Finding in Industry).
Forced Connections
Forced Connections is a useful tool to list unusual and unexpected ideas in Generate Answers.
• Ask, “When you look at (or think of) , what ideas come up for addressing this challenge?”
• Ask, “In what ways is the challenge like a ?” After you come up with some relationships,
generate ideas these relationships stimulate. For example, the challenge is like an orange because it has a
number of inter-connected sections. This might stimulate ideas like: discover what holds the sections
together, look at each of the sections individually, squeeze all the sections together to make a blend,
remove the barriers and create a seamless whole.
• Brainstorm the characteristics of the random object. For example, a table cloth may be smooth, white,
foldable, soft, stain-resistant, woven (the more characteristics you can generate, the better). Then think
about how the challenge (or a possible solution to the challenge) is like each of the characteristics. For
example:
— How is it foldable?
— How is it smooth?
— How is it woven?
POWER
POWER evaluates and strengthens ideas. It works
best in Forge the Solution, but can also be used in
P
ositives: E
nhancements:
List what’s good List how you can
any step of the process. One can power up Target
about your solution improve each Positive
Futures, Catalytic Questions, and steps in action
plans. POWER is based on the principle of generative
judgment, that is, judging for the purpose of
improving, rather than eliminating.
POWER was developed by Tim Hurson, Think Better, McGraw Hill 2008; inspired by the work of many outstanding
researchers in the field of productive thinking, including Diane Foucar-Szocki, Bill Shephard, Roger Firestein, and Edward
de Bono.
Journaling
Journaling is simply keeping track of your ideas on paper. A Chinese proverb states: “Even the weakest ink is
better than the strongest memory.” How many times have you had a great idea, only to lose it hours (or
even minutes) later, because you can’t remember it? The solution: write it down.
Timing: variable
• Get a small notebook, one you can easily carry in a pocket or purse. Find a small pen that can attach to
the notebook in some way, so you can always have them with you, and can pull them out at a moment’s
notice.
• Make a habit of jotting down ideas, observations, plans, what worked, what didn’t, things you see and
hear that intrigue you, other people’s ideas, inspiring quotes, whatever captures your interest. One of the
basic rules of psychology is that we get more of what is reinforced. One of the interesting things about
journaling is that the more you observe and write down your ideas, thoughts, and observations, the more
ideas, thoughts, and observations you will begin having. So not only will you capture what you used to
forget, you’ll actually generate more ideas to begin with.
• Remember that journaling need not be confined to writing. You can draw or sketch your ideas, or even
jot musical notations. Whatever it takes. The key is to do it.
Example
One of the most powerful things you can do with your journal is to discover meaning in the various
experiences you have in your ordinary life. We all go to meetings or have conversations or see beautiful sites.
And after only a short time, we forget what happened at the meeting, what was said in the conversation, or
the beauty of what we saw.
A simple way to capture these is to use the What — So What — Now What method in your journal. After
a meeting, for example, take a moment to jot down the following in your journal:
• What? What happened? What did you actually observe? Try to be as objective as possible.
• So What? What are the implications of what happened? What do the things that happened mean to
you, to your colleagues, to your friends?
• Now What? How might you adapt or adopt what happened? How might you use it in your home or
work life? How might it change you?
Taking just a few moments to answer these three simple questions in your journal can enrich your
experiences, improve your memory, and enhance your ability to think productively.
Both in your business and personal life, the better you can think, evaluate, and apply your ideas,
the more successful you will be.
ThinkX Productive Thinking can give you the skills to think better, work better, do better — to raise
your intellectual capital. The ThinkX approach is simple, powerful, and practical.
ThinkX — our mission is to help people raise the power of their thinking
www.thinkxic.com • www.tenkaizen.com