Nga - STND.0036 1.0.0 WGS84

NGA.STND.0036_1.0.
0_WGS84
NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (NGA)

STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENT
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984
Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems
2014-07-08
Version 1.0.0
OFFICE OF GEOMATICS
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
SUBJECT TERMS
Datums, Datum Shifts, Datum Transformations, Datum Transformation Multiple

Regression Equations, Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), Earth Gravitational Constant,
Earth Gravitational Model (EGM), EGM2008, Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP),
Ellipsoids, Ellipsoid Heights, Ellipsoidal Gravity Formula, Gauss Coefficients, Geodesy,
Geodetic, Geodetic Heights, Geodetic Systems, Geoids, Geoid Heights, Geoid
Undulations, Global Positioning System (GPS), Gravitation, Gravitational Coefficients,
Gravitational Model, Gravitational Potential, Gravity, Gravity Formula, Gravity
Potential, Local Datums, Local Geodetic Datums, Magnetic Coefficients, Magnetic
Declination, Magnetics, Molodensky Datum Transformation Formulas, National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), National Imagery and Mapping Agency
(NIMA), Orthometric Heights, Regional Datums, Reference Frames, Reference Systems,
World Geodetic System (WGS), World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84), World
Magnetic Model (WMM).
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
NGA DEFINITION
Department of Defense Directive 5105.60, National Geospatial-Intelligence

Agency (NGA) July 29, 2009 directs that:
NGA shall support US national security objectives by providing, timely, relevant,

and accurate geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) to the Department of Defense (DoD), the
Intelligence Community (IC), and other US Government (USG) departments and
agencies; conducting other intelligence-related activities essential for US national
security; providing GEOINT for safety of navigation information; preparing and
distributing maps, charts, books, and geodetic products; designing, developing, operating,
and maintaining systems related to the processing and dissemination of GEOINT; and
providing GEOINT in support of the combat objectives of the Armed Forces of the
United States.
It is DoD policy per Department of Defense INSTRUCTION NUMBER 5000.56,

Programming Geospatial-Intelligence (GEOINT), Geospatial Information and Services
(GI&S), and Geodesy Requirements for Developing Systems Jul, 9, 2010 that:
a. All acquisition programs relying on GEOINT data shall be designed to use

standard GEOINT data whose content, formats, and standards conform to those
established by the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) through
community government processes.
b. All acquisition programs shall make maximum use of standard military data
and digital databases provided by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
and the NSG.
c. DoD Components shall consider the availability of NGA resources and the
impact of the use of unique GEOINT data, products, or services may have on the cost,
schedule, or performance of system development or upgrades when unique GEOINT
data, products, or services are required in the conduct of the system’s operational mission
profile.
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
PREFACE
This NGA Standard defines the Department of Defense (DoD) World Geodetic
System 1984 (WGS 84). Significant changes incorporated in this standard include:
 Refined realization of the reference frame

 Description of Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP)
 Discussion of International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
(IERS) standards
 Development of a refined Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and geoid
 Description of a World Magnetic Model (WMM)
 Updated list of datum transformations
Users requiring additional information, clarification, or an electronic version of

this document should contact:
NGA (SN), Mail Stop L-41

Office of Geomatics
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
3838 Vogel Road
Arnold, MO 63010-6205
E-Mail address: [email protected]

http://www.nga.mil
WGS 84 is comprised of a coherent set of models and parameters. Organizations

are advised NOT to make a substitution for any of the WGS 84 related parameters or
equations. Such a substitution may lead to degraded WGS 84 products, interoperability
problems and may have other adverse effects.
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This edition of the Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS
84) NGA Standard, NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 (formerly known as TR8350.2),
reflects significant improvements and changes to WGS 84 since the 3rd edition was
published in 1997. Today, the WGS 84 reflects a family of models, parameters, and a
new reference frame update.
This standard will address the following subject areas with the WGS 84:
 Coordinate Systems
 The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in the development of the WGS
84 Reference Frame
 Ellipsoid and its defining parameters
 Ellipsoidal Gravity formula
 Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008)
 EGM2008 Geoid Model
 The World Magnetic Model (WMM)
 WGS 84 relationships with other Geodetic Systems
 Accuracy of WGS 84 and its models
 Implementation Guidelines
For those first time readers, the data, models, and information contained in this
standard will address issues and analysis related to the following topical areas:
 Gravity Field determination and related issues

o Components of the Gravity Field
o Level Surfaces and Plumb Lines
o Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the Gravitational Potential
 Geodetic Reference Systems and other Reference Frames
o Geocentric Coordinate Systems and Polar Motion
o Astronomic Coordinates and the Global Cartesian Coordinate System
o Reference Surfaces
o Normal Gravity Field
o Satellite Observation and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
 Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) activities
o WMM
o EGM2008
o Reference Frame
o GPS
o Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP)
o Use of IERS models and constants
 Mapping and Charting
o Horizontal Datum
o Vertical Datum
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 Geodetic, GIS Data, and Other High-Accuracy Applications:

o Reference Frame
o Coordinates
o Earth Gravitational Model (EGM)
o WGS 84 Geoid
o Temporal considerations
NGA.STND.0036 provides a description and sufficient details regarding the

global World Geodetic System’s global reference frame to allow users of this information
to implement this reference frame and its associated geophysical models and constants.
Today’s modern GNSS’s, such as GPS, have made it possible to establish a truly
global geocentric reference system which can be quickly adapted for precise geodetic
positioning, especially over long distances. It is possible to determine distortions and
mis-orientations of classical geodetic networks around the world. The entire WGS is
being incorporated into a Standards-based environment through the NGA Geospatial
Intelligence Standards Working Group (GWG). The result will be that the WGS 84 and
its future instantiations will become part of the DoD Information Standards Registry
(DISR) thereby increasing interoperability and reducing acquisition costs.
Readers will note NGA is adopting multiple recommendations outlined in the

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Technical Note No.
36, IERS Conventions 2010 (hereafter referred to as IERS TN 36). This NGA Standard
supplements IERS TN 36 as DoD guidance for implementation, particularly where WGS
84 differs from IERS TN 36. A new realization of the WGS 84 reference frame tied to
IERS TN 36 and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) 2008, was
established in 2013.
In mid-2015, a new edition of this Standard, incorporating an updated WGS 84

reference frame and an updated WMM 2015 will be written and propagated to the
community. This anticipated edition will begin a five-year update cycle of the Standard
and its related models as required. The 2020 update may be a rigorous review of the
WGS which may result in refining parameters for the WGS.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
SUBJECT TERMS .......................................................................................................... ii
NGA DEFINITION ........................................................................................................ iii
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vii
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1-1
2. WGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEM ........................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Realization ................................................................................................ 2-2
2.3 Earth Orientation Parameters .................................................................. 2-13
2.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 2-15
3. WGS 84 ELLIPSOID .............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 General ...................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Historical Development ............................................................................ 3-1
3.3 Alignment to International Standards ....................................................... 3-2
3.4 WGS 84 Defining Parameters ................................................................... 3-2
3.5 Special WGS 84 Parameters ..................................................................... 3-4
3.6 Other Fundamental Constants .................................................................... 3-4
3.7 Special Applications of the WGS 84 Defining Parameters ...................... 3-6
3.8 WGS 84 Derived Geometric and Physical Constants ............................... 3-8
4. WGS 84 ELLIPSOIDAL GRAVITY FORMULA .................................................. 4-1
4.1 General ...................................................................................................... 4-1
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4.2 Normal Gravity on the Ellipsoidal Surface ............................................... 4-1
4.3 Normal Gravity Above the Ellipsoid ........................................................ 4-2
5. WGS 84 EGM2008 GRAVITATIONAL MODELING .......................................... 5-1
5.1 Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) ........................................... 5-1
5.2 Gravity Potential (W) ................................................................................ 5-2
6. WGS 84 EGM2008 GEOID .................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 General ...................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Formulas, Representations, and Analysis ................................................. 6-2
6.3 Availability of WGS 84 EGM2008 Data Products ................................... 6-5
7. WGS 84 RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GEODETIC SYSTEMS .................. 7-1
7.1 General ...................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Relationship of WGS 84 to the ITRF ....................................................... 7-1
7.3 Relationship of WGS 84 to the NAD 83 .................................................. 7-2
7.4 Three-parameter Geometric Transformations ........................................... 7-6
7.5 Seven-parameter Geometric Transformations .......................................... 7-9
7.6 Molodensky-Badekas Transformation Model ........................................ 7-11
7.7 Datum Transformation Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) ............. 7-11
7.8 WGS 72 to WGS 84 ................................................................................ 7-12
7.9 Datums Equivalent to WGS 84 for Mapping and Charting Purposes .... 7-12
8. ACCURACY OF COORDINATES REFERENCED TO WGS 84 ........................ 8-1
8.1 Discussion ................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 Techniques for Obtaining WGS 84 Coordinates ...................................... 8-2
8.3 Summary ................................................................................................... 8-3
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9. THE WMM ............................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 The Elements of the Magnetic Field ......................................................... 9-2
9.3 Grid Variation ........................................................................................... 9-2
9.4 Range of the Magnetic Elements at the Earth’s Surface ........................... 9-3
9.5 Model Representation ............................................................................... 9-4
9.6 The WMM2010 Coefficients .................................................................... 9-5
9.7 Magnetic Poles and Geomagnetic Coordinate Systems ............................ 9-7
10. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES .................................................................. 10-1
10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Updates to WGS 84 .............................................................................. 10-1
10.3 WGS 84 Reference Frame and Coordinate Systems ............................ 10-2
10.4 Ellipsoid and Its Defining Parameters .................................................. 10-2
10.5 The World Magnetic Model (WMM) ................................................... 10-2
10.6 WGS 84 Relationships with other Geodetic Systems ........................... 10-3
10.7 The Earth Gravitational Model EGM2008 and Geoid Model .............. 10-3
10.8 Positioning, Navigation and Targeting (PN&T) Applications ............. 10-4
10.9 Geospatial Information Applications .................................................... 10-4
10.10 Cartographic Applications .................................................................. 10-4
10.7 Summary ............................................................................................... 10-5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. R-1
CHANGE PAGES for APPENDICES ....................................................................... CP-1
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APPENDIX A: TRANSFORMATION OF GEOCENTRIC CELESTIAL REFERENCE

FRAME (GCRS, EPOCH J2000.0) COORDINATES TO WGS 84 TERRESTRIAL
REFERENCE FRAME (TRS, ECEF) COORDINATES ............................................. A-1
APPENDIX B: CALCULATION AND VALIDATION OF THE WORLD GEODETIC

SYSTEM 1984 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS, DERIVED CONSTANTS AND
MISCELLANEOUS PRINCIPAL VALUES ................................................................ B-1
APPENDIX C: REFERENCE ELLIPSOIDS FOR LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS . C-1
APPENDIX D: DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED USING SATELLITE

TIES TO GEODETIC DATUMS/SYSTEMS .............................................................. D-1
APPENDIX E: DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED USING NON-

SATELLITE INFORMATION ..................................................................................... E-1
APPENDIX F: MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR SPECIAL

CONTINENT-SIZED LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS ............................................... F-1
APPENDIX G: WGS 72 TO WGS 84 TRANSFORMATION ................................... G-1
APPENDIX H: DATUMS/SYSTEMS EQUIVALENT TO WGS 84 FOR MAPPING

AND CHARTING ........................................................................................................ H-1
APPENDIX I: ACRONYMS ......................................................................................... I-1
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1. INTRODUCTION
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) supports a large number and variety
of products and users, which makes it imperative that these products all be related to a common
worldwide geodetic reference system. This ensures interoperability in relating information from
one product to another, supports increasingly stringent accuracy requirements, and supports
military and humanitarian activities worldwide. The refined World Geodetic System 1984
(WGS 84) represents NGA’s best geodetic model of the Earth using data, techniques and
technology available through 2013.
The definition of the World Geodetic System has evolved within NGA and its
predecessor agencies from the initial WGS 60 through subsequent improvements embodied in
WGS 66, WGS 72, and WGS 84. The refinement described in this standard has been possible
due to improved scientific models and additional global data. These data include those from
precise and accurate geodetic positioning, new observations of land gravity data, the availability
of extensive altimetry data, and gravity data from the GRACE satellite mission.
Using these data, an improved Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) and its
associated geoid were developed, and the World Magnetic Model 2010 (WMM2010) was
produced. EGM2008 was developed by NGA with contracted support. WMM2010 was
developed jointly by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s
National Geophysical Data Center and the British Geological Survey.
Commensurate with these modeling enhancements, significant improvements in the

current realization of the WGS 84 reference frame have also been achieved through the
continued improvement of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS). WGS 84 is
realized by the coordinates assigned to the GPS tracking stations used in the calculation of
precise GPS orbits at NGA. NGA currently utilizes the six globally dispersed Air Force
operational GPS tracking stations augmented by eleven tracking stations operated by NGA. The
coordinates of these tracking stations have been determined to an absolute accuracy of 1 cm
(1). WGS 84 coordinates are determined primarily through GPS positioning.
The WGS 84 represents the best global geodetic reference system for the Earth available
at this time for practical applications of mapping, charting, geopositioning, and navigation. This
standard includes the definition of the coordinate system, fundamental and derived constants, the
EGM2008, the ellipsoidal (normal) gravity model, a description of the associated WMM, and a
current list of local datum transformations. NGA recommendations regarding the implementation
of WGS 84 are given in Chapter Ten of this standard.
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2. WGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEM
2.1 Definition
The WGS 84 Coordinate System is a Conventional Terrestrial Reference System

(CTRS). The definition of this coordinate system follows the criteria outlined in International
Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Technical Note No. 36, IERS
Conventions 2010 (IERS TN 36) [1]. These criteria are repeated below:
 It is geocentric, the center of mass being defined for the whole Earth including oceans
and atmosphere
 Its scale is that of the local Earth frame, in the meaning of a relativistic theory of
gravitation
 Its orientation was initially given by the Bureau International de l’Heure (BIH)
orientation of 1984.0
 Its time evolution in orientation will create no residual global rotation with regards to
the crust
The WGS 84 Coordinate System is a right-handed, Earth-fixed orthogonal

coordinate system and is graphically depicted in Figure 2.1.
IERS Reference Pole (IRP)

Z
WGS 84
Earth's Center
of Mass
IERS
Reference
Meridian
(IRM)
X WGS 84 Y WGS 84
Figure 2.1 The WGS 84 Coordinate System Definition
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In Figure 2.1, the origin and axes are defined as follows:
Origin = Earth’s center of mass
Z-Axis = The direction of the IERS Reference Pole (IRP). This direction
corresponds to the direction of the BIH Conventional Terrestrial Pole (CTP)
(epoch 1984.0) with an uncertainty of 0.005 [1]
X-Axis = Intersection of the IERS Reference Meridian (IRM) and the plane
passing through the origin and normal to the Z-axis. The IRM is coincident with
the BIH Zero Meridian (epoch 1984.0) with an uncertainty of 0.005 [1]
Y-Axis = Completes a right-handed, Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF)

orthogonal coordinate system
The WGS 84 Coordinate System origin also serves as the geometric center of the
WGS 84 Ellipsoid, and the Z-axis serves as the rotational axis of this ellipsoid of revolution.
The definition of the WGS 84 CTRS has not changed in any fundamental way
since its original implementation. This CTRS continues to be defined as a right-handed,
orthogonal, and Earth-fixed coordinate system which is intended to be as closely coincident as
possible with the CTRS defined by the IERS or, prior to 1988, its predecessor, the Bureau
International de l’Heure (BIH).
The Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) generates the
software which NGA uses for precise GPS orbits and WGS 84 coordinate solutions. To maintain
WGS 84 to the highest level of accuracy and integrity, NGA and NSWCDD assess international
scientific standards to determine their applicability to WGS 84. WGS 84 (G1762) adheres to
IERS TN 36 with limited exceptions as identified in this document. Note that IERS TN 36 often
gives multiple approaches for implementation of models. Specifically, WGS 84 (G1762) will not
include pole corrections and will not include librations in UT1 and polar motion defined in IERS
TN 36 Section 5.5. Previous iterations of WGS 84 (i.e. G1150) are consistent with IERS
Conventions 1996 Technical Note No. 21 [2]. As new standards are adopted, NGA will review
them to determine appropriate implementation. WGS 84 may not conform strictly to all
conventions, but relevant differences will be documented.
2.2 Realization
It is important to understand the definition of a coordinate system and the

practical realization of a reference frame. Section 2.1 contains the definition of the WGS 84
Coordinate System. To achieve a practical realization of a global geodetic reference frame, a set
of station coordinates must be established. A consistent set of station coordinates infers the
location of an origin, the orientation of an orthogonal set of Cartesian axes, and a scale. In
modern terms, a globally distributed set of consistent station coordinates on the surface of the
Earth represents a realization of an ECEF Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF).
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The original WGS 84 reference frame was established in 1987 using the Navy
Navigation Satellite System (also called TRANSIT) [3]. The main objective in the original
effort was to align, as closely as possible, the origin, scale and orientation of the WGS 84 frame
with the BIH Terrestrial System (BTS) frame at an epoch of 1984.0. This development is given
in DMA TR 8350.2, Editions 1 and 2. Initial uncertainties, in 1987, were 1-2 meters with respect
to the BTS.
Since that time, NGA has used the combined network of the US Air Force
(USAF) and NGA GPS satellite tracking stations to improve the WGS 84 reference frame. The
WGS 84 reference frame and the GPS Monitor Stations are inherently intertwined. WGS 84 is
the reference frame adopted for the operation of GPS, and all users obtain WGS 84 coordinates
when they use the GPS Broadcast Navigation Messages. NGA generates a set of ‘precise’
ephemerides which adopt the WGS 84, and these ephemerides are used for precise positioning.
This includes calculation of the WGS 84 positions of the permanent DoD GPS Monitor Stations
for both the US Air Force (USAF) and NGA (Figure 2.2) and, therefore, the WGS 84 origin. For
highest accuracy applications such as precise positioning applications, temporal effects should be
considered as described in Section 2.2.4.
Figure 2.2 WGS 84 (G1762) Reference Frame Stations
NGA is committed to maintaining the highest possible accuracy and stability for
the WGS 84 Reference Frame while remaining both practical and accessible. To do so, NGA has
generated several realizations of WGS 84 incorporating improved data and advances in
geophysical modeling to adequately represent the motion of the Earth’s surface. These
realizations have not affected the fundamental definition of the WGS 84 reference system; but
are necessary for high-accuracy, high-integrity applications. The current realization of the WGS
84 Reference Frame is designated as WGS 84 (G1762). The GPS Operational Control Segment
(OCS) implemented WGS 84 (G1762) on 16 Oct 2013 with NGA implementation on the same
date.
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WGS 84 (G1762) is the sixth update to the realization of the WGS 84 Reference
Frame. The previous realizations were designated WGS 84 (G1674) [5], WGS 84 (G1150) [4],
WGS 84 (G873), WGS 84 (G730) and WGS 84. The “G” indicates that GPS measurements were
used to obtain the coordinates. The number following the “G” indicates the GPS week number
during which the coordinates were approved for implementation by NGA. The original
TRANSIT realization of WGS 84 has no such designation. Detailed documentation of the
previous iterations can be found in the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)
TR8350.2, Edition 3, (3 Jan 2000) with its Addendum (2002). Table 2.1 shows the name,
implementation date by the GPS OCS, epoch, and the overall absolute accuracy of each
realization.
Table 2.1 WGS 84 Station Coordinate Updates

Implementation date
Name GPS
NGA Precise Epoch Accuracy
Broadcast
Ephemeris
Orbits
WGS 84 1987 1 Jan 1987 1-2 meters
WGS 84 (G730) 29 Jun 1994 2 Jan 1994 1994.0 10 cm/component rms
WGS 84 (G873) 29 Jan 1997 29 Sep 1996 1997.0 5 cm/component rms
WGS 84 (G1150) 20 Jan 2002 20 Jan 2002 2001.0 1cm/component rms
WGS 84 (G1674) 8 Feb 2012 7 May 2012 2005.0 <1cm/component rms
WGS 84 (G1762) 16 Oct 2013 16 Oct 2013 2005.0 <1cm/component rms
2.2.1 WGS 84 (G1762) Methodology
NGA updated the WGS 84 reference frame coordinates in July 2013, to

incorporate international conventions in [1] for constants and methodology along with alignment
to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008 (ITRF2008). NGA contributes its GPS
monitor station tracking data to the International GNSS Service (IGS). NGA used GPS
observations from the USAF and NGA GPS monitor stations with IGS stations to estimate
updated coordinates for the USAF and NGA stations (Figure 2.2).
 Data were collected from all sites for the period 11 May – 26 May, 2013.
 A subset of IGS stations was selected as control points in the reference frame
solution. IGb08 is a realization of ITRF2008 generated by IGS for their products.
The IGb08 coordinates, at epoch 2005.0, of the IGS stations were held fixed while the
USAF and NGA stations coordinates were adjusted. According to IGS, the difference
between reference station coordinates in IGb08 and ITRF2008 are due to antenna
calibration changes. Transformation parameters between IGb08 and ITRF2008 are
considered to be zero. Reference http://acc.igs.org/reprocess2.html for more
information on IGS products, including reference frames.
 The IGS station positions were determined using their velocities and propagating that
forward to the data collection timeframe.
 The WGS 84 coordinates are at epoch 2005.0.
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 Meteorological data were utilized for all stations. Data from nearby sites or default
values were used when meteorological data were not collected at the GPS station.
NGA adopted the velocities generated for the IGb08 coordinates of the NGA
stations. For USAF stations, NGA adopted the velocities of nearby IGS sites. The velocities of
the USAF and NGA stations used in this realization are given in Table 2.2. Site information for
IGS stations may be obtained through the IGS website currently at http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov.
2.2.2 Results
WGS 84 (G1762) improved the overall accuracy of WGS 84 and will reduce
future discrepancies between WGS 84 and ITRF by improving consistency since, in general,
both have adopted IERS Conventions 2010 methods and models. Previous WGS 84 realizations
have shown consistency with ITRF on the order of 1-2 centimeters at their original
implementation date. Over time, small changes in updated models and methods cause
differences between the two reference frames to grow. Improvements in methods, models, and
data, along with geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, are the fundamental reasons for
periodic updates to the WGS 84 reference frame. Each realization of WGS 84 has improved its
accuracy (Table 2.1) and has increased in precision. Table 2.2 gives the positions of the USAF
and NGA GPS monitor stations in Cartesian coordinates with station velocities, and Table 2.3
gives the geodetic coordinates.
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Table 2.2 WGS 84 (G1762) Cartesian Coordinates* and Velocities for Epoch 2005.0
NGA Station X Y Z Ẋ Ẏ Ż
Station Location
Number (m) (m) (m) (m/yr) (m/yr) (m/yr)
Air Force Stations
Colorado Springs 85128 -1248599.695 -4819441.002 3976490.117 -0.0146 0.0009 -0.0049
Ascension 85129 6118523.866 -1572350.772 -876463.909 -0.0002 -0.0057 0.0110
Diego Garcia 85130 1916196.855 6029998.797 -801737.183 -0.0448 0.0176 0.0331
Kwajalein 85131 -6160884.028 1339852.169 960843.154 0.0201 0.0663 0.0295
Hawaii 85132 -5511980.264 -2200246.752 2329481.004 -0.0098 0.0628 0.0320
Cape Canaveral 85143 918988.062 -5534552.894 3023721.362 -0.0126 0.0016 0.0011
NGA Stations
Australia 85402 -3939182.512 3467072.917 -3613217.139 -0.0409 0.0030 0.0485
Argentina 85403 2745499.034 -4483636.563 -3599054.496 0.0045 -0.0079 0.0085
England 85404 4011440.890 -63375.739 4941877.084 -0.0127 0.0168 0.0101
Bahrain 85405 3633910.105 4425277.147 2799862.517 -0.0324 0.0096 0.0270
Ecuador 85406 1272867.304 -6252772.044 -23801.759 0.0067 0.0013 0.0108
US Naval Observatory 85407 1112158.852 -4842855.557 3985497.029 -0.0150 -0.0001 0.0024
Alaska 85410 -2296304.083 -1484805.898 5743078.376 -0.0222 -0.0068 -0.0086
New Zealand 85411 -4749991.001 520984.518 -4210604.147 -0.0219 0.0127 0.0205
South Africa 85412 5066232.068 2719227.028 -2754392.632 -0.0012 0.0197 0.0168
South Korea 85413 -3067863.250 4067640.938 3824295.770 -0.0263 -0.0091 -0.0094
Tahiti 85414 -5246403.943 -3077285.338 -1913839.292 -0.0422 0.0515 0.0327
Notes: * Coordinates are at the Antenna Reference Points.
Reference http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/ for current values
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Table 2.3 WGS 84 (G1762) Geodetic Coordinates* for Epoch 2005.0

NGA Latitude North Longitude East Ellipsoid
Station Location Station (Decimal (Decimal Height
Number Degrees) Degrees) (m)
Air Force Stations
Colorado Springs 85128 38.80293817 255.47540411 1911.778
Ascension 85129 -7.95132931 345.58786964 106.281
Diego Garcia 85130 -7.26984216 72.37092367 -64.371
Kwajalein 85131 8.72250188 167.73052378 39.652
Hawaii 85132 21.56149239 201.76066695 425.789
Cape Canaveral 85143 28.48373823 279.42769502 -24.083
NGA Stations
Australia 85402 -34.72897999 138.64736789 34.955
Argentina 85403 -34.57370124 301.48070046 48.665
England 85404 51.11761208 359.09487379 139.647
Bahrain 85405 26.20914139 50.60814586 -14.770
Ecuador 85406 -0.21515709 281.50639195 2922.453
US Naval
85407 38.92056511 282.93368418 59.003
Observatory
Alaska 85410 64.68789166 212.88698460 177.236
New Zealand 85411 -41.57619313 173.74075198 147.227
South Africa 85412 -25.74634537 28.22403818 1416.334
South Korea 85413 37.07756761 127.02403352 51.755
Tahiti 85414 -17.57702921 210.39381226 99.836
Notes: * Coordinates are at the Antenna Reference Point.
Reference http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/ for current values.
The differences between WGS 84 (G1762) and WGS 84 (G1674) coordinates

(Table 2.4) were computed. These differences result from changes in methodology, including
the adoption of several IERS TN 36 [1] recommendations, and antenna movement (in some
cases due to site relocation). Since both sets of coordinates are at the same epoch, there was no
need to remove the effects of plate tectonic motion using the station velocities.
The G1762 realization marks the first time the WGS 84 Reference Frame (RF) is
tied to the site’s Antenna Reference Point (ARP) located at the base of the ground plane which
supports the antenna’s electronics. All previous realizations of the WGS 84 RF were tied to the
antenna’s electrical phase center so as to conform to the GPS Control Segment’s expectations.
However, modern standards for reporting reference frame anchor points are for the ARP. This
difference, coupled with NGA’s adaptation of elevation angle dependent antenna phase center
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calibration tables, is the cause of the relatively large discrepancies seen in Table 2.4, almost all in
the vertical direction.
Table 2.4 WGS 84 (G1674) Minus WGS 84 (G1762) for Epoch 2005.0
NGA
∆X ∆Y ∆Z Total
Station Location Station
(m) (m) (m) (m)
Number
Air Force Stations
Colorado Springs 85128 0.018 -0.031 0.017 0.040
Ascension 85129 0.044 0.017 0.000 0.047
Diego Garcia 85130 -0.033 0.025 0.032 0.053
Kwajalein 85131 -0.011 -0.004 -0.002 0.012
Hawaii 85132 -0.003 -0.047 -0.007 0.047
Cape Canaveral 85143 0.011 -0.039 0.016 0.043
NGA Stations
Australia 85402 -0.018 0.048 -0.036 0.062
Argentina 85403 0.061 -0.032 -0.039 0.079
England 85404 0.007 -0.002 0.038 0.039
Bahrain 85405 -0.015 0.012 0.020 0.027
Ecuador 85406 0.022 -0.091 -0.008 0.094
US Naval
85407 0.012 -0.050 0.037 0.064
Observatory
Alaska 85410 0.010 -0.017 0.003 0.021
New Zealand 85411 -0.038 -0.016 -0.064 0.077
South Africa 85412 0.054 0.019 -0.027 0.063
South Korea 85413 -0.026 0.058 0.046 0.079
Tahiti 85414 -0.056 -0.006 -0.016 0.059
2.2.3 Comparisons to Other Reference Frames
NGA and its predecessor organizations have ensured that WGS 84 is consistent
with the most recent ITRF realization. The purpose of this alignment is to adhere to international
standards and pursue the highest possible level of practical global reference frame accuracy. The
ITRF incorporates multiple methods to realize their series of reference systems such as Satellite
Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) that NGA does not
include. Constraining the WGS 84 reference frame to align with ITRF as closely as possible
allows the WGS 84 reference frame to take advantage of those methods without directly
incorporating them into the coordinate determination software. This alignment is necessary for
interoperability with other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). While GPS is currently
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the most widely used GNSS, there are other systems operating or being developed. The US bi-
lateral agreement with the European Union states that WGS 84 and ITRF will be closely aligned
to support interoperability between GPS and Galileo.
The most recent update of WGS 84 (G1762) aligns WGS 84 with ITRF with an
accuracy better than one cm-per-component, resulting in an overall difference of less than one
cm. Specific comparisons with other reference systems are given in Chapter 7.
Transformations between WGS 84 (G1762) and earlier versions of WGS 84 and IGb08 are given
in Table 2.5. The comparison of WGS 84 (G1762) and WGS 84 (G1674) shows that a bias was
introduced into WGS 84 (G1674) which is now corrected in WGS 84 (G1762). This bias is also
indicated by a resultant zero rotation when WGS 84 (G1762) is compared to WGS 84 (G1150).
As shown in Table 2.5, the transformation between WGS 84 (G1762) and IGb08 is zero by
statistical analysis. Mean differences are 1-2 millimeters and significantly less than the error in
the conversion, making the transformation parameters effectively zero. This is expected since
the IGb08 coordinates and velocities were adopted for NGA stations with corrections only for
movement of the stations or antennas. Because of the relationship of IGb08 to ITRF2008, it is
equivalent to state that the transformation parameters between WGS 84 (G1762) and ITRF2008
are also zero.
Table 2.5 Comparison to WGS 84 (G1762)

Reference Frame ∆x ∆y ∆z D Rx Ry Rz
(reference frame (mm) (mm) (mm) (ppb) (mas) (mas) (mas)
epoch) (sigma) (sigma) (sigma) (sigma) (sigma) (sigma) (sigma)
WGS 84 (G1674)# -4 3 4 -6.9 0.27 -0.27 0.38

(2005.0) (5.2) (5.2) (5.2) (0.82) (0.215) (0.212) (0.196)
WGS 84 (G1150)# -6 5 20 -4.5

0* 0* 0*
(2001.0) (4.7) (4.7) (4.7) (0.74)
ITRF2008*
0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 0*
(2005.0)
Notes: The parameters are defined from the listed reference frame to WGS 84 (G1762) at epoch
2005.0.
# The sign convention for the rotations Rx, Ry, and Rz is what NGA uses in its orbit comparison
programs and is opposite to that of IERS Conventions 2010.
*Mean differences are 1-2 millimeters and significantly less than the error in the conversion, thus
they are effectively zero.
where x, y, z, D, Rx, Ry, and Rz describe the transformation in the equation
 1 Rz  Ry  1 0 0  X  x   X 
 
   Rz 1   
Rx   D 0 1 0  Y    y    Y 
  
 Rx 1  0 0 1  Z WGS 84  z   Z  ITRF 2008
  Ry 
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where X, Y, and Z represent the Cartesian position in the reference frame.
2.2.4 Temporal Effects
In an ECEF reference frame, geophysical phenomena such as plate tectonics,

earthquakes, subsidence and tides, cause changes to station positions.
Each of these temporal changes must be quantified and station coordinates

updated in order to maintain the accuracy of the reference frame (NGA provides updated station
coordinates for inclusion in the GPS broadcast ephemeris process when necessary). To perform
this process, the timeframe (epoch) of the station coordinates and their velocities must be known
(Tables 2.1 and 2.2). By applying these values, the user can determine the instantaneous center
of the Earth at the stated accuracy of the reference frame. Neglecting these effects adds error to
the GPS orbit determination process. Users must determine if these temporal effects should be
accounted for, or are negligible to their system or application requirements.
The precision of the current realization of the WGS 84 Reference Frame (G1762) is
better than one centimeter overall (<1 cm per component). Maintaining that one-centimeter
accuracy poses special challenges as discussed below in detail.
2.2.4.1 Plate Tectonic Motion
To maintain centimeter-level accuracy in a CTRF, a given set of station positions

represented at a particular epoch must be updated for the effects of plate tectonic motion. Every
point on the Earth, at a particular time or epoch, experiences relative motion with respect to other
points on the Earth. This motion, known as plate tectonic motion, has been observed to be as
much as 7 cm/year at some DoD GPS tracking stations. One way to handle motions is to
estimate velocity parameters along with the station position parameters. This is recommended
for applications that require the highest level of accuracy. For most DoD applications, however,
this approach is not practical since the observation period is not of a sufficient length to provide
significant velocity estimates, nor do the geodetic surveying algorithms in common use provide
station velocities. Instead, if accuracy requirements warrant it, DoD practitioners must decide the
best method to account for plate tectonic motion. This can be done using a plate motion model
instead of known velocities to account for these translational effects. A map of the sixteen major
tectonic plates is given in Figure 2.3 [6].
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Figure 2.3 Major Plate Boundaries
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NGA uses stations velocities to account for plate tectonic motion in both the
development of G1762 and in precise GPS orbit calculations. At the beginning of each year,
NGA supplies the USAF with station coordinates of both the USAF and NGA sites. The
coordinates are adjusted to an epoch at the half year mark for plate tectonic motion for use in
GPS orbit computation. For example, on 25 Jan 2013, the USAF began using coordinates for the
DoD GPS reference sites with an epoch of 2013.5. This results in an annual step-wise update to
the WGS 84 frame used to generate the GPS broadcast message.
The amount of time elapsed between the epoch of a station’s coordinates and the
time of interest will be a dominant factor in deciding whether application of station velocities or
a plate motion model is warranted. For example, a station on a plate that moves at a rate of 5
cm/year may not require station velocity/plate motion model correction if the epoch of the
coordinates is less than a year old. If, however, these same coordinates are used over a 5-year
period, 25 cm of horizontal displacement will have accumulated in that time and application of a
correction may be advisable, depending on the accuracy requirements of the geodetic survey,
application, or system.
2.2.4.2 Sudden Displacement of Stations
Earthquakes and other episodic movements of the Earth’s crust may cause sudden
displacement of GPS monitor stations. These sudden displacements must be incorporated in
station coordinate references for high accuracy positioning and navigation. In November 2002,
NGA’s Alaska station had an approximately 8 cm displacement caused by a 7.9 magnitude
earthquake. In March 2011, the 9.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Japan moved NGA’s
station in South Korea approximately 4 cm. When sudden movements like these occur, a re-
determination of the monitor station’s coordinates is necessary for the station to maintain its
stated accuracy. New coordinates are calculated and moved to the epoch of the current reference
frame to maintain consistency. Station displacement varies depending upon the earthquake’s
magnitude and distance from the station. In each of the cases above, the steady-state velocity of
the station was assumed to be unchanged due to the earthquake. Depending on the accuracy
required by the user, this may not be a valid assumption. Small changes in station velocities
have been documented immediately following these major events. Users with sub-centimeter
requirements cannot ignore this issue.
Equipment changes or moves can also cause sudden monitor station displacement.
In 2009 and 2010, new antennas were installed at USAF and NGA monitor stations resulting in
each site being displaced by small amounts. The actual movements were minimal in comparison
to plate tectonic motion. Users who are not concerned with better than decimeter-level accuracy
are not affected.
When any displacement of NGA or USAF stations occur that would warrant
permanent changes that impact station coordinates, NGA provides direct notification to the
USAF so that the new coordinates may be utilized in their GPS orbit determination process;
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furthermore, NGA also notifies GPS users via http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/ which

should be consulted for current authoritative values.
2.2.4.3 Earth Tide Effects
Earth tide phenomena are an additional source of temporal and permanent

displacements of a station’s coordinates. These displacements can be modeled to some degree
depending on the desired accuracy and spatial extent. In the most demanding applications
(centimeter-level or better accuracy), the user must address these changes. The IERS TN 36
outlines procedures for handling these displacements. The results of following these conventions
lead to station coordinates in a ‘zero-tide’ system. In practice, however, the coordinates are
typically represented in a ‘tide-free’ system. The NGA GPS precise ephemeris estimation
process uses a tide-free model as described in [1], Section 7.1.1. In this ‘tide-free’ system, both
the temporal and permanent displacements are removed from a station’s coordinates.
Note that many practical geodetic surveying algorithms are not equipped to
rigorously account for tidal effects. Often, these effects are completely ignored or allowed to
‘average-out’. This approach may be adequate if the data collection period is long enough since
the majority of the displacement is diurnal and semi-diurnal in nature. Coordinates determined
from GPS differential (baseline) processing would typically contain whatever tidal components
are present in the coordinates of the fixed (known) end of the baseline. If decimeter level or
better absolute accuracy is required, careful consideration must be given to these station
displacements since the peak absolute, instantaneous effect can be as large as 42 cm [7]. In the
most demanding applications, a rigorous model such as that outlined in [1] should be applied.
2.3 Earth Orientation Parameters
Objects on the Earth are measured in an earth-fixed reference system or CTRS.

Satellite orbit determination is performed in an inertial reference system. Earth Orientation
Parameters (EOP) are required for transformation between the CTRS and the inertial reference
system.
Since satellite equations of motion are appropriately handled in an inertial

coordinate system, the concept of a Conventional Celestial Reference System (CCRS)
(alternately known as a Conventional Inertial System (CIS)) is employed in most DoD orbit
determination operations. The CCRS is based on a kinematic definition, making the axes’
directions fixed with respect to distant matter in the universe. In other words, the reference
frame is defined by the very precise coordinates of extragalactic objects, mostly quasars [8].
This is known as the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) with the J2000.0 Earth-
Centered Inertial (ECI) reference frame being a practical realization for orbit determination
applications. Two equivalent procedures for the coordinate transformation from the ITRS to the
Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) expressed in Eq. (2-1) are presented in IERS TN
36 and the earlier IERS Conventions [2]. According to the International Astronomical Union
(IAU), these procedures differ in the origin adopted for the right ascension coordinate measured
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along the equator of the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) (i.e. the equinox or the celestial
intermediate origin (CIO)). In the case of the former, the reference frame is called “equinox-
based” and, in the case of the latter, “CIO-based”. Each procedure is based on a specific
representation of the transformation matrix components Q(t) and R(t) of Eq. (2-1), which
depends on the corresponding origin on the CIP equator, while the representation of the
transformation matrix component W(t) is common to both techniques. NGA has implemented
the Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO) in its orbit determination process. Since a detailed
definition of these concepts is beyond the scope of this document, the reader is referred to
Appendix A and [1] for in-depth discussion. Appendix A discusses the transformation between
the CIO and GCRS.
Traditionally, the mathematical relationship between the ICRS and a CTRS (in
this case, the WGS 84 Coordinate System) at the date (t) is expressed as
[ ( )][ ( )][ ( )] (2-1)
where the matrices Q(t), R(t), and W(t) are the transformational matrices representing the effects
of nutation and precession, Earth rotation, and polar motion, respectively. Precession/nutation
(coordinates of CIP in the ICRS or celestial pole offsets), Earth rotation, and polar motion
parameters are known as Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP).
The specific formulations for the generation of matrices Q(t), R(t), and W(t) can
be found in the references cited above and appendix A. With adoption of new precession-
nutation models, IAU 2006/2000 Precession-Nutation Model [1], the coordinates of the CIP in
the GCRS, X and Y, can be modeled at the 0.2 milli arc-second (mas) level. With such high
levels of precision, observations and predictions of the coordinates X and Y or celestial pole
offsets (i.e. Q matrix elements) are not necessary for near real-time orbit determination
applications. Therefore, the discussion of EOPs and EOP predictions presented here will only
refer to Earth rotation and polar motion (i.e. R and W matrix elements).
Note that for near-real-time orbit determination applications, EOPs must be

predicted values. Because it is difficult to model Earth rotation and polar motion with high
accuracy over an extended period of time, predictions are performed daily. Within the DoD,
NGA and the USNO supply these daily predictions. When the model is evaluated at a specific
time, polar motion and Earth rotation predictions can be computed. The polar motion (xp and yp)
predictions represent directional offsets from the IERS Reference Pole (IRP) in the direction of
0 and 270 longitude, respectively. The Earth rotation predictions, more specifically, UT1-UTC
predictions, represent the difference between the actual rotational time scale, UT1, and the
uniform time scale, UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). For consistency with NGA’s usage of
the EOP parameters, the user needs to restore the zonal tides as presented in [1, Section 8.1],
apply the diurnal and semi-diurnal tide corrections to polar motion and UT1-UTC using the
“pmut1_oceans” routine contained in [1, Section 8.2, alternate software ‘interp.f’] and not apply
the libration effects [1, Section 5.5.1]. Note the interp.f software contains higher precision tables
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than those published in [1, Tables 8.2 & 8.3]. Position error due to unaccounted EOPs
(combined effect of polar motion and Earth rotation variability) could exceed one meter per day
on the surface of the Earth. In the future, these predictions may be performed more than once per
day. The NGA EOP prediction models are given in equation (2-2). The NGA EOP prediction
models are documented and the quantities A, B, Cn, Dn, E, F, Gn, Hn, Pn, Qn, I, J, Kn, Ln, Rn, Ta, Tb,
and T are defined on http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/.
( ) ( )
( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) (2-2)
( ) ( )
( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
⏟
2.3.1 Tidal Variations in the Earth’s Rotation
The actual Earth rotation rate (represented by UT1) undergoes periodic variations
due to tidal deformation of the polar moment of inertia. These highly predictable periodic
variations have a peak-to-peak amplitude of 3 milliseconds and can be modeled by using the
formulation found in Chapter 8 of [1]. If an orbit determination application requires extreme
accuracy and uses tracking data from stations on the Earth, these UT1 variations should be
modeled in the orbit estimation process. See Appendix A.
2.4 Summary
WGS 84 (G1762) represents the most recent realization of the WGS 84 Reference Frame.
Further improvements and future realizations of the WGS 84 Reference Frame are anticipated.
When new stations are added to the permanent DoD GPS tracking network or when existing
stations (and/or antennas) are moved or replaced, new station coordinates will be required. NGA
will update the WGS 84 Reference Frame as new standards are developed and as new methods
and models are implemented. As these changes occur, NGA will take steps to ensure that the
highest possible degree of fidelity is maintained and changes are identified to the appropriate
organizations. Changes to WGS 84 will be made to ensure that it remains state-of-the-art while
considering the general user is not unduly impacted by frequent updates. Users should reference
http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/ for authoritative information particularly for WGS 84
reference frame coordinates and Earth orientation models.
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3. WGS 84 ELLIPSOID
3.1 General
Many geodetic applications involve three different surfaces, which should be

clearly defined. The first of these is the Earth’s topographic surface. This surface includes the
familiar landmass topography as well as the ocean bottom topography. In addition to this highly
irregular topographic surface, a mathematically manageable reference surface (an ellipsoid)
approximating the broad features of the figure and of the gravity field of the Earth is useful both
in cartographic and in gravimetric applications. Finally, an equipotential surface of the gravity
field of the Earth, called the geoid (Chapter 6), is fundamental to gravimetric applications.
An oblate ellipsoid of revolution (i.e., bi-axial), whose surface is also an

equipotential surface of its gravity field, rotating with the same (average) angular velocity as the
Earth around the same (average) rotation axis, constitutes a mathematical construct with a
suitable reference surface and reference (normal) gravity field. Due to the requirement that its
surface is also an equipotential surface of its gravity field, four defining parameters are sufficient
to determine completely and uniquely its geometric properties, as well as the dynamic properties
of its associated (normal) gravity field, sometimes referred to as the “Somigliana-Pizzetti”
normal gravity field. The WGS 84 ellipsoid is defined by the semi-major axis (a) and reciprocal
flattening (1/f) of an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, and the Geocentric Gravitational Constant
(GM) and angular rotational velocity (ω). The first two parameters (a, 1/f) completely define the
geometry of the rotational ellipsoid, while the other two parameters (GM, ω) permit the unique
determination of its associated normal gravity field.
3.2 Historical Development
While selecting the WGS 84 Ellipsoid and associated parameters, the original
WGS 84 Development Committee decided to closely adhere to the approach used by the
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), when the latter established and adopted
the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) [9]. Accordingly, a geocentric ellipsoid of
revolution was taken as the form for the WGS 84 Ellipsoid. The parameters selected to
originally define the WGS 84 Ellipsoid were the semi-major axis (a), the Earth’s gravitational
constant (GM), the angular velocity of the Earth (ω), and the normalized second degree zonal
gravitational coefficient ( ̅ ). These parameters are identical to those of the GRS 80 Ellipsoid
with one exception. The form of the coefficient used for the normalized second degree zonal is
that of the original WGS 84 Earth Gravitational Model rather than the dynamical form factor of
the Earth (J2) used with GRS 80. J2 and ̅ are related by:
̅ (3-1)
√
In 1993, two efforts were initiated which resulted in significant refinements to the
original WGS 84 defining parameters. The first refinement occurred when DMA recommended,
based on a body of empirical evidence, a refined value for the GM parameter [10], [11]. In 1994,
this improved GM parameter was recommended for use in all high-accuracy DoD orbit
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determination applications. The second refinement occurred when the joint NASA/NIMA Earth
Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) project produced a new estimated dynamic value for the
second degree zonal coefficient.
A decision was made to retain the original WGS 84 Ellipsoid semi-major axis and
flattening factor of the Earth values (a = 6378137.0 m and 1/f = 298.257223563). For this reason
the four defining parameters for WGS 84 were chosen then to be a, f, GM, and ω. Further details
regarding this decision are provided in [12]. The reader should also note that the refined GM
value is within 1σ of the original (1987) GM value. Additionally, there are now distinct values
for the ̅ term, one dynamically derived as part of the WGS 84 Earth Gravitational Models and
the other geometric, implied by the defining parameters.
3.3 Alignment to International Standards
One of the goals of the WGS 84 Development Committee was to examine the
various International Standards to see where WGS 84 could best be aligned with them, where
practical, without causing detrimental change for the users of WGS 84. The WGS 84 team used
IERS TN 36 as the major source document to update and align certain constants and parameters.
The following sections will highlight those constants that are in agreement with International
Standards.
3.4 WGS 84 Defining Parameters
3.4.1 Semi-major Axis (a)
The semi-major axis (a) is one of the defining parameters for WGS 84. The
original WGS 84 semi-major axis will be retained. This value is the same as that of the GRS 80
Ellipsoid. As stated in [13], the GRS 80, and thus the WGS 84 semi-major axis is based on
estimates derived from work performed during 1976-1979 using laser, Doppler and radar
altimeter data and techniques. Its adopted value is:
(3-2)
Although more recent, improved estimates of this parameter have become

available, these new estimates differ from the above value by only a few decimeters. More
importantly, the vast majority of practical applications, such as GPS receivers and mapping
processes, use the ellipsoid only as a convenient reference surface; they do not require an
ellipsoid that best fits the geoid. Retaining the original major-axis value for the WGS 84
Ellipsoid eliminates the need to enact numerous software modifications to GPS receivers and
mapping processes and to transform or re-compute coordinates for the large body of accurate
geospatial data which have been collected and referenced to the WGS 84 Ellipsoid in the last two
and half decades. Highly specialized applications and experiments which require the ‘best-
fitting’ ellipsoid parameters can be handled separately, outside the mainstream of DoD
geospatial information generation.
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3.4.2 Flattening Factor of the Earth (1/f)
The flattening factor of the Earth (1/f) is one of the defining parameters for WGS
84 and remains the same as previously defined. This term was called ‘flattening’. This edition
will rename this term to be ‘flattening factor of the Earth’ to align with other international
naming conventions. Its adopted value is:
(3-3)
As discussed in 3.4.1, there are numerous practical reasons for retaining this
flattening factor of the Earth value along with the semi-major axis as part of the definition of the
WGS 84 Ellipsoid.
The original WGS 84 development effort used the fully-normalized second degree
zonal harmonic coefficient value ̅ as a defining parameter. In this case, the flattening factor
of the Earth value was derived from ̅ through an accepted, rigorous expression. This derived
flattening factor turned out to be slightly different than the GRS 80 flattening because the
̅ value was truncated in the normalization process. Although this slight difference has no
practical consequences, the flattening factor of the Earth for the WGS 84 Ellipsoid is numerically
distinct from the GRS 80 flattening factor of the Earth.
3.4.3 Geocentric Gravitational Constant (GM)
The central term in the Earth’s gravitational field (GM) is known with much
greater accuracy than either ‘G’, the universal gravitational constant, or ‘M’, the mass of the
Earth. Significant improvement in the knowledge of GM has occurred since the original WGS
84 development effort and the original WGS 84 value was updated in 1994 and reflected in [12].
The value from TR8350.2 3rd edition will be retained. The term will be renamed to ‘Geocentric
Gravitational Constant (GM)’ to align with other international naming conventions. The value of
the WGS 84 GM parameter is:
(3-4)
This value is recommended in [1] and includes the mass of the atmosphere. The
GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) shall use this value in its orbit determination process.
See Sec. 3.7.1 for further discussion on the use of GM for GPS equipment. Also see Sec. 3.6.2
for further discussion on the individual ‘G’ and ‘M’ terms.
3.4.4 Nominal Mean Angular Velocity of the Earth (ω)
The nominal mean angular velocity of the Earth (ω) is one of the defining
parameters for WGS 84. The original WGS 84 nominal mean angular velocity of the Earth from
previous TR8350.2 will be retained. The term will be renamed to Nominal Mean Angular
Velocity of the Earth to align with other international naming conventions.
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(3-5)
This value represents a standard Earth rotating with a constant angular velocity,
and is recommended in [1]. Note that the actual angular velocity of the Earth fluctuates with
time. Some geodetic applications that require angular velocity do not need to consider these
fluctuations.
Table 3.1 WGS 84 Defining Parameters

Parameter Symbol Value Units
Semi-major Axis a 6378137.0 m
Flattening Factor of the Earth 1/f 298.257223563
Geocentric Gravitational
GM 3.986004418 × 10+14 m3 / s2
Constant
Nominal Mean Angular
ω 7.292115 × 10−05 rads / s
Velocity of the Earth
3.5 Special WGS 84 Parameters
3.5.1 WGS 84 EGM2008 Dynamic Second Degree Zonal and Sectorial

Harmonics
The following values are the dynamic second degree zonal and sectorial
harmonics directly from the EGM2008 spherical harmonics data file. They should not be
confused with the purely geometric second degree zonal and sectorial harmonics that can be
derived from the ellipsoid parameters. To add to this, multiple EGMs now exist within WGS 84.
In an effort to help reduce ambiguity and clearly identify which term is being used, the suffix of
‘dyn’ or ‘geo’ are being added to the ̅ term to represent the EGM dynamic or purely
geometric parameter, respectively. The dynamic parameters will include the year of the WGS 84
EGM used. As demonstrated below, the EGM2008 derived dynamic second degree zonal and
sectorial harmonics are represented as
̅ [ ] (3-6)
̅ [ ] (3-7)
These values, along with the dynamical ellipticity, are used in the computation of
the Moments of Inertia.
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Table 3.2 Special WGS 84 Parameters

Parameter Symbol Value
WGS 84 Earth Gravitational ̅ dyn[2008] -4.84165143790815 × 10-04
Model 2008 Dynamic Second
Degree Zonal and Sectorial ̅ dyn[2008] 2.43938357328313 × 10-06
Harmonics
3.6 Other Fundamental Constants
3.6.1 Velocity of Light (in a vacuum) (c)
The accepted value for the velocity of light in a vacuum (c) [1] is:
(3-8)
3.6.2 Universal Constant of Gravitation (G)
The recently updated and accepted value for the universal constant of gravitation
(G) [1] is:
( ) (3-9)
It should be noted that the Geocentric Gravitational Constant (GM) is simply the
product of the Universal Constant of Gravitation (G) and the Mass of the Earth (M). With the
recent update to G, the various International Standards groups agreed to continue to maintain the
historical product of G × M and adjust the G and M terms accordingly. The WGS 84
Development Committee has implemented these updated changes. Therefore, it should be noted
that the Mass of the Earth, M, has changed as well.
3.6.3 Total Mean Mass of the Atmosphere (with water vapor) (MA)
Lacking an internationally accepted value for the mass of the atmosphere (with
water vapor) (MA), the recommend value [14] is:
(3-10)
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3.6.4 Dynamic Ellipticity (H)
The dynamical ellipticity (H) is necessary to determine the Earth’s principal

moments of inertia; A, B, and C. In literature H is variously referred to as dynamical ellipticity,
mechanical ellipticity, or the precessional constant. It is a factor in the theoretical value of the
rate of precession of the equinoxes, which is well known from observation. The accepted value
for the dynamic ellipticity (H) [1] is:
(3-11)
Table 3.3 Other Fundamental Constants and Best Accepted Values

Velocity of Light
c 2.997 924 58 × 10+08 m/s
(in a vacuum)
Universal Constant of Gravitation G 6.674 28 × 10-11 m3 / kg s2
Total Mean Mass of the

MA 5.148 0 × 10+18 kg
Atmosphere (with water vapor)
Dynamic Ellipticity H 3.273 795 × 10-03 unitless
3.7 Special Applications of the WGS 84 Defining Parameters
3.7.1 Special Considerations for GPS
Based on a recommendation in a DMA letter to the Air Force [11], the refined
WGS 84 GM value (3.986004418 x 1014 m3/s2) was implemented in the GPS OCS during the fall
of 1994. This improvement removed a 1.3 meter radial bias from the OCS orbit estimates.
The process that generates the predicted broadcast navigation messages in

the OCS also uses a GM value to create the quasi-Keplerian elements from the predicted
Cartesian state vectors. These broadcast elements are then interpolated by a GPS receiver to
obtain the satellite position at a given epoch.
To avoid any loss of accuracy, the GPS receiver’s interpolation process must use
the same GM value that was used to generate the fitted parameters of the broadcast message.
Note that this fitting process is somewhat arbitrary but must be commensurate with the algorithm
in the receiver. There are many thousands of GPS receivers in use around the world, and any
proposed, coordinated software modifications to these receivers would be a costly,
unmanageable endeavor. As a result, Aerospace Corporation [15] suggested that the original
WGS 84 GM value be retained in GPS receivers and in the OCS process which fits a set of
broadcast elements to the Cartesian vectors. This approach takes advantage of the improved
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orbit accuracy for both the estimated and predicted states facilitated by the refined GM value and
avoids the expense of software modifications to all GPS receivers.
For the above reasons, the GPS interface control document (ICD-GPS-200),
which defines the space segment to user segment interface, shall retain the original WGS 84 GM
value. The refined WGS 84 GM value shall be used in the OCS orbit estimation process. Most
importantly, this approach avoids the introduction of any error to a GPS user.
To reduce previous ambiguity, the original WGS 84 GM value for use in GPS
receivers, in the OCS process which fits the broadcast elements to the Cartesian vectors, and by
ICD-GPS-200 shall be named as GMGPSNAV.
(3-12)
3.7.2 Special Consideration for the Angular Velocity
Although the angular velocity () is suitable for use with a standard Earth and the
WGS 84 Ellipsoid, it is the International Astronomical Union (IAU), or the GRS 67, version of
this value () that was used with the new definition of time [16].
(3-13)
For consistent satellite applications, the value of the Earth’s angular velocity, (),
rather than , should be used in the following formula to obtain the angular velocity of the Earth
in a precessing reference frame, (*).
(3-14)
In the above equation [16] [14], the precession rate in right ascension (m) is:
( ) (3-15)
where
⁄
( )
( )
Therefore, the angular velocity of the Earth in a precessing reference frame, for
satellite applications, is given by:
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( ) (3-16)
Note that values for , , and * have remained unchanged from previous
editions of TR8350.2.
Table 3.4 Special WGS 84 Parameters

Gravitational Constant for GPS
GMGPSNAV 3.9860050 × 10+14 m3 / s2
Navigation Message
Angular Velocity of the Earth
7.292 115 855 3 × 10-05
(in a precessing reference ω* rads / s
+ 4.3 × 10-15 TU
frame)
3.8 WGS 84 Derived Geometric and Physical Constants
Many constants associated with the WGS 84 Ellipsoid, other than the four defining
parameters (Table 3.1), are needed for geodetic applications. Using the four defining
parameters, and supplemented with values from Sec. 3.5 and 3.6, it is possible to derive these
associated constants. The more commonly used geometric and physical constants associated
with the WGS 84 Ellipsoid are listed in Tables 3.5 and 3.6. The formulas used in the calculation
of these constants are primarily from [9], [17], [18] and [19]. Derived constants should retain the
listed significant digits if consistency among the precision levels of the various parameters is to
be maintained.
The differences between the dynamic and geometric even degree zonal harmonics to
degree 20 are used in spherical harmonic expansions to calculate the geoid and other geodetic
quantities as described in Chapters 5 and 6 of this standard. The EGM2008 values provided in
Table 5.1 should be used in orbit determination applications. A description of the EGM2008
geopotential coefficients can be found in Chapter 5, while details on its development and
evaluation are provided in [20].
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Table 3.5 WGS 84 Ellipsoid Derived Geometric Constants

WGS 84 Flattening (reduced) f 3.3528106647475 × 10-03

Semi-minor Axis (Polar Radius
b 6356752.314 2 m
of the Earth)
First Eccentricity e 8.1819190842622 × 10-02
First Eccentricity Squared e2 6.694379990141 × 10-03
Second Eccentricity e' 8.2094437949696 × 10-02
Second Eccentricity Squared e'2 6.739496742276 × 10-03
Linear Eccentricity E 5.2185400842339 × 10+05 m
Polar Radius of Curvature Rp 6399593.6258 m
Axis Ratio (b/a) AR 9.96647189335 × 10-01

Mean Radius of the Three Semi-
R1 6371008.7714 m
axes
Radius of a Sphere of Equal
R2 6371007.1810 m
Area
Radius of a Sphere of Equal
R3 6371000.7900 m
Volume
Second Degree Zonal Harmonic ̅ geo -4.84166774985 × 10-04
Dynamical Form Factor J2geo 1.082629821313 × 10-03
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Table 3.6 WGS 84 Derived Physical Constants

Normal Gravity Potential on the
U0 6.26368517146 × 10+07 m2 / s2
Ellipsoid
Normal Gravity at the Equator
γe 9.7803253359 m / s2
(on the Ellipsoid)
Normal Gravity at the Pole
γp 9.8321849379 m / s2
(on the Ellipsoid)
Mean Value of Normal Gravity γ̄ 9.7976432223 m / s2
Somigliana’s Formula - Normal
k 1.931852652458 × 10-03
Gravity Formula Constant
Normal Gravity Formula Constant
m 3.449786506841 × 10-03
(ω2a2b/GM)
Mass of the Earth
M 5.9721864 × 10+24 kg
(including atmosphere)
Geocentric Gravitational Constant
GM' 3.986000982 × 10+14 m3 / s2
with Earth’s Atmosphere Excluded
Gravitational Constant of the Earth’s
GMA 3.4359 × 10+08 m3 / s2
Atmosphere
Table 3.7 WGS 84 Derived Moments of Inertia

Dynamic Moment of Inertia – A Adyn[2008] 8.0079215 × 10+37 kg m2
Dynamic Moment of Inertia – B Bdyn[2008] 8.0080746 × 10+37 kg m2
Dynamic Moment of Inertia – C Cdyn[2008] 8.0343007 × 10+37 kg m2
Geometric Moment of Inertia – A Ageo 8.0467266 × 10+37 kg m2
Geometric Moment of Inertia – C Cgeo 8.0730294 × 10+37 kg m2

Geometric Solution for Dynamical
Hgeo 3.2581006 × 10-03
Ellipticity
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4. WGS 84 ELLIPSOIDAL GRAVITY FORMULA
4.1 General
The WGS 84 Ellipsoid is identified as being a geocentric, equipotential ellipsoid

of revolution. An equipotential ellipsoid is simply an ellipsoid defined to be an equipotential
surface, i.e., a surface on which the value of the gravity potential is the same everywhere. The
WGS 84 ellipsoid of revolution is defined as an equipotential surface with a specific theoretical
gravity potential (U). The equation is derived in [18]. This theoretical gravity potential can be
uniquely determined, independent of the density distribution within the ellipsoid, by using any
system of four independent constants as the defining parameters of the ellipsoid. As noted
earlier in the case of the WGS 84 Ellipsoid (Chapter 3), these are the semi-major axis (a), the
flattening factor of the Earth (f), the nominal mean angular velocity of the Earth (ω), and the
geocentric gravitational constant (GM).
4.2 Normal Gravity on the Ellipsoidal Surface
Normal gravity (γ), the magnitude of the gradient of the normal potential function
(U), is given on (at) the surface of the ellipsoid (h=0) by the closed formula of Somigliana [18]
as
(4-1)
√
where
This form of the normal gravity equation is the WGS 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity
Formula. The equipotential ellipsoid not only serves as the reference for horizontal and vertical
surfaces, or geometric figure of the Earth, but also serves as the reference surface for the normal
gravity of the Earth.
If the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) unit system is used to evaluate Equation (4-

1), or any gravity formula in this Chapter, the gravity unit will be m/s2 which can be converted to
milligals (abbreviated mgal) by the conversion factor, 1 m/s2 = 105 mgal.
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
P(x,y,z)
b' a'
P0
b
ψ β ϕ x-y plane
F1 C F2
E
a
a'
Reference Ellipsoid Confocal Ellipsoid through P Sphere

a = semi-major axis a' = semi-major axis a' = radius
b = semi-minor axis b' = semi-minor axis C = center of sphere
F1 , F2 = foci F1, F2 = foci
E = linear eccentricity E = linear eccentricity
(semi focal length) C = center of ellipsoid a'  u 2  E 2
C = center of ellipsoid ψ = geocentric latitude of P b'  u
β = reduced latitude of P
E  a 2  b 2  a' 2 b' 2
ϕ = geodetic latitude of P
h = geodetic height
(λ, ϕ, h) geodetic coordinates: longitude, latitude, and height

(λ, β, u) ellipsoidal coordinates: longitude, reduced latitude, and ellipsoidal parameter
(x, y, z) 3D Cartesian coordinates: aligned with the ellipsoids’ axes
Figure 4.1 Ellipsoidal Coordinates
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
4.3 Normal Gravity Above the Ellipsoid
When the geodetic height (h) is small, the normal gravity above the ellipsoid (γh)
can be estimated by upward continuing γ at the ellipsoidal surface using a truncated Taylor series
expansion as
(4-2)
where γ and its derivatives are referred to the ellipsoid (h=0).
A frequently used Taylor series expansion for the magnitude of normal gravity
above the ellipsoid with a positive direction downward along the geodetic normal to the
reference ellipsoid is [18]:
[ ( ) ] (4-3)
where
The derivation of Equation (4-3) can be found in [18].
At moderate and high geodetic heights where Equation (4-3) may yield results
with less than desired accuracy, an alternate approach based on formulating normal gravity in the
ellipsoidal coordinate system (λ, β, u) is recommended over the Taylor series method. The
coordinate u is the semi-minor axis (b'), therefore (u = b'), of an ellipsoid of revolution whose
surface passes through the point P in Figure 4.1. This ellipsoid is confocal with the reference
ellipsoid and therefore has the same linear eccentricity (E). Its semi-major axis (a) will reduce
to the semi-major axis (a) of the reference ellipsoid when u = b. The β coordinate is known in
geodesy as the “reduced latitude” (the definition is seen in Figure 4.1), and λ is the usual
geocentric longitude with a value in the open interval 0 - 360E.
The component that is colinear with the geodetic normal line and directed
positively downward (γh) of the total normal gravity vector ( γ⃗total ) for point P in Figure 4.2 can
be estimated with sub-microgal precision to geodetic heights of at least 20,000 meters by using
the normal gravity components (γβ, γλ, γu,) in the ellipsoidal coordinate system:
|⃗ | √ (4-4)
The normal gravity field from the ellipsoidal representation is symmetrical about
the rotation axis, and therefore γλ = 0. The radical expression in Equation (4-4) is the true
magnitude of the total normal gravity vector ⃗ that is perpendicular to the equipotential
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
surface passing through the point P at geodetic height h. The fact that the angular separation (ε)
in the inset of Figure 4.2 between the component γh and the total normal gravity vector ⃗ at
the point P is small, even for large geodetic heights, is the basis for using Equation (4-4) to
approximate the component γh. On the reference ellipsoidal surface where h = 0, γβ = 0, and u =
b, Equation (4-4) is equivalent to Somigliana’s Equation (4-1).
→
The two ellipsoidal components (γβ, γu) of the normal gravity vector ( γ total) that
are needed in Equation (4-4) are shown in [18] to be functions of the ellipsoidal coordinates (,
u) shown in Figure 4.1. These two components can be computed with unlimited numerical
accuracy by the closed expressions:
( ) [ ( )] (4-5)
( ) √ (4-6)
√
where
√ (4-7)
√ ( )[ √ ] (4-8)
( )
√
( ) (4-9)
√
√ (4-10)
[( ) ( ) ] (4-11)
[( ) ( ) ] (4-12)
( )[ ( )] (4-13)
The rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) required in Equations (4-8) and (4-9) can be
computed from known geodetic coordinates (λ, φ, h) through the equations:
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
( )
( ) (4-14)
[( ) ]
where
√ (4-15)
To compute the component γh at point P in Figure 4.2 exactly, (account for the
angle ε in Figure 4.2 that is being treated as negligible in Equation (4-4)), the ellipsoidal normal
gravity components (γβ, γu) are rotated to a spherical coordinate system (λ, ψ, r) resulting in the
spherical normal gravity components, (γψ, γr). Then, the spherical components are projected onto
the geodetic normal line through point P using the angular difference, α = φ – ψ, between
geodetic (φ) and geocentric (ψ) latitudes. The equations to calculate the exact value of γh at
point P follow:
(4-16)
where from [18]:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ (4-17)
{ } → { } → { }
√
(4-18)
√
[ √ ]
[ ] (4-19)
(4-20)
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
→ →
The γλ component in the two normal gravity vectors, γ E and γ S, in Equation (4-
17) is zero since the normal gravity potential is not a function of longitude, λ. The definitions for
the other two relevant angles depicted in the inset of Figure 4.2 are:
(4-21)
( ) (4-22)
The equations listed here for the angles (α, ε, θ) are applicable to both the
northern and southern hemispheres. For positive h, each of these angles is zero when point P is
directly above one of the poles or lies in the equatorial plane. Elsewhere for h > 0, they have the
same sign as the geodetic latitude for point P. For h = 0, the angles  and θ are equal and  = 0.
Numerical results have indicated that the angular separation (ε) between the component γh and
→
the total normal gravity vector γ total satisfies the inequality | ε | < 4 arcseconds for geodetic
heights up to 20,000 meters. For completeness the component ( of the total normal gravity
→
vector γ total at point P in Figure 4.2 that is orthogonal to γh and lies in the meridian plane for
point P is given by the expression:
(4-23)
The component has a positive sense northward. For geodetic height h = 0, the
component is zero. Numerical tests with whole degree latitudes showed that the magnitude of
remains less than 0.002% of the value of γh for geodetic heights up to 20,000 meters.
→
Equations (4-16) and (4-23) provide an alternative way to compute the magnitude | γ total | of the
total normal gravity vector through the equation:
|⃗ | √ (4-24)
In summary, for near-surface geodetic heights when sub-microgal precision is not

necessary, the Taylor series expansion Equation (4-3) for γh should suffice. When the intended
application for γh requires high accuracy, Equation (4-4) will be a close approximation to the
exact Equation (4-16) for geodetic heights up to 20,000 meters. Of course, γh can be computed
using the exact Equation (4-16), but this requires that the computational procedure include the
two transformations, R1 and R2, that are shown in Equation (4-17). Because the difference in
results between Equations (4-4) and (4-16) is less than one microgal (10-6 gal) for geodetic
heights up to 20,000 meters, the transformation approach would probably be unnecessary in most
situations. For applications requiring pure attraction (attraction without centrifugal force) due to
the normal gravitational potential (V), the u- and -vector components of normal gravitation can
be computed easily in the ellipsoidal coordinate system by omitting the last term in Equations (4-
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
5) and (4-6), respectively. These last attraction terms account for the centrifugal force due to the
angular velocity () of the reference ellipsoid.
P
γϕ
Z γψ
P(λ, ϕ, h) ϴ
θ
α ε
γr
γr γh γtotal γr ⊥ γψ
γh γh ⊥ γϕ
Inset ∠ϴ=∠α+∠ε
θ
P0
C ψ Y
λ ϕ zP
xP
yP
X
λ = geodetic longitude of P C = center of ellipsoid
ψ = geocentric latitude of P x P , y P , zP = 3D Cartesian coordinates of P
ϕ = geodetic latitude of P γ r = norma l gra vity component a long the geocentric ra dius
h = geodetic height γ h = normal gravity component along the geodetic normal
(λ, φ, h) geodetic coordinates: longitude, latitude, and height

(λ, β, u) ellipsoidal coordinates: longitude, reduced latitude, and ellipsoidal parameter
(x, y, z) 3D Cartesian coordinates: aligned with the ellipsoids’ axes
Figure 4.2 Normal Gravity Components
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5. WGS 84 EGM2008 GRAVITATIONAL MODELING
5.1 EGM2008
The form of the WGS 84 EGM2008 gravitational model is a spherical harmonic

expansion of the gravitational potential (V). The WGS 84 EGM2008 is complete up to degree
(n) and order (m) 2159, and contains additional spherical harmonic coefficients up to degree
2190 and order 2159. EGM2008 contains approximately 4.7 million spherical harmonic
coefficients. Table 5.1 lists the low degree portion of EGM2008, up to degree and order 18.
EGM2008 [20] was developed through a least-squares combination of the

ITG-Grace03s [21] satellite-only model, with the gravitational information obtained from the
analysis of a global set of 5 x 5 area-mean values of gravity anomalies. The ITG-Grace03s
model was developed by analyzing range-rate data from the GRACE Satellite-to-Satellite
Tracking (SST) mission [22], spanning 57 months. No other satellite data were used in the
development of ITG-Grace03s. The global set of 5 x 5 area-mean values of gravity anomalies
was formed by merging terrestrial, airborne, and altimetry-derived gravity data. Over some
areas, the available terrestrial data were proprietary and could only be used up to the 15 x 15
resolution, which corresponds to harmonic degree 720. To compensate for this restriction, the
gravitational signal implied by the Earth’s topography, in the form of Residual Terrain Model
effect [23], was used to supplement the spectral bandwidth of the proprietary data. This
approach was first tested and verified through comparisons over areas where the full bandwidth
of the data is available (see [24] for details). Post-production analysis has shown that EGM2008
incorporated the proprietary gravity data information up to maximum harmonic degree 900
which corresponds approximately to 12 arc-minute resolution. The topographic information that
was used within the development of EGM2008 originates from the global Digital Topographic
Model (DTM) DTM2006.0 [24]. In DTM2006.0, more than 80% of the total land area of the
Earth is covered with data acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) [25].
EGM2008 was originally developed in ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients,

complete to degree and order 2159. The conversion from ellipsoidal to spherical harmonic
coefficients preserves the order, but not the degree (see [26] for details). For this reason,
EGM2008 in its final, spherical harmonic form, extends beyond degree 2159, and up to degree
2190. The extra coefficients are necessary to preserve the modeling fidelity of the expansion,
especially at high latitudes. The user need not be concerned with ellipsoidal harmonic
coefficients, which represent an intermediate step towards the development of the EGM2008
spherical harmonic expansion.
The sensitivity of an Earth-orbiting satellite to the gravitational potential is

strongly influenced by the satellite’s altitude range and other orbital parameters. For satellites
like Starlette, LAGEOS, and the GPS spacecraft (with orbit radii of 7331 km, 12270 km, and
26600 km, respectively) the approximate maximum degree is 90, 20, and 18, respectively.
However, DoD programs performing satellite orbit determinations are advised to determine the
maximum degree and order that is most appropriate for their particular mission and orbit
accuracy requirements and to use the previous estimates only as general guidelines.
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
The WGS 84 EGM2008 coefficients through degree and order 18 are provided in
Table 5.1 in fully-normalized form. Coefficient error estimates are available for the entire model
up to degree 2190 and order 2159. In addition, global 5 x 5 grids containing the EGM2008
commission error estimates in gravity anomalies, geoid undulations, and in the north-south, east-
west (,) components of the deflection of the vertical, are available at the NGA web site at:
http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008/index.html
The gravity anomaly degree variances implied by EGM2008 up to degree and order 2159 are
plotted in Figure 5.1.
5.2 Gravity Potential (W)
The Earth’s total gravity potential (W) is defined as
(5-1)
where V is the gravitational potential and is the potential due to the Earth’s rotation. If ω is
the angular velocity of the Earth [Equation (3-5)], then:
( ) (5-2)
where x and y are the geocentric coordinates of a given point in the WGS 84 reference frame
(See Figure 2.1).
The gravitational potential function (V) is defined as
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
[ ∑ ( ) ∑( ) ( )] (5-3)
where
( )
( ) ( )
[ ] ( )
( )
( )
( ) [ ( )]
( )
[ ( )]
( )
( )
Note:
( )
| | [ ] | |
( ) ( )
where
( )
for
Convergence of the series (5-3) is guaranteed for r  a [18]. The series can be
used with negligible error for points located near or on the Earth’s surface. The series should not
be used for points located below Earth’s surface.
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Table 5.1 Earth Gravitational Model 2008

Truncated at n=m=18
Degree and Order Normalized Gravitational Coefficients
n m Cn m Snm
2 0 -0.484165143790815E-03
2 1 -0.206615509074176E-09 0.138441389137979E-08
2 2 0.243938357328313E-05 -0.140027370385934E-05
3 0 0.957161207093473E-06
3 1 0.203046201047864E-05 0.248200415856872E-06
3 2 0.904787894809528E-06 -0.619005475177618E-06
3 3 0.721321757121568E-06 0.141434926192941E-05
4 0 0.539965866638991E-06
4 1 -0.536157389388867E-06 -0.473567346518086E-06
4 2 0.350501623962649E-06 0.662480026275829E-06
4 3 0.990856766672321E-06 -0.200956723567452E-06
4 4 -0.188519633023033E-06 0.308803882149194E-06
5 0 0.686702913736681E-07
5 1 -0.629211923042529E-07 -0.943698073395769E-07
5 2 0.652078043176164E-06 -0.323353192540522E-06
5 3 -0.451847152328843E-06 -0.214955408306046E-06
5 4 -0.295328761175629E-06 0.498070550102351E-07
5 5 0.174811795496002E-06 -0.669379935180165E-06
6 0 -0.149953927978527E-06
6 1 -0.759210081892527E-07 0.265122593213647E-07
6 2 0.486488924604690E-07 -0.373789324523752E-06
6 3 0.572451611175653E-07 0.895201130010730E-08
6 4 -0.860237937191611E-07 -0.471425573429095E-06
6 5 -0.267166423703038E-06 -0.536493151500206E-06
6 6 0.947068749756882E-08 -0.237382353351005E-06
7 0 0.905120844521618E-07
7 1 0.280887555776673E-06 0.951259362869275E-07
7 2 0.330407993702235E-06 0.929969290624092E-07
7 3 0.250458409225729E-06 -0.217118287729610E-06
7 4 -0.274993935591631E-06 -0.124058403514343E-06
7 5 0.164773255934658E-08 0.179281782751438E-07
7 6 -0.358798423464889E-06 0.151798257443669E-06
7 7 0.150746472872675E-08 0.241068767286303E-07
8 0 0.494756003005199E-07
8 1 0.231607991248329E-07 0.588974540927606E-07
8 2 0.800143604736599E-07 0.652805043667369E-07
8 3 -0.193745381715290E-07 -0.859639339125694E-07
8 4 -0.244360480007096E-06 0.698072508472777E-07
8 5 -0.257011477267991E-07 0.892034891745881E-07
8 6 -0.659648680031408E-07 0.308946730783065E-06
5-4
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

Truncated at n=m=18
n m Cn m Snm
8 7 0.672569751771483E-07 0.748686063738231E-07
8 8 -0.124022771917136E-06 0.120551889384997E-06
9 0 0.280180753216300E-07
9 1 0.142151377236084E-06 0.214004665077510E-07
9 2 0.214144381199757E-07 -0.316984195352417E-07
9 3 -0.160612356882835E-06 -0.742658786809216E-07
9 4 -0.936529556592536E-08 0.199026740710063E-07
9 5 -0.163134050605937E-07 -0.540394840426217E-07
9 6 0.627879491161446E-07 0.222962377434615E-06
9 7 -0.117983924385618E-06 -0.969222126840068E-07
9 8 0.188136188986452E-06 -0.300538974811744E-08
9 9 -0.475568433357652E-07 0.968804214389955E-07
10 0 0.533304381729473E-07
10 1 0.837623112620412E-07 -0.131092332261065E-06
10 2 -0.939894766092874E-07 -0.512746772537482E-07
10 3 -0.700709997317429E-08 -0.154139929404373E-06
10 4 -0.844715388074630E-07 -0.790255527979406E-07
10 5 -0.492894049964295E-07 -0.506137282060864E-07
10 6 -0.375849022022301E-07 -0.797688616388143E-07
10 7 0.826209286523474E-08 -0.304903703914366E-08
10 8 0.405981624580941E-07 -0.917138622482163E-07
10 9 0.125376631604340E-06 -0.379436584841270E-07
10 10 0.100435991936118E-06 -0.238596204211893E-07
11 0 -0.507683787085927E-07
11 1 0.156127678638183E-07 -0.271235374123689E-07
11 2 0.201135250154855E-07 -0.990003954905590E-07
11 3 -0.305773531606647E-07 -0.148835345047152E-06
11 4 -0.379499015091407E-07 -0.637669897493018E-07
11 5 0.374192407050580E-07 0.495908160271967E-07
11 6 -0.156429128694775E-08 0.342735099884706E-07
11 7 0.465461661449953E-08 -0.898252194924903E-07
11 8 -0.630174049861897E-08 0.245446551115189E-07
11 9 -0.310727993686101E-07 0.420682585407293E-07
11 10 -0.522444922089646E-07 -0.184216383163730E-07
11 11 0.462340571475799E-07 -0.696711251523700E-07
12 0 0.364361922614572E-07
12 1 -0.535856270449833E-07 -0.431656037232084E-07
12 2 0.142665936828290E-07 0.310937162901519E-07
12 3 0.396211271409354E-07 0.250622628960907E-07
12 4 -0.677284618097416E-07 0.383823469584472E-08
5-5
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

Truncated at n=m=18
n m Cn m Snm
12 5 0.308775410911475E-07 0.759066416791107E-08
12 6 0.313421100991039E-08 0.389801868153392E-07
12 7 -0.190517957483100E-07 0.357268620672699E-07
12 8 -0.258866871220994E-07 0.169362538600173E-07
12 9 0.419147664170774E-07 0.249625636010847E-07
12 10 -0.619955079880774E-08 0.309398171578482E-07
12 11 0.113644952089825E-07 -0.638551119140755E-08
12 12 -0.242377235648074E-08 -0.110993698692881E-07
13 0 0.417293021685027E-07
13 1 -0.514421009206120E-07 0.386910482386637E-07
13 2 0.553118515702855E-07 -0.626943474947239E-07
13 3 -0.215570388049647E-07 0.976866679032941E-07
13 4 -0.365127902764428E-08 -0.117512717960252E-07
13 5 0.583702330251927E-07 0.672244622794413E-07
13 6 -0.350445484464565E-07 -0.627356859556194E-08
13 7 0.301412465951003E-08 -0.732068659961970E-08
13 8 -0.100532117993105E-07 -0.985787032645980E-08
13 9 0.247702773255876E-07 0.458875609452034E-07
13 10 0.411080488026299E-07 -0.368403909177750E-07
13 11 -0.445213404110823E-07 -0.484141059455725E-08
13 12 -0.313130628228171E-07 0.879376493656904E-07
13 13 -0.612004732532594E-07 0.681501470347338E-07
14 0 -0.226681154094404E-07
14 1 -0.187724885657433E-07 0.288602024410603E-07
14 2 -0.359186725681205E-07 -0.405327051356456E-08
14 3 0.365140497848863E-07 0.196941950099316E-07
14 4 0.160184144282003E-08 -0.226625156915448E-07
14 5 0.293092637238844E-07 -0.167894170071708E-07
14 6 -0.190674352461174E-07 0.245661933018802E-08
14 7 0.376297554551457E-07 -0.393364671078740E-08
14 8 -0.349417459823694E-07 -0.154475521495720E-07
14 9 0.319517827137725E-07 0.284642263273996E-07
14 10 0.388008374622606E-07 -0.129351349981739E-08
14 11 0.156475715628498E-07 -0.390403676399681E-07
14 12 0.846317130098805E-08 -0.311211374558506E-07
14 13 0.322437165995707E-07 0.451472951879378E-07
14 14 -0.518650713590088E-07 -0.481611072612157E-08
15 0 0.219216154508434E-08
15 1 0.942942849227573E-08 0.104833279954842E-07
15 2 -0.205302993025519E-07 -0.303007325301024E-07
5-6
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

Truncated at n=m=18
n m Cn m Snm
15 3 0.534162906407382E-07 0.176634209489453E-07
15 4 -0.401721760931603E-07 0.681343055884874E-08
15 5 0.122424622638639E-07 0.762075300880907E-08
15 6 0.328522324096078E-07 -0.364691072357445E-07
15 7 0.596540954755518E-07 0.507394600032322E-08
15 8 -0.320875010777956E-07 0.221729246735453E-07
15 9 0.132999993095746E-07 0.379914748780028E-07
15 10 0.102639183602256E-07 0.146906332576870E-07
15 11 -0.130462854422872E-08 0.185210748548004E-07
15 12 -0.324147324255678E-07 0.156080393130757E-07
15 13 -0.283649640930711E-07 -0.457549001836693E-08
15 14 0.519862755176957E-08 -0.243950380180467E-07
15 15 -0.190443752608698E-07 -0.469941074395975E-08
16 0 -0.471037252266068E-08
16 1 0.261852447892310E-07 0.333423726704204E-07
16 2 -0.245117847209327E-07 0.280314862616323E-07
16 3 -0.339147390918482E-07 -0.213401079775597E-07
16 4 0.408540187833972E-07 0.479877498751224E-07
16 5 -0.121209356470009E-07 -0.344283772175451E-08
16 6 0.138747261713477E-07 -0.355969015666675E-07
16 7 -0.806188863620981E-08 -0.865178660695190E-08
16 8 -0.212044215093991E-07 0.540717302974902E-08
16 9 -0.224151915247857E-07 -0.396686472741101E-07
16 10 -0.118064629182132E-07 0.115374382529194E-07
16 11 0.191118463013820E-07 -0.320054944714364E-08
16 12 0.195631858722835E-07 0.672539764312181E-08
16 13 0.137744095920323E-07 0.104745467774466E-08
16 14 -0.193451561175034E-07 -0.386522367774771E-07
16 15 -0.144196100302905E-07 -0.327760669358925E-07
16 16 -0.382992884797529E-07 0.295860714710389E-08
17 0 0.191875988417387E-07
17 1 -0.253645204657949E-07 -0.317042482135934E-07
17 2 -0.201017447758198E-07 0.681376058343928E-08
17 3 0.630839562027722E-08 0.508308654394536E-08
17 4 0.647515778433184E-08 0.253354668311939E-07
17 5 -0.162193992995631E-07 0.803001732911605E-08
17 6 -0.117320425248787E-07 -0.294401279670302E-07
17 7 0.249764681793243E-07 -0.438554429095768E-08
17 8 0.390006528364112E-07 0.363439990543582E-08
17 9 0.347901841118582E-08 -0.276427048005195E-07
5-7
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

Truncated at n=m=18
n m Cn m Snm
17 10 -0.379589397747057E-08 0.183778246503248E-07
17 11 -0.160174948249694E-07 0.110870581174922E-07
17 12 0.287221517856901E-07 0.204582230384783E-07
17 13 0.165063239919241E-07 0.201356543378344E-07
17 14 -0.142747771121823E-07 0.115742828658331E-07
17 15 0.553783372805876E-08 0.524340656496201E-08
17 16 -0.303992561155655E-07 0.360274437895663E-08
17 17 -0.346971352906772E-07 -0.198743584916705E-07
18 0 0.609862871807421E-08
18 1 0.720152312518112E-08 -0.392970098282429E-07
18 2 0.147251428316923E-07 0.108333873087810E-07
18 3 -0.504457513185901E-08 -0.584923266822307E-08
18 4 0.546253493560536E-07 -0.786748537792632E-09
18 5 0.597651128344404E-08 0.261398616579252E-07
18 6 0.135775785802306E-07 -0.132446105152748E-07
18 7 0.679347259309753E-08 0.746790172709486E-08
18 8 0.304992690074792E-07 0.434439798188153E-08
18 9 -0.195696822181729E-07 0.361306774690565E-07
18 10 0.521528994919861E-08 -0.424068379064049E-08
18 11 -0.688640849277642E-08 0.211925103597343E-08
18 12 -0.297489841938418E-07 -0.165609165083241E-07
18 13 -0.625379710747338E-08 -0.349391913136191E-07
18 14 -0.829497209425585E-08 -0.128330547008713E-07
18 15 -0.404690219510979E-07 -0.202806589920597E-07
18 16 0.101653114622966E-07 0.650425930141024E-08
18 17 0.348327556578355E-08 0.437638847248534E-08
18 18 0.299062325911737E-08 -0.108590059665012E-07
5-8
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

Truncated at n=m=18
101
10 0
cn   (n  1)
2 2
 2
Cnm
mn
c (mGal )
2
10-1
n
10-2
180
 2 (km)  111
n
10-3
0 360 720 1080 1440 1800 2160
Spherical Harmonic Degree (n)
Figure 5.1 Anomaly Degree Variances
5-9
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
6. WGS 84 EGM2008 GEOID
6.1 General
In geodetic applications, three primary reference surfaces for the Earth are used:
1) the Earth’s topographic surface, 2) an ellipsoid of revolution, which is a reference surface of
purely mathematical nature, and 3) the geoid.
The locus of points (X, Y, Z) at which the gravity potential (W) maintains a
constant value, as shown in Equation (6-1), defines an equipotential surface called a geop [18].
There is an infinite number of geops associated with the Earth’s gravity field. Each one of these
can be defined by changing the numerical value of the constant in Equation (6-1). The geoid is
that particular geop that is closely associated with the mean ocean surface.
( ) (6-1)
Traditionally, when a geoid model is developed, the value of the constant in

Equation (6-1), representing the potential anywhere on this surface, is constrained or assumed to
be equal to the normal potential (U0) on the surface of a ‘best-fitting’ ellipsoid. Throughout this
refinement effort, however, the authors recognize that the WGS 84 ellipsoid no longer represents
a true ‘best-fitting’ ellipsoid. In terms of the geoid, this effect is handled through the application
of a zero-degree undulation (N0). With this approach, the WGS 84 ellipsoid and its associated
normal gravity field can be retained, without the introduction of any additional errors by not
using the ‘best-fitting’ ellipsoid.
In common practice, the geoid is expressed at a given point in terms of the

distance above (+N) or below (-N) the ellipsoid. For practical reasons, the geoid has been used
to serve as a vertical reference surface for Mean Sea Level (MSL) heights. In areas where
elevation data are not available from conventional geodetic leveling, an approximation of MSL
heights, using orthometric heights, can be obtained from the following equation [18]:
(6-2)
where
( )
( ) ( )
Utilization of orthometric heights requires knowledge of crustal mass densities.

Lack of such information introduces errors to the geoid undulation model. As an alternative,
some countries replace orthometric heights with normal heights and geoid undulations with
height anomalies [18]. This use of height anomalies eliminates assumptions about the density of
masses between the geoid and the ground. Therefore, Equation (6-2) can be re-formulated as
6-1
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
(6-3)
where
The telluroid [38] is a surface defined in such way that the normal potential (U) at
every point Q on the telluroid is equal to the actual potential (W) at its corresponding point P on
the Earth’s surface [18]. Point Q is located on the line normal to the ellipsoid that passes through
P. The height anomaly is the distance between point Q on the telluroid and point P on the
Earth’s surface.
Equation (6-2) illustrates the use of geoid undulations in the determination of

orthometric heights (H) from geodetic heights (h) derived using satellite positioning (e.g., from
GPS) located on the Earth’s physical surface or aboard a vehicle operating near the Earth’s
surface.
6.2 Formulas, Representations and Analysis
The WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulations were computed following the same
general procedure as in the case of the EGM96 geoid undulations [18]. The difference is that in
the case of EGM2008 [20] the expansion in Equation (6-4) extends to degree and order 2190,
while in the case of EGM96, it extended only to degree and order 360. Using the EGM2008
spherical harmonic coefficients in Equation (6-4), height anomalies are first computed with
respect to an ‘ideal’ (best-fitting) mean-Earth ellipsoid, in the tide-free system. According to
[28], the best estimates of the parameters of the ‘ideal’ mean-Earth ellipsoid, in the tide-free
system (Love number k = 0.3), are: semi-major axis a = 6378136.58 meters and reciprocal
flattening 1/f = 298.257686. The height anomalies are then transformed to geoid undulations
using the procedure described in [27] and [29], and a set of correction coefficients complete up
to degree and order 2160. Finally, the constant value of -0.41 meters is added to these geoid
undulations. This is the zero-degree height anomaly (ζz) that accounts for the difference between
the ‘ideal’ mean-Earth ellipsoid in a tide-free system and the WGS 84 ellipsoid. Due to the fact
that the height anomaly to geoid undulation conversion terms do not average to zero globally, the
-41 cm (ζz) value results in a -46.3 cm zero-degree geoid undulation value (N0) [20].
The zero-degree height anomaly (ζz) that was computed when the WGS 84
EGM96 geoid was released was equal to -0.53 meters [27]. The primary reason for the change
in the numerical value of ζz from the EGM96 to the current best estimate is the discovery by
Quan-Zan Zanife (CLS, France) of an error in the Oscillator Drift correction applied to TOPEX
altimeter data [30]. The erroneous correction was producing TOPEX Sea Surface Heights biased
by 12 to 13 centimeters.
6-2
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
6.2.1 Formulas
The formula for calculating the WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulations starts with
the calculation of the height anomaly (ζ) [29]:
( ) [ ∑ ( ) ∑( ) ( )] (6-4)
( )
( ( ))
( )
Equation (6-4) is evaluated at a point P(r,   ,) on the surface of the Earth’s
topography.
In Equation (6-4), the even degree zonal coefficients of degree 2 through 20 are
remainders after subtracting from the EGM2008 gravitational potential coefficients, the
corresponding coefficients implied by the WGS 84 normal gravitational field.
Table 6.1 WGS 84 Normal Gravitational Potential Coefficients

C2,0(normal) -0.484166774985001E-03 C12,0(normal) -0.410790141413244E-16
C4,0(normal) 0.790303733511320E-06 C14,0(normal) 0.447177357025841E-18
C8,0(normal) 0.346052468394228E-11 C18,0(normal) 0.241145603218922E-22
The relationship between the height anomaly and disturbing potential is given by:
( )
( ) (6-5)
The geodetic latitude of point P is denoted in the following by  . Note that 

and   correspond to the same physical location. To calculate the geoid undulation (N) with
respect to the WGS 84 reference ellipsoid, we use the formula [27]:
6-3
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (6-6)
̅
where
( )
( )
( )
̅
( )
The DTM2006.0 is described in [24]. The Bouguer anomaly can be computed

from the EGM2008 spherical harmonic coefficients and the coefficients from the harmonic
analysis of the DTM2006.0 elevation database using:
( ) ( ) ( ) (6-7)
where
( )
The conversion of height anomalies to geoid undulations is expressed in a set of

spherical harmonic coefficients complete up to degree and order 2160.
6.2.2 Permanent Tide Systems
In the calculation of geoid undulations from the EGM2008, the second degree
zonal harmonic coefficient is given in the tide-free system. The tide-free definition means that
any geoid undulations calculated from EGM2008 exist for a tide-free Earth with all (direct and
indirect) tidal effects of the Sun and Moon removed. Other geoids to consider are the mean
geoid (geoid which would exist in the presence of the Sun and Moon) and the zero-tide geoid
(geoid which exists if the permanent direct effects of the Sun and Moon are removed but the
indirect effect related to the Earth’s elastic deformation is retained). A complete set of equations
to convert from one tide system to another can be found in [31].
To calculate the geoid in the zero-tide system use the formula:
6-4
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
( ) (6-8)
where
6.2.3 Representations and Analysis
The geoid undulations can be depicted as a color map showing the deviations of
the geoid from the ellipsoid, the latter being selected as the mathematical figure of the Earth.
Figure 6.1 is such a color map, created from a worldwide 2.5 x 2.5 grid of the WGS 84
EGM2008 geoid undulations which were calculated using the procedure described in Section
6.2.1. These values exhibit the following statistics:
Mean -0.46 meters

Standard Deviation 30.59 meters
Minimum -106.91 meters
Maximum 85.82 meters
The locations of the minimum and maximum undulations are:
Minimum  = 04.667 N,  = 078.750 E

Maximum  = 08.417 S,  = 147.375 E
Figure 6.2 shows the propagated (commission) error that was estimated for the
WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulations. These values were computed using the procedure
described in [32] and [20], on a global 5’x5’ grid. These error estimates have a global Root
Mean Square (RMS) value of approximately 11 centimeters, but vary considerably in a
geographic sense, reflecting the geographically varying accuracy of the gravity data that were
available for the development of EGM2008.
6.3 Availability of WGS 84 EGM2008 Data Products
Several products and associated documentation related to the WGS 84 EGM2008

geoid undulations and their error estimates are available from:
http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008/egm08_wgs84.html
These products include:
6-5
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
 The EGM2008 spherical harmonic coefficients to degree 2190 and order 2159.
 The correction coefficients necessary to convert height anomalies to geoid

undulations, complete up to degree and order 2160.
 A FORTRAN program that can be used to compute the WGS 84 EGM2008

geoid undulations, via harmonic synthesis, using the EGM2008 and the
correction coefficient files.
 A 1 x 1 WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulation grid file calculated using the

procedure described in Section 6.2.1, along with software that can be used to
interpolate from this grid. Differences in the results using these versus
harmonic synthesis do not exceed 1 millimeter.
 A 2.5 x 2.5 WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulation grid file calculated using the
procedure described in Section 6.2.1, along with software that can be used to
interpolate from this grid. Differences in the results using these versus
harmonic synthesis do not exceed 1 centimeter.
Additional information on the WGS 84 EGM2008 geoid undulations, associated

software and data files can be obtained from the location and addresses in the PREFACE.
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Figure 6.1 EGM2008 Geoid Undulations on a Global 2.5 x 2.5 Grid, with respect to the WGS 84 Ellipsoid. Unit is Meter.
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Figure 6.2 Propagated (Commission) Errors of the EGM2008 Geoid Undulations on a Global 5 x 5 Grid.
Unit is Centimeter.
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7. WGS 84 RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GEODETIC SYSTEMS
7.1 General
One of the principal purposes of a world geodetic system is to eliminate the use of
local horizontal geodetic datums by providing a globally consistent reference system. Although
the number of local horizontal geodetic datums, counting island and astronomic-based datums,
continues to significantly decrease, there are still several hundred currently in use. Until a global
geodetic datum is accepted, used, and implemented worldwide, a means to relate these traditional
geodetic datums to WGS 84 is required. To accomplish the conversion, local geodetic datum
and WGS coordinates are both required at one or more sites within the local datum area so that a
local geodetic datum to WGS datum shift can be computed using a suitable model. Satellite
stations positioned within WGS 84, with known local geodetic datum coordinates, were the basic
ingredients in the development of local geodetic datum to WGS 84 datum shifts.
Local horizontal datums were developed in the past to satisfy mapping and
navigation requirements for specific regions of the Earth. Geocentric datums of large geographic
extent are the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) and the North American Datum of 1983
(NAD 83). In the past couple of decades, development of global geocentric datums has become
possible, e.g., WGS 84 and the ITRF.
Applications requiring precise point positions should not rely on coordinates

derived from a datum transformation. The most accurate approach for obtaining WGS 84
coordinates is to acquire satellite tracking data at the site of interest and position it directly within
WGS 84 using GPS positioning techniques. Direct occupation of the site, however, is not always
possible or warranted; and in these cases, a datum transformation can be used to convert
coordinates from the local system to WGS 84.
Transforming local datum coordinates to WGS 84 coordinates does not improve

the accuracy of the transformed coordinates. Distortions in the local datum will combine with
any uncertainties in the datum transformation parameters.
NGA maintains datum transformation/coordinate conversion software, “MSP

GeoTrans,” suitable for cartographic purposes. MSP GeoTrans is available at
http://osis.nga.mil/GandG/geotrans/index.htm .
7.2 Relationship of WGS 84 to the ITRF
WGS 84 has undergone several enhancements since its original definition. The
practical realization of the reference frame is determined by a set of globally distributed,
permanent GPS tracking stations which are aligned with highly accurate ITRF coordinates.
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7.2.1 Agreement With the ITRF
The WGS 84 (G1762) Reference Frame compared to ITRF2008 shows a Root

Mean Square (RMS) difference of one centimeter overall. Comparisons between the NGA GPS
precise ephemerides, referenced to WGS 84 (G1762), and International GNSS Service (IGS)
GPS precise ephemerides, referenced to ITRF2008, validate that the two reference systems are
consistent. This indicates that these two reference frames are essentially identical with
differences being statistically insignificant for most applications.
7.2.2 Datums Based on the ITRF
Some countries and regions have been converting to datums based on the ITRF:
such ITRF-based datums can be considered as identical to WGS 84, e.g., the European
Terrestrial Reference Frame 1989 (EUREF89) at mapping and charting scales. Users requiring
high accuracies will need to quantify the differences between them.
7.3 Relationship of WGS 84 to the NAD 83
In 1986, a group of institutions representing Canada, Greenland, and the United

States of America (USA) adopted the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) as their official
spatial reference system for geometric positioning [33]. NAD 83 replaced the North American
Datum of 1927 (NAD 27), and the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has already expressed
its intention to replace NAD 83 around 2022 with a newer geometric reference system. Snay
[34] discusses the evolution of NAD 83 in the USA since its adoption in 1986, and Craymer [35]
discusses the evolution of NAD 83 in Canada.
NAD 83 uses the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid as its
reference ellipsoid with the geometric center of the ellipsoid coincident with the center of mass
of the Earth and the origin of the coordinate system. The semi-major axis and flattening factor of
the Earth parameters are adopted directly as
1/ =298.257222101
The WGS 84 ellipsoid is, for all practical purposes, identical to the GRS 80
ellipsoid. They both use the same value for the semi-major axis and have the same orientation
with respect to the center of mass and the coordinate system origin. However, WGS 84 uses a
derived value for the flattening factor that is computed from the normalized second degree zonal
harmonic gravitational coefficient ( ̅ ). This value was derived from the GRS 80 value for J2
and truncated to 8 significant digits as
̅ (7-1)
√
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The resulting WGS 84 value for 1/f is 298.257223563. The difference between
the GRS 80 and WGS 84 values for f creates a difference of 0.1 mm in the derived semi-minor
axes of the two ellipsoids.
The original NAD 83 reference frame, denoted NAD 83(1986) in the USA, is
based on a horizontal adjustment of triangulation and trilateration data with the inclusion of
Transit Satellite Doppler data and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data. The global
Doppler and VLBI observations were used to align NAD 83(1986) to the BIH Terrestrial System
of 1984. Consequently, the origin and orientation of the Earth-centered, Earth-fixed (ECEF)
coordinate axes of NAD 83(1986) are identical to that of the original WGS 84 reference frame.
After 1986, both GPS and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements allowed
geodesists to locate the geocenter with a precision of a few centimeters. In doing so, these
technologies revealed that the geocenter adopted for both NAD 83(1986) and the original WGS
84 reference frame is displaced by more than two meters from the true geocenter. Similarly,
GPS, SLR, and VLBI revealed that the orientation of the Cartesian axes of NAD 83(1986) and
the original WGS 84 is misaligned by over 0.03 arc seconds relative to the orientation associated
with current versions of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), and that the scale
of NAD 83(1986) and the original WGS 84 differs by approximately 0.0871 parts per million
(ppm) from the true definition of a meter.
These discrepancies caused significant concern as the use of highly accurate GPS
measurements proliferated. As a result, both NAD 83 and WGS 84 have evolved over the past
few decades. In 1994, DoD introduced a new WGS 84 realization, called WGS 84 (G730),
whose origin, orientation and scale would be identical to those adopted for the International
Terrestrial Reference Frame of 1991 (ITRF91). Hence, from 1994 onward, NAD 83 coordinates
and WGS 84 coordinates have systematically differed by more than two meters.
7.3.1 Transforming WGS 84 (G1762) Coordinates to Current NAD 83

Coordinates
Because WGS 84 (G1762) is aligned to ITRF2008, the transformation from WGS

84 (G1762) to each of the current NAD 83 reference frames; namely, NAD 83(2011), NAD
83(PA11) and NAD 83(MA11); is the same as the corresponding transformation from ITRF2008
to each of these three current NAD 83 reference frames. Pearson and Snay [36] present the
mathematical procedure for transforming coordinates from ITRF2008 to the three current NAD
83 frames. For the sake of completeness, their procedure is given here in terms of transforming
coordinates from WGS 84 (G1762) to the three current NAD 83 frames.
Let x(t)A ,y(t)A, and z(t)A denote the positional coordinates of a location at time t
referred to reference frame A in a 3D-ECEF Cartesian coordinate system. These coordinates are
expressed as a function of time to reflect the reality of crustal motion. Similarly, let x(t)B, y(t)B,
and z(t)B denote the positional coordinates of this same location at time (t) referred to reference
frame B also in a 3D-ECEF Cartesian coordinate system. The coordinates in frame A are
approximately related to those in frame B via the following equations of a 14-parameter
transformation:
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( ) ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) (7-2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )] ( )
Tx(t), Ty(t), and Tz(t) are translations along the x-, y-, and z-axis, respectively;
wx(t), wy(t), and wz(t) are counterclockwise rotations about these same three axes; and s(t) is the
differential scale between reference frame A and reference frame B. These approximate
equations suffice because the three rotations have relatively small magnitudes. Note: Each of the
seven quantities is represented as a function of time because modern geodetic technology has
enabled scientists to detect their time-related variations with some degree of accuracy. These
time-related variations are assumed to be linear, so that each of the seven quantities may be
expressed by an equation of the form:
( ) ( ) ̇( ) (7-3)
where τ denotes a prespecified time of reference and the two quantities, P(τ) and ̇ , are
constants. Thus, the seven quantities give rise to 14 parameters, but notice that the values of
seven of these parameters depend on the value chosen for τ. The following table provides
parameter values for τ = 1997.0; i.e., January 1, 1997.
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Table 7.1 Parameters for transforming WGS 84 (G1762) coordinates to NAD 83 coordinates.
Parameter Units NAD 83(2011) NAD 83(PA11) NAD 83(MA11)
Tx(1997.0) meters +0.99343 +0.9080 +0.9080
Ty(1997.0) meters -1.90331 -2.0161 -2.0161
Tz(1997.0) meters -0.52655 -0.5653 -0.5653
wx(1997.0) nanoradians +125.63787 +134.49216 +140.45537
wy(1997.0) nanoradians +45.70072 +65.29956 +50.51759
wz(1997.0) nanoradians +56.23524 +13.14815 +43.28416
s(1997.0) parts per billion +1.71504 +1.10 +1.10

̇x meters/yr +0.00079 +0.0001 +0.0001
̇y meters/yr -0.00060 +0.0001 +0.0001
̇z meters/yr -0.00134 -0.0018 -0.0018
̇x nanoradians/yr +0.32322 -1.86168 -0.09696
̇y nanoradians/yr -3.67217 +4.88207 +0.50905
̇z nanoradians/yr -0.24886 -10.59803 -1.68230
̇ parts-per-billion/yr -0.10201 +0.08 +0.08
As reflected in Equations (7-2) and (7-3), the transformation from WGS 84

(G1762) to each of the current NAD 83 reference frames depends on the variable t (expressed in
decimal years). This variable denotes the epoch associated with the coordinates. This epoch
often corresponds to the date the coordinates were measured; however, sometimes the
coordinates have been converted to some other epoch of particular significance so that
coordinates measured at one time may be compared with coordinates measured at other times.
Such a conversion requires knowledge of how the coordinates have moved over time. The
Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP) utility
( www.geodesy.noaa.gov/TOOLS/Htdp/Htdp.shtml ) contains numerical models for horizontal
crustal motion which enables its users to convert horizontal coordinates from one epoch to
another for locations in the USA. HTDP also incorporates the parameters given here to enable
its users to transform coordinates between WGS 84 (G1762) and the current NAD 83 reference
frames.
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7.4 Three-parameter Geometric Transformations
Local geodetic systems often contain non-linear distortions, poorly known

relationships to the geoid, and lack quantifiable absolute accuracy. For most DoD operations and
applications involving datum shifts, WGS 84 coordinates will be obtained by a Local Geodetic
Datum to WGS 84 Datum Transformation. A shift of an ellipsoid’s origin (neglecting changes in
scale and misalignment of the axes) satisfies most mapping and charting requirements. A three
parameter model can be applied to geocentric Cartesian coordinates; or when used with
ellipsoidal change parameters in the Molodensky transformation equations, applied to curvilinear
coordinates. These shifts are reversible. The prime meridian was assumed to be Greenwich in
the development of these shifts.
The datum shift parameters (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ) are the distances between the center of
a local geodetic system’s ellipsoid and the center of the WGS 84 ellipsoid, i.e., the center of the
local ellipsoid in WGS 84 coordinates.
Appendix C lists the reference ellipsoid names and parameters (semi-major axis
and flattening factor) for local datums currently tied to WGS 84 and used for generating datum
transformations.
Appendix D contains horizontal transformation parameters for the geodetic

datums/systems which have been generated from satellite ties to the local geodetic control.
Updates to the datum transformation parameters are identified through the use of
cycle numbers and issue dates. Cycle numbers have been set to the numerical value of zero for
all datum transformations appearing in the August 1993 Insert 1 and the WGS 84 TR8350.2
Second Edition. New datum transformations will carry a cycle number of zero. As updates are
made the cycle number will increment by one.
Datum transformation shifts derived from non-satellite information are listed in

Appendix E.
7.4.1 Transformation to WGS 84 Cartesian Coordinates
The shift parameters can be applied directly to the local geocentric system as
(7-4)
7.4.2 Transformation to WGS 84 Geodetic Coordinates: Three-step Method
Local geodetic coordinates can be transformed to WGS 84 in three steps:
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1) Convert the local geodetic coordinates to local geocentric Cartesian coordinates using the
local ellipsoid parameters.
2) Shift the local geocentric Cartesian coordinates to WGS 84 geocentric coordinates.
3) Convert the WGS 84 geocentric Cartesian coordinates to WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
using the parameters of the WGS 84 ellipsoid.

   Transformation to WGS 84 Geodetic Coordinates: Molodensky Shifts
λ (7-5)
where  h are provided by the standard Molodensky transformation formulas [37], [38]
as
{ ( )⁄
[ ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )] } [( ) ]
[ ] [( ) ] (7-5)
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
where
( )
(
)
(
)
where
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() ( )
NOTE: AS “h’s” ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR LOCAL GEODETIC
DATUMS, THE h CORRECTION WILL NOT BE APPLICABLE
WHEN TRANSFORMING TO WGS 84
( )
( )
( )
√
NOTE: All -quantities are formed by subtracting local geodetic datum

ellipsoid values from WGS 84 Ellipsoid values.
Due to the errors and distortions that affect most local geodetic datums, the use of
mean datum shifts (X, Y, Z) in the standard Molodensky datum transformation formulas
may produce results with a poor quality of “fit”. Improved fit between the local datum and WGS
84 may result only with better and denser ties with local or regional control points.
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7.5 Seven-parameter Geometric Transformations
The seven-parameter transformation model assumes the local and WGS 84

Cartesian axes can be related by rotations of the three axes, a change of scale (Δs), and a shift of
the origin (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ).
Figure 7.1 Seven-Parameter Transformation
Two seven-parameter transformation models (Coordinate Frame Rotation and

Position Vector Transformation) are in widespread use. They work best for geocentric datums
that are distortion free, like an ITRF to WGS 84 transformation, or other modern satellite derived
datums. They are, however, often used for datums that do not meet these criteria. The models
differ by whether rotation is of the axes (frame) or of the position vector. With approximations,
these models can be related by changing the signs of the rotation angles. The use of the actual
angles instead of their cosines and sines as elements in the rotation matrices (the small angle
approximation) has been studied and generally leads to coordinate errors in the millimeter range
[39]. If there are no rotations, the models are the same. If there are no rotations or scale change
the models degenerate to the three-parameter shifts.
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7.5.1 Coordinate Frame Rotation Model
The coordinate frame rotation model, widely used in the United States and
Australia, can be expressed as
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] (7-6)
where
7.5.2 Position Vector Transformation Model
The position vector transformation model, used by IERS [1] and recommended
for use by NATO members, can be expressed as
[ ] [ ] ( )[ ][ ] (7-7)
where
S = the scale correction
7.5.3 Approximate Equivalency of the Models
( )
(7-8)
( )
( )
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7.6 Molodensky-Badekas Transformation Model
It may be advantageous to relate a local datum to a global satellite-derived one by the

Molodensky-Badekas model; also known as the 7 + 3 model.
In this model, the rotations and scale change take place in the region of interest, not the
geocenter, hence the additional three parameters. This is done to alleviate high correlations that
may exist among the usual seven parameters when computed at the geocenter.
This model can have two variations of rotations, as was described for the seven parameter
models. A drawback to this method is that it is not reversible in the absolute sense. It is
described by:
[ ] ( )[ ][ ] [ ] [ ] (7-9)
where
7.7 Datum Transformation Multiple Regression Equations (MRE)
The development of Local Geodetic Datum to WGS 84 Datum Transformation

Multiple Regression Equations [40] was initiated to obtain better fits over continental-size land
areas than could be achieved using the standard Molodensky formula with datum shifts (X, Y,
Z).
For  , the general form of the Multiple Regression Equation is (also see [40]):
(7-10)
where
( )
( )
( )
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( )
Similar equations are obtained for  and h by replacing  in the left portion
of Equation (7-10) by  and h, respectively.
Local Geodetic Datum to WGS 84 Datum Transformation Multiple Regression

Equations for seven major continental-size datums, covering contiguous land areas with large
distortion, are provided in Appendix F. The main advantage of MREs lies in modeling of
distortion for better fit in geodetic applications. However, caution must be used to ensure that
MREs are not extrapolated outside of the area of intended use. Large distortions can be realized
in very short distances outside of the area where the stations that were used in the development
of the MREs exist.
7.8 WGS 72 to WGS 84
See Appendix G.
7.9 Datums Equivalent to WGS 84 for Mapping and Charting Purposes
See Appendix H for a list of datums that can be considered equivalent to

WGS 84 for use at scales of 1:5,000 and larger.
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8. ACCURACY OF COORDINATES REFERENCED TO WGS 84
8.1 Discussion
Numerous techniques exist to establish WGS 84 coordinates for a given site or

position. The accuracy and precision achieved by these various techniques vary significantly.
The most common, currently available techniques are listed below:
 General geodetic solution for station coordinates, orbits, and other parameters of
interest
 Direct geodetic point positioning at a stationary, solitary station using a ‘geodetic-

quality’, dual frequency GPS receiver and NGA Precise Ephemerides and Satellite
Clock States (note that the effects of Selective Availability (SA) must be removed if
SA is not set to zero)
 Same as above but using the Broadcast GPS Ephemerides and Clock States
 GPS differential (baseline) processing from known WGS 84 sites [41]
 GPS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) navigation solutions [42]

o Instantaneous
o Mean over some averaging interval
 GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) navigation solutions [43]

o Instantaneous
o Mean over some averaging interval
 Photogrammetrically-derived coordinates from NGA products
 Map-derived coordinates from digital or paper NGA products
 Coordinate conversion based on transformation from a different geodetic datum to

WGS 84
Clearly, the above positioning techniques do not provide WGS 84 coordinates

with uniform accuracy and statistical properties. Even within a given technique, accuracy
variations can occur due, for example, to the treatment of certain error sources such as the
troposphere. Because of these variations and periodic algorithm improvements, full
characterization of the accuracy achieved by all the above techniques would be quite challenging
and beyond the scope of this document.
In the terminology of Chapter 2, a network of stations obtained from one of these

techniques yields a unique realization of the WGS 84 reference frame. Currently, within the
DoD, almost all operational geodetic survey requirements can be met with direct geodetic point
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positioning with GPS. The NGA-developed technique [44] [45] which performs this function
has been demonstrated to achieve an accuracy at a single station of:
2012 - present: 5 cm (1σ), in each of the 3 position components (φ, λ, h)
2010 - 2012: 10 cm (1 σ), in each of the 3 position components (φ, λ, h)
8.2 Techniques for Obtaining WGS 84 Coordinates.
Other techniques based on older, previously established survey coordinates have

been used in the past to yield ‘WGS 84’ coordinates with limited accuracy. Precise positions
computed many years ago are no longer precise due to movement of the Earth as discussed in
Chapter 2. Knowledge of the inherent accuracy of these positions and the accuracy required of
the operation is critical for any usage to be valid for operational requirements. These legacy
techniques may be suitable for very limited mapping applications where accuracy is not a
concern. Some of these alternate techniques to obtain WGS 84 coordinates are listed below:
 TRANSIT Point Positioning directly in WGS 84 (1 σ = 1-2 m)
 TRANSIT Point Positions transformed from NSWC-9Z2
 GPS differential (baseline) processing from a known (TRANSIT-determined) WGS

84 geodetic point position
 WGS 72 to WGS 84 Coordinate Transformation
 Local Geodetic Datum to WGS 84 Datum Transformation
 Non-WGS 84-based reference systems
Because geospatial information within the DoD often originates from multiple
sources and processes, the absolute accuracy of a given WGS 84 position becomes very
important when information from these various sources is combined in Geographic Information
Systems or ‘geospatial databases’. Due to their high fidelity, surveyed WGS 84 geodetic control
points can often serve to improve or validate the accuracy of maps, image products, or other
geospatial information. Even GPS navigation solutions can serve a similar role, as long as the
accuracy of these solutions is well understood.
8.3 Summary
In summary, while WGS 84 provides a common global framework for all

geospatial information within the DoD, the accuracy of each ‘layer’ of information depends
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largely on the metric fidelity of the process used to collect that information. WGS 84-surveyed
control points provide an accuracy level which meets or exceeds all current operational DoD
requirements. The user must ensure that the method chosen to obtain WGS 84 coordinates meets
their accuracy requirements.
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9. THE WORLD MAGNETIC MODEL
9.1 Introduction
At every location on or above the Earth, its magnetic field has a more or less well-
known direction which can be used as a reference frame to orient ships, aircraft, satellites,
antennas, drilling equipment, and handheld devices. At some places on the globe the horizontal
direction of the magnetic field coincides with the direction of geographic north (“true” north),
but in general this is not the case. The angular amount by which the horizontal direction of the
magnetic field differs from true north is called the magnetic declination, or simply declination
(D). This is the correction required to convert between a magnetic bearing and a true bearing.
The main utility of the World Magnetic Model (WMM) is to provide the magnetic declination
for any desired location on the globe. In addition to the magnetic declination, the WMM also
provides the complete geometry of the field from 1 km below the Earth’s surface to 850 km
above the surface. The magnetic field extends deep into the Earth and far out into space, but the
WMM is not valid there.
The Earth’s magnetism has several sources. All the sources will affect a scientific
or navigational instrument, but only some of them are represented in the WMM. The strongest
contributor, by far, is the magnetic field produced by the Earth’s liquid-iron outer core, called the
“core field”. Magnetic minerals in the crust and upper mantle make a further contribution that
can be locally significant. Electric currents induced by the flow of conducting sea water through
the ambient magnetic field make a further, albeit weak, contribution to the observed magnetic
field. All of these are of “internal” origin. Deliberately excluded from the WMM, by the data
selection process and by other means, are the so-called “disturbance fields”. These are
contributions arising from electric currents in the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space.
Because the “external” magnetic fields so produced are time-varying, there is a further effect.
They induce electric currents in the Earth and oceans, producing secondary internal magnetic
fields, which are considered part of the disturbance field and are therefore not represented in the
WMM.
The mathematical method of the WMM is an expansion of the magnetic potential

into spherical harmonic functions up to degree and order 12. The minimum wavelength resolved
is 360° / √ = 28.8° in arc-length, corresponding to 3200 km at the Earth’s surface. The
WMM is a model of those internal magnetic fields that are not part of the disturbance field and
have spatial wavelengths exceeding 30° in arc-length. This includes almost the entire core field
and the long-wavelength portion of the crustal and oceanic fields. The term “main field” refers to
the portion of the Earth’s magnetic field at epoch 2010.0 that is modeled by the WMM.
The core field changes perceptibly from year to year. This effect, called secular
variation (SV), is accounted for in the WMM by a linear SV model. Specifically, a straight line is
used as the model of the time-dependence of each coefficient of the spherical harmonic
representation of the magnetic potential. Due to unpredictable, non-linear changes in the core
field, the values of the WMM coefficients need to be updated every five years. WMM2010, is
valid from 2010.0 to 2015.0.
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9.2 The Elements of the Magnetic Field
The geomagnetic field vector (Bm) is described by 7 elements. These are the
northerly intensity (X), the easterly intensity (Y), the vertical intensity (Z) (positive downwards),
and the following quantities derived from X, Y, and Z: the horizontal intensity (H), the total
intensity (F), the inclination angle (I), (also called the dip angle and measured from the
horizontal plane to the field vector, positive downwards), and the declination angle (D) (also
called the magnetic variation and measured clockwise from true north to the horizontal
component of the field vector). In the descriptions of X, Y, Z, H, F, I and D above, the vertical
direction is perpendicular to the WGS 84 ellipsoid model of the Earth, the horizontal plane is
perpendicular to the vertical direction, and the rotational directions clockwise and counter-
clockwise are determined by a view from above.
The quantities X, Y, and Z are the sizes of perpendicular vectors that add
vectorially to Bm. Conversely, X, Y, and Z can be determined from the quantities F, I, and D
(i.e., the quantities that specify the size and direction of Bm).
9.3 Grid Variation
In the polar regions, or near the rotation axis of the Earth, the angle D changes
strongly with a change in the longitude of the observer, and is therefore a poor measure of the
direction of Bm. For this reason, the WMM technical report and software have defined an
auxiliary angle, GV, for the direction of Bm in the horizontal plane. Its definition is:
(9-1)
where
The angle GV should also be understood as the angle on the plane of the
Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grid for the appropriate hemisphere at the observer’s
location measured clockwise from the direction parallel to the UPS Northing axis (y-axis) to the
horizontal component of Bm. To emphasize this, the designation GVUPS may be used for the
above.
The quantity GVUPS defined above is an example of a more general concept,

namely grid variation or grivation. Grivation is the angle on the plane of a chosen grid
coordinate system at the observer’s location, measured clockwise from the direction parallel to
the grid’s Northing axis to the horizontal component of Bm. It is useful for local surveys, where
location is given by grid coordinates rather than by longitude and latitude. Grivation is dependent
on the map projection used to define the grid coordinates. In general it is:
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(9-2)
where
(
)
Large scale military topographic mapping routinely employs the Universal

Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates for the map projection of the sheet, for the
definition of a grid to overprint, and for a grivation calculation as defined above. The latter
could be notated GVUTM.
9.4 Range of the Magnetic Elements at the Earth’s Surface
Table 9.1 shows the expected range of the magnetic field elements, measured in
nanoTeslas, and GV at the Earth’s surface.
Table 9.1Ranges of Magnetic Elements and GV at the Earth's Surface

Alternative Range at Earth’s Surface Positive
Element Name
Name Min Max Unit Sense
Northerly
X North component -17000 42000 nT North
intensity
Easterly
Y East component -18000 17000 nT East
intensity
Vertical
Z Down component -67000 61000 nT Down
intensity
H Horizontal intensity 0 42000 nT
F Total intensity Total field 22000 67000 nT
I Inclination Dip -90 90 Degree Down
Magnetic East /
D Declination -180 180 Degree
variation Clockwise
East /
GV Grid variation Grivation -180 180 Degree
Clockwise
9.5 Model Representation
This section describes the representation of the magnetic field in the WMM. All
variables in this section adhere to the following measurement conventions: angles are in radians,
lengths are in meters, magnetic intensities are in nano-Teslas (nT), and times are in years.
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The main magnetic field (Bm) is a potential field and therefore can be written in
geocentric spherical coordinates (longitude  , latitude  ' , radius r ) as the negative spatial gradient of
a scalar potential:
( ) ( ) (9-3)
This potential can be expanded in terms of spherical harmonics as
( ) {∑ ∑ ( ( ) ( ) )( ) ̆ } (9-4)
where:
N = 12 is the degree of the expansion of the WMM
a = (6371200 m), the geomagnetic reference radius
( ,  ' , r ) = spherical geocentric longitude, latitude, and radius
g nm (t ) and hnm (t ) = the time-dependent Gauss coefficients of degree n and order m

describing the Earth’s main magnetic field.

Pnm (  ) are the Schmidt semi-normalized associated Legendre functions defined as
 (n  m)!
Pnm (  )  2 Pn ,m (  ) if m  0
(n  m)! (9-5)

Pnm (  )  Pn ,m (  ) if m  0
Here, we use the definition of Pn,m (  ) commonly used in geodesy and geomagnetism [18].
WMM2010 comprises two sets of Gauss coefficients to degree and order N=12.
One set provides a spherical-harmonic main field model for 2010.0 in units of nT, the other set
provides a predictive secular variation model for the period 2010.0 to 2015.0 in units of nT/year.
Further details on the computation of magnetic field elements can be found in [46].
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9.6 The WMM2010 Coefficients
The model coefficients, also referred to as Gauss coefficients, are listed in Table
9.2. These coefficients can be used to compute values for the field elements and their annual
rates of change at any location near the surface of the Earth and at any date between 2010.0 and
2015.0.
Table 9.2 Final Coefficients for WMM2010

Units are nT for the main field, and nT per year for the secular variation. The
index n is the degree and m is the order. Since hnm (t0 ) and hnm (t0 ) are not defined for m=0, the
corresponding fields are left blank.
n m ( ) ( ) ̇ ( ) ̇ ( )
1 0 -29496.6 11.6
1 1 -1586.3 4944.4 16.5 -25.9
2 0 -2396.6 -12.1
2 1 3026.1 -2707.7 -4.4 -22.5
2 2 1668.6 -576.1 1.9 -11.8
3 0 1340.1 0.4
3 1 -2326.2 -160.2 -4.1 7.3
3 2 1231.9 251.9 -2.9 -3.9
3 3 634.0 -536.6 -7.7 -2.6
4 0 912.6 -1.8
4 1 808.9 286.4 2.3 1.1
4 2 166.7 -211.2 -8.7 2.7
4 3 -357.1 164.3 4.6 3.9
4 4 89.4 -309.1 -2.1 -0.8
5 0 -230.9 -1.0
5 1 357.2 44.6 0.6 0.4
5 2 200.3 188.9 -1.8 1.8
5 3 -141.1 -118.2 -1.0 1.2
5 4 -163.0 0.0 0.9 4.0
5 5 -7.8 100.9 1.0 -0.6
6 0 72.8 -0.2
6 1 68.6 -20.8 -0.2 -0.2
6 2 76.0 44.1 -0.1 -2.1
6 3 -141.4 61.5 2.0 -0.4
6 4 -22.8 -66.3 -1.7 -0.6
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n m ( ) ( ) ̇ ( ) ̇ ( )
6 5 13.2 3.1 -0.3 0.5
6 6 -77.9 55.0 1.7 0.9
7 0 80.5 0.1
7 1 -75.1 -57.9 -0.1 0.7
7 2 -4.7 -21.1 -0.6 0.3
7 3 45.3 6.5 1.3 -0.1
7 4 13.9 24.9 0.4 -0.1
7 5 10.4 7.0 0.3 -0.8
7 6 1.7 -27.7 -0.7 -0.3
7 7 4.9 -3.3 0.6 0.3
8 0 24.4 -0.1
8 1 8.1 11.0 0.1 -0.1
8 2 -14.5 -20.0 -0.6 0.2
8 3 -5.6 11.9 0.2 0.4
8 4 -19.3 -17.4 -0.2 0.4
8 5 11.5 16.7 0.3 0.1
8 6 10.9 7.0 0.3 -0.1
8 7 -14.1 -10.8 -0.6 0.4
8 8 -3.7 1.7 0.2 0.3
9 0 5.4 0.0
9 1 9.4 -20.5 -0.1 0.0
9 2 3.4 11.5 0.0 -0.2
9 3 -5.2 12.8 0.3 0.0
9 4 3.1 -7.2 -0.4 -0.1
9 5 -12.4 -7.4 -0.3 0.1
9 6 -0.7 8.0 0.1 0.0
9 7 8.4 2.1 -0.1 -0.2
9 8 -8.5 -6.1 -0.4 0.3
9 9 -10.1 7.0 -0.2 0.2
10 0 -2.0 0.0
10 1 -6.3 2.8 0.0 0.1
10 2 0.9 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
10 3 -1.1 4.7 0.2 0.0
10 4 -0.2 4.4 0.0 -0.1
10 5 2.5 -7.2 -0.1 -0.1
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n m ( ) ( ) ̇ ( ) ̇ ( )
10 6 -0.3 -1.0 -0.2 0.0
10 7 2.2 -3.9 0.0 -0.1
10 8 3.1 -2.0 -0.1 -0.2
10 9 -1.0 -2.0 -0.2 0.0
10 10 -2.8 -8.3 -0.2 -0.1
11 0 3.0 0.0
11 1 -1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0
11 2 -2.1 1.7 0.0 0.1
11 3 1.7 -0.6 0.1 0.0
11 4 -0.5 -1.8 0.0 0.1
11 5 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.0
11 6 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.1
11 7 0.4 -2.5 0.0 0.0
11 8 1.8 -1.3 0.0 -0.1
11 9 0.1 -2.1 0.0 -0.1
11 10 0.7 -1.9 -0.1 0.0
11 11 3.8 -1.8 0.0 -0.1
12 0 -2.2 0.0
12 1 -0.2 -0.9 0.0 0.0
12 2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0
12 3 1.0 2.1 0.1 0.0
12 4 -0.6 -2.5 -0.1 0.0
12 5 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0
12 6 -0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1
12 7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 8 -0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
12 9 -0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0
12 10 0.2 -0.9 0.0 0.0
12 11 -0.8 -0.2 -0.1 0.0
12 12 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.0
9.7 Magnetic Poles and Geomagnetic Coordinate Systems
There are different ways of defining magnetic poles. The most common
understanding is that they are the positions on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field is
vertical, that is, perpendicular to the ellipsoid. These positions are called dip poles, and the north
and south dip poles do not have to be (and are not now) antipodal.
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Other definitions originate from models of the geomagnetic field. The WMM
representation of this field includes a magnetic dipole at the center of the Earth. This dipole
defines an axis that intersects the Earth's surface at two antipodal points, known as geomagnetic
poles. The geomagnetic poles, otherwise known as the dipole poles, can be computed from the
first three Gauss coefficients of the WMM. Based on the WMM2010 coefficients for 2010.0, the
geomagnetic north pole is at 72.21°W longitude and 80.02°N geocentric latitude (80.08°N
geodetic latitude); and the geomagnetic south pole is at 107.79°E longitude and 80.02°S
geocentric latitude (80.08°S geodetic latitude). The axis of the dipole is currently inclined at
9.98° to the Earth's rotation axis. The same dipole is the basis for the simple geomagnetic
coordinate system of geomagnetic latitude and longitude. The geomagnetic equator is at
geomagnetic latitude 0°.
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10. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
10.1 Introduction
WGS 84 represents the current state-of-the-art NSG operational reference system

which is a realization of the ITRF 2008 based on the IERS Conventions (2010) as outlined in
IERS TN 36. This new realization is titled WGS 84 (G1762). Since G1762 is a realization of
the IERS reference frame, it incorporates the most current and modern analysis and data
including SLR, LLR and VLBI systems.
WGS 84 (G1762) supports the most stringent accuracy requirements for geodetic
positioning, navigation and mapping within the NSG. WGS 84 (G1762) accuracy is less than
1cm in each axis of the WGS 84 ECEF coordinate system.
It is the policy of NGA to continually improve components of the WGS 84 system

to maintain it as a state-of-the-art NSG operational World Geodetic System. This will lead to
improvements in the definition and realization of the system as
 The basic tracking stations which are used are updated, repositioned or their number is
increased
 Additional data make it possible to improve the accuracy of individual local datum
relationships to WGS 84
 Additional surface gravity data become available in various areas of the world to improve
the gravity and geoid models
 Five year updates of the World Magnetic Model
The current definition of WGS 84 recognizes the continually changing physical

Earth, shifting of internal masses and continental plate motions and accommodates this time
dependence in its definition through reference station velocities. For the high accuracy geodetic
positioning requirements, this requires a time epoch to be defined for all station coordinates since
they are in continual motion. As mentioned previously in this standard, the coordinates of the
fixed GPS tracking stations WGS 84 (G1762) adheres to IERS TN 36 which is an improvement
to previous WGS 84 reference frames.
As a consequence of the inherent high accuracy and continual refinement of the

definition and realization of WGS 84, considerable care should be taken in the implementation of
this system into existing and future weapons systems and geospatial information systems. This
Chapter will address some of the considerations that should be made prior to the implementation
of WGS 84 to ensure that the full benefits of WGS 84 are realized and are consistent with the
operational product accuracy and interoperability requirements of the users.
10.2 Updates to WGS 84
It is important that systems implement the WGS 84 information relative to the

gravity field, geoid, and datum transformations in a manner that will allow future update of
specific portions of the data. These data will change with future refinements of WGS 84, as
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improved information becomes available to NGA, and this may necessitate updates to existing
implementations as future operational accuracy requirements become known. For example,
implementations of the geoid undulation values as a grid in a lookup table may facilitate easier
future updates than implementation as spherical harmonic coefficients. NGA recommends that
NSG systems be designed to allow for updates to the WGS 84 system, data, parameters,
and algorithms.
10.3 WGS 84 Reference Frame and Coordinate Systems
NGA is committed to maintaining the highest possible accuracy and stability for
the WGS 84 Reference Frame. To do so, NGA has generated several realizations of WGS 84,
incorporating improved data and advances in geophysical modeling to define the motion of the
earth’s surface. These realizations have not affected the fundamental definition of the WGS 84
reference system but the improvements may be necessary for high-accuracy, high-integrity
applications.
As described in Chapter 2, the WGS 84 Coordinate System is a right-handed,

orthogonal and Earth-fixed coordinate system which is intended to be as closely coincident as
possible with the CTRS defined by the IERS or, prior to 1988, its predecessor, the Bureau
International de l’Heure (BIH). The current realization of the WGS 84 Reference Frame is
designated as WGS 84 (G1762). The GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) implemented
WGS 84 (G1762) on 16 Oct 2013.
The WGS 84 Reference Frame and Coordinate System are delivered via the
GPS. The most accurate approach for obtaining WGS 84 coordinates is to acquire satellite
tracking data at the site of interest and position it directly in WGS 84 using GPS positioning
techniques. For precise surveying applications, it is recommended that coordinates be
maintained with an epoch assigned to each coordinate determination along with an indication of
the fixed station GPS coordinate set used for the realization, such as WGS 84 (G1762).
10.4 Ellipsoid and Its Defining Parameters
The WGS 84 is comprised of a coherent set of parameters. NGA recommends

that the NSG implement the WGS 84 parameters and equations presented in this document
(and supporting documentation) without substitution or deletion. Substitution or deletions
may lead to degraded WGS 84 products, interoperability problems, and may have other adverse
effects.
10.5 The World Magnetic Model (WMM)
The main utility of the World Magnetic Model (WMM) is to provide magnetic
declination for any desired location on the globe. In addition to the magnetic declination, the
WMM also provides the complete geometry of the field from 1 km below the Earth’s surface to
850 km above the surface. The magnetic field extends deep into the Earth and far out into space,
but the WMM is not valid there. NGA recommends that the NSG implement the World
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Magnetic Model as described in, The US/UK World Magnetic Model for 2010-2015, NOAA
Technical Report NESDIS/NGDC.
10.6 WGS 84 Relationships with other Geodetic Systems
Before satellite geodetic techniques became available, the local horizontal datum
was defined independently of the local vertical datum. NGA has developed datum
transformations to convert over 120 local horizontal datums to WGS 84. This generally entails
making survey ties between a number of local geodetic control points and their corresponding
geodetic positions derived from satellite observations. NGA did this for many years with
Doppler observations from TRANSIT satellites and continues to do it now with GPS. Aside from
the countless maps and charts which are still based on these classical local datums, numerous
land records, property boundaries and other geographic information in many countries are
referenced to local datums.
Modern maps, navigation systems and geodetic applications require a single

accessible, global, 3-dimensional reference frame. It is important for global operations and
interoperability that NSG systems implement and operate as much as possible on WGS 84.
NGA recommends that all NSG systems operate in the 3-dimensional WGS 84 datum.
Universal use of the WGS 84 datum and positional reference system will reduce confusion
regarding which datum system is being used and increase interoperability.
There is currently no world vertical system defined to unify and tie together local
vertical systems. Generally the vertical datum is defined by a series of tide gauges in the area or
by approximating mean sea level by the geoid, leading to numerous realizations of mean sea
level. Unfortunately, the local geodetic coordinates on these datums are of limited use for
modern survey, navigation and mapping operations. NGA recommends that all heights be
reported as WGS 84 ellipsoidal heights (also known as geodetic heights). If a MSL height is
required, NGA recommends that orthometric heights computed from WGS 84 Earth
Gravitational Model 2008, or the current model, be used to compute these MSL heights.
10.7 The Earth Gravitational Model EGM2008 and Geoid Model
Nearly every system and component of WGS 84 has nearly ubiquitous and
universal implementation throughout the NSG, except for the Earth gravitational model and
geoids. The purpose of the geoid is to perform a datum transformation between ellipsoid heights
and orthometric heights (or Mean Sea Level). Numerous and incompatible implementations
stem from many sources, including data file size and a general lack of understanding of the true
nature of the geoid’s transformation relationship between ellipsoid height and orthometric
heights (or Mean Sea Level). Past implementation guidance for geoids recommended that the
application determine their overall accuracy and then decimate the geoid grid to their accuracy,
in essence, editing and changing the transformation. For those systems that require a Mean
Sea Level height, NGA recommends that orthometric heights computed from the WGS 84
Earth Gravitational Model 2008 be used to compute these MSL heights.
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An Earth orbiting satellite’s sensitivity to the geopotential is strongly influenced

by the satellite’s altitude range and other orbital parameters. NSG programs performing satellite
orbit determination are advised to determine the maximum degree and order most appropriate for
their particular mission and orbit accuracy requirements. The EGM2008 through degree and
order 70 is recommended for high accuracy satellite orbit determination and prediction
purposes.
10.8 Positioning, Navigation and Targeting (PN&T) Applications
Positioning, Navigation and Targeting is concerned with location and moving in

real-time or after the fact on land, air and sea platforms. Accuracy requirements may vary from
the centimeter level for precise geodetic applications, such as aerial photogrammetry, to meters
for combined integrated GPS/Inertial Navigation Systems, to tens of meters for the SPS GPS
user. PN&T applications are also characterized by large numbers of systems in the field, e.g.
more than 100,000 GPS military receivers, with legacy systems having different
implementations of WGS 84 than the newer systems. Implementation and update of WGS 84 in
these platforms are costly and almost impossible to accomplish simultaneously. Therefore, a
careful analysis must be done for each implementation to determine the essential elements of the
refined definition of WGS 84 that need to be implemented.
It should be noted that most users depend on the ECEF coordinate system but for
some they must depend on the Earth Centered Inertial (ECI) reference frame. This inertial
reference frame is a stationary reference frame from which Newton’s equations of motion hold
true. The ECI coordinates are then transformed into ECEF coordinates using Earth Orientation
Parameters (EOP). They are the parameters which provide the rotation of ECI to ECEF
Reference frame as function of time, see definition for EOP. These EOP values and models are
available at http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/index.html and can be downloaded via
FTP.
10.9 Geospatial Information Applications
Geospatial databases contain information from various sources as thematic layers

from which imagery, imagery intelligence and geospatial information can be derived or
extracted. Since the information represented in the various layers has multiple uses and supports
applications of different accuracies, it is important that the accuracy of the basic information be
retained. Therefore, the refined WGS 84 should be implemented in geospatial systems to
maintain the inherent accuracy of the basic data sources.
10.10 Cartographic Applications
The definition and realization of WGS 84 as defined in TR8350.2, Second

Edition, satisfies the NSG’s mapping and charting requirements to better than 1 meter.
Therefore, the improvement and refinements presented in this document for the WGS 84
reference frame, coordinate system, Earth gravitational model and datum transformations, is
more than adequate for cartographic and mapping applications.
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The current national horizontal map accuracy standard indicates that well defined
points should be located with accuracy of better than 1/30 of an inch (0.85 mm) at a 90 percent
confidence level on maps with scales greater than 1:20,000. This translates to 8.5 m on a
1:10,000 scale map which is easily met by WGS 84, assuming, of course, that the mapping
products are on WGS 84 and not a local datum. If the maps or charts are on a local datum, then
the application of appropriate datum transformation is necessary to preserve interoperability with
other geospatial information. Depending on the local datum, the accuracy of the datum
transformations can vary from 1 meter to over 25 meters in each Cartesian component.
The vertical accuracy of geospatial information and resulting map products

depends on how the elevations were compiled. If the elevations are based on first order geodetic
leveling, the control heights are very accurate, probably good to centimeters with respect to
‘local mean sea level’. A height bias in the local mean sea level would be the major potential
error source. If no leveling data are available for vertical control, elevations are estimated from
height above the WGS 84 Ellipsoid and a geoid height derived from the WGS 84 Geoid model.
For mapping processes which use imagery, the orthometric heights (height above the geoid) are
substituted for elevations above mean sea level. For these products the Earth Gravitational Model
2008 (EGM2008), which provides a geoid with an accuracy of < 25cm worldwide, should be
implemented.
10.11 Summary
Users need to implement the refinements of the WGS 84 (NGA.STND.0036) into

application systems in a planned and well thought out manner. An analysis into what aspects of
these refinements are required for specific applications should be performed. This will ensure
that the applications have indeed implemented WGS84 in the most effective manner.
A new realization of the WGS 84 reference frame, tied to the IERS TN 36 and
International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) 2010, will be established in 2014. In Mid-
2015, a new edition of NGA.STND.0036 incorporating this 2014 WGS 84 reference frame and
an updated WMM 2015 will be written and propagated. This 5th edition will begin a five-year
update cycle of the Standard and its related models as required. The 2020 update may be a
rigorous review of the WGS which may result in refining parameters for the WGS.
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27. Lemoine, F.G., Kenyon, S.C., Trimmer, R., Factor, J., Pavlis, N.K., Klosko, S.M., Chinn,
D.S., Torrence, M.H., Pavlis, E.C., Rapp. R.H., and Olson, T.R.; “EGM96 The NASA
GSFC and NIMA Joint Geopotential Model”; NASA Technical Memorandum; 1997.
28. Burša, M., J. Kouba, M. Kumar, A. Müller, K. Raděj, S.A. True, V. Vatrt, M. Vojtíšková
(1999), Geoidal Geopotential and World Height System, presented at the XXII IAG
General Assembly, Symposium G1, Birmingham, July 18-30, 1999.
29. Rapp, R. H.; “Use of Potential Coefficient Models for Geoid Undulation Determinations
Using a Spherical Harmonic Representation of the Height Anomaly/Geoid Undulation
Difference”; The Journal of Geodesy; Vol. 71, No. 5; April 1997.
30. Fu, L.-L. and A. Cazenave (Eds.), (2001), Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences A
Handbook of Techniques and Applications, International Geophysics Series, Vol. 69,
Academic Press.
31. Ekman, M.; “Impacts of Geodynamic Phenomena on Systems for Height and Gravity”;
Bulletin Geodesique; Vol. 63, No. 3; pp. 281-296; 1989.
32. Pavlis, N.K. and J. Saleh (2005), Error Propagation with Geographic Specificity for Very
High Degree Geopotential Models, in: Gravity, Geoid and Space Missions, C. Jekeli, L.
Bastos, J. Fernandes (Eds.), IAG Symposia, Vol. 129, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
33. Schwarz, C. R. (1989). “North American Datum of 1983.” NOAA Professional Paper NOS
2, National Geodetic Survey, Silver Spring, Maryland USA
(www.geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/NADof1983.pdf) (Accessed 25 Oct 2011).
34. Snay, R. A. (2012) The evolution of NAD 83 in the USA: A journey from 2D towards 4D.
J. Surv. Eng., http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943- 5428.0000083 .
35. Craymer, M. R. (2006). “The evolution of NAD83 in Canada.” Geomatica, 60(2), 151-164.
36. Pearson, C., and Snay, R. (2012). “Introducing version 3.1 of the Horizontal Time-
Dependent Positioning utility for transforming coordinates across time and between spatial
reference frames.” GPS Solut., doi:10.1007/s10291-012-0255-y.
37. Seppelin, T. O.; The Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1972; Technical
Paper; Headquarters, Defense Mapping Agency; Washington, DC; May 1974.
38. Molodensky, M.S., Eremeev, V.F., and Yurkina, M.I.; Methods for Study of the External
Gravitational Field and Figure of the Earth; Israel Program for Scientific Translations;
Jerusalem, Israel; 1962. (Available from the National Technical Information Service;
United States Department of Commerce; Washington, DC).
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39. Malys, S.; Dispersion and Correlation Among Transformation Parameters Relating Two
Satellite Reference Frames; Ohio State Univ. Dept. of Geodetic Science and Surveying
Report No. 392; July 1988.
40. Appelbaum, L.T.; “Geodetic Datum Transformation By Multiple Regression Equations”;

Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler
Positioning; New Mexico State University; Physical Science Laboratory; Las Cruces, New
Mexico; 8-12 February 1982.
41. Malys, S., Bredthauer, D., and Deweese, S.; “Error Budget for the DMA GPS Geodetic
Point Positioning Algorithm Through Monte Carlo Simulation”; Proceedings of ION-GPS-
93; Salt Lake City, Utah; September, 1993.
42. NGA’s Precise Point Positioning (PPP) software GPS/RINEX ARL:UT PPP Estimator
(GRAPE), developed by the Applied Research Laboratory University of Texas, Austin
(ARL/UT).
43. Federal Geodetic Control Committee, “Geometric Geodetic Accuracy Standards and
Specifications for Using GPS Relative Positioning Techniques” ; May, 1988
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/tech_pub\GeomGEod.pdf (Accessed 18 October 2012).
44. Global Positioning System Precise Positioning Service Performance Standard, February
2007 http://www.gps.gov/technical/ps/2007-pps-performance-standard.pdf (Accessed 18
October 2012).
45. Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard, September
2008 http://www.gps.gov/technical/ps/2007-sps-performance-standard.pdf (Accessed 18
October 2012).
46. Maus, S., S. Macmillan, S. McLean, B. Hamilton, A. Thomson, M. Nair, and C. Rollins,
January 2010; “The US/UK World Magnetic Model for 2010-2015”; NOAA Technical
Report NESDIS/NGDC-2.
47. The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2001, US Government Printing Office and the UK
Hydrographic Office; 2000.
48. Capitaine, N., J. Chapront, S. Lambert, and P.T. Wallace. (2003), “Expressions for IAU
2000 precession quantities”, Astronomy and Astrophysics.412, 567-586.
49. Capitaine, N., J. Chapront, S. Lambert, and P.T. Wallace. (2003), “Expressions for the
Celestial Intermediate Pole and Celestial Ephemeris Origin consistent with the IAU 2000A
precession-nutation model”, Astronomy and Astrophysics.400, 1145-1154.
50. IAU, 2000, Resolutions of the XXIVth General Assembly of the International Astronomical
Union, Manchester, UK, August, 7-19, 2000
http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2000_French.pdf (accessed 23 July 2013).
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51. IAU, 2006, Resolutions of the XXVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical
Union, Prague, Czech Republic, August, 14-25, 2006
http://www.iau.org/administration/resolutions/general_assemblies/ (accessed 23 July 2013).
52. Capitaine, N., M. Folgueira, and J. Souchay (2006). “Earth rotation based on the celestial
coordinates of the celestial intermediate pole”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 445, 347-360.
53. Lieske, J. H., Lederle, T., Fricke, W., et al. (1977), “Expressions for the Precession
Quantities Based upon the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants”, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 58, 1-16.
54. Williams, J.G., Newhall, X.X., and Dickey, J.O. (1991), “Luni-solar precession:
determination from lunar laser ranges”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 241 (1), L9-L12.
55. Lambert, S. and Bizouard, C. (2002), Positioning the Terrestrial Ephemeris Origin in the
International Terrestrial Reference Frame”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 394 (1), 317-321.
56. Chapront, J. Chapront-Touze, M. and Francou, G. (2002), “A new determination of lunar

orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal accelerations from LLR measurements”,
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 387 (2), 700-709.
57. Capitaine, N. (1990), “The celestial pole coordinates”, Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., 48(2),
127-143.
58. Simon, J.L., Bretagnon, P., Chapront, J., Chapront-Touze, M., Francou, G., and Laskar, J.
(1994), “Numerical Expression for Precession Formulae and Mean Elements for the Moon
and the Planets”. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 282 (2), 663-683.
59. Souchay, J. Loysel, B., Kinoshita, H., and Folgueira, M. (1999), “Correction and new
developments in rigid Earth nutation theory: III. Final tables REN-2000 including crossed-
nutation and spin-orbit coupling effects”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Suppl. Ser., 135 (1),
111-131.
60. Bretagnon, P. (1982), “Theory du Mouvement de l’ensemble des planets solution

VSOP82”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 114 (2), 278-288.
61. Chapront-Touz´e, M. and Chapront, J. (1983), “The lunar ephemeris ELP 2000”,
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 124 (1), 50-62.
62. Kinoshita, H., and Souchay, J. (1990), “The theory of the nutation for the rigid Earth model
at the second order”, Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., 48 (3), 187-265.
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CHANGES to Appendices: New and Updated information
 Appendix A Transformation of Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRS,

Epoch J2000.0) Coordinates to WGS 84 Terrestrial Reference
Frame (TRS, ECEF) Coordinates.
 Appendix B Calculation and Validation of the World Geodetic System 1984

Fundamental Parameters, Derived Constants, and Miscellaneous
Principal Values.
 Appendix C.1 Ellipsoids.
- Clarke 1880 (IGN), CG

- War Office 1924, WO
 Appendix D.1 Datums and Ellipsoids (Through Satellite Ties).
- Accra (Ghana, Africa)

- Circuit (Zimbabwe, Africa)
- DCS-3 (Astro 1955) (St Lucia, Atlantic Ocean )
- Fiji 1956 (Fiji Island, Pacific Ocean )
- Gambia (Gambia, Africa)
- Lisbon (Portugal, Europe)
- Observatorio Campos Rodrigues 1907 (Mozambique, Africa)
- South East Island (Seychelles, Indian Ocean)
- Tete 1960 (Mozambique, Africa)
- Timbalai 1968 (Brunei & E. Malaysia, Asia)
- Yof Astro 1967 (Datum 200)(Senegal, Africa)
 Appendix D.2 AFRICA.
- Accra (Ghana) New

- Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe) Updated
- Arc 1960 (Malawi) New
- Ayabella Lighthouse (Djibouti) Updated
- Circuit (Zimbabwe) New
- Gambia (Gambia) New
- Observatorio Campos Rodrigues 1907 (Mozambique) New
- Tete 1960 (Mozambique) New
- Yof Astro 1967 (Datum 200)(Senegal) New
 Appendix D.3 ASIA.
- Oman (Oman) Updated

- Timbalai 1968 (Brunei & E. Malaysia) New
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 Appendix D.4 AUSTRALIA.
- Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 Updated
 Appendix D.5 EUROPE.
- Hjorsey 1955 (Iceland) Updated

- S-42 (Pulkovo) (Estonia) New
 Appendix D.7 SOUTH AMERICA
- Provisional South American 1956 (Chile) New regions defined

- South American 1969 (Chile) New regions defined
 Appendix D.8 ATLANTIC OCEAN.
- DCS-3 (Astro 1955) (St Lucia, Windward Islands)

- Hjorsey 1955 (Iceland) Updated
 Appendix D.9 INDIAN OCEAN.
- South East Island (Seychelles) New

- Tananarive Observatory 1925 (Madagascar) Updated: Moved from
Non-Satellite
 Appendix D.10 PACIFIC OCEAN.
- Fiji 1956 (Fiji) New

- Midway Astro 1951 (Midway Island) Updated 2003
- Viti Levu 1916 (Viti Levu Island, Fiji Island) Updated
 Appendix E.1 Datums and Ellipsoids (Through Non-Satellite Ties).
- Aden (Aden, Yemen) New

- Beijing 1954 (China) New
- Bekaa Valley 1920 (Lebanon) New
- Conakry 1905 (Guinea) New
- Indian (Sri Lanka) New
- Mayotte Combani (Mayotte Island, Comoros) New
- Ocotepeque (Costa Rica) New
- New Triangulation of France (France) New
- St Pierre et Miquelon 1950 (Miquelon and St Pierre Islands, North
Atlantic) New
- Tananarive Observatory 1925 (Madagascar) Updated & Moved to
Satellite section
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APPENDIX A
TRANSFORMATION OF GEOCENTRIC CELESTIAL REFERENCE FRAME

(GCRS, EPOCH J2000.0) COORDINATES TO WGS 84 TERRESTRIAL
REFERENCE FRAME (TRS, ECEF) COORDINATES
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APPENDIX A
Transformation of Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRS, EPOCH J2000.0)

Coordinates to WGS 84 Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRS, ECEF) Coordinates
1. General
This appendix provides a summary of the formulation used by NGA for

transformation between the Earth-Center Inertial (ECI) system and the Earth-
Centered Earth-Fixed coordinate system (ECEF) and is a summary of information
contained in the IERS Technical Note 36 [1]. Technical Note 36 provides detailed
information on the description of time systems, coordinate frames, and various other
models. Technical Note 36 also describes the ECI-ECEF transformation for both the
equinox-based approach and the CIO-based approach. The following description
focuses on the CIO-based approach. It is noted the description of any ECI-ECEF
transformation cannot be exact and is limited to a prescribed accuracy. Also, portions
of the transformation are described by various series expressions, some of which
entail dozens of terms. Instead of publishing the tables that describe the series
expressions, references are made to the necessary electronic files that contain the
appropriate data. Also, some hyperlinks are provided to IERS websites for the files;
however, the reader is reminded that not all hyperlinks exist forever.
This appendix has several purposes. These are:

 To provide the mathematical relationship between the Conventional
Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS, an Earth-Centered Inertial
System, Radio Wavelength Based, Epoch J2000.0), the Celestial Intermediate
Origin (CIO), the Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO) and a Conventional
Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) as they relate to the World Geodetic
System 1984 (WGS 84). The CIO-based expressions for the IAU 2006/2000A
precession-nutation model have too many terms for complete representation
here; however, auxiliary files provide the complete set of necessary terms,
software provided by the IERS can be used to verify implementation of these
models;
 To provide specific guidance to implement the coordinate transformation
presented in the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
(IERS) 2010 Conventions Technical Note 36 (TN36) [1]. This guidance is
required to ensure a consistent coordinate transformation implementation
across the various DoD programs. Guidance is provided on the application of
the NGA-generated, Earth Orientation Parameter Predictions (EOPP), in this
coordinate transformation procedure. Note that changes are planned for the
EOPP that are consistent with TN36; however, these changes will not be
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implemented until further coordination with all DoD components is complete.

Until that time, users should reference [12]; and
 To discuss and provide the numerical data needed to transform position and
velocity components from the Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (CRF),
the realization of the GCRS, or Earth-Centered-Inertial (ECI) Coordinate
System to the WGS 84 Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF), a realization of an
Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) TRS.
The CRF (ECI) to WGS 84 TRF (ECEF) transformation makes use of the International
Astronomical Union (IAU) 2006 precession theory, the IAU2000 nutation theory, the
definition of universal time, and the CIO-based transformation adopted by the IAU and as
documented in [1].
Definition of terms and background
Throughout this appendix the following definitions and conventions apply. The
definitions are taken largely from [1].
Barycentric Celestial Reference System (BCRS) - a system of space-time

coordinates within the framework of General Relativity with metric tensor specified by
the IAU centered at the solar system barycenter.
Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO) - origin for right ascension on the intermediate
equator in the Celestial Intermediate Reference System. It is the non-rotating origin in the
GCRS that is recommended by the IAU.
Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) - geocentric equatorial pole defined as the
intermediate pole in the transformation from the GCRS to the International Terrestrial
Reference System (ITRS), separating nutation from polar motion. Its GCRS location
results from (i) the terms of precession-nutation formulation with periods greater than 2
days, (ii) the retrograde diurnal part of polar motion including the free core nutation
(FCN), and (iii) the frame bias. Its ITRS location results from (i) the part of polar motion
which is outside the retrograde diurnal band in the ITRS and (ii) the motion in the ITRS
corresponding to nutations with periods less than 2 days. The motion of the CIP is
realized by the IAU precession-nutation plus time-dependent corrections provided by the
IERS (celestial pole offsets).
Celestial Intermediate Reference System (CIRS) - geocentric reference system
related to the GCRS by a time-dependent rotation taking into account precession-
nutation. It is defined by the intermediate equator (of the CIP) and CIO on a specific date.
It is similar to the system based on the true equator and equinox of date, but the
equatorial origin is at the CIO.
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) - measure of time that is the basis of all civil
timekeeping
Earth Rotation Angle (ERA) - angle measured along the intermediate equator of the
Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) between the Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO) and
the Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO), positively in the retrograde direction. It is related
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to UT1 (see below) by a conventionally adopted expression in which ERA is a linear

function of UT1.
ecliptic - the plane perpendicular to the mean heliocentric orbital angular momentum
vector of the Earth- Moon barycenter.
epoch - a fixed date used to reckon time for expressing time varying quantities. It is
often expressed in the system of Julian date, marked by the prefix J (e.g. J2000.0), with
the Julian year of 365.25 days as unit. The term is also used to designate the date and
time of an observation, e.g. “epoch of observation,” which can also be expressed by “date
of observation”.
equation of the origins (EO) - angular distance between the CIO and the equinox
along the intermediate equator; it is the CIO right ascension of the equinox; alternatively
the difference between the Earth rotation angle and Greenwich apparent sidereal time
(ERA−GAST).
equinox - either of the two points at which the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator;
also the time at which the Sun passes through either of these intersection points; i.e.,
when the apparent longitude of the Sun is 0° or 180°.
geocenter - center of mass of the Earth including the atmosphere and oceans
Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) - a system of geocentric space-time
coordinates within the framework of General Relativity with metric tensor specified by
the IAU. The GCRS is defined such that the transformation between BCRS and GCRS
spatial coordinates contains no rotation component, so that GCRS is kinematically non-
rotating with respect to BCRS. The spatial orientation of the GCRS is derived from that
of the BCRS, that is, unless otherwise stated, by the orientation of the ICRS.
Geocentric Terrestrial Reference System (GTRS) - a system of geocentric space-
time coordinates within the framework of General Relativity, co-rotating with the Earth,
and related to the GCRS by a spatial rotation that takes into account the Earth orientation
parameters.
Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time (GMST) - Greenwich hour angle of the mean
equinox defined by a conventional relationship to Earth rotation angle or equivalently to
UT1.
Greenwich Apparent Sidereal Time (GAST) - the hour angle of the true equinox
from the Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO) meridian (Greenwich or International
meridian).
International Atomic Time (TAI) - a practical realization of terrestrial time (TT)
with a fixed shift from the latter due to historical reasons (see TT); it is a continuous time
scale, now calculated at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), using
data from over three hundred atomic clocks in over fifty national laboratories in
accordance with the definition of the SI second.
International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) - a set of extragalactic objects
whose adopted directions realize the ICRS axes. It is also the name of the catalog of
directions whose 212 defining sources is currently the most accurate realization of the
ICRS.
International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) - the idealized barycentric
coordinate system to which celestial positions are referred. It is kinematically non-
rotating with respect to the ensemble of distant extragalactic objects. It has no intrinsic
orientation but was aligned close to the mean equator and dynamical equinox of J2000.0
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for continuity with previous fundamental reference systems. Its orientation is independent
of epoch, ecliptic or equator and is realized by a list of adopted coordinates of
extragalactic sources (ICRF).
International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) - a realization of ITRS, through
the realization of its origin, orientation axes and scale, and their time evolution.
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) - the specific GTRS for which
the orientation is operationally maintained in continuity with past international
agreements. It has no residual rotation with regard to the Earth’s surface, and the
geocenter is understood as the center of mass of the whole Earth system, including
oceans and atmosphere. For continuity with previous terrestrial reference systems, the
first alignment was close to the mean equator of 1900 and the Greenwich meridian.
J2000.0 - defined in the framework of General Relativity by IAU as being the epoch at
the geocenter and at the date 2000 January 1.5 TT = Julian Date 245 1545.0 TT. Note that
this event has different dates in different time scales.
mean pole - the direction on the celestial sphere towards which the Earth’s axis points
at a particular epoch, with the oscillations due to precession-nutation removed.
modified Julian date (MJD) - The Modified Julian Date or Day (MJD) is defined as
MJD = JD-2400000.5, where JD is the Julian Day, a continuous count of days beginning
at 12 noon 1 January -4712 (4713BC). [2]
non-rotating origin (NRO) - in the context of the GCRS or the ITRS, the point on the
intermediate equator such that its instantaneous motion with respect to the system (GCRS
or ITRS as appropriate) has no component along the intermediate equator (i.e. its
instantaneous motion is perpendicular to the intermediate equator). It is called the CIO
and TIO in the GCRS and ITRS, respectively.
polar motion - the motion of the Earth’s rotation axis with respect to the ITRS. The
main components are the Chandlerian free motion, with a period of approximately 435
days, and an annual motion. It also includes sub-daily variations caused by ocean tides
and periodic motions driven by gravitational torques with periods less than two days.
Sub-daily variations are not included in the values distributed by the IERS, and are
therefore to be added, after interpolation to the date of interest, using a model provided
by the IERS Conventions[1].
precession-nutation - the ensemble of effects of external torques on the motion in
space of the rotation axis of a freely rotating body, or alternatively, the forced motion of
the pole of rotation due to those external torques. In the case of the Earth, a practical
definition consistent with the IAU 2000 resolutions is that precession-nutation is the
motion of the CIP in the GCRS, including FCN and other corrections to the standard
models: precession is the secular part of this motion plus the term of 26000-year period
and nutation is that part of the CIP motion not classed as precession.
Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO) - non-rotating origin of longitude
recommended by the IAU in the ITRS. The TIO was originally set at the ITRF origin of
longitude and throughout 1900-2100 stays within 0.1 mas of the ITRF zero meridian.
Terrestrial Intermediate Reference System (TIRS) - a geocentric reference system
defined by the intermediate equator of the CIP and the TIO. It is related to the ITRS by
polar motion and the TIO locater, s′. It is related to the Celestial Intermediate Reference
System by a rotation of ERA around the CIP, which defines the common z-axis of the
two systems.
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terrestrial reference frame (TRF) - realization of the Terrestrial Reference System

(TRS), through the realization of its origin, orientation axes and scale, and their time
evolution.
terrestrial reference system (TRS) - a Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) is a
spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space.
Terrestrial Time (TT) - a coordinate time whose mean rate is close to the mean rate
of the proper time of an observer located on the rotating geoid. At 1977 January 1.0 TAI
exactly, the value of TT was 1977 January 1.0003725 exactly. TT may be used as the
independent time argument for geocentric ephemerides. An accurate realization of TT is
TT(TAI)=TAI+32.184 seconds. In the past TT was called terrestrial dynamical time
(TDT).
UT1 - angle of the Earth’s rotation about the CIP axis defined by its conventional
linear relation to the Earth rotation angle (ERA). It is related to Greenwich apparent
sidereal time through the ERA (see equation of the origins). It is determined by
observations, and can be obtained from UTC by using the quantity UT1−UTC, which is
provided by the IERS.
(UT1−UTC) - difference between the UT1 parameter derived from observation and
the time scale UTC, the latter being currently defined as UTC = TAI + n, where n is an
integer number of seconds, such that |UT1- UTC | < 0.9 seconds.
In the following, all coordinate systems are right-handed and orthogonal and positive
rotations are counterclockwise. Specifically, the notation R1, R2, and R3 indicates
rotations about the x, y, and z axes of the reference system, respectively. That is:
1 0 0 

R1    0 cos  sin   ;
0  sin  cos  
cos  0  sin  
R2     0 1 0  ;
 sin  0 cos  
and
 cos  sin  0
R3     sin  cos  0 .
 0 0 1
(A-1)
2. Time and Epochs
There are various systems based on the diurnal rotation of the Earth that are of interest
here, including sidereal time, Julian date, terrestrial time, solar or universal time.
Sidereal time is realized by observations of the Earth’s rotation angle with respect to
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celestial objects, particularly extragalactic radio sources (such as quasars and active
galactic nuclei). In these observations, consideration must be given to the effects of polar
motion. Mean solar time is associated with a mean fictitious sun that moves along the
celestial equator with a uniform sidereal motion approximately commensurate with the
mean rate of the annual motion of the true sun along the ecliptic. If the hour angle of the
mean sun is referred to the BIH-defined Zero Meridian, the resulting time is called
universal time (UT). Universal and sidereal time, like other rotation based times, are
affected by the irregularities in the rotation of the Earth. These irregularities take the
form of polar motion (variations in the position of the Earth’s rotation axis with respect to
the earth’s crust), and variations in the Earth’s angular rotation rate.
The time scale distributed by most broadcast time services is coordinated universal
time (UTC). It is based on the redefined coordinated universal time, which differs from
international atomic time (TAI), another time scale, by an integral number of seconds.
The TAI time scale is the most precisely determined time scale available, and results
from the analyses by the BIH of data from the atomic time standards of many supporting
countries. Another time scale associated with TAI is terrestrial time (TT); TT =
TAI+32.184 seconds.
Universal time (UTC), is maintained to within 0.90 second of UT1 through the
introduction of one second time steps (called leap seconds) when necessary. Universal
and sidereal time are equivalent time systems since UT1 is formally defined by an
equation which relates it to mean sidereal time (MST).
On any given date, a star’s or source’s computed apparent position, upon which its
contribution to the UT1 determination depends, is a function not only of its’ catalog
position and proper motion, but also of the adopted theory of precession, astronomical
nutation, aberration, etc. Therefore, a change from one celestial inertial system (CIS) to
another and changes in the values of astronomical constants have complex and subtle
effects on the value of UT1. For the current GCRS, Greenwich mean sidereal time,
which is related to the equinox, can be expressed as a function of the Earth rotation angle
(ERA) which is a function of UT1. These relationships are developed in Section 3.3.
The unit of time, T, in the formulas for precession and astronomical nutation is the
Julian Century of 36525 days. Since the Julian Day begins at noon, the time interval in
the GCRS-to-TRS transformation to be discussed later is Julian Centuries measured from
2000 January 1.5.
The time parameter t, used in all of the following expressions, is defined by
t = (TT - 2000 January1d 12h TT) in days / 36525 (A-2)
where t is in centuries. Note that 2000 January 1.5 TT = Julian Date 2451545.0 TT.
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
3. Description of the GCRF (ECI) to WGS 84 TRF (ECEF) Transformation Matrices

and Equations
3.1 General
The IAU 2000 and IAU 2006 resolutions presented in TN36 [1], defined the
transformation between the CRS, the CIO, the TIO, and the ECEF TRS as realized
within the WGS 84 at the date t of the observation as
[GCRS] = Q(t)R(t)W(t) [TRS] (A-3)
where Q(t), R(t), and W(t) are the transformation matrices describing the motion of
the celestial pole in the CRF, the rotation of the Earth around the axis associated with
the pole and the motion of the pole with respect to the TRF, known as polar motion,
respectively.
Similarly, the reverse transform from TRS to GCRS can be defined as
[TRS] = [Q(t)R(t)W(t)]T[GCRS] = W(t)T R(t)T Q(t)T [GCRS] (A-4)
In the following sub-sections the three matrices that make up this transform will be
presented.
3.2 Precession and Nutation, Q(t)

In the CIO-based transformation, the effects of precession and nutation are
accounted for within a single matrix transform, the Q(t) transform that accounts for
the CIO-based motion of the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) in the GCRS, and
combines the former two-step process of computing precession and nutation into a
single expression:
Q(t) = R3(-E) ·R2(-d) ·R3(E) ·R3(s)
or the transpose Q(t)T = R3(-s) ·R3(-E) ·R2(d) ·R3(E) (A-5)
where E and d are related to the coordinates of the CIP in the GCRS (see Figure 1).
The precession/nutation matrix Q(t) can be written as
1  aX 2  aXY X 
 
Q (t )    aXY 1  aY ·R3 s 
2
Y (A-6)
 X
 Y 1  a X  Y 
2 2
where
A-8
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
 1 2  1 8 X 2  Y 2 
1
a (A-6a)
1  cos(d )
The approximation has an accuracy of 1μas, and X and Y are the “coordinates” of the
CIP in the CRS that are provided by the conventional IAU 2000A models, which is
based on geophysical and astronomical theory.
The quantities E and d are defined with respect to the X, Y, and Z GCRS
coordinates as
X = sin(d) cos(E),
Y = sin(d) sin(E),
and Z = cos(d). (A-7)
s specifies the position of the Celestial Intermediate Origin on the equator of the
Celestial Intermediate Pole and can be expressed as a function of X and Y,
̇ ̇
( ) ∫ (A-8)
where ∑ and o and  are positions of the CIO at

J2000.0 and the x-origin of GCRF respectively, and is the ascending node of the
equator at J2000.0 in the equator of the GCRS.
Figure 1. The Geocentric Celestial Reference System, GCRS (pole Co, X-axis origin Σ )
and Celestial Intermediate Reference System, CIRS (CIP which is point P, CIP equator,
CIO σ). CIP has GCRS coordinates that are defined by X and Y which are functions of
E and d (see text definitions). The CIOA-9 is represented by point σ and due to the
kinematical definition of the non-rotating origin, the instantaneous motion of σ is
perpendicular to the CIP equator. Po and are the CIP and CIO at J2000.0 [52].
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
This formulation models the motion of the pole due to lunisolar and planetary
motions. The parameters X and Y are given as function of time using the IAU 2006
precession and IAU 2000A nutation (IAU 2006/2000A) models that are valid at the
one as level that corresponds to the pole and equinox at J2000.0 with respect to the
GCRS [1, Section 5.5.4].
= – 0. 016617" + 2004.191898" t – 0.4297829" t2

– 0.19861834" t3 + 0.000007578" t4 + 0.0000059285" t5
+ Σi [(as,0)i sin(ARGUMENT) + (ac,0)i cos(ARGUMENT)]
+ Σi [(as,1)i t sin(ARGUMENT) + (ac,1)i t cos(ARGUMENT)]
+ Σi [(as,2)i t2 sin(ARGUMENT) + (ac,2)i t2 cos(ARGUMENT)] + …
and
(A-9)
2
= – 0.006951" – 0.025896" t – 22.4072747" t
+ 0.00190059" t3 + 0.001112526" t4 + 0.0000001358" t5
+ Σi [(bc,0)i cos(ARGUMENT) + (bs,0)i sin(ARGUMENT)]
+ Σi [(bc,1)i t cos(ARGUMENT) + (bs,1)i t sin(ARGUMENT)]
+ Σi [(bc,2)i t2 cos(ARGUMENT) + (bs,2)i t2 sin(ARGUMENT)] +...
where t is from equation (A-3) and ARGUMENT represents functions of the

fundamental parameters of the nutation theory whose expressions are for the lunisolar
and the planetary arguments, as, ac and bs, bc as given in [1, Section 5.5.4, Tables 5.2a
and 5.2 b], respectively.
Each of the lunisolar terms in the nutation series is characterized by a set of five
integers Nj which determines the argument for the term as a linear combination of the
five Fundamental Arguments Fj, namely the Delaunay variables(l, l', F, D, Ω):
ARGUMENT   j 1 N j Fj ,
5
(A-10)
where the values (N1,...,N5) of the multipliers characterize the term and the Fj are
functions of time as given in [1, Section 5.7.2, Eq. 5.43].
F1  l  Mean Anomaly of the Moon

 134.96340251  1717915923.2178" t  31.8792" t 2  0.051635" t 3  0.0002447" t 4
A-10
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
F2  l '  Mean Anomaly of the Sun

 357.52910918  129596581.0481" t - 0.5532" t 2  0.000136" t 3 - 0.00001149" t 4
F3  F  L  
 93.27209062  1739527262.8478" t - 12.7512" t 2  0.001037" t 3  0.00000417" t 4
F4  D  Mean Elongation of the Moon from the Sun

 297.85019547  1602961601.2090" t - 6.3706" t 2  0.006593" t 3  0.00003169" t 4
F5    Mean Longitude of the Ascending Node of the Moon

 125.04455501 - 6962890.5431" t  7.4722" t 2  0.007702" t 3  0.00005939" t 4
(A-11)
where L is the Mean Longitude of the Moon.
The mean longitudes of the planets used in the arguments for the planetary
nutation (F6,…,F14) for determination of Celestial Poles X and Y are essentially those
provided by Souchay et al. [59] and Petit and Luzum [1, Section 5.7.2, Eq. 5.43],
based on theories and constants of VSOP82 [60] and ELP 2000 [61] and
developments of Simon et al. [58, Tables 5.8.1-5.8.8]. Their developments are given
in Eq. A-12 in radians with t in Julian centuries [1, Section 5.7.3, Eq. 5.44].
The general precession, F14, is from Kinoshita and Souchay [62].
F6 ≡ LMe = 4.402608842+ 2608.7903141574 t
F7 ≡ LV e = 3.176146697+ 1021.3285546211 t
F8 ≡ LE = 1.753470314+ 628.3075849991 t
F9 ≡ LMa = 6.203480913+ 334.0612426700 t (A-12)
F10 ≡ LJ = 0.599546497+ 52.9690962641 t
F11 ≡ LSa = 0.874016757+ 21.3299104960 t
F12 ≡ LU = 5.481293872+ 7.4781598567 t
F13 ≡ LNe = 5.311886287+ 3.8133035638 t
F14 ≡ pA = 0.02438175 t + 0.00000538691 t2

A-11
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
The Fj are functions of time, and the angular frequency of the nutation described
by the term is given by
ω ≡ d(ARGUMENT)/dt.
The angular frequency is positive for most terms, and negative for some terms. The
planetary nutation terms differ from the lunisolar nutation terms only in the fact that
ARGUMENT   j 6 N j F j , F6 to F13, as noted in Tables 5.2a-5.2b and 5.3b of [1],
14
with the mean longitudes of the planets including the Earth (LMe, LV e, LE, LMa, LJ, LSa,
LU, lNe) and F’14 is the general precession in longitude pA.
The numerical values of the coefficients of the polynomial part of X and Y are
derived from the development as a function of time of the precession in longitude and
obliquity and pole offset at J2000.0 and the amplitudes (ac,j)i, (as,j)i, (bc,j)i, and (bs,j)i
for j = 0, 1, 2, ... are derived from the amplitudes of the precession and nutation
series. The amplitudes (as,0)i, (bc,0)i of the sine and cosine terms in X and Y
respectively are equal to the amplitudes ( ) and of the series for nutation
in longitude [ ( )] and obliquity, except for a few terms in each coordinate X
and Y which contain a contribution from crossed-nutation effects. The coordinates X
and Y contain Poisson terms in t sin, t cos, t2 sin, t2 cos, ... which originate from
crossed terms between precession and nutation.
The numerical development of the quantity ( ) (i.e. the CIO locator) appearing
in the prior equations, compatible with the IAU 2006/2000A precession-nutation
model as well as the corresponding celestial offset at J2000.0, has been derived in a
way similar to that based on the IERS Conventions 2003 [48]. The results from the
above expression for ( ) [Eq. A-8] using the developments of X and Y as functions
of time [49] has the following form [1, Section 5.5.6]:
A-12
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
 XY
s t  
2
 94.00e - 6"  3808.65e - 6" t  122.68e - 6" t 2 

 polynomial component
 72574.11e - 6" t 3
 27.98e - 6" t 4
 15.62e - 6" t 5


33
  8   8  

   c s[ 0 ,n ] sin   N 0,n ,m  Fm   cc[ 0,n ] cos  N 0,n ,m  Fm  
 m1   m1 
 periodic component for t

0
n 1  
3
  8   8  

 t    cs[1,n ] sin   N1,n ,m  Fm   cc[1,n ] cos  N1,n ,m  Fm    periodic component for t
1
n 1   m1   m1  

25
  8   8  

 t 2    cs[ 2,n ] sin   N 2,n ,m  Fm   cc[ 2,n ] cos  N 2,n ,m  Fm    periodic component for t
2
n 1   m1   m1  

4
  8   8  

 t 3    cs[ 3,n ] sin   N 3,n ,m  Fm   cc[ 3,n ] cos  N 3,n ,m  Fm    periodic component for t
3
n 1   m1   m1  

  8   8  

 t 4   cs[ 4,1] sin   N 4,n ,m  Fm   cc[ 4,1] cos  N 4,n ,m  Fm    periodic component for t
4
  m1   m1  

(A-13)
The constant term for s, which was previously chosen so that s(J2000.0) = 0, was
subsequently fitted [49] to ensure continuity of UT1 at the date of change (1 January
2003) consistent with the Earth rotation angle (ERA) relationship and the current
VLBI procedure for estimating UT1.
The series of amplitudes (Ck) of sin and cosine terms for s+XY/2 with all terms
larger than 0.1 as is available on the IERS Conventions Center website:
http://62.161.69.131/iers/conv2010/conv2010_c5.html
in Table 5.2d [1, Section 5.5.6].
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations show the precession-

nutation theory to be accurate at the ±0.2 as level. If more accurate values are
needed, corrections called celestial pole offsets, can be added to the quantities X and
Y. These corrections can be either those produced by an IERS Free Core Nutation
model or IERS VLBI observation of the celestial pole offsets. See TN 36 [1] for
details on these relationships and models. Note, NGA does not supply the celestial
pole offsets, and hence these terms should not be included in the precession-nutation
model implementation to be consistent with NGA’s usage.
3.3 Earth Rotation, R(t)
A-13
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
The CIO based transformation matrix resulting from the rotation of the Earth
around the axis of the CIP can be expressed as
R(t )  R3 ( ERA(t )) (A-14)
or
RT (t )  R3 ( ERA(t )) (A-15)
where ERA(t) is the Earth Rotation angle between the CIO and the Terrestrial
Intermediate Origin (TIO) at the date t on the equator of the CIP, which provides a
rigorous definition of the sidereal rotation of the Earth. ERA(t) is defined as [1,
Section 5.5.3]
ERA(Tu) = 2π(UT1 Julian day fraction + 0.7790572732640 + 0.00273781191135448Tu).
(A-16)
where
= (Julian UT1 date - 2451545.0)
and UT1 Julian day fraction is the fractional part of a Julian day with
UT1= UTC + (UT1-UTC)
The Earth orientation parameter UT1-UTC must be observed. The observed and
predicted values of UT1-UTC are supplied in the NGA-generated EOPP bulletin as
follows (see Section 2.3 for details):
4
 2 MJD  Tb   4  2 MJD  Tb   . (A-17)
UT1  UTC  I  J MJD  Tb    K n  sin    Ln  cos 

  
n 3 Rn n 3 Rn
seasonalvariations
Because the Earth’s rotation angle is variable, the parameter UT1 that characterizes
that angle must be observed in the form of the Earth orientation parameter UT1-UTC.
Note: to use the (UT1-UTC) parameter, users need to apply zonal, diurnal and semi-
diurnal tides as described in [1, Chapter 8]. The restoration of zonal tides should be
consistent with the NGA’s usage based on [1, Table 8.1]. Similarly, the application of
the diurnal and semi-diurnal ocean tides should be consistent with NGA’s usage
described in [1, Section 8.2].
3.4 Polar Motion, W(t)
The transformation for the polar motion can be expressed as
A-14
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
W (t )  R3 (s) R2 ( x p ) R1 ( y p ) (A-18)
or its transpose
W T (t )  R1 ( y p ) R2 ( x p ) R3 (s)
where and being the “pole coordinates” of the CIP in the TRS and being the
“Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO) locator” that provides the position of the TIO
on the equator of the CIP corresponding to the kinematical definition of the “non-
rotating” origin (NRO) in the TRS when the CIP is moving with respect to the TRS
due to polar motion. The parameter s’ is a function of the polar motion and its rate of
change over time.
( ) ∫ ( ̇ ̇ )
It can be written in terms of the average amplitude of the Chandlerian and Annual
wobbles, and , respectively, as
( ) ( ) (A-19)
Using current mean amplitudes (Lambert and Bizouard, 2002),
( ) as. (A-20)
The xp and yp polar coordinates in (A-18) must be observed. The observed and
predicted values of the polar coordinates xp and yp are supplied in NGA-generated
EOPP bulletin as follows:
2
 2 T  Ta   2  2 T  Ta  
x p  A  BT  Ta    C n  sin     Dn  cos 
n 1  P n  n 1  P n 
(A-21)
2
 2 T  Ta   2  2 T  Ta  
y p  E  F T  Ta    Gn  sin     H n  cos 
n 1  Qn  n 1  Qn 
where the terms in (A-21) are discussed in Section 2.3 above as well as described on
the NGA web site:
http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/sathtml/eoppdoc.html
NGA, in collaboration with USNO, provides a daily file of Earth Orientation

Parameter Predictions to the GPS Operational Control Segment. The specific details
A-15
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
describing the content and format of these predictions are found in the Interface
Control Document ICD-GPS-211G-001 [63]. These predictive xp and yp values are
provided for the real-time applications of portion 3.4 in this appendix, while the
predictive (UT1-UTC) are for the real-time applications of portion 3.3. An updated
version of this interface, designated as ICD-GPS-811, is under development and is
being designed to be compatible with the new GPS Control Segment known as OCX.
To use the polar coordinates xp and yp , the user needs to apply the diurnal and
semi-diurnal ocean tides as described in [1, Chapter 8].
Because the polar motion is variable, the xp and yp polar coordinates must be
observed. To use the polar coordinates, users should apply the diurnal and semi-
diurnal ocean tides as described in [1, Chapter 8]. The application of the diurnal and
semi-diurnal ocean tides should be consistent with NGA’s usage based on [1, Section
8.2].
3.5 Reformulation of Transformation with Respect to the Rotation about the Z-

Axis
As stated in Section 3.1, the transformation from the TRS to the GCRS can be
defined as
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]. (A-22)
This expression can be expanded as follows:

(A-23)
[TRS ]  R1 ( y p ) R2 ( x p ) R3 (s) R3 ( ERA) R3 (s) R3 ( E) R2 (d ) R3 ( E) [GCRS ] .
We can then define parameter (t) to represent the total rotation about the Z-axis,
excluding E parameter, as
(t )  s(t )  ERA(t )  s(t )

and
R3 ()  R3 (s) R3 ( ERA) R3 (s) .
We can define
~
W T (t )  R1 ( y p ) R2 ( x p ) , (A-24)
~
R T (t )  R3 () , (A-25)
and
A-16
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
~
Q T (t )  R3 (  E ) R2 (d ) R3 ( E ) . (A-26)
This results in the rapidly changing terms involving rotations about the Z-axis to all
be in the R(t) term, the polar motion transformation reduces to the variations of the
polar coordinates (xp and yp), and the Q(t) is a simpler function of E and d. This
means that the position and velocity transformations now can be, respectively, written
as
[TRS ]  W T (t ) RT (t )QT (t )[GCRS ] (Position) (A-27)
and
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
[TR S ]  W T (t ) R T (t )Q T (t )[GCRS ]  W T (t ) R T (t )Q T (t )[GC RS ] (Velocity) (A-28)
The reformulation in this section is provided for mathematical correctness, although

 may insignificantly differ from ER A in most applications.
4. Summary of Transformations
The matrices previously described and the equations to compute the angles and other
quantities required in these matrices are summarized below. However, the expressions for
the IAU 2006/2000A precession-nutation model have too many terms for complete
representation here. Users can use the software provided by the IERS to validate these
models. The IERS software required for these transformations can be found at:
http://www.iausofa.org/ .
Determine the time argument for the transformation
TAI = UTC - n where n is an integer number of seconds
TT= TAI+32.184 seconds
t = (TT - 2000 January 1d 12h TT) in days / 36525
(Eq. A-2; t is the time elapsed as measured in centuries since 2000 January 1.5.)
Compute the precession-nutation angles
Compute s from Eq. A-13,
Compute X and Y from Eqs. A-09, A-10, A-11, and A-12
A-17
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
Form Precession-Nutation Matrix
Compute Q from Eqs. A-6 and A-6a,
Compute Earth Orientation Parameters
Compute xp, yp, and UT1-UTC using Eqs. A-17 and A-21 (Section 2.3)
Compute Earth Rotation Angle
Compute ERA using Eq. A-16
Form Earth Rotation Matrix
R(t )  R3 ( ERA(t )) from Eqs. A-1 and A-14
Form Polar Motion Transformation
Compute s  using Eq. A-20,
W (t )  R3 (s) R2 ( x p ) R1 ( y p )
Form Matrices for Velocity Transformation
Compute (t )  s(t )  ERA(t )  s(t )
 (t )  s(t )  ERA(t )  s(t )

Compute 
~ ~ ~
Compute R (t ) , W (t ) , and Q (t )
Perform Transformation
[TRS ]  W (t )T R(t ) T Q(t ) T [GCRS ]
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
[TR S ]  W T (t ) R T (t )Q T (t )[GCRS ]  W T (t ) R T (t )Q T (t )[GC RS ]
A-18
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX B
CALCULATION AND VALIDATION OF THE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM

1984 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS, DERIVED CONSTANTS, AND
MISCELLANEOUS PRINCIPAL VALUES
B-1
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
Appendix B
Calculation and Validation of the World Geodetic System 1984
Fundamental Parameters, Derived Constants, and Miscellaneous Principal Values
1. Scope
This appendix is to support Chapter 3 with the purpose of demonstrating the

calculations and validation of the various parameters and values associated with the
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) for use by the Department of Defense,
Intelligence Community, and the greater scientific and civilian communities at large.
It is strongly recommend that the WGS 84 parameters as presented in Chapter 3

be used for direct implementation. Although the following formulas are well known and
published in numerous textbooks and journals, as well as in a previous version of the
WGS 84 Technical Report [17], the WGS 84 Development Team felt that these formulas
should be presented again.
2. Fundamental Constants
2.1 Overview
The explanation and rationale for the following fundamental WGS 84 Defining
Parameters and Special Parameters, and Other Fundamental Constants are presented in
Chapter 3; and the values are reproduced here.
Table B.1 WGS 84 Defining Parameters

Semi-major Axis (Equatorial
a 6378137.0 m
Radius of the Earth)
Flattening Factor of the Earth 1/f 298.257223563
Geocentric Gravitational
GM 3.986004418 × 10+14 m3 / s2
Constant
Nominal Mean Angular
ω 7.292115 × 10−05 rads / s
Velocity of the Earth
Table B.2 Special WGS 84 Parameters

WGS 84 Earth Gravitational ̅ 2,0dyn -4.84165143790815 × 10-04
Model 2008 Dynamic Second
Degree Zonal and Sectorial ̅ 2,2dyn 2.43938357328313 × 10-06
Harmonics
B-2
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
Table B.3 Relevant Miscellaneous Constants

Velocity of Light
c 2.99792458 × 10+08 m/s
(in a vacuum)
Universal Constant of
G 6.67428 × 10-11 m3 / kg s2
Gravitation
Total mean mass of the
MA 5.1480 × 10+18 kg
atmosphere (with water vapor)
Dynamic Ellipticity H 3.2737949 × 10-03
3. Calculation of Geometric Constants
3.1 Flattening Factor of the Earth (f)
The flattening factor of the Earth can be properly expressed as,
(B-1)
3.2 Semi-minor Axis (b)
By definition, and from [17](3-28), the semi-major axis, b, can be calculated as,
( ) (B-2)
3.3 First Eccentricity Squared (e2)
By definition, and from [17](3-23), the first eccentricity squared can be

calculated as
(B-3)
( ) (B-4)
Equation (B-4) is derived by substitution of (B-2) into (B-3). It should be noted that there
is a significant figure sensitivity associated with the b2 term. Therefore, it is
recommended that the calculation of the first eccentricity squared use Equation (B-4).
3.4 First Eccentricity (e)
By definition the first eccentricity can be calculated as
B-3
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
√ (B-5)
3.5 Second Eccentricity Squared (e′2)
By definition, and from [18](2-94), the second eccentricity squared is given by:
(B-6)
(B-7)
Equation (B-7) is derived by substitution of (B-2) and (B-3) into (B-6) which agrees with
[17](3-26). It is recommended that the calculation of the second eccentricity squared use
Equation (B-7).
3.6 Second Eccentricity (e′)
By definition the second eccentricity can be calculated as
√ (B-8)
3.7 Linear Eccentricity (E)
The linear eccentricity, E, can be calculated from [17](3-31) or [17](3-32), as
√ (B-9)
(B-10)
Equation (B-10) is derived by substitution of (B-3) into (B-9). It is recommended that the
linear eccentricity use Equation (B-10).
3.8 Aspect Ratio (AR) The aspect ratio is given simply by:
(B-11)
3.9 Polar Radius of Curvature (Rp)
There are several formulas for the polar radius of curvature given by [17](3-33)
and [18](2-82). However, these formulas can be reduced using (B-2) and (B-4) to just
the ellipsoid terms of a and f as
B-4
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
(B-12)
√
( ) (B-13)
3.10 Mean Radius of the Three Semi-Axes (R1)
The mean radius of the three semi-axes is given by [17](3-38) and [9] as
( ) (B-14)
3.11 Radius of a Sphere of Equal Area (R2)
The radius of a sphere of equal area is given by [17](3-41) and by [9] as
(B-15)
( )
3.12 Radius of a Sphere of Equal Volume (R3)
The radius of a sphere of equal volume is given by [17](3-43) and by [9], and can
be reduced using (B-2) to just the ellipsoid terms of a and f as:
√ (B-16)
√ (B-17)
3.13 q0
A useful intermediate term, q0, can be calculate by [17](3-66), by combining

[18](2-58) and [18](2-71), and by [9] as
[( ) ( ) ]
(B-18)
3.14 q0’
B-5
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
A second useful intermediate term, q0′, can be calculated by [17](3-65), by

combining [18](2-67), where u=b for a level ellipsoid, and [18](2-71), and by [9] as
[( )( ( ))]
(B-19)
3.15 Comment on Calculations of Terms q0 and q0’
Direct calculation of many of the values presented for WGS 84 depend upon the
determination of the intermediate terms q0 and q0′. Although the formulas for these Eqs.
(B-19) and (B-20) are exact, their calculations present numerical challenges. Both of
these terms are dependent upon the calculation algorithm used for the arctan() function.
3.16 Normal Gravity Formula Constant (m)
A third useful intermediate term, m, can be calculated by [17](3-53), by [18](2-

70), and from [9] as
(B-20)
3.17 WGS 84 Dynamical Form Factor (J2)
The WGS 84 Dynamical Form Factor J2 is given by combining [18](2-90) and

[18](2-92’) and (B) above:
( ) (B-21)
3.18 WGS 84 Second Degree Zonal Harmonic (C̅2,0)
The WGS 84 Second Degree Zonal Harmonic is given by [4](3-12) and by

combining the first value from [19](Table3a) with [18](2-41) yields:
̅ (B-22)
√
4. Calculation of Physical Constants
4.1 Normal Gravity Potential of the WGS 84 Ellipsoid (U0)
B-6
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
The normal gravity potential is defined by [17](3-51), [18](2-61), [18](2-71), and

[9] as
(B-23)
4.2 Normal Gravity at the Equator (γe)
The normal gravity at the equator is given by [17](3-63) ,[18](2-73), and [9] as
( )
(B-24)
4.3 Normal Gravity at the Pole (γp)
The normal gravity at the pole is given by [17](3-64),[18](2-74), and [9] as
( )
(B-25)
4.4 k
Another useful intermediate term, k, can be calculated by [17](3-70) and

described in a simplified form by [9] as
( ) (B-26)
4.5 Mean Value of Normal Gravity ( γ̄)
The general expression for the average or mean value of normal gravity is usually
transformed by series expansion into the following given by [17](3-69) and [9] as
B-7
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
(B-27)
4.6 The Mass of the Earth ( M)
The mass of the Earth is derived from Table B.1 and Table B.3 as
(B-28)
4.7 Gravitational Constant of the Atmosphere (GMA)
The gravitational constant of the atmosphere is derived using Table B.3 as
(B-29)
4.8 Geocentric Gravitational Constant with Earth’s Atmosphere Excluded (GM’)
The geocentric gravitational constant with the Earth’s atmosphere excluded is

obtained from Table B.1 and (B-29) as
(B-30)
5. Calculation of the Moments of Inertia
5.1 Overview
It is possible to determine the moments of inertia either geometrically, using only

the defining parameters of an ellipsoid (a, GM, ω, f (using f to derive C̄2,0)), or
dynamically using Earth gravitational model coefficients and the dynamical ellipticity.
Both methods are used here to determine the moments of inertia, though it is generally
accepted that the dynamic solution is more accurate.
B-8
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
5.2 Dynamic Moment of Inertia (C), with respect to the Z-Axis of Rotation
From [17] Table 3.11 the dynamic moment of inertia C can be calculated as
̅
√
(B-31)
5.3 Dynamic Moment of Inertia (A), with respect to the X-Axis in the Equatorial
Plane
From [17] Table 3.11 the dynamic moment of inertia A can be calculated as
̅
√ [( ) ̅ ]
√ (B-32)
5.4 Dynamic Moment of Inertia (B), with respect to the Y-Axis in the Equatorial
Plane
From [17] Table 3.11 the dynamic moment of inertia B can be calculated as
̅
√ [( ) ̅ ]
√ (B-33)
5.5 Geometric Moment of Inertia (C), with respect to the Z-Axis of Rotation
From [17] Table 3.10 or [17](3-80) the geometric moment of inertia C can be
calculated as
( √ )
(B-34)
B-9
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
5.6 Geometric Moment of Inertia (A), with respect to Any Axis in the Equatorial
Plane
Due to symmetry of the rotational ellipsoid, A = B, from [17](3-77). From [17]

Table 3.10, or by combining [17](3-12) and [17] (3-83), the geometric moment of inertia
A can be calculated as
√ ̅
(B-35)
5.7 Geometric Solution for Dynamical Ellipticity (H)
As previously stated, the dynamical ellipticity is more accurately determined

through other techniques, it can be solved for geometrically from A and C using [17]
Table 3.10 or [17](3-87) as
(B-36)
B-10
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX C
LIST OF REFERENCE ELLIPSOID NAMES AND PARAMETERS

(USED FOR GENERATING DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS)
C-1
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
REFERENCE ELLIPSOIDS
FOR
LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS
1. General
This appendix lists the reference ellipsoids and their constants (a, f -1) associated
with the local geodetic datums which are tied to WGS 84 through datum transformation
constants and/or MREs (Appendices D, E and F).
2. Constant Characteristics
In Appendix C.1, some of the reference ellipsoids have more than one semi-major
axis (a) associated with them. These different values of axis (a) vary from one region or
country to another or from one year to another within the same region or country.
A typical example of such an ellipsoid is Everest whose semi-major axis (a) was
originally defined in yards. Changes in the yard to meter conversion ratio over the years
have resulted in five different values for the constant (a), as identified in Appendix C.1.
To facilitate correct referencing, a standardized two letter code is also included to

identify the different ellipsoids and/or their “versions” pertaining to the different values
of the semi-major axis (a).
C-2
Appendix C.1
Reference Ellipsoid Names and Constants
Used for Datum Transformations*
Reference Ellipsoid Name ID Code a (Meters) f -1
Airy 1830 AA 6377563.396 299.3249646
Australian National 1966 AN 6378160 298.25
Bessel 1841
Ethiopia, Indonesia, Japan and Korea BR 6377397.155 299.1528128
Namibia BN 6377483.865 299.1528128
Clarke 1866 CC 6378206.4 294.9786982
Clarke 1880** CD 6378249.145 293.465

Clarke 1880 (IGN) CG 6378249.2 293.4660208
Everest
Brunei and E. Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) EB 6377298.556 300.8017
India 1830 EA 6377276.345 300.8017
India 1956*** EC 6377301.243 300.8017
Pakistan*** EF 6377309.613 300.8017
W. Malaysia and Singapore 1948 EE 6377304.063 300.8017
W. Malaysia 1969*** ED 6377295.664 300.8017
Geodetic Reference System 1980 RF 6378137 298.257222101
Helmert 1906 HE 6378200 298.3
* Refer to Appendices D, E, and F.

** As accepted by NGA.
*** Through adoption of a new yard to meter conversion factor in the referenced country.
C-3
Appendix C.1
Reference Ellipsoid Names and Constants
Used for Datum Transformations*
-1
Reference Ellipsoid Name ID Code a (Meters) f
Hough 1960 HO 6378270 297
Indonesian 1974 ID 6378160 298.247
International 1924 IN 6378388 297
Krassovsky 1940 KA 6378245 298.3
Modified Airy AM 6377340.189 299.3249646
Modified Fischer 1960 FA 6378155 298.3
South American 1969 SA 6378160 298.25
War Office 1924 WO 6378300.58 296
WGS 1972 WD 6378135 298.26
WGS 1984 WE 6378137 298.257223563
* Refer to Appendices D, E, and F.
C-4
APPENDIX D
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED

USING SATELLITE TIES TO GEODETIC DATUMS/SYSTEMS
D-3
DATUM TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
GEODETIC DATUMS/SYSTEMS TO WGS 84
(THROUGH SATELLITE TIES)
1. General
This appendix provides the details about the reference ellipsoids (Appendix C)
which are used as defining parameters for the geodetic datums and systems.
There are 125 local geodetic datums which are currently related to WGS 84
through satellite ties.
2. Local Datum Ellipsoids
Appendix D.1 lists, alphabetically, the local geodetic datums with their associated
ellipsoids. Two letter ellipsoidal codes (Appendix C) have also been included against
each datum to indicate which specific “version” of the ellipsoid was used in determining
the transformation constants.
3. Transformation Constants
Appendices D.2 through D.7 list the constants for local datums for continental
areas. The continents and the local geodetic datums are arranged alphabetically.
Appendices D.8 through D.10 list the constants for local datums which fall within
the ocean areas. The ocean areas and the geodetic datums are also arranged
alphabetically.
The year of initial publication and cycle numbers have been provided. This
makes it possible for a user to determine when a particular set of transformation
parameters first became available and if the current set has replaced an outdated set.
A cycle number of zero indicates that the set of parameters is as it was published
in DMA TR 8350.2, Second Edition, 1 September 1991, including Insert 1, 30 August
1993, or that the parameters is new to this publication. A cycle number of one (or
greater) indicates that the current parameters have replaced outdated parameters that were
in the previous edition. A change page is included for convenience.
If transformation parameter sets are updated in future editions of this publication,

the cycle numbers for each parameter set that is updated will increment by one.
4. Error Estimates
The 1 error estimates for the datum transformation constants (X,Y,Z),

obtained from the computed solutions, are also tabulated. These estimates do not include
D-4
the errors of the common control station coordinates which were used to compute the
shift constants.
For datums having four or less common control stations, the 1 errors for shift
constants are non-computed estimates.
The current set of error estimates has been reevaluated and revised after careful
consideration of the datum transformation solutions and the related geodetic information:
the intent has been to assign the most realistic estimates possible.
D-5
Appendix D.1
Geodetic Datums/Reference Systems
Related to World Geodetic System 1984
(Through Satellite Ties)
Local Geodetic Datum Associated Reference Code

Ellipsoid*
Accra (Ghana) War Office 1924 WO
Adindan Clarke 1880 CD
Afgooye Krassovsky 1940 KA
Ain el Abd 1970 International 1924 IN
American Samoa 1962 Clarke 1866 CC
Anna 1 Astro 1965 Australian National 1966 AN
Antigua Island Astro 1943 Clarke 1880 CD
Arc 1950 Clarke 1880 CD
Arc 1960 Clarke 1880 CD
Ascension Island 1958 International 1924 IN
Astro Beacon “E” 1945 International 1924 IN
Astro DOS 71/4 International 1924 IN
Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961 International 1924 IN
Astronomical Station 1952 International 1924 IN
Australian Geodetic 1966 Australian National 1966 AN
Australian Geodetic 1984 Australian National 1966 AN
Ayabelle Lighthouse Clarke 1880 CD
Bellevue (IGN) International 1924 IN
Bermuda 1957 Clarke 1866 CC
Bioko International 1924 IN
Bissau International 1924 IN
Bogota Observatory International 1924 IN
Campo Inchauspe International 1924 IN
Canton Astro 1966 International 1924 IN
Cape Clarke 1880 CD
Cape Canaveral Clarke 1866 CC
Carthage Clarke 1880 CD
Chatham Island Astro 1971 International 1924 IN
Chua Astro International 1924 IN
Circuit (Zimbabwe) Clarke 1880 CD
Co-Ordinate System 1937 of
Estonia Bessel 1841 BR
Corrego Alegre International 1924 IN
Dabola Clarke 1880 CD
DCS-3 (Astro 1955) Clarke 1880 CD
Deception Island Clarke 1880 CD
Djakarta (Batavia) Bessel 1841 BR
* See Appendix C.1 for associated constants a,f -1.
D.1-1
Appendix D.1

Ellipsoid*
DOS 1968 International 1924 IN
Easter Island 1967 International 1924 IN
European 1950 International 1924 IN
Fiji 1956 International 1924 IN
Fort Thomas 1955 Clarke 1880 CD
Gambia Clarke 1880 CD
Gan 1970 International 1924 IN
Geodetic Datum 1949 International 1924 IN
Graciosa Base SW 1948 International 1924 IN
Guam 1963 Clarke 1866 CC
GUX 1 Astro International 1924 IN
Hjorsey 1955 International 1924 IN
Hong Kong 1963 International 1924 IN
Hu-Tzu-Shan International 1924 IN
Indian Everest EA/EC**
Indian 1954 Everest EA
Indonesian 1974 Indonesian 1974 ID
Ireland 1965 Modified Airy AM
ISTS 061 Astro 1968 International 1924 IN
ISTS 073 Astro 1969 International 1924 IN
Johnston Island 1961 International 1924 IN
Kandawala Everest EA
Kerguelen Island 1949 International 1924 IN
Kertau 1948 Everest EE
Korean Geodetic System 1995 WGS 84 WE
Kusaie Astro 1951 International 1924 IN
L. C. 5 Astro 1961 Clarke 1866 CC
Leigon Clarke 1880 CD
Liberia 1964 Clarke 1880 CD
Lisbon International 1924 IN
Luzon Clarke 1866 CC
Mahe 1971 Clarke 1880 CD
** Due to different semi-major axes. See Appendix C.1.
D.1-2
Appendix D.1

Ellipsoid*
Massawa Bessel 1841 BR
Merchich Clarke 1880 CD
Midway Astro 1961 International 1924 IN
Minna Clarke 1880 CD
Montserrat Island Astro 1958 Clarke 1880 CD
M'Poraloko Clarke 1880 CD
Nahrwan Clarke 1880 CD
Naparima, BWI International 1924 IN
North American 1927 Clarke 1866 CC
North American 1983 GRS 80** RF
North Sahara 1959 Clarke 1880 CD
Observatorio Campos Rodrigues
1907 Clarke 1866 CC
Observatorio Meteorologico
1939 International 1924 IN
Old Egyptian 1907 Helmert 1906 HE
Old Hawaiian Clarke 1866 CC
Old Hawaiian International 1924 IN
Oman Clarke 1880 CD
Ordnance Survey of Great
Britain 1936 Airy 1830 AA
Pico de las Nieves International 1924 IN
Pitcairn Astro 1967 International 1924 IN
Point 58 Clarke 1880 CD
Pointe Noire 1948 Clarke 1880 CD
Porto Santo 1936 International 1924 IN
Provisional South American
1956 International 1924 IN
Provisional South Chilean
1963*** International 1924 IN
Puerto Rico Clarke 1866 CC
Qatar National International 1924 IN
Qornoq International 1924 IN
Reunion International 1924 IN
** Geodetic Reference System 1980
*** Also known as Hito XVIII 1963
D.1-3
Appendix D.1

Ellipsoid*
Rome 1940 International 1924 IN
S-42 (Pulkovo 1942) Krassovsky 1940 KA
Santo (DOS) 1965 International 1924 IN
Sao Braz International 1924 IN
Sapper Hill 1943 International 1924 IN
Schwarzeck Bessel 1841 BN
Selvagem Grande 1938 International 1924 IN
Sierra Leone 1960 Clark 1880 CD
S-JTSK Bessel 1841 BR
South American 1969 South American 1969 SA
South American Geocentric
Reference System (SIRGAS) GRS 80** RF
South Asia Modified Fischer 1960 FA
South East Island Clarke 1880 CD
Tananarive Observatory 1925 International 1924 IN
Tete 1960 Clarke 1866 CC
Timbalai 1948 Everest EB
Timbalai 1968 Everest EB
Tokyo Bessel 1841 BR
Tristan Astro 1968 International 1924 IN
Viti Levu 1916 Clarke 1880 CD
Voirol 1960 Clarke 1880 CD
Wake-Eniwetok 1960 Hough 1960 HO
Wake Island Astro 1952 International 1924 IN
Yof Astro 1967 (Datum 200) Clarke 1880 CD
Zanderij International 1924 IN
** Geodetic Reference System 1980
D.1-4
Appendix D.2
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter Satellite Transformation Parameters
Differences Stations
Used
Cycle Pub.
Name Code Name a(m) f x 104 Number Date X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
ACCRA ACC War Office -163.58 -0.25567714
Ghana 1924 4 0 2012 -170 +3 33 +4 326 +3
ADINDAN ADI Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Mean Solution ADI-M 22 0 1991 -166 +5 -15 +5 204 +3

(Ethiopia and Sudan)
Burkina Faso ADI-E 1 0 1991 -118 +25 -14 +25 218 +25
Cameroon ADI-F 1 0 1991 -134 +25 -2 +25 210 +25
Ethiopia ADI-A 8 0 1991 -165 +3 -11 +3 206 +3
Mali ADI-C 1 0 1991 -123 +25 -20 +25 220 +25
Senegal ADI-D 2 0 1991 -128 +25 -18 +25 224 +25
Sudan ADI-B 14 0 1991 -161 +3 -14 +5 205 +3
AFGOOYE AFG Krassovsky -108 0.00480795

1940
1 0 1987 -43 +25 -163 +25 45 +25
D.2-1
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ARC 1950 ARF Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Mean Solution ARF-M 41 0 1987 -143 +20 -90 +33 -294 +20
(Botswana, Lesotho,
Malawi, Swaziland,
Zaire, Zambia and
Zimbabwe)
Botswana ARF-A 9 0 1991 -138 +3 -105 +5 -289 +3
Burundi ARF-H 3 0 1991 -153 +20 -5 +20 -292 +20
Lesotho ARF-B 5 0 1991 -125 +3 -108 +3 -295 +8
Malawi ARF-C 6 0 1991 -161 +9 -73 +24 -317 +8
Swaziland ARF-D 4 0 1991 -134 +15 -105 +15 -295 +15
Dem Rep of the Congo ARF-E 2 0 1991 -169 +25 -19 +25 -278 +25
(Zaire)
Zambia ARF-F 5 0 1991 -147 +21 -74 +21 -283 +27
Zimbabwe ARF-G 38 1 2012 -145 +10 -97 +10 -292 +10
D.2-2
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ARC 1960 ARS Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Mean Solution ARS-M 25 0 1991 -160 +20 -6 +20 -302 +20

(Kenya and Tanzania)
Kenya ARS-A 24 0 1997 -157 +4 -2 +3 -299 +3
Tanzania ARS-B 12 0 1997 -175 +6 -23 +9 -303 +10
Malawi ARS-C 7 0 2012 -179 +13 -81 +25 -314 +7
AYABELLE PHA Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714

LIGHTHOUSE
Djibouti 2 1 2012 -77 +10 -128 +10 142 +10
BISSAU BID International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Guinea-Bissau 2 0 1991 -173 +25 253 +25 27 +25
CAPE CAP Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
South Africa 5 0 1987 -136 +3 -108 +6 -292 +6
D.2-3
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
CARTHAGE CGE Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Tunisia 5 0 1987 -263 +6 6 +9 431 +8
CIRCUIT CIR Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Zimbabwe 27 0 2012 -144 +10 -97 +10 -291 +10
DABOLA DAL Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Guinea 4 0 1991 -83 +15 37 +15 124 +15
EUROPEAN 1950 EUR International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Egypt EUR-F 14 0 1991 -130 +6 -117 +8 -151 +8
Tunisia EUR-T 4 0 1993 -112 +25 -77 +25 -145 +25
GAMBIA GAI Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Gambia 1 0 2012 -63 +25 176 +25 185 +25
LEIGON LEH Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Ghana 8 0 1991 -130 +2 29 +3 364 +2
D.2-4
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
LIBERIA 1964 LIB Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Liberia 4 0 1987 -90 +15 40 +15 88 +15
MASSAWA MAS Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Eritrea (Ethiopia) 1 0 1987 639 +25 405 +25 60 +25
MERCHICH MER Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Morocco 9 0 1987 31 +5 146 +3 47 +3
MINNA MIN Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Cameroon MIN-A 2 0 1991 -81 +25 -84 +25 115 +25
Nigeria MIN-B 6 0 1987 -92 +3 -93 +6 122 +5
M'PORALOKO MPO Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Gabon 1 0 1991 -74 +25 -130 +25 42 +25
NORTH SAHARA 1959 NSD Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
D.2-5
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
Algeria 3 0 1993 -186 +25 -93 +25 310 +25
OBSERVATORIO CPR Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639

CAMPOS
RODRIGUES 1907
Mozambique 3 0 2012 -132 +10 -110 +10 -335 +10
OLD EGYPTIAN 1907 OEG Helmert 1906 -63 0.00480795
Egypt 14 0 1987 -130 +3 110 +6 -13 +8
POINT 58 PTB Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Mean Solution (Burkina 2 0 1991 -106 +25 -129 +25 165 +25
Faso and Niger)
POINTE NOIRE 1948 PTN Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Congo 1 0 1991 -148 +25 51 +25 -291 +25
D.2-6
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SCHWARZECK SCK Bessel 1841 653.135* 0.10037483
Namibia 3 0 1991 616 +20 97 +20 -251 +20
SIERRA LEONE 1960 SRL Clark 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Sierra Leone 8 0 1997 -88 +15 4 +15 101 +15
TETE 1960 TEC Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Mozambique 4 0 2012 -80 +10 -100 +10 -228 +10
VOIROL 1960 VOR Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
D.2-7
Appendix D.2
Continent: AFRICA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
Algeria 2 0 1993 -123 +25 -206 +25 219 +25
YOF ASTRO 1967 YOF Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714

(DATUM 200)
Senegal 7 0 2012 -30 +3 190 +3 89 +3
* This a value reflects an a-value of 6377483.865 meters for the Bessel 1841 Ellipsoid in Namibia.
D.2-8
Appendix D.3
Continent: ASIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
AIN EL ABD 1970 AIN International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Bahrain Island AIN-A 2 0 1991 -150 +25 -250 +25 -1 +25
Saudi Arabia AIN-B 9 0 1991 -143 +10 -236 +10 7 +10
DJAKARTA BAT Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483

(BATAVIA)
Sumatra (Indonesia) 5 0 1987 -377 +3 681 +3 -50 +3

1924
Iran EUR-H 27 0 1991 -117 +9 -132 +12 -164 +11
HONG KONG 1963 HKD International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Hong Kong 2 0 1987 -156 +25 -271 +25 -189 +25
HU-TZU-SHAN HTN International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Taiwan 4 0 1991 -637 +15 -549 +15 -203 +15
D.3-1
Appendix D.3
Continent: ASIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
INDIAN IND Everest
Bangladesh IND-B Everest 860.655* 0.28361368 6 0 1991 282 +10 726 +8 254 +12
(1830)
India and Nepal IND-I Everest 835.757* 0.28361368 7 0 1991 295 +12 736 +10 257 +15
(1956)
INDIAN 1954 INF Everest 860.655* 0.28361368
(1830)
Thailand INF-A 11 0 1993 217 +15 823 +6 299 +12
INDIAN 1960 ING Everest 860.655* 0.28361368

(1830)
Vietnam ING-A 2 0 1993 198 +25 881 +25 317 +25
(near 16°N)
Con Son Island ING-B 1 0 1993 182 +25 915 +25 344 +25
(Vietnam)
INDIAN 1975 INH Everest 860.655* 0.28361368

(1830)
Thailand INH-A 6 0 1991 209 +12 818 +10 290 +12
Thailand INH-A1 62 1 1997 210 +3 814 +2 289 +3
* See Appendix C
D.3-2
Appendix D.3
Continent: ASIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
INDONESIAN 1974 IDN Indonesian -23 -0.00114930

1974
Indonesia 1 0 1993 -24 +25 -15 +25 5 +25
KANDAWALA KAN Everest 860.655* 0.28361368

(1830)
Sri Lanka 3 0 1987 -97 +20 787 +20 86 +20
KERTAU 1948 KEA Everest 832.937* 0.28361368

(1948)
West Malaysia and 6 0 1987 -11 +10 851 +8 5 +6
Singapore
KOREAN GEODETIC KGS WGS 84 0 0

SYSTEM 1995
South Korea 29 0 2000 0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
* See Appendix C
D.3-3
Appendix D.3
Continent: ASIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
NAHRWAN NAH Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Masirah Island (Oman) NAH-A 2 0 1987 -247 +25 -148 +25 369 +25
United Arab Emirates NAH-B 2 0 1987 -249 +25 -156 +25 381 +25
Saudi Arabia NAH-C 3 0 1991 -243 +20 -192 +20 477 +20
OMAN FAH Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Oman 11 1 2012 -345 +3 3 +3 223 +6
QATAR NATIONAL QAT International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Qatar 3 0 1987 -128 +20 -283 +20 22 +20
SOUTH ASIA SOA Modified -18 0.00480795

Fischer 1960
Singapore 1 0 1987 7 +25 -10 +25 -26 +25
D.3-4
Appendix D.3
Continent: ASIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
TIMBALAI 1948 TIL Everest 838.444* 0.28361368
Brunei and East 8 0 1987 -679 +10 669 +10 -48 +12
Malaysia
(Sarawak and
Sabah)
TIMBALAI 1968 TIN Everest 838.444* 0.28361368
Brunei and East 9 0

Malaysia 2012 -679 +1 667 +6 -49 +2
TOKYO TOY Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Mean Solution (Japan, TOY-M 31 0 1991 -148 +20 507 +5 685 +20
Okinawa and South
Korea)
Japan TOY-A 16 0 1991 -148 +8 507 +5 685 +8
Okinawa TOY-C 3 0 1991 -158 +20 507 +5 676 +20
South Korea TOY-B 12 0 1991 -146 +8 507 +5 687 +8
* See Appendix C
D.3-5
Appendix D.4
Continent: AUSTRALIA
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
AUSTRALIAN AUA Australian -23 -0.00081204
GEODETIC 1966 National
1966
Australia and Tasmania 161 1 2012 -128 +5 -52 +5 153 +5
AUSTRALIAN AUG Australian -23 -0.00081204

GEODETIC 1984 National
1966
Australia and Tasmania 90 0 1987 -134 +2 -48 +2 149 +2
D.4-1
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
CO-ORDINATE EST Bessel 1841 739.85 0.10037483
SYSTEM 1937 OF
ESTONIA
Estonia 19 0 1997 374 +2 150 +3 588 +3

1924
Mean Solution EUR-M 85 0 1987 -87 +3 -98 +8 -121 +5
{Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland,
France, FRG (Federal
Republic of
Germany)*, Gibraltar,
Greece, Italy,
Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain,
Sweden and
Switzerland}
* Prior to 1 January 1993
D.5-1
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
(cont’d) 1924
Western Europe EUR-A 52 0 1991 -87 +3 -96 +3 -120 +3

{Limited to Austria,
Denmark, France, FRG
(Federal Republic of
Germany)*,
Netherlands and
Switzerland}
Cyprus EUR-E 4 0 1991 -104 +15 -101 +15 -140 +15
Egypt EUR-F 14 0 1991 -130 +6 -117 +8 -151 +8
England, Channel EUR-G 40 0 1991 -86 +3 -96 +3 -120 +3

Islands, Scotland and
Shetland Islands**
England, Ireland, EUR-K 47 0 1991 -86 +3 -96 +3 -120 +3

Scotland and Shetland
Islands**

** European Datum 1950 coordinates developed from Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OSGB) Scientific Network 1980 (SN 80) coordinates.
D.5-2
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
(cont’d) 1924
Greece EUR-B 2 0 1991 -84 +25 -95 +25 -130 +25
Iran EUR-H 27 0 1991 -117 +9 -132 +12 -164 +11
Italy
Sardinia EUR-I 2 0 1991 -97 +25 -103 +25 -120 +25
Sicily EUR-J 3 0 1991 -97 +20 -88 +20 -135 +20
Malta EUR-L 1 0 1991 -107 +25 -88 +25 -149 +25
Norway and Finland EUR-C 20 0 1991 -87 +3 -95 +5 -120 +3
Portugal and Spain EUR-D 18 0 1991 -84 +5 -107 +6 -120 +3
Tunisia EUR-T 4 0 1993 -112 +25 -77 +25 -145 +25
D.5-3
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
EUROPEAN 1979 EUS International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Mean Solution (Austria, 22 0 1987 -86 +3 -98 +3 -119 +3
Finland, Netherlands,
Norway, Spain, Sweden
and Switzerland)
HJORSEY 1955 HJO International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Iceland 16 1 2012 -73 +3 47 +3 -83 +6
IRELAND 1965 IRL Modified 796.811 0.11960023

Airy
Ireland 7 0 1987 506 +3 -122 +3 611 +3
LISBON LIS International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Portugal 1 0 2012 -306 +25 -62 +25 105 +25
D.5-4
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ORDNANCE SURVEY OGB Airy 573.604 0.11960023
OF GREAT BRITAIN
1936
Mean Solution (England, OGB-M 38 0 1987 375 +10 -111 +10 431 +15
Isle of Man, Scotland,
Shetland Islands and
Wales)
England OGB-A 21 0 1991 371 +5 -112 +5 434 +6
England, Isle of Man and OGB-B 25 0 1991 371 +10 -111 +10 434 +15
Wales
Scotland and Shetland OGB-C 13 0 1991 384 +10 -111 +10 425 +10
Islands
Wales OGB-D 3 0 1991 370 +20 -108 +20 434 +20
D.5-5
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ROME 1940 MOD International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Sardinia 1 0 1987 -225 +25 -65 +25 9 +25
S-42 (PULKOVO 1942) SPK Krassovsky -108 0.00480795

1940
Hungary SPK-A 5 0 1993 28 +2 -121 +2 -77 +2
Poland SPK-B 11 0 1997 23 4 -124 +2 -82 4
Czechoslovakia* SPK-C 6 0 1997 26 +3 -121 +3 -78 +2
Latvia SPK-D 5 0 1997 24 +2 -124 +2 -82 +2
Kazakhstan SPK-E 2 0 1997 15 +25 -130 +25 -84 +25
Albania SPK-F 7 0 1997 24 +3 -130 +3 -92 +3
Romania SPK-G 4 0 1997 28 +3 -121 +5 -77 +3
Estonia SPK-H 19 0 2012 22 +2 -126 +3 -85 +3
D.5-6
Appendix D.5
Continent: EUROPE
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
S-JTSK CCD Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Czechoslovakia * 6 0 1993 589 +4 76 +2 480 +3
D.5-7
Appendix D.6
Continent: NORTH AMERICA

No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
CAPE CANAVERAL CAC Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Mean Solution (Florida 19 0 1991 -2 +3 151 +3 181 +3

and Bahamas)
NORTH AMERICAN NAS Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639

1927
Mean Solution NAS-C 405 0 1987 -8 +5 160 +5 176 +6

(CONUS)
Western United States NAS-B 276 0 1991 -8 +5 159 +3 175 +3

(Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Colorado,
Idaho, Iowa, Kansas,
Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada,New Mexico,
North Dakota,
Oklahoma, Oregon,
South Dakota, Texas,
Utah, Washington and
Wyoming)
D.6-1
Appendix D.6
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
1927 (cont’d)
Eastern United States NAS-A 129 0 1991 -9 +5 161 +5 179 +8

(Alabama, Connecticut,
Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida,
Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland,
Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri,
New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Vermont,
Virginia, West Virginia
and Wisconsin)
D.6-2
Appendix D.6
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
1927 (cont’d)
Alaska (Excluding NAS-D 47 0 1987 -5 +5 135 +9 172 +5

Aleutian Islands)
Aleutian Islands
East of 180°W NAS-V 6 0 1993 -2 +6 152 +8 149 +10
West of 180°W NAS-W 5 0 1993 2 +10 204 +10 105 +10
Bahamas (Excluding NAS-Q 11 0 1987 -4 +5 154 +3 178 +5

San Salvador Island)
San Salvador Island NAS-R 1 0 1987 1 +25 140 +25 165 +25
Canada Mean Solution NAS-E 112 0 1987 -10 +15 158 +11 187 +6
(Including
Newfoundland)
Alberta and British NAS-F 25 0 1991 -7 +8 162 +8 188 +6

Columbia
D.6-3
Appendix D.6
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
1927 (cont’d)
Eastern Canada NAS-G 37 0 1991 -22 +6 160 +6 190 +3

(Newfoundland, New
Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Quebec)
Manitoba and Ontario NAS-H 25 0 1991 -9 +9 157 +5 184 +5
Northwest Territories NAS-I 17 0 1991 4 +5 159 +5 188 +3

and Saskatchewan
Yukon NAS-J 8 0 1991 -7 +5 139 +8 181 +3
Canal Zone NAS-O 3 0 1987 0 +20 125 +20 201 +20
Caribbean (Antigua NAS-P 15 0 1991 -3 +3 142 +9 183 +12

Island, Barbados,
Barbuda, Caicos
Islands, Cuba,
Dominican Republic,
Grand Cayman,
Jamaica and Turks
Islands)
D.6-4
Appendix D.6
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
1927 (cont’d)
Central America NAS-N 19 0 1987 0 +8 125 +3 194 +5

(Belize, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras and
Nicaragua)
Cuba NAS-T 1 0 1987 -9 +25 152 +25 178 +25
Greenland (Hayes NAS-U 2 0 1987 11 +25 114 +25 195 +25

Peninsula)
Mexico NAS-L 22 0 1987 -12 +8 130 +6 190 +6
NORTH AMERICAN NAR GRS 80 0 -0.00000016

1983
Alaska (Excluding NAR-A 42 0 1987 0 +2 0 +2 0 +2

Aleutian Islands)
Aleutian Islands NAR-E 4 0 1993 -2 +5 0 +2 4 +5
Canada NAR-B 96 0 1987 0 +2 0 +2 0 +2
D.6-5
Appendix D.6
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
NORTH AMERICAN NAR GRS 80 0 -0.00000016
1983 (cont’d)
CONUS NAR-C 216 0 1987 0 +2 0 +2 0 +2
Hawaii NAR-H 6 0 1993 1 +2 1 +2 -1 +2
Mexico and Central NAR-D 25 0 1987 0 +2 0 +2 0 +2

America
D.6-6
Appendix D.7
Continent: SOUTH AMERICA

No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
BOGOTA BOO International -251 -0.14192702
OBSERVATORY 1924
Colombia 7 0 1987 307 +6 304 +5 -318 +6
CAMPO INCHAUSPE CAI International -251 -0.14192702

1969 1924
Argentina 20 0 1987 -148 +5 136 +5 90 +5
CHUA ASTRO CHU International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Paraguay 6 0 1987 -134 +6 229 +9 -29 +5
CORREGO ALEGRE COA International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Brazil 17 0 1987 -206 +5 172 +3 -6 +5
D.7-1
Appendix D.7
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
PROVISIONAL PRP International -251 -0.14192702
SOUTH AMERICAN 1924
1956
Mean Solution PRP-M 63 0 1987 -288 +17 175 +27 -376 27
(Bolivia, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Peru and
Venezuela)
Bolivia PRP-A 5 0 1991 -270 +5 188 +11 -388 +14
Chile
17° 30’S to 26°S PRP-B1 5 0 2014 -302 +10 272 +10 -360 +10
26°S to 36°S PRP-B2 7 0 2014 -328 +10 340 +10 -329 +10
36°S to 44°S PRP-C1 6 0 2014 -352 +10 403 +10 -287 +10
Colombia PRP-D 4 0 1991 -282 +15 169 +15 -371 +15
Ecuador PRP-E 11 0 1991 -278 +3 171 +5 -367 +3
D.7-2
Appendix D.7
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
PROVISIONAL PRP International -251 -0.14192702
SOUTH AMERICAN 1924
1956 (cont’d)
Guyana PRP-F 9 0 1991 -298 +6 159 +14 -369 +5
Peru PRP-G 6 0 1991 -279 +6 175 +8 -379 +12
Venezuela PRP-H 24 0 1991 -295 +9 173 +14 -371 +15
PROVISIONAL HIT International -251 -0.14192702

SOUTH CHILEAN 1924
1963*
Southern Chile (near 2 0 1987 16 +25 196 +25 93 +25

53°S)
D.7-3
Appendix D.7
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SOUTH AMERICAN SAN South -23 -0.00081204
1969 American
1969
Mean Solution SAN-M 84 0 1987 -57 +15 1 +6 -41 +9
(Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Paraguay,
Peru, Trinidad and
Tobago and Venezuela)
Argentina SAN-A 10 0 1991 -62 +5 -1 +5 -37 +5
Bolivia SAN-B 4 0 1991 -61 +15 2 +15 -48 +15
Brazil SAN-C 22 0 1991 -60 +3 -2 +5 -41 +5
Chile SAN-D 9 0 1991 -75 +15 -1 +8 -44 +11
8 0 2014 -59 +2 -11 +2 -52 +2
6 0 2014 -64 +2 0 +2 -32 +2
4 0 2014 -72 +4 10 +4 -32 +4
6 0 2014 -79 +3 13 +3 -14 +4
D.7-4
Appendix D.7
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SOUTH AMERICAN SAN South -23 -0.00081204
1969 (cont’d) American
1969
Colombia SAN-E 7 0 1991 -44 +6 6 +6 -36 +5
Ecuador (Excluding SAN-F 11 0 1991 -48 +3 3 +3 -44 +3

Galapagos Islands)
Baltra and Galapagos SAN-J 1 0 1991 -47 +25 26 +25 -42 +25
Islands
Guyana SAN-G 5 0 1991 -53 +9 3 +5 -47 +5
Paraguay SAN-H 4 0 1991 -61 +15 2 +15 -33 +15
Peru SAN-I 6 0 1991 -58 +5 0 +5 -44 +5
Trinidad and Tobago SAN-K 1 0 1991 -45 +25 12 +25 -33 +25
Venezuela SAN-L 5 0 1991 -45 +3 8 +6 -33 +3
D.7-5
Appendix D.7
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SOUTH AMERICAN SIR GRS 80 0 -0.00000016
GEOCENTRIC
REFERENCE
SYSTEM (SIRGAS)
South America 66 0 2000 0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
ZANDERIJ ZAN International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Suriname 5 0 1987 -265 +5 120 +5 -358 +8
D.7-6
Appendix D.8
Continent: ATLANTIC OCEAN
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ANTIGUA ISLAND AIA Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
ASTRO 1943
Antigua and Leeward 1 0 1991 -270 +25 13 +25 62 +25

Islands
ASCENSION ISLAND ASC International -251 -0.14192702

1958 1924
Ascension Island 2 0 1991 -205 +25 107 +25 53 +25
ASTRO DOS 71/4 SHB International -251 -0.14192702

1924
St. Helena Island 1 0 1987 -320 +25 550 +25 -494 +25
BERMUDA 1957 BER Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Bermuda Islands 3 0 1987 -73 +20 213 +20 296 +20
BIOKO BIO International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Bioko Island 6 0 2012 -235 +5 -110 +17 393 +38
D.8-1
Appendix D.8
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
CAPE CANAVERAL CAC Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Mean Solution
(Bahamas and Florida) 19 0 1991 -2 +3 151 +3 181 +3
DECEPTION ISLAND DID Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Deception Island and 3 0 1993 260 +20 12 +20 -147 +20

Antarctica
DCS-3 (ASTRO 1955) DCS Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
St Lucia 3 0 2012 -153 +1 153 +1 307 +1
FORT THOMAS 1955 FOT Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Nevis, St. Kitts and 2 0 1991 -7 +25 215 +25 225 +25
Leeward Islands
GRACIOSA BASE SW GRA International -251 -0.14192702

1948 1924
Faial, Graciosa, Pico, 5 0 1991 -104 +3 167 +3 -38 +3

Sao Jorge and Terceira
Islands (Azores)
D.8-2
Appendix D.8
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
HJORSEY 1955 HJO International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Iceland 16 1 2012 -73 +3 47 +3 -83 +6
ISTS 061 ASTRO 1968 ISG International -251 -0.14192702

1924
South Georgia Island 1 0 1991 -794 +25 119 +25 -298 +25
L. C. 5 ASTRO 1961 LCF Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Cayman Brac Island 1 0 1987 42 +25 124 +25 147 +25
MONTSERRAT ASM Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714

ISLAND ASTRO 1958
Montserrat and Leeward 1 0 1991 174 +25 359 +25 365 +25
Islands
NAPARIMA, BWI NAP International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Trinidad and Tobago 4 0 1991 -10 +15 375 +15 165 +15
D.8-3
Appendix D.8
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
OBSERVATORIO FLO International -251 -0.14192702
METEOROLOGICO 1924
1939
Corvo and Flores 3 0 1991 -425 +20 -169 +20 81 +20

Islands (Azores)
PICO DE LAS NIEVES PLN International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Canary Islands 1 0 1987 -307 +25 -92 +25 127 +25
PORTO SANTO 1936 POS International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Porto Santo and 2 0 1991 -499 +25 -249 +25 314 +25
Madeira Islands
PUERTO RICO PUR Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Puerto Rico and Virgin 11 0 1987 11 +3 72 +3 -101 +3

Islands
QORNOQ QUO International -251 -0.14192702

1924
South Greenland 2 0 1987 164 +25 138 +25 -189 +32
D.8-4
Appendix D.8
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SAO BRAZ SAO International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Sao Miguel and Santa 2 0 1987 -203 +25 141 +25 53 +25
Maria Islands (Azores)
SAPPER HILL 1943 SAP International -251 -0.14192702

1924
East Falkland Island 5 0 1991 -355 +1 21 +1 72 +1
SELVAGEM GRANDE SGM International -251 -0.14192702

1938 1924
Salvage Islands 1 0 1991 -289 +25 -124 +25 60 +25
TRISTAN ASTRO 1968 TDC International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Tristan da Cunha 1 0 1987 -632 +25 438 +25 -609 +25
D.8-5
Appendix D.9
Continent: INDIAN OCEAN
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
ANNA 1 ASTRO 1965 ANO Australian -23 -0.00081204
National
1966
Cocos Islands 1 0 1987 -491 +25 -22 +25 435 +25
GAN 1970 GAA International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Republic of Maldives 1 0 1987 -133 +25 -321 +25 50 +25
ISTS 073 ASTRO 1969 IST International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Diego Garcia 2 0 1987 208 +25 -435 +25 -229 +25
KERGUELEN ISLAND KEG International -251 -0.14192702

1949 1924
Kerguelen Island 1 0 1987 145 +25 -187 +25 103 +25
MAHE 1971 MIK Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Mahe Island 1 0 1987 41 +25 -220 +25 -134 +25
REUNION REU International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Mascarene Islands 1 0 1987 94 +25 -948 +25 -1262 +25
D.9-1
Appendix D.9
Continent: INDIAN OCEAN

No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SOUTH EAST ISLAND SEI Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Seychelles 10 0 2012 -44 +1 -180 +1 -268 +1
TANANARIVE TAN International -251 -0.14192702

OBSERVATORY 1925 1924
9 0 2012 -191 +6 -232 +5 -111 +2
Madagascar
D.9-2
Appendix D.10
Continent: PACIFIC OCEAN
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
AMERICAN SAMOA AMA Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
1962
American Samoa 2 0 1993 -115 +25 118 +25 426 +25

Islands
ASTRO BEACON “E” ATF International -251 -0.14192702

1945 1924
Iwo Jima 1 0 1987 145 +25 75 +25 -272 +25
ASTRO TERN ISLAND TRN International -251 -0.14192702

(FRIG) 1961 1924
Tern Island 1 0 1991 114 +25 -116 +25 -333 +25
ASTRONOMICAL ASQ International -251 -0.14192702

STATION 1952 1924
Marcus Island 1 0 1987 124 +25 -234 +25 -25 +25
BELLEVUE (IGN) IBE International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Efate and Erromango 3 0 1987 -127 +20 -769 +20 472 +20
Islands
D.10-1
Appendix D.10
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
CANTON ASTRO 1966 CAO International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Phoenix Islands 4 0 1987 298 +15 -304 +15 -375 +15
CHATHAM ISLAND CHI International -251 -0.14192702

ASTRO 1971 1924
Chatham Island (New 4 0 1987 175 +15 -38 +15 113 +15
Zealand)
DOS 1968 GIZ International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Gizo Island (New 1 0 1987 230 +25 -199 +25 -752 +25
Georgia Islands)
EASTER ISLAND 1967 EAS International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Easter Island 1 0 1987 211 +25 147 +25 111 +25
FIJI 1956 FJI International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Fiji 20 0 2012 265 +5 385 +3 -194 +2
D.10-2
Appendix D.10
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
GEODETIC DATUM GEO International -251 -0.14192702

1949 1924
New Zealand 14 0 1987 84 +5 -22 +3 209 +5
GUAM 1963 GUA Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Guam 5 0 1987 -100 +3 -248 +3 259 +3
GUX l ASTRO DOB International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Guadalcanal Island 1 0 1987 252 +25 -209 +25 -751 +25
INDONESIAN 1974 IDN Indonesian -23 -0.00114930

1974
Indonesia 1 0 1993 -24 +25 -15 +25 5 +25
JOHNSTON ISLAND JOH International -251 -0.14192702

1961 1924
Johnston Island 2 0 1991 189 +25 -79 +25 -202 +25
D.10-3
Appendix D.10
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
KUSAIE ASTRO 1951 KUS International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Caroline Islands, Fed. 1 0 1991 647 +25 1777 +25 -1124 +25
States of Micronesia
LUZON LUZ Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Philippines (Excluding LUZ-A 6 0 1987 -133 +8 -77 +11 -51 +9

Mindanao Island)
Mindanao Island LUZ-B 1 0 1987 -133 +25 -79 +25 -72 +25
MIDWAY ASTRO 1961 MID International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Midway Islands 1 1 2003 403 +25 -81 +25 277 +25
OLD HAWAIIAN OHA Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Mean Solution OHA-M 15 0 1987 61 +25 -285 +20 -181 +20
Hawaii OHA-A 2 0 1991 89 +25 -279 +25 -183 +25
Kauai OHA-B 3 0 1991 45 +20 -290 +20 -172 +20
Maui OHA-C 2 0 1991 65 +25 -290 +25 -190 +25
D.10-4
Appendix D.10
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
OLD HAWAIIAN OHA Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
(cont’d)
Oahu OHA-D 8 0 1991 58 +10 -283 +6 -182 +6
OLD HAWAIIAN OHI International -251 -0.14192702

1924
Mean Solution OHI-M 15 0 2000 201 +25 -228 +20 -346 +20
Hawaii OHI-A 2 0 2000 229 +25 -222 +25 -348 +25
Kauai OHI-B 3 0 2000 185 +20 -233 +20 -337 +20
Maui OHI-C 2 0 2000 205 +25 -233 +25 -355 +25
Oahu OHI-D 8 0 2000 198 +10 -226 +6 -347 +6
PITCAIRN ASTRO PIT International -251 -0.14192702

1967 1924
Pitcairn Island 1 0 1987 185 +25 165 +25 42 +25
D.10-5
Appendix D.10
No. of
Used
Cycle Pub.
SANTO (DOS) 1965 SAE International -251 -0.14192702
1924
Espirito Santo Island 1 0 1987 170 +25 42 +25 84 +25
VITI LEVU 1916 MVS Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Viti Levu Island (Fiji 9 1 2012 98 +3 390 +3 -22 +3

Islands)
WAKE-ENIWETOK ENW Hough -133 -0.14192702

1960
Marshall Islands 10 0 1991 102 +3 52 +3 -38 +3
WAKE ISLAND WAK International -251 -0.14192702

ASTRO 1952 1924
Wake Atoll 2 0 1991 276 +25 -57 +25 149 +25
D.10-6
APPENDIX E
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED

USING NON-SATELLITE INFORMATION
E-1
DATUM TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS TO WGS 84
(THROUGH NON-SATELLITE TIES)
1. General
This appendix provides the details about the reference ellipsoids (Appendix C) used
as defining parameters for the local geodetic datums which are related to WGS 84
through non-satellite ties to the local control.
There are sixteen such local/regional geodetic datums, one region under the
European Datum 1950 (EUR-S), and two regional realizations of the Indian Datum
(IND).
2. Local Datum Ellipsoids
Appendix E.1 lists, alphabetically, the local geodetic datums and their associated
ellipsoids. Two letter ellipsoidal codes (Appendix B) have also been included to clearly
indicate which “version” of the ellipsoid has been used to determine the transformation
constants.
3. Transformation Constants
Appendix E.2 lists, alphabetically, the local geodetic datums and the three special
areas with the associated shift constants.
The year of initial publication and cycle numbers have been provided as a new
feature in this edition. This makes it possible for a user to determine when a particular
set of transformation parameters first became available and if the current set has replaced
an outdated set.
A cycle number of zero indicates that the set of parameters are as they were
published in DMA TR 8350.2, Second Edition, 1 September 1991, including Insert 1, 30
August 1993, or that the parameters are new to this publication. A cycle number of one
indicates that the current parameters have replaced outdated parameters that were in the
previous edition.
If transformation parameter sets are updated in future editions of this publication,

the cycle numbers for each parameter set that is updated will increment by one.
4. Error Estimates
The error estimates are not available for the datum transformation constants listed
in the Appendix E.2.
E-2
Appendix E.1
Local Geodetic Datums and their Associated Ellipsoids
(Through non-Satellite Ties)
Associated*
Local Geodetic Datum Reference Ellipsoid Code
Aden Clarke 1880 CD
Beijing (Peking) 1954 Krassovsky 1940 KA
Bekaa Valley 1920 Clarke 1880 CD
Bukit Rimpah Bessel 1841 BR
Camp Area Astro International 1924 IN
Conakry 1905 Clarke 1880 (IGN) CG
Gunung Segara Bessel 1841 BR
Herat North International 1924 IN
Hermannskogel Bessel 1841 BR
Indian Everest EA
Indian Everest EF
Mayotte Combani International 1924 IN
Ocotopeque Clarke 1866 CC
Pulkovo 1942 Krassovsky 1940 KA
New Triangulation of France Clarke 1880 (IGN) CG
St Pierre et Miquelon 1950 Clarke 1866 CC
Voirol 1874 Clarke 1880 CD
Yacare International 1924 IN
E.1-1
Appendix E.2
Non-Satellite Derived Transformation Parameters
Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Local Geodetic Datums Transformation Parameters
Differences
f x 104 Cycle
Name Code Name a(m) Number
Pub. Date X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
ADEN ADN Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Yemen 0 2012 -24 -203 268
BEIJING (PEKING) 1954 PED Krassovsky 1940 -108 0.00480795
China 0 2012 -11 -113 -41
BEKAA VALLEY 1920 BVD Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Lebanon 0 2012 -183 -15 273
BUKIT RIMPAH
BUR Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Bangka and Belitung 0 1987 -384 664 -48
Islands (Indonesia)
CAMP AREA ASTRO CAZ International 1924 -251 -0.14192702
Camp McMurdo Area, 0 1987 -104 -129 239

Antarctica
CONAKRY 1905 COU Clarke 1880 (IGN) -112.2 -0.54738861
Guinea 0 2012 -23 259 -9
E.2-1
Appendix E.2
Differences
f x 104 Cycle
EUROPEAN 1950 EUR-S International 1924 -251 -0.14192702
Iraq, Israel, Jordan

Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi 0 1991 -103 -106 -141
Arabia and Syria
GUNUNG SEGARA GSE Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Kalimantan (Indonesia) 0 1987 -403 684 41
HERAT NORTH HEN International 1924 -251 -0.14192702
Afghanistan 0 1987 -333 -222 114
HERMANNSKOGEL HER Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Yugoslavia (Prior to 0 1997 682 -203 480

1990) Slovenia, Croatia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
and Serbia
INDIAN
Pakistan IND-P Everest 827.387* 0.28361368 0 1993 283 682 231
Sri Lanka IND-S Everest 860.655* 0.28361368 0 2012 272 706 242
*See Appendix E.1
E.2-2
Appendix E.2
Differences
f x 104 Cycle
MAYOTTE COMBANI MCX International 1924 -251 -0.14192702
Mayotte (Comoros) 0 2012 -382 -59 -262
NEW TRIANGULATION NTF Clarke 1880 (IGN) -112.2 -0.54738861

OF FRANCE
France 0 2012 -168 -60 320
OCOTEPEQUE OCE Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639
Costa Rica 0 2012 205 96 -98
PULKOVO 1942 PUK Krassovsky 1940 -108 0.00480795
Russia 0 1993 28 -130 -95
ST PIERRE et SPX Clarke 1866 -69.4 -0.37264639

MIQUELON 1950
St Pierre and Miquelon 0 2012 30 430 368
VOIROL 1874 VOI Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Tunisia and Algeria 0 1997 -73 -247 227
YACARE YAC International 1924 -251 -0.14192702
Uruguay 0 1987 -155 171 37
E.2-3
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX F
MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR

SPECIAL CONTINENT-SIZED
LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS
F-1
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MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
1. General
This appendix provides the Multiple Regression Equations’ (MREs) parameters for
continent-sized datums and large, contiguous large land areas (Table F.1).
Table F.1
Datums with Multiple Regression Equations
DATUM NAME AREA COVERED

Australian Geodetic 1966 Australian Mainland
Australian Geodetic 1984 Australian Mainland
Campo Inchauspe Argentina
Corrego Alegre Brazil
European 1950 Western Europe (Austria, Denmark, France,
W.Germany*, The Netherlands and
Switzerland.)
North American 1927 CONUS and Canadian Mainland
South American 1969 South American Mainland (Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,
Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela.
* Prior to October 1990.
2. Applications
The coverage areas for MREs’ application are defined in detail for each datum. MREs’
coverage area should never be extrapolated and are not to be used over islands and/or isolated
land areas.
The main advantage of MREs lies in their modeling of distortions for datums, which
cover continent-sized land areas, to obtain better transformation fits in geodetic applications.
F-2
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
Multiple Regression Equations (MREs)

for Transforming
Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AUA) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Australian Mainland (excluding Tasmania)
MRE coefficients for  and  are :
 = 5.19238 + 0.12666 U + 0.52309 V - 0.42069 U2 - 0.39326 UV + 0.93484 U2V

+ 0.44249 UV2 - 0.30074 UV3 + 1.00092 U5 - 0.07565 V6 - 1.42988 U9
- 16.06639 U4V5 + 0.07428 V9 + 0.24256 UV9 + 38.27946 U6V7
- 62.06403 U7V8 + 89.19184 U9V8
 = 4.69250 - 0.87138 U - 0.50104 V + 0.12678 UV - 0.23076 V2 - 0.61098 U2V

- 0.38064 V3 + 2.89189 U6 + 5.26013 U2V5 - 2.97897 U8 + 5.43221 U3V5
- 3.40748 U2V6 + 0.07772 V8 + 1.08514 U8V + 0.71516 UV8 + 0.20185 V9
+ 5.18012 U2V8 - 1.72907 U3V8 - 1.24329 U2V 9
Where : U = K ( + 27); V = K ( - 134); K = 0.05235988
NOTE : Input  as (-) from 90S to 0N in degrees.
Input  as (-) from 180W to 0E in degrees.
Quality of fit = ± 2.0 m
Test Case :
AUA Shift WGS 84
 = (-)17 00 32.78S  = 5.48  = (-)17 00 27.30S

 = 144 11 37.25E  = 3.92  = 144 11 41.17E
F-3
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
Australian Geodetic Datum 1984 (AUG) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Australian Mainland (excluding Tasmania)
 = 5.20604 + 0.25225 U + 0.58528 V - 0.41584 U2 - 0.38620 UV - 0.06820 V2

+ 0.38699 U2V + 0.07934 UV2 + 0.37714 U4 - 0.52913 U4V + 0.38095 V7
+ 0.68776 U2V6 - 0.03785 V8 - 0.17891 U9 - 4.84581 U2V7 - 0.35777 V9
+ 4.23859 U2V9
 = 4.67877 - 0.73036 U - 0.57942 V + 0.28840 U2 + 0.10194 U3 - 0.27814 UV2

- 0.13598 V3 + 0.34670 UV3 - 0.46107 V4 + 1.29432 U2V3 + 0.17996 UV4
- 1.13008 U2V5 - 0.46832 U8 + 0.30676 V8 + 0.31948 U9 + 0.16735 V9
- 1.19443 U3V9
Where : U = K ( + 27); V = K ( - 134); K = 0.05235988
Test Case :
AUG Shift WGS 84
 = (-)20 38 00.67S  = 5.50  = (-)20 37 55.17S

 = 144 24 29.29E  = 4.11  = 144 24 33.40E
F-4
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
Campo Inchauspe Datum (CAI) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Argentina (Continental land areas only)
  = 1.67470 + 0.52924 U - 0.17100 V + 0.18962 U2 + 0.04216 UV + 0.19709 UV2

- 0.22037 U4 - 0.15483 U2V2 - 0.24506 UV4 - 0.05675 V5 + 0.06674 U6
+ 0.01701 UV5 - 0.00202 U7 + 0.08625 V7 - 0.00628 U8 + 0.00172 U8V4
+ 0.00036 U9V6
 = - 2.93117 + 0.18225 U + 0.69396 V - 0.04403 U2 + 0.07955 V2 + 1.48605 V3

- 0.00499 U4 - 0.02180 U4V - 0.29575 U2V3 + 0.20377 UV4 - 2.47151 V5
+ 0.09073 U3V4 + 1.33556 V7 + 0.01575 U3V5 - 0.26842 V9
Where : U = K ( + 35); V = K ( + 64); K = 0.15707963
Test Case :
CAI Shift WGS 84
 = (-)29 47 45.68S  = 1.95  = (-)29 47 43.73S

 = (-)58 07 38.20W  = -1.96  = (-)58 07 40.16W
F-5
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
Corrego Alegre Datum (COA) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Brazil (Continental land areas only)
 = - 0.84315 + 0.74089 U - 0.21968 V - 0.98875 U2 + 0.89883 UV + 0.42853 U3

+ 2.73442 U4 - 0.34750 U3V + 4.69235 U2V 3 - 1.87277 U6 + 11.06672 U5V
- 46.24841 U3V3 - 0.92268 U7 - 14.26289 U7V + 334.33740 U5V5
- 15.68277 U9V2 - 2428.8586 U8V8
 = - 1.46053 + 0.63715 U + 2.24996 V - 5.66052 UV + 2.22589 V2 - 0.34504 U3

- 8.54151 U2V + 0.87138 U4 + 43.40004 U3V + 4.35977 UV3 + 8.17101 U4V
+ 16.24298 U2V3 + 19.96900 UV4 - 8.75655 V5 - 125.35753 U5V
- 127.41019 U3V4 - 0.61047 U8 + 138.76072 U7V + 122.04261 U5V4
- 51.86666 U9V + 45.67574 U9V3
Where : U = K ( + 15); V = K ( + 50); K = 0.05235988
Test Case :
COA Shift WGS 84
 = (-)20 29 01.02S  = -1.03  = (-)20 29 02.05S

 = (-)54 47 13.17W  = -2.10  = (-)54 47 15.27W
F-6
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
European Datum 1950 (EUR) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Western Europe* (Continental contiguous land areas only)
 = - 2.65261 + 2.06392 U + 0.77921 V + 0.26743 U2 + 0.10706 UV + 0.76407 U3

- 0.95430 U2V + 0.17197 U4 + 1.04974 U4V - 0.22899 U5V2 - 0.05401 V8
- 0.78909 U9 - 0.10572 U2V7 + 0.05283 UV9 + 0.02445 U3V9
 = - 4.13447 - 1.50572 U + 1.94075 V - 1.37600 U2 + 1.98425 UV + 0.30068 V2

- 2.31939 U3 - 1.70401 U4 - 5.48711 UV3 + 7.41956 U5 - 1.61351 U2V3
+ 5.92923 UV4 - 1.97974 V5 + 1.57701 U6 - 6.52522 U3V 3 + 16.85976 U2V4
- 1.79701 UV5 - 3.08344 U7 - 14.32516 U6V + 4.49096 U4V4 + 9.98750 U8V
+ 7.80215 U7V2 - 2.26917 U2V7 + 0.16438 V9 - 17.45428 U4V6 - 8.25844 U9V2
+ 5.28734 U8V3 + 8.87141 U5V7 - 3.48015 U9V4 + 0.71041 U4V 9
Where : U = K ( - 52); V = K ( - 10); K = 0.05235988
NOTE Input  as (-) from 90S to 0N in degrees.
Test Case :
EUR Shift WGS 84
 = 46 41 42.89N  = -3.08  = 46 41 39.81N

 = 13 54 54.09E  = -3.49  = 13 54 50.60E
* See Table F.1 (Page F-2) for the list of countries covered by the above set of MREs.
F-7
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
North American Datum 1927 (NAS) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : Canada (Continental contiguous land areas only)
 = 0.79395 + 2.29199 U + 0.27589 V - 1.76644 U2 + 0.47743 UV + 0.08421 V2

- 6.03894 U3 - 3.55747 U2V - 1.81118 UV2 - 0.20307 V3 + 7.75815 U4
- 3.1017 U3V + 3.58363 U2V2 - 1.31086 UV3 - 0.45916 V4 + 14.27239 U5
+ 3.28815 U4V + 1.35742 U2V3 + 1.75323 UV4 + 0.44999 V5 - 19.02041 U4V2
- 1.01631 U2V4 + 1.47331 UV5 + 0.15181 V6 + 0.41614 U2V5 - 0.80920 UV6
- 0.18177 V7 + 5.19854 U4V4 - 0.48837 UV7 - 0.01473 V8 - 2.26448 U9
- 0.46457 U2V7 + 0.11259 UV8 + 0.02067 V9 + 47.64961 U8V2 + 0.04828 UV9
+ 36.38963 U9V2 + 0.06991 U4V 7 + 0.08456 U3V8 + 0.09113 U2V9
+ 5.93797 U7V5 - 2.36261 U7V6 + 0.09575 U5V8
 = - 1.36099 + 3.61796 V - 3.97703 U2 + 3.09705 UV - 1.15866 V2 - 13.28954 U3

- 3.15795 U2V + 0.68405 UV2 - 0.50303 V3 - 8.81200 U3V - 2.17587 U2V2
- 1.49513 UV3 + 0.84700 V4 + 31.42448 U5 - 14.67474 U3V2 + 0.65640 UV4
+ 17.55842 U6 + 6.87058 U4V2 - 0.21565 V6 + 62.18139 U5V2 + 1.78687 U3V4
+ 2.74517 U2V5 - 0.30085 UV6 + 0.04600 V7 + 63.52702 U6V2 + 7.83682 U5V3
+ 9.59444 U3V5 + 0.01480 V8 + 10.51228 U4V5 - 1.42398 U2V7 - 0.00834 V9
+ 5.23485 U7V3 - 3.18129 U3V7 + 8.45704 U9V2 - 2.29333 U4V7
+ 0.14465 U2V9 + 0.29701 U3V9 + 0.17655 U4V9
Where : U = K ( - 60); V = K ( + 100); K = 0.05235988
Test Case :
NAS Shift WGS 84
= 54 26 08.67N  = 0.29 = 54 26 08.96N

 = (-)110 17 02.41W  = -3.16  = (-)110 17 05.57W
F-8
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
North American Datum 1927 (NAS) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : USA (Continental contiguous land areas only; excluding Alaska and
Islands)
 = 0.16984 - 0.76173 U + 0.09585 V + 1.09919 U2 - 4.57801 U3 - 1.13239 U2V

+ 0.49831 V3 - 0.98399 U3V + 0.12415 UV3 + 0.11450 V4 + 27.05396 U5
+ 2.03449 U4V + 0.73357 U2V3- 0.37548 V5 - 0.14197 V6 - 59.96555 U7
+ 0.07439 V7 - 4.76082 U8 + 0.03385 V8 + 49.04320 U9 - 1.30575 U6V3
- 0.07653 U3V9+ 0.08646 U4V9
 = - 0.88437 + 2.05061 V + 0.26361 U2 - 0.76804 UV + 0.13374 V2 - 1.31974 U3

- 0.52162 U2V - 1.05853 UV2 - 0.49211 U2V2 + 2.17204 UV3 - 0.06004 V4
+ 0.30139 U4V + 1.88585 UV4 - 0.81162 UV5 - 0.05183 V6 - 0.96723 UV6
- 0.12948 U3V5 + 3.41827 U9 - 0.44507 U8V + 0.18882 UV8 - 0.01444 V9
+ 0.04794 UV9 - 0.59013 U9V3
Where : U = K ( - 37); V = K ( + 95); K = 0.05235988
Test Case :
NAS Shift WGS 84
= 34 47 08.83N  = 0.36 = 34 47 09.19N

 = (-)86 34 52.18W  = 0.08  = (-)86 34 52.10W
F-9
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

for Transforming
South American Datum 1969 (SAN) to WGS 84
Area of Applicability : South America (Continental contiguous land areas only)
 = - 1.67504 - 0.05209 U + 0.25158 V + 1.10149 U2 + 0.24913 UV - 1.00937 U2V

- 0.74977 V3 - 1.54090 U4 + 0.14474 V4 + 0.47866 U5 + 0.36278 U3V2
- 1.29942 UV4 + 0.30410 V5 + 0.87669 U6 - 0.27950 U5V - 0.46367 U7
+ 4.31466 U4V3 + 2.09523 U2V5 + 0.85556 UV6 - 0.17897 U8 - 0.57205 UV7
+ 0.12327 U9 - 0.85033 U6V3 - 4.86117 U4V5 + 0.06085 U9V - 0.21518 U3V8
+ 0.31053 U5V7 - 0.09228 U8V5 - 0.22996 U9V5 + 0.58774 U6V9
+ 0.87562 U9V7 + 0.39001 U8V9 - 0.81697 U9V9
 = - 1.77967 + 0.40405 U + 0.50268 V - 0.05387 U2 - 0.12837 UV - 0.54687 U2V

- 0.17056 V3 - 0.14400 U3V + 0.11351 U5V - 0.62692 U3V3 - 0.01750 U8
+ 1.18616 U3V5 + 0.01305 U9 + 1.01360 U7V3 - 0.29059 U8V3 + 5.12370 U6V5
- 5.09561 U7V5 - 5.27168 U6V7 + 4.04265 U7V7 - 1.62710 U8V7
+ 1.68899 U9V7 + 2.07213 U8V9 - 1.76074 U9V9
Where : U = K ( + 20); V = K ( + 60); K = 0.05235988
Test Case
SAN Shift WGS 84
 = (-)31 56 33.95S  = -1.36  = (-)31 56 35.31S

 = (-)65 06 18.66W  = -2.16  = (-)65 06 20.82W
F-10
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX G
WGS 72 TO WGS 84 TRANSFORMATION
G-1
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
WGS 72 to WGS 84 TRANSFORMATION
Situations arise where only WGS 72 coordinates are available for a site. In such
instances, the WGS 72 to WGS 84 transformations listed in Table G.1 can be used with
the following equations to obtain WGS 84 coordinates for the sites:
WGS 84 = WGS 72 + 
WGS 84 = WGS 72 + 
hWGS 84 = hWGS 72 + h
. As indicated in Table G.1, when proceeding directly from WGS 72 coordinates to

obtain WGS 84 values, the WGS 84 coordinates will differ from the WGS 72 coordinates
due to a shift in the coordinate system origin, a change in the longitude reference, a scale
change (treated through r) and changes in the size and shape of the ellipsoid. In
addition, it is important to be aware that , , and h values calculated using Table
G.1 do not reflect the effect of differences between the WGS 72 and WGS 84 EGMs and
geoids. The following cases are important to note:
Table G.1 equations are to be used for direct transformation of Doppler-

derived WGS 72 coordinates. These transformed coordinates should agree to within
approximately +2 meters with the directly surveyed WGS 84 coordinates using
TRANSIT or GPS point positioning.
Table G.1 should not be used for local satellite geodetic stations whose
WGS 72 coordinates were determined using datum shifts from [37]. The preferred
approach is to transform such WGS 72 coordinates, using datum shifts from [37], back to
their respective local datums, and then transform the local datum coordinates to WGS 84
using Appendices D or E.
. Table G.1 should be used only when no other approach is applicable.
G-2
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
Table G.1
Formulas and Parameters
to Transform WGS 72 Coordinates
to WGS 84 Coordinates
 = (4.5 cos ) / (a sin 1) + (f sin 2) / (sin 1)
FORMULAS  = 0.554
h = 4.5 sin  + a f sin2  - a + r (Units = Meters)

f = 0.3121057 x 10-7
a = 6378135 m
PARAMETERS
a = 2.0 m
r = 1.4 m
To obtain WGS 84 coordinates, add the , h changes
calculated using WGS 72 coordinates to the WGS 72
INSTRUCTIONS coordinates (, h, respectively).
Latitude is positive north and longitude is positive east

(0 to 180).
G-3
NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX H
DATUMS/SYSTEMS EQUIVALENT TO WGS 84 FOR MAPPING AND CHARTING
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Appendix H
Datums/Systems Equivalent to WGS 84 for Mapping and Charting

Scales of 1:50000 and Smaller
Name Ellipsoid Area Covered

Australian Antarctic 1998, 2000 GRS 80 Antarctica
CHTRF 95 GRS 80 Switzerland
Datum Geodesi Nasional 1995 (DGN95) WGS 84 Indonesia
Estonia 1992, 1997 GRS 80 Estonia
European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 GRS 80 Europe
Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994, 2000 GRS 80 Australia
Geocentric Datum of Malaysia 2000 GRS 80 Malaysia
Hartebeesthoek 1994 WGS 84 South Africa
Systems Based on ITRF 1988-2000 GRS 80 Global
Irenet 95 GRS 80 Ireland
ISN 93, ISN 2004 GRS 80 Iceland
Istituto Geografico Militare Italiano (IGM95) GRS 80 Italy
Japan Geodetic Datum 2000 GRS 80 Japan
Korean Geodetic System 1995 WGS 84 South Korea
Korean Geodetic Datum 2002 GRS 80 South Korea
Latvia 1992 (LKS 92) GRS 80 Latvia
Lithuanian Coordinate System (LKS 94) GRS 80 Lithuania
MONREF 97 GRS 80 Mongolia
MOZNET WGS 84 Mozambique
New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 GRS 80 New Zealand
North American Datum of 1983 GRS 80 North America
 National Spatial Reference System 2007 GRS 80 United States
 Canadian Spatial Reference System GRS 80 Canada
Reseau Geodesique Francais 1993 GRS 80 France
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Appendix H
Datums/Systems Equivalent to WGS 84 for Mapping and Charting

Scales of 1:50000 and Smaller
Name Ellipsoid Area Covered

SIRGAS 95, SIRGAS 2000 & Regional Densifications GRS 80 South & Central America
 POSGAR/RAMSAC GRS 80 Argentina
 MARGEN/SIRGAS-CON GRS 80 Bolivia
 SIRGAS2000/RBMC GRS 80 Brazil
 SIRGAS-Chile/SIRGAS-CON GRS 80 Chile
 MAGNA-SIRGAS/MAGNA-ECO GRS 80 Columbia
 CR05 GRS 80 Costa Rica
 Red basica GPS/REGME GRS 80 Ecuador
 SIRGAS_ES2007 GRS 80 El Salvador
 RGFG GRS 80 French Guyana
 RGNA GRS 80 Mexico
 MACARIO SOLIS GRS 80 Panama
 PERU96 GRS 80 Peru
 SIRGAS-ROU98/Red de estaciones permanente de referncia GRS 80 Uruguay
 SIRGAS-REGVEN/REMOS GRS 80 Venezuela
SWEREF 99 GRS 80 Sweden
TAIWAN DATUM 1997 GRS 80 Taiwan
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
APPENDIX I
ACRONYMS
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
BIH = Bureau International de l’Heure

BTS = BIH Terrestrial System
CCRS = Conventional Celestial Reference System
CEP = Celestial Ephemeris Pole
CIO = Celestial Intermediate Origin
CIS = Conventional Inertial System
CONUS = Contiguous United States
CCRS = Conventional Celestial Reference System
CRF = Celestial Reference Frame
CRS = Celestial Reference System
CTP = Conventional Terrestrial Pole
CTRF = Conventional Terrestrial Reference Frame
CTRS = Conventional Terrestrial Reference System
CTS = Conventional Terrestrial System
DMA = Defense Mapping Agency
DoD = Department of Defense
DISR = Department of Defense Information Technology Standards Register
DoT = Department of Transportation
DTM = Digital Terrain Model
ECEF = Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed
ECI = Earth-Centered Inertial
ECM = Earth’s Center of Mass
EGM = Earth Gravitational Model
EGM96 = Earth Gravitational Model 1996
EGM2008 = Earth Gravitational Model 2008
EOP = Earth Orientation Parameters
FRG = Federal Republic of Germany
GCRS = Geocentric Celestial Reference System
GEOINT = Geospatial Intelligence
GEOPS = Geopotential Surfaces
GIS = Geographic Information System
GSFC = Goddard Space Flight Center
GLONASS = Global Navigation Satellite System
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08
GMST = Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time

GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems (generic)
GPS = Global Positioning System
GRACE = Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (satellite mission)
GRS 80 = Geodetic Reference System 1980
GST = Greenwich Sidereal Time
GV = Grid Variation (Grivation)
GWG = Geospatial Intelligence Standards Working Group
HTDP = Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning
IAG = International Association of Geodesy
IAU = International Astronomical Union
IC = Intelligence Community
ICRS = International Celestial Reference System
IERS = International Earth Rotation Service
IGeS = International Geoid Service
IGS = International GPS Service
IRM = IERS Reference Meridian
IRP = IERS Reference Pole
ITRF = IERS Terrestrial Reference Frame
ITS = Instantaneous Terrestrial System
IUGG = International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
JGP95E = Joint Gravity Project 1995 Elevation
LAGEOS = LAser GEOdynamics Satellites
MREs = Multiple Regression Equations
MSL = Mean Sea Level
MST = Mean Sidereal Time
NAD 27 = North American Datum 1927
NAD 83 = North American Datum 1983
NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVSTAR GPS = Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging GPS
NGA = National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
NGS = National Geodetic Survey
NIMA = National Imagery and Mapping Agency
NNSS = Navy Navigation Satellite System
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NSG = National System for Geospatial Intelligence

NSWC = Naval Surface Warfare Center (formerly Naval Surface Weapons Center)
NSWCDD = Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
OCS = Operational Control Segment
PNT = Position, Navigation, and Timing
PPS = Precise Positioning Service
RMS = Root-Mean-Square
SA = Selective Availability
SV = Secular Variation, other usage Space Vehicle
SLR = Satellite Laser Ranging
SPS = Standard Positioning Service
SRTM = Shuttle Radar and Topography Mission
TAI = International Atomic Time
TDB = Barycentric Dynamic Time
TDRSS = Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
TIO = Terrestrial Intermediate Origin
TOPEX = ocean TOPography EXperiment (satellite mission)
TR = Technical Report
TRF = Terrestrial Reference Frame
TRS = Terrestrial Reference System
TT = Terrestrial Time
UK = United Kingdom
UPS = Universal Polar Stereographic
US = United States
USAF = Unites States Air Force
USG = Unites States Government
USNO = United States Naval Observatory
UT = Universal Time
UTC = Coordinated Universal Time
UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator
VLBI = Very Long Baseline Interferometry
WGS = World Geodetic System
WGS 60 = World Geodetic System 1960
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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84 2014-07-08

WMM = World Magnetic Model
I-5

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NGA.STND.0036_1.0.

NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (NGA)

Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems

Datums, Datum Shifts, Datum Transformations, Datum Transformation Multiple

Department of Defense Directive 5105.60, National Geospatial-Intelligence

NGA shall support US national security objectives by providing, timely, relevant,

It is DoD policy per Department of Defense INSTRUCTION NUMBER 5000.56,

a. All acquisition programs relying on GEOINT data shall be designed to use

 Refined realization of the reference frame

Users requiring additional information, clarification, or an electronic version of

NGA (SN), Mail Stop L-41

E-Mail address: [email protected]

WGS 84 is comprised of a coherent set of models and parameters. Organizations

 Gravity Field determination and related issues

 Geodetic, GIS Data, and Other High-Accuracy Applications:

NGA.STND.0036 provides a description and sufficient details regarding the

Readers will note NGA is adopting multiple recommendations outlined in the

In mid-2015, a new edition of this Standard, incorporating an updated WGS 84

NGA DEFINITION ........................................................................................................ iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1-1

2. WGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEM ........................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 Realization ................................................................................................ 2-2

2.3 Earth Orientation Parameters .................................................................. 2-13

2.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 2-15

3. WGS 84 ELLIPSOID .............................................................................................. 3-1

3.1 General ...................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Historical Development ............................................................................ 3-1

3.3 Alignment to International Standards ....................................................... 3-2

3.4 WGS 84 Defining Parameters ................................................................... 3-2

3.5 Special WGS 84 Parameters ..................................................................... 3-4

3.6 Other Fundamental Constants .................................................................... 3-4

3.7 Special Applications of the WGS 84 Defining Parameters ...................... 3-6

3.8 WGS 84 Derived Geometric and Physical Constants ............................... 3-8

4. WGS 84 ELLIPSOIDAL GRAVITY FORMULA .................................................. 4-1

4.1 General ...................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Normal Gravity on the Ellipsoidal Surface ............................................... 4-1

4.3 Normal Gravity Above the Ellipsoid ........................................................ 4-2

5. WGS 84 EGM2008 GRAVITATIONAL MODELING .......................................... 5-1

5.1 Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) ........................................... 5-1

5.2 Gravity Potential (W) ................................................................................ 5-2

6. WGS 84 EGM2008 GEOID .................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 General ...................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 Formulas, Representations, and Analysis ................................................. 6-2

6.3 Availability of WGS 84 EGM2008 Data Products ................................... 6-5

7. WGS 84 RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GEODETIC SYSTEMS .................. 7-1

7.1 General ...................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 Relationship of WGS 84 to the ITRF ....................................................... 7-1

7.3 Relationship of WGS 84 to the NAD 83 .................................................. 7-2

7.4 Three-parameter Geometric Transformations ........................................... 7-6

7.5 Seven-parameter Geometric Transformations .......................................... 7-9

7.6 Molodensky-Badekas Transformation Model ........................................ 7-11

7.7 Datum Transformation Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) ............. 7-11