Fahad Poc Assignment03

Principles of Communication Systems
Submitted By:
Muhammad Fahad Saeed Khan
(FA17-EPE-091)
SUBMMITED TO:
Dr. Sohail Razzaq
Assignment: 03
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CUI, ABBOTTABAD

CAMPUS
Question:
Investigate the general design issues involved in designing mobile communication systems?
 What sort of modulation, multiplexing and Encoding is involved?
 What factors determine bandwidth/spectrum?
 How is power level determined?
Introduction:
Issue No 1 In Mixed Signal IC’s:
Today, due to the continuous miniaturization of electronic components, a single integrated circuit (IC)
contains many transistors and interconnections very close each other, and this causes an increased number
of unwanted interactions. Crosstalk is one of the main difﬁculties to face. In a mixed-signal System-on-Chip
(SoC), i.e., when analog and digital circuits are integrated on the same silicon chip, performance
limitations come mainly from the analog section which interfaces the digital processing core with the
external world. In such ICs, the digital switching activity may affect the analog section.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a mixed-signal IC; in the digital section only the switching currents i
DDD
and i are modeled.
SSD
Bandwidth Problems:
Researchers have studied the effects of bandwidth on network traffic since the 1920s. Research objectives
have always focused on the development of encoding techniques and technology enhancements that allow
more bits to be transmitted per unit of time. In 1933 Harry Nyquist discovered a fundamental relationship
between the bandwidth of a transmission system and the maximum number of bits per second that can be
transmitted over that system. The Nyquist Inter symbol Interference Theorem allows one to calculate a
theoretical maximum rate at which data can be sent. Nyquist's Theorem encourages data
communications professionals to devise innovative coding schemes that will facilitate the maximum
transmission of data per unit of time.
In 1948, noting that Nyquist's Theorem establishes an absolute maximum not achievable in practice,
Claude Shannon of Bell Labs provided refinements to the theorem to account for the average amount of
inherent noise or interference found on the transmission line. Shannon's Theorem can be summarized as
saying that the laws of physics limit the speed of data transmission in a system and cannot be overcome
by innovative coding schemes.
Upload Versus Download Bandwidth:

Each of the connections has advantages and disadvantages. As the speed of the medium increases in the
broadband media beginning with T1 lines, costs increase substantially. Although classified as broadband,
cable modems are considered optimal in price and performance for the home user.
Spectrum: [FAQ, s Relating Spectrum]

Spectrum relates to the radio frequencies allocated to the mobile industry and other sectors for
communication over the airwaves.
Factors Determine Spectrum:
 Spectrum is a sovereign asset. That is, use of the airwaves in each country is overseen by the
government or the designated national regulatory authority, which manages it and issues the
needed licenses.
 At the international level, the International Telecommunication Union and regional bodies are
deeply involved in agreeing and assigning future bands for mobile, bound by international treaty.
National regulatory authorities are concerned with interference that could arise from incompatible
spectrum use along borders, which must be managed or negotiated with neighboring countries.
Power level determination:

 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is the process where electrical energy is transmitted from a
power source to an electrical load across an air gap using induction coils. These coils produce an
electromagnetic field which sends energy from a charging base station (transmitter) to a coil on a
portable device (receiver) with complete galvanic isolation. The receiver coil takes power from
the electromagnetic field and converts it into electrical power.
 The system is comprised of transmitter electronics, transmit coil, receive coil and LTC4120‐
based receiver electronics. Transmitter options are discussed later in this document.
 The existing LTC4120‐based systems with transmitters were designed to transmit up to 2W
across a gap up to 1.0cm. When used with the basic reference design transmitter, this distance
increases to 1.2cm. However, if lower power levels are acceptable, it is possible to transmit at
even greater distances. Please contact Analog Devices for additional information.
The Power Content of the DSB-SC Signal:

1 T /2 1 T /2
T / 2 u 2 (t ) dt  lim T / 2 Ac m
2 2
Pu  lim (t ) cos2 ( 2f c t )dt
T  T T  T
Ac2 1 Ac2
T / 2 m (t )1  cos(4f c t ) dt  2 Pm
T /2 2
 lim
2 T  T
Radio Broadcast:
Radio broadcasting is transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be
linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast
syndication or simulcast or both. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio.
Designing Issues:
 In AM to recover the message signal m(t) in the received SSB-AM signal, we require a phase-
coherent or synchronous demodulator, as was the case for DSB-SC AM signals.
 The filter method which selects one of the two signal sidebands for transmission, is particularly
difficult to implement when the message signal m(t) has a large power concentrated in the
vicinity of f = 0
Factors effecting spectrum in radio broadcasting:

 FM radio uses frequency modulation, of course. The frequency band for FM radio is about 88 to
108 MHz. The information signal is music and voice which falls in the audio spectrum. The full
audio spectrum ranges from 20 to 20,000 Hz, but FM radio limits the upper modulating frequency
to 15 kHz (cf. AM radio which limits the upper frequency to 5 kHz). Although, some of the
signal may be lost above 15 kHz, most people cannot hear it anyway, so there is little loss of
fidelity. FM radio maybe appropriately referred to as "high-fidelity."
Factors effecting Bandwidth in radio broadcasting:

Bandwidth:
 As we know the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted using:

 BW = 2 ( + 1) fm.
 where  is the modulation index.
 fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.
 FM radio has a significantly larger bandwidth than AM radio, but the FM radio band is also
larger. The combination keeps the number of available channels about the same.
 The bandwidth of an FM signal has a more complicated dependency than in the AM case (recall,
the bandwidth of AM signals depends only on the maximum modulation frequency). In FM, both
the modulation index and the modulating frequency affect the bandwidth. As the information is
made stronger, the bandwidth also grows.
Power level determination:

 Nominal power is a measurement of a mediumwave radio station's output used in the United
States. AM broadcasters are licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to operate at a
specific nominal power, which may be (and usually is) different from the transmitter power
output.
 For non-directional stations, nominal power is normally equal to the RF power presented to the
antenna, as determined from the base current and the antenna's nominal impedance at
the carrier frequency.
 For directional stations, nominal power is normally equal to the RF power at the common
point (the point at which the transmitter output branches off into separate phasing networks for
each tower).
Analog communication systems in TV broadcast:

 Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog
signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and
sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the
signal.
General problems in analog communication in TV broadcasting:

 Analog tv shutdown delay poses problems.
 common problems with analog television include ghosting of images, noise from weak signals,
and many other potential problems which degrade the quality of the image and sound, although
the program material may still be watchable.
Factors determine bandwidth Of TV Broadcast:

 A typical TV signal requires 4 MHz of bandwidth. By the time you add in sound, something
called a vestigial sideband and a little buffer space, a TV signal requires 6 MHz of bandwidth.
 Range given to particular channel by PTC in Pakistan.
 There is certain range in Mhz.
Factors determine bandwidth Of TV Broadcast:

Reference
." Computer Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. 16 Oct. 2020. (2020, November 26). Retrieved
November 26, 2020, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-
technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/bandwidth
RF wireless communication – Analog VS DIgital. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from
https://dealna.com/en/Article/Post/5787/RF-wireless-communication-Analog-VS-DIgital
Analog Communication. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/analog-communication
Vivek Maurya Follow. (2019, July 06). System%20 modelling%20and%20simulation. Retrieved

November 26, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/vivekmaurya32/system20-
modelling20and20simulation

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Principles of Communication Systems

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CUI, ABBOTTABAD

Upload Versus Download Bandwidth:

Spectrum: [FAQ, s Relating Spectrum]

Power level determination:

The Power Content of the DSB-SC Signal:

Factors effecting spectrum in radio broadcasting:

Factors effecting Bandwidth in radio broadcasting:

 As we know the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted using:

 where  is the modulation index.

 fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.

Power level determination:

Analog communication systems in TV broadcast:

General problems in analog communication in TV broadcasting:

Factors determine bandwidth Of TV Broadcast:

Factors determine bandwidth Of TV Broadcast:

Analog Communication. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from

Vivek Maurya Follow. (2019, July 06). System%20 modelling%20and%20simulation. Retrieved

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