Contents

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 7
Lesson 1 Lesson 13 Lesson 25 Lesson
37
Lesson 2 Lesson 14 Lesson 26 Lesson
38
Lesson 3 Lesson 15 Lesson 27 Lesson
39
Lesson 4 Lesson 16 Lesson 28 Lesson
40
Lesson 5 Lesson 17 Lesson 29 Lesson
41
Lesson 6 Lesson 18 Lesson 30 Lesson
42
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 8
 Contents
CHAPTER 9 APPENDICES
Lesson 49 STATES
Lesson 50 SELECTED CITIES OF THE UNITES
STATES
Lesson 51 COMMON GEOGRAPHICAL
ABBREVIATIONS
Lesson 52 THE METRIC SYSTEM
Lesson 53 ADDITIONAL METRIC
MEASUREMENTS
Lesson 54 BRIEF FORMS OF GREEG
SHORTHAND
Lesson 55
Lesson 56
 Lesson 1
Principles

GROUP A
1. S-Z. Perhaps the most frequently used consonant in the
English language is s, partly because of the great
plurals that ends with s. The shorthand s is a tiny is
a short downward curve that resembles the
longhand comma in shape.

Because in the English language s often has the sound

of z, as in saves, the same short stroke is used to express z.
2. A very important sound in the English language is a. in
Gregg shorthand a is simply the longhand a with the
final
connecting stroke omitted.

 The circle may be written in any direction.

3. Silent letters.
In English, there are many words containing
letters that are not pronounced. In Gregg Shorthand, these
silent letters are omitted; only the sounds that you are
actually written. Example: the word say would be written
s-a; the y would not be written because it is not
pronounced.

In the following words, what letters would not be written

because they are not pronounced?

snow dough aid save

main day right knee

4. S-A Word. With the strokes for s and a, you can form the
shorthand outline for the word say.

say, s-a

5. F, V The next two shorthand you will learn are f and v.

F The shorthand stroke for f is a downward curve the
same shape as s, but it is very long-
approximately half the height of the space between
the lines of your shorthand notebook.

V The shorthand stroke for v is also a downward curve

the same shape as s and f, but is very large –
approximately the full height of the space between
the lines of your shorthand notebook.
 Observe the difference in the sizes of s, f, and v.

S F V

safe , s-a-f face, f-a-s safes, s-a-f-s

 Observe that the c in face is represented by the shorthand s

because it has the sound of s.
 V

save, s-a-v vase, v-a-s saves, s-a-v-s

 Observe that the final s in in saves has the z sound,

which is represented by the s stroke.
6. E Another very important vowel in the English language
is e.

In shorthand, e is represented by a tiny circle. It is

simply the longhand e with the two connecting strokes
omitted. The circle may be written in either direction.

 Observe the difference between the sizes of a and e.

A E
 see, s-e sees, s-e-s ease, e-s

fee, f-e fees, f-e-s easy, e-s-e

 Observe that the y in easy is pronounced e; therefore, it is

represented by the e circle.
GROUP B

7. N, M The shorthand stroke for n is a very short forward

straight line. The shorthand stroke for m is a forward
straight line.

N M
N

see, s-e say, s-a vain, v-a-n

seen, s-e-n sane, s-a-n knee, n-e

 Observe that the k and the final e in knee are not written
because they are not pronounced.

may, m-a mean, m-e-n seem, s-e-m

main, m-a-n aim, a-m same, s-am

8. T, D The shorthand stroke for t is a short upward
straight line.
The shorthand stroke for d is a longer upward straight
line.

T D

eat, e-t meet, m-e-t stay, s-t-a

neat, n-e-t tea, t-e safety, s-a-f-t-e

D

aid, a-d feed, f-e-d stayed, s-t-a-d

made, m-a-d day, d-a deed, d-e-d

need, n-e-d date, d-a-t saved, s-a-v-d

9. Punctuation and Capitalization

period paragraph parentheses

question mark dash hypen

• The regular longhand forms are used for all other
punctuation marks.

 Capitalization is indicated by two upward dashes placed

underneath the word to be capitalized.

Dave Fay Mae

 Lesson 2
Principles
z

1. Alphabet Review Here are the nine shorthand strokes

you studied in Lesson 1. How rapidly can you read them?

2. O, R, L In this paragraph you will study three extremely

useful strokes— o, r, l
 O The shorthand stroke for o is a small deep hook.
 R The shorthand stroke for r is a short deep forward
curve.
 L The shorthand stroke for l is a longer forward curve
about three times as long as the stroke for.

 Observe how these three strokes are derived from their

longhand forms.

O R L
O

no, n-o so, s-o own, o-n

to, t-o-u-g-h phone, f-o-n stone, s-t-o-n

do, d-o-u-g-h vote, v-o-t dome, d-o-m

 Observe that in the words in the third column, the o is placed
on its side before n and m. This enables us to obtain smoother,
more easily written outlines than we would obtain if we wrote
the o upright in these and similar words.

ear, e-r raid, r-a-d fear, f-e-r

near, n-e-r trade, t-r-a-d fair, f-a-r

mere, m-e-r or, o-r radio,

r-a-d-e-o
dear, d-e-r more, m-o-r freed,
f-r-e-d
 L

ail, a-l lay, l-a real, r-e-l

mail, m-a-l late, l-a-t leave, l-e-v

deal, d-e-l feel, f-e-l low, l-o

steal, s-t-e-l fail, f-a-l floor, f-l-o-r

 Observe that f-r, as in freed, and f-l, as in floor, are written
one sweep of the pen, with no stop between the f and the
r or l.

freed floor

3. H, -ing. The letter h is a dot placed above the following

vowel. With few exceptions, h occurs at the beginning
of a word.

Ing, which almost always occurs at the end of a word,

is also represented by a dot.
 H

He, h-e home, h-o-m whole, h-o-l

-ing

hearing, heating, mailing,

h-e-r-ing h-e-t-ing m-a-l-ing
4. Long I The shorthand for the long sound of I, as in
my, is a large broken circle.

my, m- ī sight, s- ī -t high, h- ī

might, m-ī-t side, s- ī -d try, t-r- ī

sign, s- ī -n line, l- ī -n tire, t- ī -r

Omission of Minor Vowels Many words in the English
language contain vowels that are sounded only slightly or
are slurred. For example, the word even is really
pronounced e-vn; meter is pronounced met-r, (The
dictionary call these minor vowels “schwas”) These
vowels are omitted in shorthand when their omission does
not detract from facility of writing or from legibility.

Evening, e-v-n-ing writer, r-i-t-r season, s-e-s-n

meter, m-e-t-r vital, v-i-t-l total, t-o-t-l

Dealer, d-e-l-r final,f-i-n-l heater, h-e-t-r

 Lesson 3
Principles
1. Alphabet Review You have already studied 14
alphabet strokes. How fast can you identify them?
2. Brief forms There are some words in the English
language that occur again and again when we speak
or write. As an aid to rapid writing, special
abbreviations, called brief forms, are provided for
some of these common words.

This process of abbreviation is common in longhand.

For example, we abbreviate Street to St.; Mister to Mr.;
Saturday to Sat.

Because the words for which brief forms have been

provided occur so frequently, be sure you learn them well.
I have it, at

am will, well in,*not

Mr. a, an are, our, hour

* In- is also used as a word beginning in words like:

indeed, in-d-e-d inside, in-s-ī-d

invite, in-v-ī-t
 Did you observe that some shorthand outlines have two or
more meanings such as the shorthand forms for are, our,
hour; will, well? You will have no problem selecting the
correct meaning of a brief form when it appears in a sentence.
The sense, or context, will give you the answer.

3. Phrasing The use of brief forms for common words

enables you to save time. Another device for saving
writing time is called “phrasing,” or the writing of two
or more shorthand outlines together. Here are a
number of phrases built with the brief forms you have
studied.
I have I will have I am

I have not he will in our

I will he will not it will

4. Left S-Z Earlier you learned one stroke for s and z.
Another stroke for s and z is also used in order to provide
an easy joining in any combination of strokes – a backward
comma, which is also written-downward. For convenience,
it is called the “left s.”

At this point, you need not try to decide which s stroke

to use in any given word; this will become clear to you as
your study of Gregg Shorthand progresses.
needs, n-e-d-s least, l-e-s-t

series, s-e-r-e-s names, n-a-m-s

writes, w-r-ī- t-s seal, s-e-l

rise, r-ī-s mails, m-a-l-s

sales, s-a-l-s most, m-o-s-t

seems, s-e-m-s homes, h-o-m-s

5. P, B The shorthand stroke for p is a downward curve
the same shape as the left s except that it is longer–
approximately half the height of the space between
the lines in your shorthand notebook.

The shorthand stroke for b is also a downward curve

the same shape as the left s and p except that is much
longer – approximately the full height of the space
between the lines in your shorthand notebook.
 Observe the difference in the sizes of the s, p, and b.

S P B

hope, h-o-p space, s-p-a-s paper, p-a-p-r

place, p-l-a-s please, p-l-e-s pay, p-a

provide, p-r-o-v-ī-d
prepare, p-r-e-p-a-r spare, s-p-a-r type, t-ī-p

bay, b-a buy, b-I able, a-b-l

base, b-a-s brief, b-r-e-f labor, l-a-b-r

bare, b-a-r bright, b-r-i-t neighbor, n-a-b-r

boat, b-o-t blame, b-l-am label, l-a-b-l

 Observe that the combinations p-r, as in price; p-l, as in
please; b-r, as in bright; and b-l, as in blame, are written
with one sweep of the pen without a pause between the
p or b and the r or l.

price please

bright blame
 Lesson 4
Principles

1. Alphabet Review You have already studied 17 alphabet

strokes. How fast can you identify them?
2. OO The shorthand stroke for the sound of oo, as in to,
is a tiny upward hook.

OO

to, (two, too), t-oo suit, s-oo-t produce,

p-r-o-d-u-s
do (due), d-oo room, r-oo-m new (knew)

who, h-oo poor, p-oo-r noon, n-oo-n

food, f-oo-d true, t-r-oo move, m-oo-v

 Observe that the oo is placed on its side when it follows n or
m, as in new, noon, move. By placing the hook on its side in
these combinations rather than writing it upright, we obtain
smooth joinings.

3. W, Sw At the beginning of words w, as in we, is

represented by the oo hook; sw, as in sweet, by s-oo.

we, oo-e wade, oo-a-d sweet, s-oo-e-t

way, oo-a wear, oo-a-r sway, s-oo-a

wait, oo-a-t wife, oo-ī-f swear, s-oo-a-r

4. Wh Wh, as in why and while, is also represented by the
oo hook.

why, oo-ī white, oo-ī-t whale, oo-a-l

while, oo-ī-l wheel, oo-e-l wheat, oo-e-t

5. Useful Phrases Here are a number of useful phrases

that use the oo hook.
we are we may who will not

we will who are I do

we have who will I do not

6. K, G The shorthand stroke for k is a short forward curve.
The shorthand stroke for the hard sound of g, as in
game, is a much longer forward curve. It is called gay.

take, t-a-k week (weak), oo-e-k clear, k-l-e-r

cake, k-a-k cool, k-oo-l increase,

in-k-r-e-s
make, m-a-k case, k-a-s claim, k-l-a-m

came, k-a-m scale, s-k-a-l clean, k-l-e-n

gain, go, gale,
gay-a-n gay-o gay-a-l

game, goal, glue,

gay-a-m gay-o-l gay-l-oo

gate, great, legal,

gay-a-t gay-r-a-t gay-r-a-t

gave, grade, gleam,

gay-a-v gay-r-a-d gay-l-e-m

 Observe the difference in the size and shape of oo, k, and gay.
 Observe that k-r, as in increase, and gay-l, as in legal, are
written with a smooth wavelike motion.

 But k-l, as in claim, and gay-r, as in great, are written with

a hump between the k and the l and the gay and the r.
 Lesson 5
Principles

1. Alphabet Review In lesson 1 through 4, you studied 20

shorthand strokes. See how fast you can read them.
2. A, Ä The large circle that represents the long sound of
a, as in main, also represents the vowel sounds heard in
as and arm.

as, a-s man, m-a-n past, p-a-s-t

has, h-a-s back, b-a-c-k plan, p-l-a-n

act, a-k-t matter, m-a-t-r swam, s-oo-a-m

arm, a-r-m car, k-a-r start, s-t-a-r-t

art, a-r-t far, f-a-r dark, d-a-r-k

heart, h-a-r-t farm, f-a-r-m park-p-a-r-k

3. E, I, Obscure Vowel The tiny circle that represents

the sound of e, as in heat, also represents the
vowel sound.

(called “schwa” in some dictionaries) in her, hurt.

E
let, l-e-t get, gay-e-t said, s-a-d

letter, l-e-t-r head, h-e-d sell, s-e-l

address, a-d-r-e-s help, h-e-l-p tell, t-e-l

best, b-e-s-t less, l-e-s test, t-e-s-t

I
him, h-e-m did, d-e-d if, e-f

bill, b-e-l fill, f-e-l list, l-e-s-t

big, b-e-gay give, gay-e-v simple, s-e-m-p-l

Obscure Vowel

her, h-e-r clerk, k-l-e-r-k answer, a-n-s-e-r

hurt, h-e-r-t serve, s-e-r-v insert, in-s-e-r-t

earn, e-r-n learn, l-e-r-n infer, in-f-e-r

4. Th Two tiny curves written upward, are provided for

the sounds of th. These curves are called “ith.”
At this time, you need to try to decide which th stroke
to use in a word; this will become clear to you as you
you study of Gregg Shorthand progresses.

Over Ith

these, ith-e-s theater, ith,e-t-r teeth, t-e-ith

then, ith-e-n thick, ith-e-k faith, f-a-ith

theme, ith-e-m thief, ith-e-f truth, t-r-oo-ith

Under Ith

though, ith-o both, b-o-ith health, h-e-l-ith

those, ith-o-s birth, b-r-ith thorough,

ith-e-r-o
three, ith-r-e earth, e-r-ith through,
ith-r-oo
5. Brief Forms Here is another group of brief forms for
frequently used words. You will be wise to learn them
well.

the you, your is, his

that can Mrs.

with of but
6. Common Phrases Here are some useful phrases
employing these brief forms.

in the with you it is

in that I can in his

you are I cannot with his

Observe that in the phrases in the third column, the left s is used
for is and his.
 Lesson 6

RECALL

Lesson 6 is a “breather”; it contains no new

shorthand principles for you to learn. In this lesson,
you will find an Alphabet Review, a simple
explanation of the principles that govern the joining
of the strokes you have studied, a recall chart.
 Principles

1. Alphabet Review Here are the 22 shorthand strokes you

studied in Lesson 1 through 5. Can you read them in 20
seconds or less?
 Principles of Joinings

As a matter of interest, you might like to know the

principles under which the words you have already learned are
written. Notice the groups into which the joinings naturally fall.

2. Circles are written inside curves and outside angles

appeal, a-p-e-l late, l-a-t same, s-a-m

give, gay-e-v relief, r-e-l-e-f needless,

n-e-d-l-e-s
3. Circles are written clockwise (in the direction ) on a
straight stroke or between two straight strokes in the
same direction.

may, m-a date, d-a-t aim, a-m

man, m-a-n stayed, s-t-ad name, n-a-m

4. Between two curves written in opposite direction, the
circle is written on the back of the first curve.

care, k-a-r gear, gay-e-r vapor, v-a-p-r

rack, r-a-k lake, l-a-k pave, p-a-v

5. The o hook is written on its side before n, m unless a

downward stroke comes before the hook.

own, o-n stone, s-t-o-n loan, l-o-n

but
phone, f-o-n bone, b-o-n zone, s-o-n
6 The oo hook is written on its side after n, m.

news, n-oo-s noon-n-oo-n moved, m-oo-v-d

7. The under ith is used when it is joined to o, r, l; in other

cases, the over ith is used.

though, ith-o through, ith-r-oo health,

h-e-l-ith
but

these, ith-e-s thick, ith-e-k then, ith-e-n

8. Recall Chart The following chart reviews the shorthand
devices you studied in Lesson 1 through 5.

Spell each word aloud thus: ith-o, though. You need

not spell the brief forms and phrases as you read them.

The chart contains 84 words and phrases. Can you

read the entire chart in 9 minutes or less?
 Lesson 7
Principles

1. Sh, Ch, J These three sounds are represented by

downward straight lines.

Ish Chay J
 Sh The shorthand stroke for sh (called “ish”) is a
very short downward straight stroke.

Ish

she, ish-e share, ish-a-r ship, ish-e-p

shown, ish-o-n issue, e-ish-oo insure,

in-ish-o-r
Ch The shorthand stroke for ch (called “chay”) is
somewhat longer straight downward stroke
approximately one-half the height of the space
between the lines in your shorthand notebook.

Chay

check, chair, search,

c-chay-e-k chay-a-r s-e-r-chay

choose, teach, church,

chay-oo-s t-e-chay chay-e-r-chay
 J The shorthand stroke for the sound of j, as in
jury, is long downward straight stroke almost
the full height of the space between the lines
in your shorthand notebook.

age, a-j change, chay,a,n,j jury, j-oo-r-y

wages, oo-a-j-s large, l-a-r-j jewels, j-oo-l-s

2. O, Aw The small deep hook that represents the sound of
o, as in no, also, represents the vowel hot and all.

hot, h-o-t office, o-f-e-s sorry, s-o-r-e

copy, k-o-p-e policy, stop, s-t-o-p

p-o-l-s-e

job, j-o-b stock, s-t-o-k watch,

oo-o-chay
 Aw

all, o-l bought, b-o-ith author, o-ith-r

small, thought, ith-o-t install,

s-m-o-l in-s-t-o-l

cause, k-o-s daughter, wall, oo-o-l

d-o-t-r
3. Common Business Letter Salutations and Closings

Dear Sir Dear Madam

Yours truly Sincerely yours

Yours very truly Very truly yours

Note:
Although the expressions Dear Sir, Dear Madam,
and Yours truly are considered too impersonal
by letter-writing experts, they are still used by
many dictations. Therefore, special abbreviations
have been provided for them.
 Lesson 8
Principles

1. Brief Forms Here is another group of nine brief forms

for very common words. Learn them well.

would this them

for good which

there (their) they be,*by

 * Be is also used as a word beginning in words such as
believe and because.

Spell: believe, be-l-i-v

believe because begin

 2. Word Ending –ly The common word ending –ly is
represented by the e circle.

Spell: lately, l-a-t-lē

lately mainly mostly

nearly plainly only

badly briefly highly

costly namely daily

 Observe that in highly the small circle for –ly is written
inside the large circle; that in daily, it is added to the side
of the d after the a has been written.
3. Amounts and Quantities
When you take dictation in the business office,
you will frequently have occasion to write amounts
and qualities. Here are some devices that will
enable you to write them rapidly.

600 $12 $ 3.40

8,000 $3,000 8 percent

800,000 $700,000 7 o’clock

 Observe that the n for hundred and the ith for thousand
are placed underneath the figure.
 Lesson 9
Principles

1. Word Ending –tion

The word ending –tion (sometimes spelled -sion,

-cian, or –shion) is represented by ish.
 Spell: action, a-k-shun

action operation national

occasion physician nationally

election fashion cautioned

position nations inflation

2. Word Ending –cient, -ciency
The word ending –cient (or –tient) is represented
by ish-t; -ciency, by –ish-s-e.

Spell: patient, p-a-shun-t

patient ancient efficiency

patiently efficient proficiency

3. T for To in Phrases
In phrases, to is represented by t when is
followed by a down stroke.

to have to check to sell

to be to buy to serve

to say to plan to charge

to see to place to change

 Lesson 10
Principles

1. Nd The shorthand strokes for –nd are joined

without an angle to form the nd blend, as in
signed.

Nd

sign signed
 Spell: signed, s-i-end; endorse, end-o-r-s

land friend kind

planned spend mind

trained happened bind

errand brand endorse

2. Nt The stroke that represents nd also represents
nt, as in sent.
 Spell: sent, s-e-ent; into, ent-oo

sent printed agent

rent painted vacant

prevent planted into

current parents entire

3. Ses The sound of ses, as in senses, is represented
by joining the two forms of s.

Compare:
sense senses

face faces
 Spell: senses, s-e-n-sez

places causes reduces

prices chances produces

addresses increases cases

glasses necessary services

4. Sis, Sus The similar sounds of sis, as in sister, and
sus, as in versus, are also represented by
joining the two forms of s.
 Spell: sister, sez-t-r; versus, v-e-r-sez

sister assist analysis

basis insist versus

 Lesson 11
Principles

1. Brief Forms Here are some more brief forms for very
common words.

when after and

were could from

send should street

2. Rd The combination rd is represented by writing the
r with an upward turn the finish.

Compare: assure assured

Spell: assured, a-ish-oo-ärd; heard, h-e-ärd

assured toward record

hired guard hardest

insured guarded heard

3. Ld the combination ld is represented by writing the l
with an upward turn at the finish.

Compare: mail mailed

Spell: mailed, m-a-eld; old, o-eld

mailed failed build

old filled builder

sold told folded

4. Been in Phrases The word been is represented by b after
have, has, had.

have been had been I could have been

I have been I have not been I should have been

you have been it has been had not been

5. Able in Phrases The word been is represented by a after
be or been.

I have been able I should be able

I have not been able you will be able

you have been able you should be able

you have not been able I may be able

 Lesson 12

RECALL

Lesson 12 is another “breather”; it presents no new

devices for you to learn. It reviews the shorthand strokes you
learned in previous lessons.
 Principle of Joining

The following principles deal with the joinings of the two

forms of s.

1. At the beginning and end of words, the comma s is used

before and after f, v, k, gay, the left s, before and after
p,b,
r, l.

saves sips series

seeks globes rags

2. The comma s is used before t, d, n, m, o; the left s is used
after those strokes.

stones solos needs

3. The comma s is used before and after ish, chay, j.

sessions reaches stages

. The comma s is used before and after ish, chay, j.

say these seethe

5. Gregg Shorthand is equally legible whether it is written on
ruled or unruled paper; consequently, you need not worry
about the exact placement of your outlines on the printed lines
n your notebook. The main purpose of the printed lines in your
notebook is to keep you from wandering uphill and downhill as
you write.

However, so that all outlines may be uniformly placed in the

shorthand books from which you study, this general rule has
been followed.
 The base of the first consonant of a word is placed on the
line of writing. When s comes before a downstroke, however,
the downstroke is placed on the line of writing.

name safe pace

dealer chief space

6. Recall Chart The following chart contains the brief forms
presented in Chapter 2 and illustrations of the shorthand
principles you studied in Chapters 1 and 2.

Can you read the chart in 6 minutes or less?

BRIEF FORMS

PHRASES AND AMOUNTS

End
WORDS
 Lesson 13
Principles

1. Brief Forms

work circular enclose

yesterday order was

glad soon thank

2. Brief-Form Derivatives and Phrases

thanks gladly thank you

worked ordered thank you for

 Observe:
1. Thanks is written with a disjoined left s in the dot position.
2. The d representing the past tense of order is joined with a
jog.
3. The dot in thank is omitted in phrases.
3. U, OO The hook that represents the sound of oo as in to,
also represents the vowel sounds in does and
book.

Spell: does, d-oo-s

does none us

drug number just

up enough adjust
product must precious

 Observe:
1. The hook in the second column is turned on its side.
2. The oo-s in the words in the third column is joined without
an angle.
 OO
Spell: book, b-oo-k

book put pull

cook push stood

look foot sugar

took full wood

 Lesson 14
Principles

1. W in the body of a Word

When the sound of w occurs in the body of a word, as

in quick, it is represented by a short dash underneath the
vowel following the w sound. The dash is inserted after the
rest of the outline has been written.
 Spell: quick, k-oo-e-k

quick between qualify

quote square hardware

quit twice roadway

equip twine always

2. Ted The combination ted is represented by joining t
and d into one long upward stroke.

Ted

Compare: heat heed heated

 Spell: heated, h-e-ted

listed accepted adopted

acted rested located

tested dated steady

quoted visited today

3. Ded, Dit, Det The long stroke that represents ted also
ded and the similar sounds of dit and det.

Spell: guided, gay-i-ded; detail, det-a-l

guided graded deduct

needed added deduction

 Det, Dit

detail credit edit

debtor creditor audited

 Observe that the d represents the past tense in audited is joined

to dit with a jog.
 Lesson 15
Principles

1. Brief Forms

business what value

doctor about than

any thing, think one (won)

2. Brief-Form Derivatives

things, thinks anything businesses

thinking once businessman

 Observe :
1. A disjoined left s is used to express by b.
2. The plural of business is formed by adding another left s.
3. Word Ending –ble The word ending –ble is represented
by b.

Spell: possible, p-o-s-bul

possible terrible double

available valuable table

reliable favorable tabled

capable sensible cables

4. Word Beginning Re-
The word beginning re- is represented by r.

Spell: receive, r-e-s-e-v

receive revise reasonable

reply repair reappear

research reception rearrange

replace receipt reopen

 Lesson 16
Principles

1. OI The sound of oi, as in toy, is represented by .

Spell: boy, b-oi

boy oil annoy

toy spoil point

join boil appoint

2. Men The sound of men is represented by joining m and
n into one long forward stroke.

Men

Compare: knee me many

 Spell: many, men-e

many mentioned businessmen

meant women mended

mental salesmen immense

3. Min, Mon, Man The similar sounding combinations
min, mon, and man are also represented by the
long forward stroke that represents men.

Spell: minute, min-e-t; manner, men-r

minute month manner

minimum money manage

4. Ye, Ya Ye, as in year, is represented by the e circle; ya,
as in yard, by the a circle.

Spell: year, e-r; yard, a-ärd

Ye

year yellow yield

yet yes yielded

 Ya

yard yarn Yale

 Lesson 17
Principles

1. Brief Forms When you have learned the following

eight brief forms, you will have learned more than
half the brief forms of Gregg shorthand.

gentlemen company short

morning manufacture important,

importance
where next
2. Word beginning Per-, Pur
The word beginnings per- , pur- are represented
by p-r.

Spell: person, pur-s-n; purchase, pur-chay-a-s

Per-

person perfect persist

Personal permanent perhaps

permit personnel persuade

Pur-

purchase purple purpose

3. Word Beginnings De-, Di-
The word beginnings de-, di- are represented
by d.

Spell: delay, de-l-a; direct, di-r-e-k-t

De-

delay deposit decide

deserve depended decision

desirable deliver design

Di-

direct direction directly

 Lesson 18
RECALL

Lesson 18 is another “breather”. It contains no new

shorthand devices for you to learn. In this lesson, you will find:

1. several principles of joining,

2. a recall chart, and
3. a Reading and Writing practice that you will find interesting
and informative.
 Principles of Joining

1. At the beginning of a word and after k, gay, or a downstroke,

the combination oo-s- is written without an angle.

husky gust just

but

loose does rust

2. The word beginning re- is represented by r before a down-
stroke or a vowel.

research reference reopen

but

relate does retreat

3. The word beginning de-, di- are represented by d except
before k or gay.

depressed deliver direction

but

declare decay degrade

4. As you have perhaps already noticed from your study of
Lesson 1 through 17, the past tense of a verb is formed
by adding the stroke for the sound that is heard in the past
tense. In some words, the past tense has the sound of t,
as in baked; in others, it has the sound of d, as in saved.

In some words, the past tense is incorporated in a

blend, as in planned, feared, mailed.
baked saved feared

missed planned mailed

5. Recall Chart The following chart reviews the brief forms
of Chapter 3 as well as the shorthand devices
you studied in Chapters 1, 2, and 3.

The chart contains 96 words and phrases. Can you read

it in 8 minutes or less?
BREIF FORMS AND DERIVATIVES

PHRASES AND AMOUNTS

WORDS
 LESSON 19
Principles

1. Brief Forms Here is another group of brief forms –

only six this time.

part Ms. opportunity

present advertise immediate

2. U The sound of u, as in use, is represented by

Spell: use, u-s

use review unite

few unit pure

view unique acute

3. Word Ending –ment
The word ending –ment is represented by m.

payment department settlement

management equipment treatment

shipment movement element

advertisement replacement assignment

 Observe that in assignment, the m is joined to the n with a jog.

4. Word Ending –tial
The word ending –tial (also spelled –cial ) is
represented by ish.

Spell: special, s-p-e-shul

special financial initial

especial social initially

partial official initialed

4. Word Beginning Com-
The word beginning com-, as in complete, is also
represented by k.

Spell : complete, c-o-m-p-l-e-t

complete compliment combine

computer compare accomplish

5. Con-, Com-
Followed by a Vowel When con-, com-, are followed
by a vowel, these word beginning are represented by
kn or km.

connect commit commercial

connection commerce accommodate

 LESSON 20
Principles

1. Brief Forms
4. Word Beginning Com- The word beginning com-, as in
complete, is also represented by k.

Spell : c-o-m-p-l-e-t, complete

complete compliment combine

computer compare accomplish

5. Con-, Com-, Followed by a Vowel When con-, com-, are
followed by a vowel, these word beginning are represented
by kn or km.

connect commit commercial

connection commerce accommodate

 LESSON 21
Principles

1. Brief Forms

advantage several ever, every

suggest out very

2. Ten
By rounding off the angle between t-n, we obtain the
fluent ten blend.
Ten

tend potential bulletin

attend competent stand

attention consistent cotton

tentative straighten tonight

3. Den
The stroke that represents t-n also represents d-n.

Spell: deny, den-ī

deny evidence danger

dentist condense dinner

sudden president guidance