UNIT 8

HAZARD AWARENES

Upon completion of this Unit, the learners will be able to:

• Distinguish and differentiate the types of hazards found in the Philippines

• Recognize signs of impending hazards
• Apply appropriate measure/intervention before, during and after hazards
• Interpret different hazards; and
• Use available tools for monitoring hazards.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAZARDS

1. HYDRO METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS – are natural processes or phenomena of
atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hydro meteorological hazards includes; floods, debris and mud flows; tropical cyclones,
rain and windstorm, sand or dust storms, thunder and hailstorms, blizzards, and other
severe storm; storm surges, drought, desertification, wild land fires, temperature
extremes, permafrost and snow or ice avalanches.

SOURCE: https://definedterm.com/hydrometeorological_hazards

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HURRICANE, A CYCLONE AND A

TYPHOON?

The only difference between a hurricane,

a cyclone, and a typhoon is the location
where the typhoon occurs.

Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons are

all the same weather phenomenon; we
just use different names for these storms
in different places. In an Atlantic and
Northeast Pacific, the term “hurricane” is
Used. The same type of disturbance in the
Northwest Pacific is called a “typhoon”
and “cyclones” occur in the South Pacific
and Indian Ocean.

The ingredients of these storms include a pre-existing weather disturbance, warm

tropical oceans, moisture, and relatively light winds. If the right condition persists long
enough, they can combine to produce the violent wind, incredible waves, torrential rains,
and floods we associate with this phenomenon.
 The Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals

Source: www.kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

➢ WHAT IS TYPHOON?

A typhoon is a type of large storm system having a circular or spiral system of violent
winds, typically hundreds of kilometer or miles, in diameter. The winds spiral around a
region of low atmospheric pressure.

Public Storm Warning Signal are raised to warn the public of incoming weather
disturbances. Once a Storm signal is raised, conditions are not yet necessary felt in the
given area. The following are the lead times for issuing a Public Storm Signal.

▪ The weather disturbance is expected in 36 hours once the Public Storm Signal
no. 1 is raised.
▪ The weather disturbance is expected in 24 hours once the Public Storm Signal
no. 2 is raised.
▪ The weather disturbance is expected in 18 hours once the Public Storm Signal
no. 3 is raised.
▪ The weather disturbance is expected in 12 hours once the Public Storm Signal
no. 4 is raised.

Lead time shortens if a new weather bulletin is issued and the area’s Public Storm Signal
Warning remains the same. As the weather disturbance moves through the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR), Public Storm Signal may be upgraded or downgraded. An area’s given
signal number is based on the intensity size of circulation and the forecast direction, and speed
of the tropical storm or typhoon when the Public Storm Warning Signal is raised. Changes in
intensity, size of circulation, or movement of the tropical cyclones also determine the change of
the Public Storm Warning Signal in a given area.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NUMBER 1

• Meteorological conditions:
A tropical cyclone will be threaten/affect an area. Winds of 30-60 kph is expected.
Intermittent rains may be expected in at least 36 hours. (When the tropical cyclone
develops very close to an area, a shorter lead time of the occurrence of the winds will be
specified in the warning).

• Impact of the Winds:

a. Only very light or no damage may be sustained by areas affected

b. Twigs and branches of small trees may be broken
c. Some houses of very light materials may be partially unroofed.
d. Rice crops in flowering stage may suffer significant damage.
 • Precautionary Measure:
When the tropical cyclone intensifies and moves closer, this warning signal number may
be upgraded. The waves on coastal water may be gradually develop and swell. The
people are advised to listen to the latest severe weather bulletin issued by PAGASA
every six hours. Business may be carried out as usual except when floods occur.
Disaster preparedness units are activated to alert status.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NUMBER 2:

• Meteorological Conditions:
A tropical cyclone will affect an area. Winds of greater than 60 kph and up to 100kph
may be expected in at least 24 hours.

• Impacts of the winds:

a. The winds may bring light to moderate damage to the exposed communities.
b. Few big trees may be uprooted.
c. Rice and corn crops may be affected.
d. Large number of houses made of light materials may be unroofed.

• Precautionary Measure:
The sea and the coastal waters are dangerous to small seacraft. Special attention
should be given to the latest position, direction and movement speed, and intensity of
the storm as it moves toward an area. The Public especially people travelling by the sea
and air are cautioned. Outdoor activities of children should be postponed. Secure
properties before the signal is upgraded. Disaster preparedness agencies/organizations
are in action to alert their communities.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NUMBER 3

• Meteorological conditions:
A tropical cyclone will affect an area. Winds of greater than 100 kph up to 185 kph may
be expected in at least 18 hours.

• Impacts of the Winds

a. There may be widespread disruption of electrical power and communication service.
b. Moderate to heavy damage may be experience, particularly in the agricultural and
industries sector.
c. Majority of light material houses may be unroofed or destroyed. There may be
considerable damage to structures of light to medium construction.

• Precautionary Measures:
The weather condition is dangerous to the communities affected. Travel is very risky
especially by air and sea. People are advised to seek shelter in strong buildings,
evacuate low-lying areas, and stay away from the coast and riverbanks. Classes in all
levels should be suspended and children should stay in the safety of strong buildings.
 Disaster preparedness and response agencies/organizations are in action with
appropriate response to emergencies.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NUMBER 4

• Meteorological Conditions: A very intense typhoon will affect the area.
Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.

• Impacts of the Winds:

a. Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be severely
damaged.
b. Electrical power distribution and communication services may be severely disrupted.
c. Damage to affected communities can be very heavy.

• Precautionary Measures:
The situation is potentially very disruptive to the community. All travels and outdoor
activities should be cancelled. Evacuation to safer shelters should have been completed.
The disaster coordinating councils concerned and the disaster response organizations
are now fully responding to emergencies.

PUBLIC STORM SIGNAL NUMBER

SUPER TYPHOON

• Meteorological Conditions: A super typhoon will affect the area.

Very strong winds of more than 220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.

• Impacts of the Winds:

a. Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be severely
damaged.
b. Almost total damaged to structures of light materials, especially in high exposed
coastal area.
c. Electrical power distribution and communication services severely disrupted.

• Precautionary Measures:
The situation is potentially extremely destructive or catastrophic to the community. All
travels and outdoor activities should be cancelled evacuation to safer shelter should
have been completed since it may have been too late for this situation. The disaster
coordinating councils concerned and other disaster response organizations are now fully
responding to emergencies and in full readiness to immediately respond to possible
calamity.
STORM SURGES AND STORM TIDE
Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water
generated by a storm, over and above the
predicted astronomical tide. It’s the change
in the water level that is due to the presence
of the storm. Since the storm surge is a
difference between water level, it does not have
a reference levels.

Storm surge is caused primarily by the strong winds in a hurricane or tropical storm. The
low pressure of the storm has minimal contribution.

SOURCE: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/surge_intro.pdf

Storm tide is the water level rise during a

storm due to the combination of storm surge
and the astronomical tide. Since storm tide
is the combination of surge and tide, it does
require a reference level. A 15 ft. storm surge
on top of a high tide that is 2 ft. above mean
sea level produces a 17 ft. storm tide.
THUNDERSTORM DEFINED
“A rain-bearing cloud that also produces lightning”
All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning. Lightning often
strikes outside of a heavy rain in the thunderstorm and may occur as far as 10 miles away from
any rainfall. Most lightning deaths and injuries occur when people are caught outdoors in the
summer months during the afternoon and evening. In the Philippines, an average of 100 people
are injured and 25 people are killed each year by lightning. Other associated dangers of
thunderstorm include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and flash flooding. Flash flooding is
responsible for ore fatalities than any other thunderstorm-associated hazard. Thunderstorms
typically produce heavy rain for a brief period, anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour. Warm,
humid conditions are highly favorable for thunderstorm development.
Below is an example of thunderstorm warning advisory issued by PAGASA before a
thunderstorm occurs. Source: http://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/20-weather/29-rainfall-
warning

THUNDERSTORM WARNING ICONS

Icon Description
• This will be issued when there is an indication that a
thunderstorm is threatening a specific area(s) within the next 2
hours.
• Updates will be issued as frequent as necessary.
• This will be disseminated via SMS, Social Media, and website.

• This will inform the public that TSTM formation is likely within
the next twelve (12) hours.
• This is more general than a warning.
• This will be disseminated thru Social Media, and website

• Issued when TSTM is less likely within the next twelve (12)
hours.
• This will be disseminated thru Twitter, Facebook, and website.

WHAT IS FLOODING?
Flood Basics (Floods and Flash Foods)
Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen during
heavy rain. Flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover a house to the
rooftop. They can occur quickly or over a long period and may last days, weeks or longer.
Floods are the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural disasters.
Flash floods are the most dangerous kind of floods. Because they combine the destructive
power of a flood with incredible speed and unpredictability. They can happen with little or no
warning.

Below are example of advisory warnings issued by PAGASA during the occurrence of
precipitation in the Philippines.

Icon Description
• ADVISORY: Community AWARENESS
• Flooding is POSSIBLE in low-lying areas and near river
channels.

• ALERT: Community PREPAREDNESS

• Flooding is THREATHENING in low-lying areas and near river
channels.

• EMERGENCY: Community RESPONSE

• SEVERE Flooding is EXPECTED. Take necessary
precautionary measures.
http://www1.pagasa.dost.gv.ph/#rainfall-and-thunderstorm-warning

Flooding takes place when rainfall excess cannot be channeled appropriately into the drainage
system forcing the water to flow overland. Clogged or lack of proper drainage system is usually
the cause of flooding. Densely populated areas are at a high risk for flash floods. The
construction of buildings, highways, driveways, and parking lots increases overflow by reducing
the amount of rain absorbed by the roads and buildings. Areas near rivers are at risk from flash
floods. Dam failures can send a sudden destructive wall of water downstream. Mountains and
steep hills produce rapid overspill, which causes streams to rise quickly.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER FLOODINGS, FLASH FLOOD AND STORM
SURGE
BEFORE
Be alert. Monitor our surroundings. If a flash flood warning is issued for your area. Be prepared
to evacuate. Make sure every family member has the contact information. Decide where you will
meet if separated to your family.

Assemble disaster Supplies:

• Drinking water- fill clean containers

• Food that requires no refrigeration or cooking
• Cash
• Medications and first aid supplies
• Clothing, toiletries
• Battery-powered radio
• Flashlights
• Extra batteries
• Important documents: insurance papers, medical record, bank account numbers.

DURING
Be alert. Monitor your surroundings. Don’t do outside unless you have to. If you must go
outside, travel with care. Avoid disaster areas. Be especially cautious at night when it is harder
to recognize flood dangers. Get out of low areas that may be subject to flooding. Stay away
from power lines and electrical wires.

AFTER
Wait until it is safe to return. Do not return to flooded areas until authorities indicate it is safe
to do so. Do not enter a building if it is still flooded, and or surrounded by floodwater. Check for
structural damage. Keep the power off until an electrician has inspected the system for safety.
All electrical equipment should be checked and dried before being returned to service. Clean
and disinfect everything that got wet.
EL NIÑO VS LA NIÑA
El Niño and La Niña events are a natural part of the global climate change system. They occur
when the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere above it change from their neutral (“normal’) state
for several seasons. El Niño events are associated with a warning of the central and eastern
tropical Pacific, while La Niña events are the reverse, with a sustained cooling of these same
areas.
( http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/In-2010-12/ENSO-what.shtml)

This two phenomenon El Niño and La Niña

will bring drought in most parts of the Philippines
and heavy rains and storms in some parts, especially
in Manila, that get flooded when there is a huge
amount of rainfall in the area. The Philippines has
been hit with these phenomenon numerous times, but
the worst one was in 1997. There are times when El Niño
is said to be weaker but it will still have significant effect
on the country. Lack of rainfall in agricultural areas will
cause drought, therefore greatly affecting the supply of food
and water. Drought occurs if the rainfall amount falls below
normal in 3 consecutive months. Because of reduced rainfall,
there is going to be water shortage and areas where electricity
by hydropower plants are going to have a power shortage. In
turn, this will cause food shortage as agriculture depends on water
and electricity.

However, the impacts of La Niña on the Philippines climate include irregularities in rainfall,
temperature and tropical cyclone activities. During La Niña conditions, major part of the country
experience near normal to above normal rainfall conditions particularly over the eastern sections
of the country. La Niña conditions also favor tropical cyclone formation over to western Pacific
which tend to increase the number of tropical cyclones.
 ACTIVITY 1

NAME:_____________________________________________________________________
COURSE/YEARS: ____________________________________________________________

Directions:
Below is an example of a 5-day- weather forecast from PAGASA. Analyze and make a
daily report of the three cities Weather condition. Using the table below. Use the space
provided for:

24-HOUR WEATHER FORECAST AND EXTENDED WEATHER OULOOK FOR SELECTED

CITIES

ISSUED AT: 4:00 PM 03 JULY 2019

VALID BEGINNING: 4:00 PM TODAY

24HR Weather and Sea EXTENDED WEATHER OUTLOOK

CITIES Condition forecast Duration 4PM of the following day
from 4PM today until 4PM
tomorrow
03 JULY 4 JUL 5 JUL 6JUL 7 JUL
25 ֯C Light to Moderate: 26 ֯ 26֯ 26 ֯ 26֯
METRO 34 ֯C South C C C C
MANILA Manila Bay: Slight 33 ֯ 34 ֯ 33 ֯ 34 ֯
to moderate C C C C

25 ֯C 25 ֯ 26 ֯ 26 ֯ 25 ֯
TAGUEGARAO 36 ֯C Light to Moderate: C C C C
CITY South 35 ֯ 36 ֯ 36 ֯ 36
C C C ֯C
25 ֯C 25 ֯ 24 ֯ 25 ֯ 25 ֯
LAOAG CITY 33 ֯C Moderate: south C C C C
Coastal waves: 33 35 ֯ 33 32
Moderate ֯C C ֯C ֯C

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 ACTIVITY 2

NAME: ___________________________________________
COURSE/YEAR: ___________________________________________

Direction:
Identify and color the provinces with drought, dry conditions and dry spell. Use the
legend below as your guide.

LEGENDS

RED drought

ORANGE Dry Spell

YELLOW Dry
condition
NO
COLOR Not
affected
 OVER DIFFERENT PROVINCES

END OF FEBRUARY 2015

PROVINCES LIKELT TO EXPERIENCE DRY CONDITIONS

LUZON

- PANGASINAN, CAGAYAN, BATAAN, BULACAN,

PAMPANGGA, TARLAC, ZAMBALES, AURORA, METRO
MANILA, BATANGAS, CAVITE, LAGUNA, QUEZON,
MARINDUQUE, OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, ORIENTAL
MINDORO, ROMBLON, CAMARINES NORTE,
MASBATE, SORSOGON

VISAYAS

- BOHOL, LEYTE, SOUTHERN, LEYTE

MINDANAO

- CAMIGUIN, MISAMIS ORIENTAL, DAVAO DEL NORTE,

AGUSAN DEL NORTE, AGUSAN DEL SUR

PROVINCES LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DRY SPELL

LUZON – CATANUDUANES

VISAYAS – NONE

MINDANAO

LANAO DEL NORTE, COMPOSTELLA VALLEY,

DAVAO DEL SUR, DAVAO, ORIENTAL, SURIGAO
DEL NORTE, SURIGAO DEL SUR, LANAO DEL SUR
PROVINCES LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE
LUZON
PALAWAN, ALBAY, CAMARINES SUR

VISAYAS

AKLAN, ANTIQUE, CAPIZ, GUIMARAS, ILOILO,

NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, CEBU, NEGROS ORIENTAL,
SIQUIJOR, BILIRAN, EASTER SAMAR, NORTHERN
SAMAR, SAMAR (WESTERN Samar)

MINDANAO

ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR,

ZAMBOANGA SINUGAY, BUKIDNON, MISAMIS
OCCIDENTAL, SOUTH COTABATO, NORTH
COTABATO, SARANGANI, SULTAN KUDARAT,
BASILAN, MAGUINDANAO, SULU, TAWI TAWI
2. FIRE HAZARD

Fire Triangle
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires three element to be present for the reaction to
take place and continue.

The three elements are:

✓ Heat, or an ignition source
✓ Fuel, and
✓ Oxygen

THE TETRAHEDRON OF FIRE

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fire_triangle

- These three elements typically are referred to as the ‘fire triangle”. Fire is the result of
the reaction between the fuel and oxygen in the air. Scientists developed the concept of
a fire triangle to aid in understanding of the cause of fires and how they can be
prevented and extinguished. Heat, fuel and oxygen must combine in a precise way for a
fire to start and continue to burn. Oxygen in the fire triangle comes from the air in the
atmosphere. Of one element of the fire triangle is not present or removed, fire will not
start or, if already burning will extinguish.

Ignition sources can include any material, equipment or operation that emits a spark or
flame- including obvious items such as torches, as well as less obvious items such as
static electricity and grinding operations. Fuel sources include combustible materials,
such as wood, paper, trash and clothing: flammable liquids, such as gasoline or
solvents; and flammable gases, such as propane or natural gas.
WHAT CAUSES FIRE?
1. Accidents and Carelessness- some fires are caused from carelessness.
2. Electrical Wiring, electrical Outlets and Faulty wiring- older homes are particularly
susceptible, as they were built in the 50’s-70’s, having aluminum wiring that gets very
hot and increases the chance of fire.
3. Appliances – lamps, electric fans and charging cell phones can short out. To be safe
appliances should be unplugged when not in use.
4. Unattended Stoves- another cause of residential fires is cooking. It is because of
unattended pots or the burner being left on accidentally.
5. Children playing with matches - children playing with matches is one of the major
sources of home fires. Matches and lighters in the hands of a young children are a
significant factor in fatalities.

STAGES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT

The following are the various fire development stages.
1. Incipient Stage – during this initial phase of fire
development a plume of hot gases and the flame rises
from the fire and mixes with the cooler air within the room
2. Growth stage - the fire can continue to grow through
flames spread or by ignition of other fuel within the
compartment.
3. Flashover – transition to a fully developed fire.
Flashover is the sudden transition from a growth stage
to fully developed fire. When flashover occurs, burning
gases will push out openings in the compartment (such
as a door leading to another room) at a substantial
velocity. An example of Lowering Neutral PlaneNote:
Photos adapted from Natural Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ISO -
Room/Living room flashover.
4. Fully Developed Stage- at this point-flashover stage, energy release is at its greatest.
Hot gases and flames extending from the involved compartment transfer heat to other
fuel packages resulting in fire spread.
5. Decay stage – a compartment fire may enter the decay stage as the available fuel is
consumed or due to limited oxygen.
BASIC RESPONSE PROCEDURES DURING A FREE INCIDENT
In all circumstances, protecting the life and personal safety of staff, clients and visitors during a
fire emergency takes precedence over protecting property. The purpose of this procedure is to
outline what to do in the event of a fire.
✓ Proceed to the designated evacuation area
✓ Immediately leave the building by means of nearest available exits
✓ Notify other persons on your way out
✓ Never go back to the burning building.
✓ REMAIN CALM, THINK AND ACT!

Fire Safety Tips

❖ Identify and report fire hazards and unsafe work practices
❖ Unplug all electrical equipment when not in operation, unless necessary
❖ Maintain proper housekeeping
❖ Familiarize location of fire alarm, fire extinguishers and other firefighting equipment
❖ Enforce “No Smoking” policy.
❖ Avoid overloading of electrical circuits by plugging many appliances
❖ Do not store large volume of combustible liquids without proper clearance/permit and fire
protection,
❖ Ensure complete attendance during fire safety seminar and drills
❖ Regularly conduct emergency drills

A FIRE DRILL is an exercise or practice that teach the people on how to leave the
building safely. The purpose of fire drill is to ensure the efficient and safe of exits and
help prevent panic.
Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher are special pressurized devices that release chemical or water to aid in
putting out a fire. It is use to keep small fires from spreading and assist in fighting fires until the
fire department arrives.

Types of Fire Extinguisher

The extinguisher must be appropriate for the type of fire being fought. Multi-purpose fire
extinguisher, labeled ABC, may be used on three classes of fires. A, B and C. using the wrong
extinguisher can cause harm to a person and make the fire worse.
Classes of Fire

• Class A – fires involving solid materials such as woods, paper, textiles

• Class B – fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel, or oils
• Class C – fires involving gases
• Class D – fires involving metals
• Class E – fires involving live electrical apparatus
• Class F – fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat-fryers

Types of Extinguisher
Water Extinguisher
Water extinguisher are one of the most cost-effective ways to fight class A fires, those fueled by
solid materials such as paper, wood and textiles. All water extinguishers have a red label.
Foam Extinguisher
Foam fire extinguisher are one can he used on Class A and B fires. They are most suited to
extinguishing liquid fires such as petrol or diesel but not on free-flowing liquids fires. They are
more versatile than water jet extinguishers because they can also be used on solids such as
wood and paper. Foam extinguisher have a cream label.
Powder Extinguisher
Powder Extinguisher are a good multi-purpose extinguisher because they can be used on Class
A, B and C fires. They can also be used on fires involving electrical equipment however, they do
not cool the fire so it can re-ignite. Powder extinguisher can also create a loss of visibility and
may create breathing problems. Powder extinguisher have blue label.
Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher (co2)
Co2 extinguisher are ideal for places with a lot of electrical equipment such as offices or server
rooms because they are safe to use on fires involving electrical apparatus. They can be used on
class B fires, those involving flammable liquids such paraffins or petrol. Carbon dioxide
Extinguisher ( CO2) have a black label.
Wet Chemical extinguisher
Wet chemical extinguishers are suitable for use on Class F fires involving cooking oils and fats,
such lard, olive oil, sunflower oil, maize oil, and butter. They are extremely effective, when used
correctly. They can also be used on Class A fires (woods, paper and fabrics) and Class B fires
(flammable liquids). Wet chemical extinguishers have a yellow label.

Fire blankets
Fire blankets are primarily for use on hot oil fires such as frying pans or small deep fat fryers.
They can also be used on someone whose clothing has caught fire. They work by smothering
the fire, stopping access to the oxygen fueling it and extinguishing it. Below is a picture of a fire
extinguisher and its parts.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER ANATOMY

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

To remember how to use a fire extinguisher remember the acronym PASS, which stands for
PULL, AIM, SQUEEZE and SWEEP.

Pull the pin to discharge the fire extinguisher.

Aim at the base of the fire.

If you aim at the flames, the extinguisher agent will fly right through and
do no good. You have to hit the fuel.
Squeeze the top handle or lever. This depresses a button that releases
the pressured extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

Sweep from the side to side until the fire is completely out. Start using
the extinguisher from a safe distance away, moving forward sweeping
the nozzle from the side to side. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the
area in case it re-ignite.
 ACTIVITY 1

NAME: ________________________________________________________
COURSE/YEAR: ________________________________________________________

Directions: Answer the following question:

1. What should you do to prevent fire in your home?

2. Incase of fire, what should you do if you are inside a theater?

 ACTIVITY 1

NAME: ______________________________________________________________
COURSE/YEAR: ___________________________________________________________

Directions: Take a picture of your school surroundings and identify the potential fire hazards
areas. Prepare an Action Plan (solution) based on your observation.

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References/ sources:

Abdullah, J. (2002) , “Fire in Tall Buildings: Occupant’s Safety and Owner’s Liability”, Kuala
Lumpur: International Law Book Services
Ayuba P, Olagunju, RE, and Akande O.K (2012), Failure and Collapse of Building in Nigeria:
The Role of Professionals and other Participants in the Building Industry.
Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol 4, No.6
Benjamin, J.L, (1986), “Human Behavior and Fire”, Fire protection Handbook, 16th Ed. Quincy,
MA: NFPA
Cote, A.E., (1986), “Assessing the Magnitude of the Fire Problem”, Fire Protection Handbook,
16th Ed., Quincy, MA: NFPA

www.openhazards.com/faq/hhurricanes-tropical-cyclones...typhoons/what-typhoon

http://www.kkr.gov.my ( 20 December 2009) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_in_Malaysia (20

December 2009)

http://www.kjc.gov.my/people/ccm/webpage/resource/csum.htm (1 January 2010)

http://thestar.com.my/news/story/asp?file=/2008/9/3/central/1929494&sec=central (19
December 2009)