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Em TN His Part 3 Final
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WHERE TO STUDY?
SYLLABUS : UNIT- VIII : History, Culture, Heritage and Socio -
Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Role of Tamil Nadu in freedom struggle - Early agitations against British Rule
- Role of women in freedom struggle. Evolution of 19th and 20th Century
Socio-Political movements in Tamil Nadu - Justice Party, Growth of
Rationalism - Self Respect Movement, Dravidian movement and Principles
underlying both these movements, Contributions of Thanthai
Periyar and Perarignar Anna.
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NEW BOOK
LESSON 9
PALAYAKKARAR REBELLION
Learning Objectives
Students will come to know
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Puli Thevar
Among the Palayakkarars, there were two blocs, namely the
Western and the Eastern blocs. The Western bloc had Marava
Palayakkarars and the Eastern bloc had Telugu Palayakkarars. Puli
Thevar of Nerkkattumseval headed the former and Kattabomman of
Panchalamkuruchi led the latter. These two Palayakkarars refused
to pay the kist (tribute) to the Nawab and rebelled.
Many of the neighbouring Palayakkarars put up certain pretexts
and did not pay the tribute. Mahfuz Khan, with the assistance of the
British army under Col. Heron undertook an expedition to suppress
the revolt in March 1755. Puli Thevar and the Marava Palayakkarars
of the Western bloc stood firm against the British. Col. Heron decided
to deal with the Maravas firmly.
Col. Heron tried to change the mind of Puli Thevar by diplomatic
moves and by show of force. But he failed in his attempts. Puli Thevar
proceeded to consolidate his position by organising the Marava
Palayakkarars of the West into a strong confederacy. He also attemp-
ted to get the support of Haider Ali of Mysore and the French against
the British. The British approached Ramnad, Pudukottai and the Dutch
for help. Haider Ali couldn’t help Puli Thevar due to a Mysore-
Maratha struggle. Yusuf Khan (Khan Sahib) was entrusted by the
British with the duty of tackling Puli Thevar and his allies.
Puli Thevar attacked Madurai and captured it from Mahfuz
Khan. Puli Thevar’s military success had no parallel. The native ruler
triumphed against the British. It is a clear demonstration of the Marava
might and the heroism of the patriots. But Yusuf Khan recaptured
Madurai. With the help of the Palayakkarars of the Eastern bloc and
the king of Travancore, Yusuf Khan had many victories. After fierce
battles, Nerkkattumseval was attacked in 1759. In 1767, this city
was captured by Col. Campbell. Puli Thevar escaped and died in
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Learning Outcome
After studying this lesson the student is able to explain
1. The functioning of Palayakkarar system in Tamil
Nadu.
2. Their relations with the British as tributaries.
3. The rise and fall of Puli Thevar against the British
dominance.
4. Vira Pandya Kattabomman and the valiant struggle
against the British arrogance.
5. The Rebellion led by Marudu Brothers and their
failure against the mighty British.
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MODEL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Nerkattumseval was captured by
(a) Col. Heron (b) Col. Campbell
(c) Colin Jackson (d) Puli Thevar
2. Collector Jackson sent an order to Kattabomman to
meet him at
(a) Madurai (b) Panchalamkurichi
(c) Ramanathapuram (d) Srivilliputtur
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. Virpandiya Kattabomman was the son of …..
2. Kattabomman was hanged to death at ….
3. The expedition to Panchalamkurichi was commanded by ……
III. Match the following.
1. Marudu Pandiyan a. Nerkattumseval
2. Gopal Nayak b. Mysore
3. Kerala Varma c. Malabar
4. Krishnappa Nayak d. Dindigal
5. Puli Thevar e. Sivaganga
IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is
right.
a) The Palayakkarars constitute a powerful force in the political
system of North India.
b) Yusuf Khan was also known as Khan Sahib.
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LESSON 10
VELLORE MUTINY
Learning Objectives
Students will understand
Vellore Fort
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and their religious and social traditions. There was also a popular
belief that this was the beginning of a process by which all of them
would be converted to Christianity.
The English treated the Indian sepoys as their inferior. There
was the racial prejudice. This was the psychological base for the
sepoy mutinies in India during the Company’s rule.
The sepoys once served the local chieftains (either Hindu or
Muslim). The chieftains were their own kinsmen but now they served
under the foreigners. They can never forget their original loyalties.
The Vellore uprising was preceded by a series of protests by
the Indian troops. In May 1806, the 4th Regiment rose in revolt against
the new turban. The Commander-in-Chief took severe action the
sepoys who were found guilty were punished with 500 to 900 lashes.
Before the mutiny secret associations were formed and meetings
held in which Tipu’s family took part.
On June 17th 1806 a sepoy of the 1st Regiment named
Mustapha Beg, secretly informed his commanding officer, Colonel
Forbes, that a plot had been planned for the extermination of the
European officers and troops. But this was not taken seriously .
On the eve of the Mutiny at Vellore Fettah Hyder, the first
son of Tipu, tried to form an alliance against the English and sought
the help of the Marathas and the French.
Fettah Hyder received secret information through one
Mohommed Malick.Besides, princes Fettah Hyder and Moiz-ud-Deen
in particular were active in planning the execution of the Mutiny.
Thus, there was the desire to revive the old Muslim rule in this
region. The sepoys were aware of the tragic end of Puli Thevar, Khan
Sahib, Kattabomman, Marudu Brothers, Tipu Sultan and others. Hence
there were ill-feelings about the British in the minds of the sepoys.
All these led to the rebellion.
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Learning Outcome
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MODEL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which among the following was one of the causes for the
Vellore Mutiny?
(a) Doctrine of lapse
(b) Collection of Tributes
(c) Introduction of new army regulations
(d) Economic exploitation of the British rule.
II. Fill in the blanks.
1 The Commander-in-Chief of the Vellore Fort was ————
——-
2. ———— who was outside the fort dashed to Ranipet to seek
help
III. Match the following
1. Fettah Hyder a. Governor of Madras
2. Colonel Fancourt b. suppressed the mutiny
3. William Bentinck c. Tipu’s son
4. Col. Gillespie b. killed in the mutiny
IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is
right.
a) New army regulations were mainly responsible for the Vellore
Mutiny.
b) Tipu’s family were not kept in the Vellore fort.
c) French help was not sought by Tipu’s son.
d) After the mutiny Tipu’s sons were sent to Penang.
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LESSON 13
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
Learning Objectives
Students will come to know
1. The Brahmo Samaj and its services.
2. The reforms of Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission and similar
organizations.
3. The services rendered by social reformers like Raja
Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and
Vivekananda.
4. Reform Movements among the Muslims in India.
5. Sikh and Parsi reform movements.
6. Socio-religious reforms in Tamil Nadu led by Saint
Ramalinga and Vaikunda swamigal.
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Samaj patriots, including Lala Lajpat Rai, took part in the Indian
freedom struggle.
Prarthana Samaj
The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867
in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. It was
an off-shoot of Brahmo Samaj. It was a reform
movement within Hinduism and concentrated on
social reforms like inter-dining, inter-marriage,
widow remarriage and uplift of women and
depressed classes. Justice M.G. Ranade and
R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870 and infused M.G. RANADE
new strength to it. Justice Ranade promoted the
Deccan Education Society.
Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Mission
The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath
Dutta (1863-1902) and he became the most
famous disciple of Shri Ramkrishna
Paramahamsa. He was born in a prosperous
Bengali family of Calcutta and educated in
Scottish Church College. In 1886 Narendranath
took the vow of Sanyasa and was given the name,
Vivekananda. He preached Vedantic Philosophy.
He condemned the caste system and the current
Hindu emphasis on rituals and ceremonies. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
Swami Vivekananda participated at the
Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA) in September 1893
and raised the prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
Vivekananda preached the message of strength and self-
reliance. He asked the people to improve the lives of the poor and
depressed classes. He believed that service to mankind is service to
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Belur
Rajkot (Ramakrishna Mission)
(Arya Samaj) Calcutta
(Brahma Samaj), Young Bengal Movement)
I N D I A
Bombay
(Prarthana Samaji,
Satyashodhak Samaj) Pune
(Sarvajanik Sabha)
Rajahmundry Association
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Lakshadweep
Madras
(INDIA)
(Theosophical Society,
(INDIAN)
Veda Samaj)
Sivagiri Varkaka
(Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalan Yogam)
INDIAN OCEAN
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Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Vivekananda
Prarthana Samaj
Dr. Atmaram
Pandurang
Thesophical Society
Madam H.P. Blavatsky
Col. H.S.Olcott
Arya Samaj
Swami Dayanand
Saraswathi
Brahmo Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Tirunelveli. After his death, the religion was spread on the basis of
his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul
Nool. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built
across the country.
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Learning Outcome
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MODEL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. The Brahmo Samaj was established in the year
(a) 1827 (b) 1828
(c) 1829 (d) 1838
2. Who among the following started the Aligarh Movement?
(a) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (b) Salimullah Khan
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (d) Muhammad al Hasan
3. Satya Gnana Sabai was started at
(a) Madurai (b) Rameswaram
(c) Vadalur (d) Chidambaram
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. …… was the Bengali Weekly started by Raj Rammohan Roy.
2. Swami Dayanadha Saraswathi was the author of ……..
3. The Satya Shodak Samaj was founded by ……
III. Match the following.
1. Atmiya Sabha a. Olcott
2. Young Bengal Movement b. Raja Rammohan Roy
3. Prarthana Samaj c. Baba Dayal
4. Nirankari Movement d. Henry Vivian Derozio
5. Thesopical Society e. Atmaram Pandurang
IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is
right.
a) In 1815 Dayanand Saraswathi established the Atmiya Sabha.
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LESSON 17
ROLE OF TAMIL NADU IN THE INDIAN
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Learning Objectives
After studying this lesson students will come to understand
2. Swadeshi Movement.
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Learning Outcome
2. Those leaders who led the masses from Tamil Nadu in the
Swadeshi Movement.
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MODEL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.
1 Who among the following moved the first resolution in the first
session of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Srinivasa Pillai (b) Lakshminarasu Chetty
(c) Rangaiya Naidu (d) G. Subramanya Iyer
2. The Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha was led by
(a) Gandhi (b) Rajaji
(c) V.O.C (d) Kamaraj
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. The Madras Native Association was started in ……
2. The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company was launched by
……
III. Match the following.
1. Subramaniya Bharathi a. Swadesamithran
2. Mrs. Annie Besant b. Madras Mahajana Sabha
3. G. Subramanya Iyer c. India
4. P. Anandacharlu d. New India
IV. Find out the correct statement one statement alone is
correct.
a. Madras Native Association was started by G. Subramania Iyer.
b. The Third Session of the Indian National Congress was held in
Madras.
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Lesson 18
THE JUSTICE PARTY RULE
Learning Objectives
Students will come to understand
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Party captured sixty three out of ninety eight elected seats in the
Madras Legislative Council. As Pitti Theagaraya Chetti declined to
lead the ministry, A. Subbarayalu Reddiar formed the ministry. In
the election of 1923 it fought against the Swarajya Party. The Justice
Party again won the majority and the ministry was formed by Raja
of Panagal. In the election of 1926 a divided Justice Party faced the
opposition of a united Congress. Therefore, an independent,
A. Subbarayan with the help of the Swarajya Party formed the
ministry. In 1930 when the next election was held the Justice Party
won the majority and formed a ministry with B. Muniswami Naidu
as the leader. In 1932 Raja of Bobbili replaced him as Prime Minister
of the Presidency. In 1934 Raja of Bobbili formed his second ministry,
which continued in power until the election of 1937.
Achievements of the Justice Party
The Justice Party remained in power for a period of thirteen
years. Its administration was noted for social justice and social reform.
Justice rule gave adequate representation to non-Brahman
communities in the public services. It improved the status of depressed
classes through education reforms. Justice Party introduced following
reforms in the field of Education :
1. Free and compulsory education was introduced for the first
time in Madras.
2. Nearly 3000 fisher boys and fisher girls were offered free
special instruction by the Department of Fisheries.
3. Midday Meals was given at selected corporation schools in
Madras.
4. The Madras Elementary Education Act was amended in 1934
and in 1935 to improve elementary education.
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Learning Outcome
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MODEL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. The South Indian Liberal Foundation was formed in the year
(a) 1912 (b) 1914
(c) 1916 (d) 1917
2. Which of the following journal was not founded by Periyar
E.V.R?
(a) Kudi Arasu (b) Puratchi
(c) Viduthalai (d) Swarajya
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. The Hindu Religious Act was passed in the year ….
III. Match the following.
1. Communal G.O. a. 1929
2. Staff Selection Board b. 1922
3. Madras State Aid to Industries Act c. 1924
4. Annamalai University d. 1921
IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone is
right.
a) C.V. Damodaram Pillai was the author of The Tamils 1800
Years Ago.
b) Madras Dravidian Association was started in November 1912.
c) In 1917 the South Indian Liberal Federation was formed.
d) Tamil newspaper called Justice supported the Justice Party.
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Unit - 4
People’s Revolt
Learning Objectives
▶ To know the Palayakkarar (Poligar) system in Tamil Nadu
▶T
o understand the role of PuliThevar and Kattabomman in the anti-
British uprising
▶T
o know about the South Indian Rebellion
▶ To know the causes and effects of Vellore Mutiny
▶ To understand the causes and impacts of Revolt of 1857
159
Vellore Madras
Sangagiri
Erode
Chennimalai
Odanilai
Coimbatore
Tiruchirapalli
Dindigul
Virupakshi Nagore
Naam Pudukoai
Tiruppaur
Madurai Kalaiyar kovil
Sivagangai
Tondi
Ramnad
Sivagiri
Nerkaaanseval Kadalkudi
Eayapuram Nagalapuram
Kayaar
Panchalamkurichi
Nanguneri
Not to Scale
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162
The Palayakkarar War assumed a much Thus the South Indian Rebellion is a land
broader character than its predecessor. It was mark in the history of Tamil Nadu. Although the
directed by a confederacy consisting of Marudu 1800-1801 rebellion was to be categorized in the
Pandiar of Sivaganga, Gopala Nayak of Dindugal, British records as the Second Palayakkarar War.
Kerala Varma of Malabar and Krishnappa Under the terms of the Karnataka Treaty on 31
Nayak and Dhoondaji of Mysore. The English July 1801, the British assumed direct control
declared war against the confederacy. over Tamil Nadu. The Palayakkarar system was
abolished.
The Tiruchirappalli Proclamation (1801)
The Marudu Pandyas issued a Dheeran Chinnamalai
proclamation of Independence called Dheeran Chinnamalai was born at
Tiruchirappalli Proclamation in June 1801. Melapalayam in Chennimalai near Erode.
The Proclamation of 1801 was the first call to His original name was Theerthagiri. He was a
the Indians to unite against the British. A copy palayakkarar of Kongu country who fought
of the proclamation was pasted on the walls of the British East India Company. The Kongu
the Nawab’s palace in the fort of Tiruchi and country comprising Salem, Coimbatore, Karur
another copy was placed on the walls of the and Dindigul formed a part of the Nayak
Vaishnava temple at Srirangam. Thus Marudu kingdom of Madurai but had been annexed by
brothers spread the spirit of opposition against the Wodayars of Mysore. After the fall of the
the English everywhere. As a result many Wodayars, these territories along with Mysore
Palayakkarars of Tamil Nadu went on a rally were controlled by the Mysore Sultans. After the
to fight against the English. Chinna Marudu third and fourth Mysore wars the entire Kongu
collected nearly 20,000 men to challenge the region passed into the hands of the English.
English army. British reinforcements were Dheeran Chinnamalai was trained by
rushed from Bengal, Ceylon and Malaya. French military in modern warfare. He was along
The rajas of Pudukkottai, Ettayapuram and the side Tippu Sultan to fight against the British
Thanjavur stood by the British. Divide and rule East India Company and got victories against the
policy followed by the English spilt the forces of British. After Tippu Sultan’s death Chinnamalai
the Palayakkarars. settled down at Odanilai and constructed a fort
163
164
165
Meerut
Delhi
Bareiley
Agra
r
pu
ad
Gwalior Luknow
n
zab
Ka
Jagdispur
Jhansi Banaras
Fai
Kalpi
Barrackpore
Not to Scale
167
GLOSSARY
Beheaded hanged to death துாக்கிலிடு
Betrayed give away information about somebody காட்டிக்கொடு
Cartridge bullet த�ோட்டா
Eventually in the end முடிவாக
Infantry an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot காலாட்படை
Tribute payment made periodically by one state கப்பம்
Swarm crowd கூட்டம்
8. R ani Lakshmi Bai led the revolt at i) The Vellore revolt was held in 1801.
ii) The family members of Tippu were
a) Central India b) Kanpur imprisoned at Vellore fort after the
c) Delhi d) Bareilly fourth Mysore war.
iii) At the time of Vellore revolt, the
II Fill in the Blanks Governor of Madras was Lord William
Bentinck.
1. The Eastern Palayms were ruled under
the control of __________. iv) The victory of revolt of Vellore
against British was one of the significant
2.
Vishwanatha Nayakar instituted the event in the history of India.
Palayakarar system with the consultation
a) i & ii are Correct
of his minister ________.
b) ii & iv are Correct
3. The ancestors of Kattabomman belonged c) ii &iii are correct
to _______.
d) i, ii & iv are correct
4. _______ was known by Tamils as Veera
mangai and Jhansi Rani of south india. a) Find out the wrong pair
5.
__________ was called as ‘lion’ of 1. Marudu Pandiyar - Ettayapuram
sivagangai. 2. Gopala Nayak - Dindigul
6. _________ was described the revolt of 3. Kerala Varma - Malabar
1857 as First War of India Independence. 4. Dhoondaji - Mysore
169
1. What do you know about the Pulithevar? 2. Bipan Chandra - History of Modern India,
Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2018
2. Explain the events that led to conflict
between Dheeran Chinnamalai and the 3. Ishita Banerjee-Dube - A History of
british. Modern India, Cambridge University
Press 2014
3. What were the causes for the Great
revolt of 1857?
4. What were the causes for the failure of INTERNET RESOURCES
the Revolt of 1857?
https://www.britannica.com
VIII HOTs
https://www.ducksters.com/
Prove that there was no common https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_mutiny
purpose among the leaders of the Great
http s : / / e n . w i k ip e d i a . org / w i k i / In d i an _
revolt of 1857.
Rebellion_of_1857
170
Learning Objectives
126
www.tntextbooks.in
took over both by defeating Captain Nixon. reached Porto Novo and won a decisive
Meanwhile, his general Fazalullah Khan victory over Haider. Haider narrowly
marched on Madurai and Tirunelveli. escaped capture. Colonel Braithwaite was
Haider advanced to Thanjavur and from thoroughly defeated near Kumbakonam
there to Cuddalore. Though Haider did not by Haider’s son Tipu and taken prisoner. In
want stop his offensive against the English, order to divert the attention of the Mysore
the threat of Maratha invasion forced him Sultan, an expedition was undertaken by
to negotiate peace with the English. The General Mathews to capture Mangalore.
terms of Treaty of Madras were as follows: Expectedly Tipu abandoned Karnataka
the conquered territories to be restored and moved to West Coast.
to each, excepting Karur which was to be The death of Haider due to cancer in
retained by Haider. Mutual assistance was 1782, the signing of Treaty of Paris (1783) at
to be rendered in wars of defence. This the end of American War of Independence,
meant the English were under obligation and the protracted siege of Mangalore
to help Haider against the Marathas. But enabled the English to be aggressive against
when assistance from English was not Tipu. Karur and Dindigul were captured
forthcoming, Haider turned against the by Colonel Lang, Colonel Fullerton seized
English. Palghat and Coimbatore but this advance
on Srirangapatnam was pre-empted by
Haider and the Second Tipu with his proposal for peace. The Treaty
Mysore War (1780) of Mangalore was signed in March 1784,
according to which both parties agreed
After the American War of Independence, to give up their conquests and release the
France had signed a treaty of friendship prisoners.
with America (1778) and so Britain
declared war against France. In a similar
Third Mysore War (1790-92)
context of Spain reaching an agreement
with America, and thereby being dragged In the meantime Lord Cornwallis had
into the war against England (1779) become governor general. Cornwallis
England remained isolated. In India wanted to deal with Tipu in a revengeful
the coming together of the Nizam and manner. The two great southern powers,
the Marathas, supported by the French the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha
aggravated the situation further. Haider confederacy, supported the British as its
Ali wanted to turn England’s difficulty to allies. The Nizam of Hyderabad supplied
its advantage and marched on Karnataka. resources and even troops for the British.
Colonel Baillie, who was to join The Marathas, who had signed the Treaty
the force led by Hector Munro, was badly of Salbai with the English after the First
wounded in a sudden attack by Haider. Anglo-Maratha war in 1782, also joined
This forced Munro to move Madras. the British. The British position was thus
Haider captured Arcot (1780). Now on greatly strengthened.
request from Madras government Sir Tipu sent an embassy to
Eyre Coote, the victor of the Battle of Constantinople and another in 1787 to
Wandawashi, was sent from Calcutta to Paris. These diplomatic efforts of Tipu
besiege Madras by sea. Having scored a were intended to strengthen him against
victory against Haider, Coote proceeded the English. The French Monarch Louis
to Pondicherry. Haider in the meantime XVI was hospitable, but could give only
overran the kingdom of Thanjavur. Coote vague promises of support to the Sultan.
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British declared the fourth Anglo-Mysore judicial powers and dispensed justice over
war in 1799. General David Baird stormed civil and criminal cases.
Srirangapatnam. Tipu’s offer of peace was
rejected and in the eventual battle Tipu The origin of the Palayakkarar (poligari)
was wounded and soon after shot dead by system dates back to the 1530s. It is
a European Soldier. believed that this system was practiced
The elimination of Tipu and the earlier in Kakatiya kingdom of Warangal.
restoration of the old Wodeyar dynasty The literal meaning of Palayakkarar is the
to the Mysore kingdom marked the real holder of a camp as well as the holder of
beginning of Company rule in south India. an estate on military tenure. Prior to the
The sons of the slain Tipu were interned enforcement of this system Servaikarars
first at Vellore, and later, after the Vellore and Talayaris collected fees for police
Revolt of 1806, shifted to Calcutta. Thus work. After the creation of palayams, the
ended the valiant fight of Mysore Sultans Servaikarars turned Palayakkarars and
against the British subordinated Talayaris to their authority.
Consequently the unity of palyakkarars was killed by the Nawab’s forces, Velu
began to break up as French support was Nachiyar escaped with her daughter and
not forthcoming. Travancore, Seithur, lived under the protection of Haider
Uthumalai and Surandai switched their Ali at Virupachi near Dindigul for eight
loyalty. Yusuf Khan, who was negotiating years. During this period she organized
with the palayakkarars without informing an army and succeeded in securing an
the Company administration, was charged alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Haider
with treachery and hanged in 1764. Ali. In 1780 Rani Velu Nachiyar fought
Puli Thevar, who had taken the British with military assistance from
asylum elsewhere after the forts were Gopala Nayaker and Haider Ali and won
taken over by Yusuf Khan, returned and the battle.
began to organize against the British.
Captain Campbell who was sent this time
by the British, laid siege and captured Velu Nachiyar employed her intelligence
Nerkattumseval in 1767. Nothing is gathering agents to discover where the
definitely known about the last days of British stored their ammunition. One of
Puli Thevar. her followers Kuyili, doused herself in
oil, set herself alight, and walked into the
storehouse. She also employed another
Velu Nachiyar
agent, her adopted daughter Udaiyaal,
to detonate a British arsenal, blowing
herself up along with the barracks. Velu
Nachiyar formed a woman’s army.
Kattabomman’s fort, 500 feet long Marudu Brothers and the South
and 300 feet broad, was constructed Indian Rebellion of 1801
entirely of mud. The Company forces
cut off the communications of the fort.
Kattabomman’s forces fought gallantly
and successive attacks were repulsed.
Colonel Welsh recorded in his memoirs
the gallantry of Kattabomman's soldiers.
The English ordered for the arrival of more
troops. On 16 September reinforcements
arrived from Palayamkottai. As the broken
walls appeared vulnerable, the garrison
evacuated and reached Kadalgudi. In
a clash at Kalarpatti, Kattabomman’s Marudu Brothers
minister Sivasubramonia Pillai was taken
prisoner. The British forces followed By the treaty of 1772 the Arcot Nawab
up their victory with the reduction of had authorized the Company to collect
Nagalapuram and other strongholds the Stalam Kaval and Desakaval. This
of the defiant chiefs to submission. On affected the Kaval chiefs in both the
the appearance of the army the western Palayakkarar and non-palaykkarar
Palayakkarars too surrendered. territories. The aggrieved kavalkarars and
their chiefs had joined the palayakkarars
Vijaya Ragunatha Tondaiman, Raja in their fight against the Nawab and the
of Pudukottai, captured Kattabomman Company. In Sivagangai, Vella Marudu
from the jungles of Kalapore and handed and Chinna Marudu, who had taken over
him over to the enemy. Upon the fall of the administration from Periya Udaya
the Palayakkarar into the hands of the Tevar, who died in battle against the
enemy, his followers fled to Sivaganga Nawab’s forces, expelled the forces of the
and from there to the hills of Dindigul for Nawab and proclaimed Vellachi, daughter
taking service with Marudu Pandiyan and of Periya Udaya Tevar and Velu Nachiyar,
Gopala Nayak. as the queen of Sivagangai. The Marudus
assumed the charge of the ministers. The
Bannerman brought the prisoners
temple of Kalayarkoil in the heart of the
to an assembly of the Palayakkarars and
then Sivagangai forest became the rallying
after a mockery of trial sentenced them
point of the rebels. When Umathurai
to death. On 16 October Veera Pandiya
reached Kamudhi after the execution of
Kattabomman was tried before an assembly
his brother Veera Pandiya Kattabomman,
of Palayakkarars at Kayatar. Unmindful of
Chinna Marudu took him to Siruvayal, his
impending death Kattabomman admitted all
capital.
the charges levelled against him. He declared
that he did send his armed men against Now, Nawab Mohammad Ali
Sivagiri and that he did fight the British released Muthuramalinga Thevar from
troops in the battle at Panchalamkurichi. On jail and enthroned him as the Setupati
17 October Kattabomman was hanged to of Ramanathapuram. But the rebels
death at a conspicuous spot near the old fort proclaimed Muthu Karuppa Thevar as
of Kayatar. Kattabomman’s heroic exploits their ruler. They occupied the southern
were the subject of many folk ballads which and northern regions of the kingdom. The
kept his memory alive among the people. soldiers made their entry into Madurai
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too. In July Umathurai led his followers the able commanders of the British army
to Palayanad in Madurai and captured won the day. Following Umathurai’s arrest
it. In 1801 both the Sivagangai and Marudu brothers were captured from
Ramanathapuram forces joined together the Singampunary hills, and Shevathiah
under the command of Shevatha Thambi, from Batlagundu and Doraiswamy, the
the son of Chinna Marudu, and marched son of Vellai Marudu from a village
along the coast towards Thanjavur. near Madurai. Chinna Marudu and his
Thereupon the distressed peasants in brother Vellai Marudu were executed at
Thanjavur also joined the force of Shevatha the fort of Tiruppatthur on 24 October
Thambi. Captain William Blackburne, the 1801. Umathurai and Shevathiah, with
resident of Thanjaur collected a force and several of their followers, were taken to
defeated Shevatha Thambi near Mangudi. Panchalamkurichi and beheaded on 16
Serfoji, the raja of Thanjavur stood firmly November 1801. Seventy three rebels were
by the British. Yet the fighters could elude banished to Penang in Malaya in April
the pursuit of the British troops by rapid 1802.
movements, while laying the entire region
waste.
Theeran Chinnamalai
trained by the French and Tipu. In his bid English. Thus the Vellore Fort became
to launch an attack on the Company’s fort the meeting ground of the rebel forces of
in Coimbatore (1800), Chinnamalai tried south India. The sepoys and the migrants
taking the help of the Marudu brothers to Vellore held frequent deliberations,
from Sivagangai. He also forged alliances attended by the representatives of the
with Gopal Nayak of Virupatchi; Appachi sons of Tipu.
Gounder of Paramathi Velur; Joni Jon
Kahan of Attur Salem; Kumaral Vellai of Immediate Cause
Perundurai and Varanavasi of Erode in
In the meantime, the English enforced
fighting the Company.
certain innovations in the administration
Chinnamalai’s plans did not of the sepoy establishments. They
succeed as the Company stopped the prohibited all markings on the forehead
reinforcements from the Marudu brothers. which were intended to denote caste
Also, Chinnamalai changed his plan and and religious, and directed the sepoys
attacked the fort a day earlier. This led to to cut their moustaches to a set pattern.
the Company army executing 49 people. Added to these, Adjutant General Agnew
However, Chinnamalai escaped. Between designed and introduced under his direct
1800 and July 31, 1805 when he was supervision a new model turban for the
hanged, Chinnamalai continued to fight sepoys.
against the Company. Three of his battles
The most obnoxious innovation
are important: the 1801 battle on Cauvery
in the new turban, from the Indian point
banks, the 1802 battle in Odanilai and the
of view, was the leather cockade. The
1804 battle in Arachalur. The last and the
cockade was made of animal skin. Pig
final one was in 1805. During the final
skin was anathema to Muslims, while
battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his
upper caste Hindus shunned anything to
cook Chinnamalai and was hanged in
do with the cow’s hide. To make matters
Sivagiri fort.
worse the front part of the uniform had
been converted into a cross.
Vellore Revolt (1806) The order regarding whiskers,
Vellore Revolt 1806 was the culmination caste marks and earrings, which infringed
of the attempts of the descendents of the the religious customs of both Hindu and
dethroned kings and chieftains in south Muslim soldiers, was justified on the
India to throw of the yoke of the British grounds that, although they had not been
rule. After the suppression of revolt of prohibited previously by any formal order,
Marudu brothers, they made Vellore the it had never been the practice in any well-
centre of their activity. The organizers of regulated corps for the men to appear with
an Anti-British Confederacy continued them on parade.
their secret moves, as a result of which The first incident occurred in
no fewer than 3,000 loyalists of Mysore May 1806. The men in the 2nd battalion
sultans had settled either in the town of of the 4th regiment at Vellore refused to
Vellore or in its vicinity. The garrison of wear the new turban. When the matter
Vellore itself consisted of many aggrieved was reported to the Governor by Col.
persons, who had been reduced to dire Fancourt, commandant of the garrison,
straits as a sequel to loss of positions or he ordered a band of the 19th Dragoons
whose properties had been confiscated (Cavalry) to escort the rebels, against
or whose relatives were slain by the whom charges had been framed, to the
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who was on duty outside the Fort, on the 19th dragoons under the direction of
hearing of the revolt tried to enter the Lieutenant Blakiston. The troops entered
Fort. As he was unable to make it, he sent the place, headed by a squadron of the
off an officer, Captain Stevenson of 23rd, cavalry under Captain Skelton.
to Arcot with a letter addressed to Colonel The Gillespie’s men were met by
Gillespie, who commanded the cavalry a severe crossfire. In the ensuing battle,
cantonment there. The letter reached Colonel Gillespie himself suffered bruises.
Arcot, some 25 km away, at 6 a.m. Colonel The sepoys retreated. Hundreds escaped
Gillespie set out immediately, taking over the walls of the Fort, or threw down
with him a squadron of the 19th dragoons their arms and pleaded for mercy. Then
under Captain Young, supported by a the cavalry regiment assembled on the
strong troop of the 7th cavalry under parade ground and resolved to pursue the
Lieutenant Woodhouse. He instructed fleeing soldiers, who were exiting towards
Colonel Kennedy to follow him with the the narrow passage of escape afforded by
rest of the cavalry, leaving a detachment the sally port. A troop of dragoons and
to protect the cantonment and to keep up some native horsemen were sent round
the communication. to intercept the fleeing soldiers. All the
When Colonel Gillespie arrived at buildings in the Fort were searched,
the Vellore Fort at 9 a.m., he thought it and mutineers found in them pitilessly
prudent to await the arrival of the guns, slaughtered. Gillespie’s men wanted to
since there was continuous firing. Soon enter the building and take revenge on the
the cavalry under Kennedy came from princes, the instigators of the plot; but Lt.
Arcot. It was about 10 o’Clock. The gate Colonel Marriott resisted the attempt of
was blown open with the galloper guns of the dragoons to kill Tipu’s sons.
According to J. Blakistan, an eyewitness to Gillespie's atrocity, more than 800 bodies were
carried out of the fort. In W.J. Wilson's estimate 378 were jailed for involvement in the revolt;
516 were considered implicated but not imprisoned. Based on depositions before the Court of
Enquiry, the Court Martial awarded death punishment and banishment to select individuals,
which were carried out by the commanding officer of Vellore on 23 September 1806.
(Source: W.J. Wilson, History of the Madras Army, vol. III, 1888-89).
the later stage of the revolt, the peasants Mirsa’s arrest and put up a reward for his
also joined. Several thousand peasants capture. Birsa became a martyr in Ranchi
raided on Charles Maseyk’s indigo jail (9 June 1900). His name continues to
factory and pillaged. This invited brutal inspire the tribals of the region.
counter-insurgency measures; the army
was mobilized and Santhal villages were
burnt one after another with vengeance. 18.5 Great Rebellion 1857
According to one calculation, out of
thirty to fifty thousand rebels, fifteen to Introduction
twenty thousand were killed before the 1857 has been a subject of much debate
insurrection was finally suppressed. among historians, both British and Indian.
British imperialist historians dismissed it a
Munda Rebellion mutiny, an outbreak among soldiers. Indian
historians who explored the role of the
people in converting a military outbreak into
a rebellion raised two questions to which the
imperial historians have had no answer. If it
was only a military outbreak how to explain
the revolt of the people even before the
sepoys at those stations mutinied? Why was it
necessary to punish the people with fine and
hanging for complicity in acts of rebellion?
Col. Mallesan, the Adjutant General of the
Bengal army in a pamphlet titled The Making
Munda Rebellion of the Bengal Army remarked, ‘a military
mutiny...speedily changed its character and
The rebellion (ulgulan) of the Munda became a national insurrection’.
tribesmen led by Birsa Munda, occurred The historian Keene attributed
during 1899-1900. Mundas were a the outbreak due to operation of variety
prominent tribe in the Bihar region. of factors: to the grievances of princes,
During the British rule their system of soldiers and the people, produced largely
common land holdings was destroyed. by the annexation and reforming zeal of
Jagirdars, thikadars (revenue farmers) and Dalhousie. The greased cartridge affair
moneylenders grabbed the land owned by merely ignited the combustible matter
them. Birsa, born in a poor share-cropper which had already accumulated. Edward
household in 1874, declared himself a John Thompson described the event
divine messenger to drive away the British ‘as largely a real war of independence’.
and establish Munda rule in the region. V.D. Savarkar, in his The War of Indian
Under his influence the Mundas strongly Independence, published in 1909, argued
opposed non-tribals occupying tribal that what the British had till then described
lands. He urged the Munda cultivators not as merely mutiny was, in fact, a war of
to pay rent to the zamindars. independence, much like the American
Birsa Munda led a revolt in the War of Independence. Despite the fact
Chotta Nagpur region. The indiscriminate that the English-educated middle class
slaughter of Munda women at Sail Rakab played no role in the rebellion, nationalist
did not deter the followers of Birsa. The historians championed this argument as
British authorities issued a warrant for the First War of Indian Independence.
142 Early Resistance to British Rule
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Causes of the Rebellion the first half of nineteenth century and in the
absence of any remission or relief from the
colonial state, small and marginal farmers
as well as cultivating tenants were subject to
untold misery.
In every sense, therefore, 1857 was Henry Havelock, who was sent to deal
a climatic year. The cartridge affair turned with the situation, defeated Nana Sahib
out to be a trigger factor for the rebellion. the day after the massacre. Neill, who was
The dispossessed, discontented rajas, left there, took terrible vengeance and
ranis, zamindars and tenants, artisans and those whom he regarded as guilty were
workers, the Muslim intelligentsia, priests, executed. Towards the close of November
and the Hindu pandits saw the eruption as Tantia Topi seized Kanpur but it was soon
an opportunity to redress their grievances. recovered by Campbell.
The educational and public works Hopes of a revival of the past diminished
programmes (roads, railways, and the traditional structure of Indian
telegraphs, and irrigation) were society began to break down. A
stimulated by the realization of their Westernized English-educated middle
value for the movement of troops in class soon emerged with a heightened
times of emergency. sense of nationalism.
SUMMARY
The resistance of Haider and Tipu against the Company government, leading to
four Anglo-Mysore Wars is dealt with.
The rebellions of Puli Thevar, Veera Pandiya Kattabomman, Velu Nachiyar,
Marudu Brothers, all southern palayakkarars, and Theeran Chinnamalai in the
Kongu region are explained
The last ditch battle of southern palayakkarars in association with the dethroned
kings and rulers in south India under the aegis of Tipu’s surviving sons interned in
Vellore fort is highlighted.
The 1857 rebellion of kings of displaced Jagirdars and Zamindars, and peasants
that shook the foundation of the British empire are discussed in detail.
The transfer of India to the British crown with the Queen’s proclamation of 1858
and its salient features are examined.
EXERCISE
I Choose the correct answer:-
1.
_________ became the de facto ruler of Mysore against the Wodeyar kings after
successfully handling the Marathas.
(a) Haider Ali (b) Nanjaraja (c) Nagama Nayak (d) Tipu Sultan
2.
Tipu Sultan’s capture of _______ led to the third Anglo-Mysore War.
(a) Calicut (b) Coorg (c) Cranganore (d) Dindigul
3.
The Palayakkarar system was originally practised in _____ Kingdom.
(a) Vijayanagar (b) Bahmani (c) Kakatiya (d) Hoysala
4.
______ brought Puli Thevar’s three major forts, Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur amd
Panayur under his control.
(a) Mafus Khan (b) Yusuf Khan (c) Colonel Heron (d) Nabikhan Kattak
5.
Velu Nachiyar was the daughter of Raja of _____.
(a) Sivagangai (b) Pudhukkotai (c) Ramanathapuram (d) Palavanatham
6.
_______ was the collector who was dismissed from service for mishandling the affairs of
Veera Pandiya Kattabomman.
(a) W.C. Jackson (b) A. Bannerman (c) S.R. Lushington (d) P.A. Agnew
146 Early Resistance to British Rule
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7.
The immediate cause for the Vellore Revolt was the introduction of ______.
(a) Enfield Rifle (b) Dress code (c) New turban (d) Greased Cartridges
8.
________ inspired Kol uprising of Santhals.
(a) Bhindrai Manki (b) Sido (c) Buddha Bagat (d) Kanoo
9.
_____ was the Governor-General of India when the great Rebellian of 1857 broke out.
(a) Dalhonsie (b) Canning (c) Minto (d) James Andrew Ramsay
10.
_________ defeated Nana Sahib’s forus during the 1857 Rebelliion.
(a) Henry Lawrence (b) Major General Havelock
(c) Sir Hugh Wheeler (d) General Neill
B. Assertion (A): The fort of Sivagiri was eminently suited both for offensive and defensive
operations.
Reason (R): It is at the foot of Western Ghats with formidable barriers around it.
(a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are wrong.
(c) A is correct; R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) A is wrong; R is correct.
IV A answer briefly
1. Write a note on the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) imposed on
Tipu Sultan.
2.
What do you know of “Pagoda”?
3.
What is the revolt of Theeran Chinnamalai of Kongu region?
4.
Explain Sail Rakab.
5.
Kanpur Massacre.
VI Answer in detail
1. Explain the organization of Palayakkarar system in South Tamilnadu.
2.
Describe the causes and the course of the Vellore Revolt of 1806.
3.
Discuss the causes and results of Great Rebellion of 1857.
VII Avtivities
1.
Attempt life sketch of Yusuf Khan.
2.
Highlight the role played by Nana Fadnavis in the Great Rebellion of 1857.
VIII Assignments
1. Enact a drama on Veera Pandiya Kattabomman.
2.
Visit the Vellore Fort and collect information on its structure.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
1. Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin Books,
1989.
2. S. Kadhirvel, History of Maravas, Madurai, 1977
3. Manikumar, K.A., Vellore Revolt, 1806, Allied Publishers, 2007
4. Gopalakrishnan,S., Dr., ed., The South Indian Rebellions – Before and After 1800, Chennai:
Palaniappa Brothers, 2007.
5. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, From Plassey to Partition and After – A History of Modern
India, Orient BlackSwan, 2004.
6. Framod K. Nayar, The Great Uprising – India 1857, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2007.
SUMMARY
A brief account of Raja Rammohan Roy’s initiatives for social and cultural reforms has been
provided.
The foundation of Brahmo Samaj by Ram mohan Roy and the role played by Maharishi
Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen in carrying forward the Brahmo Samaj activities
after Roy’s death are discussed.
The contribution of M.G. Ranade and Prarthana Samaj with which he was associated are examined.
The attempts made by Arya Samaj under the aegis of Swami Dayanad Saraswati to reform Hinduism
as well as to win converts to the Hindu fold are highlighted.
The radical reformer Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and his strivings for women’s cause are described.
GLOSSARY
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