Ontents: Mathematics

C h apter
ontents
MATHEMATICS
CLASS-XII
TERM-I
Syllabus I & II
1. Relations and Functions 01
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 22
3. Matrices 38
4. Determinants 61
5. Continuity and Differentiability 81
6. Application of Derivatives 113
7. Linear Programming 145
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Maths I
SYLLABUS
CLASS-XII
MATHEMATICS (2021-22)
TERM – I
One Paper
90 minutes Max Marks: 40
No. Units Marks
I. Relations and Functions 08
II. Algebra 10
III. Calculus 17
V. Linear Programming 05
Total 40
Internal Assessment 10
Total 50
Unit-I : Relations and Functions
1. Relations and Functions
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto
functions.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition, range, domain, principal value branch.
Unit-II : Algebra
1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix,
symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and
multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
commutativity of multiplication of matrices, Invertible matrices; (Here all matrices will have real
entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Solving system of
linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit-III: Calculus
1. Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivative of inverse
trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic
functions.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of
functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
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II CBSE
2. Applications of Derivatives
Applications of derivatives: increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, maxima and minima
(first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple
problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).
Unit-V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of
linear programming (L.P.) problems. Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
feasible and infeasible regions (bounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions
(up to three non-trivial constraints).
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 10 MARKS

Periodic Test 5 Marks
Mathematics Activities: Activity file record +Term end assessment of one activity & Viva 5 Marks
Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred
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Maths 1
RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

1. Cartesian product of two sets :
Given two non-empty sets A and B. The cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered pairs of
the form (a, b) where the first entry comes from set A & second comes from set B.
A × B = {(a, b) | a A, b B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {p, q}
A × B = {(1, p),(1, q), (2, p), (2, q), (3, p), (3, q)}
Note :
(i) If either A or B is a null set, then A × B will also be empty set, i.e. A × B =
(ii) If n(A) = p,n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq, where n(X) denotes the number of elements in set X.
2. Relations :
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B.
Thus, R is a relation from A to B R A × B.
Note :
(i) If A R B & (a, b) R then b is the image of a under R and a is the pre-image of b under R.
(ii) If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then the number of relations defined from set A to B are 2mn.
3. Domain and Range of a relation :
Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all first components or coordinates of
the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the domain of R, while the set of all second
components or coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
Thus, Domain (R) = {a : (a, b) R}
and, Range (R) = {b : (a, b) R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its
range is a subset of B.
Illustration 1:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {x, y, z}. Consider the subset R = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, z), (3, x)} of A × B. Is
R, a relation from A to B? If yes, find domain and range of R. Draw arrow diagram of R.
Solution:
Since every subset of A × B is a relation from A to B, therefore, R is also a relation from A to B.
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3} 1 x
Range of R = {x, y, z} 2 y
3 z
Illustration 2: 4
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {a, b, c}, then find the domain and range of the relation
R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, a)} from A to B.
A B
Solution: 1 a
node06\B0BA-BB\Kota\Board Material\Mathematics\Booklet\CBSE\XII\Term-1
Domain = {1, 2, 3} 2 b
3 c
Range = {a, b} 4
4. Types of Relations :
Reflexive Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is
related to itself.
Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element a A such that (a , a) R.
Symmetric Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff (a, b) R
(b, a) R for all a, b A
i.e. a R b b R a for all a, b A.
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2 Relations and Functions
Transitive Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on set A is said to be a transitive relation
iff (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c A
i.e. a R b and b R c a R c for all a, b, c A
5. Equivalence Relation :
A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a) R for all a A
(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b) R (b, a) R for all a, b A
(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c A.
Illustration 3:
If A = {1, 2, 3}, then determine the reflexive, symmetric and transitive relations on A.
(a) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} (b) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2)}
(c) R3 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)} (d) R4 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Solution:
(a) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is a relation on A, which is not reflexive as (1, 1) R. Also R is not
transitive as (1, 2) R and (2, 1) R but (1, 1) R. However, R is symmetric on A as a R
b b R a.
(b) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2)} is a relation on A which is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric as (1, 2) R but (2, 1) R.
(c) R3 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)} is a relation on A which is symmetric and transitive but
not reflexive as (3, 3) R.
(d) R4 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)} is an equivalence relation on A.
Illustration 4:
Let L be the set of all lines in XY-plane and R be the relation in L defined as
R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines
related to the line y = 2x + 4.
Solution:
Since every line L is parallel to itself, therefore ( , ) R L
R is reflexive.
Also (L1, L2) R L1 || L2
L2 || L1
(L2, L1) R.
R is symmetric.
Next, let (L1, L2) R and also (L2, L3) R.

L1 || L2 and L2 || L3
L1 || L3 and (L1, L3) R
R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Required set
= { : is a line related to the line y = 2x + 4}
= { : is a line parallel to y = 2x + 4}
= { : is a line whose equation is y = 2x + k, k being any real number}.
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Maths 3
Illustration 5:
Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a b}, is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric.
Solution:
As a a a R, therefore, (a, a) R for all a R.
R is reflexive.
Also (a, b) R and (b, c) R
a b and b c a c (a, c) R
R is transitive.
However, R is not symmetric as (a, b) R (b, a) R ; for example (3, 4) R but (4, 3) R.
3 4 but 4 > 3)
Illustration 6:
Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N by (a, b) R (c, d)
ad(b + c) = bc(a + d). Check whether R is an equivalence relation on N × N.
Solution:
Reflexive :
Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of N × N. Then,
(a, b) N × N
a, b N
ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) [by commu. of add. and mult. on N]
(a , b) R (a, b)
Thus, (a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b) N × N. So R is reflexive on N × N.
Symmetric :
Let (a, b), (c, d) N × N be such that (a, b) R (c, d). Then,
ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
(c, d) R (a, b)
Thus, (a, b) R (c, d) (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) N × N
So, R is symmetric on N × N.
Transitive :
Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, ƒ) N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, ƒ). Then,
b c a d 1 1 1 1
(a, b) R (c, d) ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) …….(i)
bc ad c b d a
d e c ƒ 1 1 1 1
and, (c, d) R (e, ƒ) cƒ(d + e) = de(c + ƒ) …….(ii)
de cƒ e d ƒ c
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c b e d d a ƒ c
1 1 1 1 b e a ƒ
b e a ƒ be aƒ
aƒ(b + e) = be (a + ƒ) (a, b) R (e, ƒ)
So, R is transitive on N × N.
Hence; R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive; is an equivalence relation on
N × N.
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6. Equivalence Class :
Let X be a nonempty set and R be an equivalence relation on X. Let a be an element of X. The
set of all elements of X which are in relation R related to a is denoted by [a] and is called an
equivalence class.
Thus [a] = {x : X A, x R a i.e., (x, a) R}
Given an arbitrary equivalence relation R in an arbitrary set X, R divides X into mutually disjoint
subsets Ai called partitions or subdivisions of X satisfying :
(i) all elements of Ai are related to each other, for all i.
(ii) no element of Ai is related to any element of Aj , i j.
n
(iii) Ai = X and Ai Aj = , i j.
i 1
The subsets Ai are called equivalence classes.
Illustration 7:
If the relation R in the set A = {x Z : 0 < x < 15} given by R = {(a,b) : a, b Z}, |a – b| is multiple of
5} is an equivalence relation, then find the equivalence class [2].
Solution:
Let x A which is related to 2 by given relation.
xR2 |x – 2| is a multiple of 5
|x – 2| = 0, 5, 10, 15
x = 2, 7, 12
Hence equivalence class of [2] = {2, 7, 12}.
Illustration 8:
If A = {1, 2, 3, ......, 9} and R be the relation in A × A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c for a, b,
c, d A is an equivalence relation, then find the equivalence class [(2,5)].
Solution:
Given set A = {1, 2, 3, .......9}
Let (x, y) A × A which is related to (2, 5) by given relation.
(x, y) R (2, 5) x+5=y+2
1 + 5 = 4 + 2, 2 + 5 = 5 + 2, 3 + 5 = 6 + 2, ..........
Hence equivalence class of [(2, 5)] = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3,6), (4,7), (5, 8), (6, 9)}.
6. Function :
A relation R from set A to set B is called a function if each element of A is uniquely associated
with some element of B. It is denoted by the symbol :

ƒ : A B or A f B
which reads 'ƒ ' is a function from A to B ‘or’ ƒ maps A to B,
If an element a A is associated with an element b B, then b is called ‘the ƒ image of a’ or
‘image of a under ƒ’ or ‘the value of the function ƒ at a’. Also a is called the ‘pre-image of b’ or
‘argument of b under the function ƒ’. We write it as
b = ƒ (a) or ƒ : a b or ƒ : (a, b)
Thus a function ‘ƒ ’ from set A to set B is subset of A × B in which each a belonging to A
E
Maths 5
appears in one and only one ordered pair belonging to ƒ.

Representation of Function :
Ordered pair : Every function from A B satisfies the following conditions :
(i) ƒ AxB
(ii) a A there exists b B and
(iii) (a, b) ƒ & (a, c) ƒ b=c
7. Domain, Co-domain & Range of a Function :
Let ƒ : A B, then the set A is known as the domain of ƒ and the set B is known as co-
domain of ƒ. The set of ƒ images of all the elements of A is known as the range of ƒ.
Domain of ƒ = {a a A, (a, ƒ (a)) ƒ}
Range of ƒ = {ƒ (a) a A, ƒ (a) B}
(a) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those real
numbers, where function is defined.
(b) For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function
gives the range
(c) It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.
Illustration 9:
Let f : R R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1 then find the pre-images of 17 and –3.
Solution:
We have f–1(17) = x and f–1(–3) = x
f(x) = 17 f(x) = –3
x2 + 1 = 17 x = ±4 x2 + 1 = –3 x2 = –4
x= 4 R
Hence f–1(17) = {4, –4} Hence f–1(–3) =
Illustration 10:
The domain of the function f : R R defined by f(x) = x2 3x 2 is ?
Solution:
Here x2 – 3x + 2 0 (x – 1)(x – 2) 0 x 1 or x 2
Hence the domain of f = (– , 1] [2, )
Illustration 11 :
1
Let f : R R be the function defined by f(x) = ;x R then find the range of f.
2 cosx
Solution:
We know that range of cosx is –1 cosx 1
1 – cosx –1
3 2 – cosx 1
1 1
1
3 2 cos x
1
f(x) 1
3
Hence range of f(x) = [1/3, 1]
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8. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
One-One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function ƒ : A B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different elements
of A have different ƒ images in B.
Thus there exists x1, x2 A & ƒ (x1), ƒ (x2) B , ƒ(x1) = ƒ(x2) x1 = x2 or x1 x2 ƒ(x1)
ƒ(x2).
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as
A B A B
or
Many-one function (not injective) :

A function ƒ : A B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have
the same ƒ image in B.
Thus ƒ : A B is many one if there exists x1, x2 A such that ƒ (x1) = ƒ (x2) but x1 x2.
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
A B
x1
or x2
Note :
(i) If a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function at atmost one point, then the
function is one-one.
(ii) If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function at atleast two points, then f
is many-one.
(iii) If continuous function ƒ (x) is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then ƒ (x)
is one-one.
(iv) All linear functions are one-one.
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function ƒ : A B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the f image of atleast
one element in A, then we say that ƒ is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus ƒ : A B is surjective iff
b B, some a A such that ƒ (a) = b.
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
A B
or
Note that : if range is same as co-domain, then ƒ (x) is onto.

Into function :
If ƒ : A B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the image of
any element in domain, then ƒ (x) is into.
Diagramatically into function can be shown as
A B A B
or
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Maths 7
Note :
(i) A polynomial of degree even defined from R R will always be into
(ii) A polynomial of degree odd defined from R R will always be onto.
(iii) one-one onto (injective & surjective)
(also known as Bijective mapping,
Biuniform or nonsingular)
Illustration 12:
x 2
Let A R – {3} and B R – {1}. Consider the function f : A B defined by f(x)
x 3
Is f one-one and onto ? Justify your answer.

Solution:
Let x1, x2 A be such that f(x1) = f(x2)
f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 2 x2 2
x1 3 x2 3
(x1 – 2) (x2 – 3) = (x2 – 2) (x1 – 3)
x1x2 – 2x2 – 3x1 + 6 = x1x2 – 2x1 – 3x2 + 6
x2 = x1
f is one-one.
Let y B = R – {1}, then f(x) = y
x 2
if = y, x 3
x 3
i.e., ifx – 2 = yx – 3y
i.e., ifx – xy = 2 – 3y
i.e., ifx(1 – y) = 2 – 3y
2 3y
i.e., if x A (where y 1)
1 y
Hence, f is onto.
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SOME IMPORTANT POINTS FOR OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Total number of relations if n(A) = m and n(B) = n is 2mn
2. Total number of non empty relations if n(A) = m and n(B) = n is 2mn-1
3. Total number of reflexive relations on set A is 2n(n-1)
(Where n is number of elements in set A)
4. Total number of symmetric relations on set A is 2((n(n 1))/2)
(Where n is number of elements in set A)

5. Total number of functions defined from set A to set B is nm.
(Where n(A) = m and n(B) = n)
n! n
6. Total number of one-one functions defined from set A to set B is Pm
(n m)!
(Where n(A) = m and n(B) = n (m n))
7. If n(A) = n(B) i.e. m = n. Then total number of one-one functions from set A to set B is n!
8. If n(A) = n , n(B) = m and m n. Then total number of onto functions from set A to set
n
n r n
1 Cr r m , if m n
B= r 1
0 , if m n
n! , if m n
9. Total number of bijective functions defined from set A to set B =
0 , if m n
10. For deciding the nature of function in case of finite set A and set B use the following conditions
directly
(i) If f is an injection, then n(A) n (B)
(ii) If f is a surjection, then n(A) n (B)
(iii) If f is a bijection, then n(A) = n (B)
11. A polynomial of degree odd defined from R R will always be onto.
12. A polynomial of degree even defined from R R will always be into.
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Maths 9
EXERCISE-I
1. Consider the relation R = {(a, b) (a, c), (a, a), (c,c)} on the set A = {a, b, c, d}. Minimum
number of elements of A × A which must be adjoined to R in order to make R an equivalence
relation is :
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
2. If A and B are two sets having 10 and 15 elements respectively 8 elements are common in A and
B. Number of relation which can be defined from A to B.
(A) 217 (B) 225 (C) 2150 (D) 280
3. Let R be a relation on natural numbers N defined as aRb a is a factor of b then Relation R is :
(A) Reflexive and symmetric
(B) Reflexive and transitive
(C) Symmetric and transitive
(D) Only reflexive
4. Let f(x) = | x 1 | 1 . f :[0, 2] R , Range of function is :
(A) [0, 2] (B) [0, 1] (C) R (D) None

5. Let f,g : R R. If f and g are bijective then f + g is :-
(A) Always bijective (B) May not be bijective
(C) Must be injective (D) Must be surjective
6. The number of reflexive relations defined on the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} must be :-
(A) 25 (B) 225 (C) 52 (D) 220
7. Which of the following is a function ?
(A) {(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
(B) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6), (3, 9)}
(C) {(1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4)}
(D) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2)}
8. If X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {p, q, r, s, t} then which of the following subset(s) of XY is a
function from X to Y
(A) {(a, r) (b, r) (b, s) (d, t) (e, q) (c, q)}
(B) {(a, r) (b, p) (c, t) (d, q)}
(C) {(a, p) (b, t) (c, r) (d, s) (e, q)}
(D) None of these
9. If A = {a, b} and B = {0, 1, 2} then number of functions defined from A to B is-
(A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) None of these
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2x, if x 3
10. Let f : R R be defined as f(x) = x 2 , if 1 x 3 ; then the value of f( 1) f(2) f(4) is :
3x, if x 1
5x x 2
11. For a given function to be defined the domain of the function f(x) = log is :
6
(A) (2, 3) (B) [2,3] (C) [0, 3] (D) [0, 2]
12. Domain of 2x + 2y = 2 is :
(A) (– , 1) (B) (0,1) (C) (– , –1) (D) (– , 1]
13. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5 ........ 17}Let be the equivalence relation on A × A, cartesian product of A
with itself, defined by (a, b) (c, d) iff ad = bc. Then, the number of ordered pairs of the
equivalence class of (3, 2) is :
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 4
14. Domain of f(x) = log log x is :
(A) (0,1) [1, (B) (0,1] [1,
(C) (0,1] (1, (D) (0,1) (1,
15. Range of (–1)[x], (when [.] denotes greatest integer function) is :

(A) {–1, 0} (B) {–1, 1}
(C) {0, 1} (D) None of these
CASE STUDY
ax b d
16. Consider the function f(x) = , where x ,
cx d c
Based on the above information answer the following :

(i) f(x) is one-one if
(A) ab – cd 0 (B) ad – bc 0
(C) ab + cd 0 (D) None of these

(ii) f(x) is on- to :
(A) if a c (B) b d
(C) ad + bc c (D) None of these
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Maths 11
x 1
(iii) The range of the function 2
must be
x 3x 2
(A) All reals except 0 and 1
(B) All reals except –1 and 1
(C) All reals except 0 and –1
(D) None of these
(iv) The function f(x) is :-
(A) Even function (B) Odd function
(C) Nothing can be say (D) None of these
(v) The value of f(–x) is :-
ax b b ax
(A) (B)
cx d d cx
ax b ax b
(C) (D)
cx d cx d
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C C B B B D D C A A
Q.No. 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. B A A D B (i) B, (ii) D, (iii) B, (iv) C, (v) B
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SOLUTIONS
1. (C)
(b, b), (b, a), (c, a), (b, c), (c, b) and (d, d) must be included to make R an equilvalence relation.
Minimum number of elements of A × A which must be adjoined to R to make it an
equilvalence relation is 6.
2. (C)
Number of elements in A × B is 150. Therefore number of relation defined from A to B will
be 2150.
3. (B)
a is a factor of a aRa a N R is reflexive.
2 is a factor of 4 but 4 is not a factor of 2
R is not symmetric
Let aRb and bRc b = mc, c = nb
c = n (ma) c = (mn) a aRc
R is transitive
4. (B)
If we draw the graph of the function | x 1| 1 in the interval [0, 2]. it will be as follows
Therefore, range of the f(x) for [0, 2] will be [0, 1]
0 1 2
5. (B)
f = I and g = –1
Then f,g are bijectives but (f + g) x = 0(x) = 0 x R, not a bijective.
6. (D)
S × S will contain 25 ordered pairs. A reflexive relation on set S must contain ordered pairs (1, 1)
(2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) for sure.
The remaining ordered pairs which are 20 in number may or may not be there
Total reflexive relations are = 220
7. (D)
We know that for a relation to be function every element of first set should be associated with
one and only one element of second set but elements of first set can have same f-image in second
set which is given in (D)
E
Maths 13
8. (C)
Let us check every option for the two condition of the function
(A) b has two outputs (images) namely r and s
Not a function
(B) e X does not have any image
it is not a function
(C) every element of X has one and only one output
it is a function
9. (A)
Here we have to count all the functions whose domain is A and co domain is B
We have 9 function.
10. (A)
f(–1) + f(2) + f(4) = 3 × (–1) + (2)2 + (2 × 4) = –3 + 4 + 8 = 9
11. (B)
5x x 2 5x x 2
log 0 1
6 6
5x – x2 6 x2 – 5x + 6 0
(x – 3) (x – 2) 0
x [2, 3]
12. (A)
given 2x + 2y = 2
2y = 2 – 2x
2 – 2x > 0 2 > 2x x < 1
Domain = x (– , 1)
E
13. (A)
Given ; (a, b) (c, d) iff ad = bc where ' ' is an equivalence relation on A × A
Now, for equivalence class of (3, 2) ;
Let (3, 2) (x, y)
2x
3y = 2x or y =
3
Hence [3, 2] = {(3, 2), (6, 4), (9, 6), (12, 8), (15, 10), (18, 12)}
The number of ordered pairs are 6.
14. (D)
For defining f(x)
(A) |logx| 0
logx 0 x 1
(B) x > 0
By (A) and (B) domain = (0, 1) (1, )
15. (B)
We know that [x] I
So (–1)[x] = –1 or +1
Range = {–1, 1}
16.(i) (B) If f(x1) = f(x2)
ax1 b ax 2 b
cx1 d cx 2 d
acx1x2 + adx1 + bcx2 + bd = a cx1x2 + adx2 + b cx1 + bd
ad(x1 – x2) = b c(x1 – x2)
(ad – bc) (x1 – x2) = 0 x1 = x2
if ad – bc 0 then function will be one-one.
ax b
(ii) (D) If y
cx d
dy b
then x =
a cy
a
for y = , x does not exist
c
y can not be on to
1
(iii) (B) If x 1 then y =
x 2
a 0
Range of y will not contain i.e or 0
c 1
Now y = –1 if x = 1 but x = 1 is not there in the domain
y can not take the value –1 either
E
Maths 15
(iv) (C) For even function f(–x) = f(x)

ax b ax b
Now f(x) ,f( x) f(x)
cx d cx d
Not even function
and for odd function f(–x) = –f(x)
ax b ax b
f( x) f(x)
cx d cx d
Not odd function
f(x) depends on the value of a, b, c and d.
ax b b ax
(v) (B) f( x)
cx d d cx
E
EXERCISE-II
1. The relation R defined on the set of natural numbers as {(a, b) : a differs from b by 3}, is
given by
(A){(1, 4, (2, 5), (3, 6),.....} (B) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3),.....}
(C) {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9),..} (D) None of these
2. Let n(A) = n. Then the number of all relations on A is

2
(A) 2n (B) 2(n)! (C) 2n (D) None of these
3. A relation R is defined from {2, 3, 4, 5} to {3, 6, 7, 10} by xRy x is relatively prime to y.
Then domain of R is
(A){2, 3, 5} (B) {3, 5} (C) {2, 3, 4} (D) {2, 3, 4, 5}
4. Let A be the non-void set of the children in a family. The relation x' is a brother of y' on A is
(A) Reflexive and symmetric
(B) Symmetric and transitive
(C) Reflexive and Transitive
(D) None of these
5. Function f : R R, f (x) x2 x is
(A) One-one onto (B) One-one into (C) Many-one onto (D) Many-one into
6. Mapping f : R R which is defined as f (x) cos x, x R will be
(A) Neither one-one nor onto (B) One-one
(C) Onto (D) One-one onto

7. The function f : R R defined by f (x) (x 1) (x 2)(x 3) is
(A) One-one but not onto
(B) Onto but not one-one
(C) Both one-one and onto
(D) Neither one-one nor onto
E
Maths 17
8. The function f : R R defined by f (x) e x is
(A) Onto
(B) Many-one
(C) One-one and into
(D) Many one and onto
CASE STUDY
9. An organization conducted bike race under two different categories-boys and girls. Totally there
were 250 participants. Among all of them finally three from Category 1 and two from Category 2
were selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets B and G with these participants for his
college project.
Let B = {b1, b2, b3}; G = {g1, g2} where B represents the set of boys selected and G the set of
girls who were selected for the final race.
Ravi decides to explore these sets for various types of relations and functions.
Based on the above information, answer the following:
(i) Ravi wishes to form all the relations possible from B to G. How many such relations are
possible?
(A) 26 (B) 25 (C) 0 (D) 23
(ii) Let R : B B be defined by R = {( , ) : and y are students of same sex}, Then this relation R
is_______
(A) Equivalence
(B) Reflexive only
(C) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(D) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
E
(iii) Ravi wants to know among those relations, how many functions can be formed from B to G?
(A) 22 (B) 212 (C) 32 (D) 23
(iv) Let R: be defined by R = {(b1, g1), (b2, g2), (b3, g1)}, then R is__________
(A) Injective
(B) Surjective
(C) Neither Surjective nor Injective
(D) Surjective and Injective
(v) Ravi wants to find the number of injective functions from B to G. How many numbers of
injective functions are possible?
(A) 0 (B) 2! (C) 3! (D) 0!
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. B C D B D A B C
Q.No. 9
Ans. (i) A, (ii) A, (iii) D, (iv) B, (v) A
E
Maths 19
SOLUTIONS
1. (B)
R {(a, b) : a, b N,a b 3} {((n 3),n) : n N}
{(4,1),(5, 2),(6,3),.....} .
2. (C)
2
Number of relations on the set A = Number of subsets of A A 2 n , [ n(A A) n2 ] .
3. (D)
Given, xRy x is relatively prime to y.
Domain of R {2,3, 4,5} .
4. (B)
x is a brother of y, y is also brother of x.
So, it is symmetric. Clearly, it is transitive.
5. (D)
f (0) f ( 1) 0 hence f(x) is many-one. But there is no pre-image of 1 . Hence f (x) is into
function. So function is many-one into.
6. (A)
Let x1 , x 2 R, then f (x1 ) cos x1 , f (x 2 ) cos x 2 , so f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
cos x1 cos x 2 x1 2n x2
x1 x 2 , so it is not one-one.
Again the value of f-image of x lies in between –1 to 1
f[R] f (x) : 1 f (x) 1)
So other numbers of co-domain (besides –1 and 1) is not
f-image. f[R] R, so it is also not onto. So this mapping is
neither one-one nor onto.
7. (B)
We have f (x) (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
and f (1) f (2) f (3) 0 f (x) is not one-one.
For each y R , there exists x R such that f (x) y . Therefore, f is onto.
Hence f : R R is onto but not one-one.

8. (C)
Function f : R R is defined by f (x) e x . Let x1 , x 2 R and f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) or e x1 e x2 or
x1 x 2 . Therefore, f is one-one. Let f (x) e x y . Taking log on both sides, we get x log y .
We know that negative real numbers have no pre-image or the function is not onto and zero is not
the image of any real number. Therefore, function f is into.
E
9.(i) (A)
Let the relation R be defined from set B to set G.
Number of such possible relations = 23 × 2 = 26
[ There are 2mn subsets and hence 2mn relations between sets E and F containing 'm' and 'n'
elements, respectively]
(ii) (A)
Given, R : B B defined by :
R = {(x, y) : x and y are students of same sex}
Reflexive :
Let x B.
If R is reflexive, then (x, x) R
which means, x and x are students of the same sex, which is true.
Hence, R is reflexive.
Symmetric :
Let x, y B
Now; if (x, y) R
x and y are students of same sex
or y and x are also students of the same sex.
(x,y) R (y, x) R
Hence; R is symmetric
Transitive :
Let x,y,z B
Now; if (x,y) R
x and y are students of the same sex.
and if (y, z) R
y and z are students of the same sex

x and z will also be students of the same sex
(x, z) R
Hence, R is transitive
R is an equivalence relation
E
Maths 21
(iii) (D)
Number of functions that can be formed from set B to set G will be : 23 = 8
[ Total number of functions that can be defined from set X, containing 'm' elements to set Y,
containing 'n' elements; will be n × n × n × n........m times = nm]
(iv) (B)
R:B G given by :
R = { (b1, g1), (b2, g2) (b3, g1)}
The relation given above, which is defined from set B to set G, will be a function as each element
of set B (domain) is uniquely associated to some element of set G (co-domain)
For one-one function; we see that two distinct elements b1 and b3 have the same image g1 under
the mentioned function.
Hence; it is not one-one or injective
Also, the function will be surjective or onto function as the range and co-domain contain same
elements, i.e., Range = Co-domain
(v) (A)
We know that if A and B are two sets having 'm' and 'n' elements respectively, then the total
number of possible one-one or injective functions from A to B is :
n
cm × m! [if m n]
or 0 [if m > n]
In our case, we have to find the possible number of injective functions from B
(containing 3 elements) to G (containing 2 elements)
Since; 3 > 2 (or m > n)
Hence; the answer is zero.
E
22 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Definition
(a) Inverse of a function : Let f : A B be a one-one & onto function, then their exists a unique
function g : B A such that f(x) = y g(y) = x, x A & y B. Then g is said to be
inverse of f.
Thus g = f–1 : B A = {(f(x), x))|(x, f (x)) f}
(b) Inverse trigonometric function : Inverse function which is related to trigonometric ratio be
called inverse trigonometric function.
If sin = x = sin–1x; ,
2 2
Note : (sin–1x) (sinx)–1
2. Domain, Range and Principal Value Branch
3. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

Note : Properties of ITF not in syllabus but the properties can be used in objective questions
according to suitability of questions.
P-1
(i) y = sin (sin–1x) = x, x [–1,1], y [–1,1], y is aperiodic
(ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x, x [–1,1], y [–1,1], y is aperiodic
(iii) y = tan (tan–1 x)=x, x R, y R, y is aperiodic
(iv) y = cot (cot–1 x) = x, x R, y R, y is aperiodic
(v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, |x| > 1, |y| > 1, y is aperiodic
(vi) y = sec (sec–1 x) = x, |x| > 1 ; |y| > 1, y is aperiodic
P-2
(i) y = sin–1(sin x) = x, x , , periodic with period 2
2 2
(ii) y = cos–1(cos x) = x, x [0, ], periodic with period 2

(iii) y = tan–1(tan x) = x, x , , periodic with period
2 2
(iv) y = cot–1(cot x) = x, x (0, ), periodic with period
(v) y = cosec–1(cosec x) = x, x ,0 0, , periodic with period 2
2 2
(vi) y = sec–1(sec x) = x, x 0, , , periodic with period 2

2 2
E
Maths 23
P-3
1
(i) cosec–1 x = sin–1 ; x < –1, x >1
x
1
(ii) sec–1 x = cos–1 ; x < –1, x >1
x
1
(iii) cot–1x = tan–1 ; x > 0
x
P-4
(i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x, –1 < x < 1
(ii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, x R
(iii) cos–1 (–x) = – cos–1 x, –1 < x < 1
(iv) cot–1 (–x) = – cot–1 x, x R
(v) sec–1 (–x) = – sec–1 x, x <–1 or x > 1
(vi) cosec–1(–x) = – cosec–1 x, x < –1 or x > 1
P-5
(i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = ; –1 < x < 1
2
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ;x R

2
(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = ; |x| > 1

2
P-6
x y
(i) (a) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan–1 , where x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
1 xy
x y
(b) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 , where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy > –1
1 xy
(ii) (a) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 [ x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ] , where x > 0, y > 0 & (x2 + y2) < 1
(b) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 [x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ], where x > 0, y > 0
(iii) (a) cos–1x + cos–1y = cos–1 [ xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ] , where x > 0, y > 0
(b) cos–1x – cos–1y = cos–1 [ xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ] , where x > 0, y > 0

Note : In the above results x & y are taken positive. In case if these are given as negative, we first
apply P-4 and then use above results.
P-7 :
1 1
(i) 2 sin–1x = sin–1 (2 x 1 x 2 ) if x
2 2
(ii) 2 cos–1x = cos–1(2x2–1) if 0 x 1
2x
(iii) 2 tan–1 x = tan–1 if –1 < x < 1
1 x2
2x
(iv) 2tan–1 x = sin–1 if –1 x 1
1 x2
1 x2
(v) 2tan–1 x = cos–1 if 0 x<
1 x2
E
P-8 :
1 1
(i) 3 sin–1 x = sin–1(3x – 4x3) if x
2 2
1
(ii) 3 cos–1x = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) if x 1
2
3x x3 1 1
(iii) 3 tan–1x = tan–1 if <x<
1 3x 2 3 3
P-9 :
x 1 1 1 x2
(i) sin 1 x cos 1
1 x2 tan 1
cosec 1
sec 1
cot 1
;x 0
1 x2 x 1 x2 x
1 x2 1 x 1
(ii) cos–1 x = sin–1 1 x 2 = tan–1 =cosec–1 =cot–1 = sec–1 ;x 0
x 1 x 2
1 x 2 x
x 1 1 1 x2
(iii) tan–1 x = sin–1 =cos–1 =cot–1 =sec–1 1 x 2 =cosec–1 ;x 0
1 x2 1 x2 x x
Illustration 1:
1 15
Evaluate : sin tan .
8
Solution:
We know that sin(sin–1 x) = x for all x [–1, 1].
So, will convert each expression in the form sin(sin–1 x) by using
1 b 1 p p p b p
cos sin , tan 1 sin 1
, cot 1 sin 1
etc.
h h b h p h
where b, p and h denote the base, perpendicular and hypotenuse of a right triangle.
1 15 1 15 15 h=17
sin tan sin sin p=15
8 17 17
b=8
Illustration 2:
1 1 1 4
Evaluate : cos sin sec .
4 3
Solution:
1 1 4 1 3
cos sin sec 1 cos sin 1
cos 1
4 3 4 4
1 1 3 1 3
cos sin cos cos 1 sin sin 1
sin cos 1
4 4 4 4
2 2
3 1 1 3 3 15 7
1 1
4 4 4 4 16
E
Maths 25
Illustration 3:
1
Evaluate : tan 3 sec 1 ( 2) .
Solution:
tan 1
3 sec 1 ( 2) tan 1
3 sec 1 2 [ sec–1(–x) = ( – sec–1 x)]
1 1 2
cos
3 2 3 3 3
Illustration 4:
1 7
Evaluate : sin sin .
6
Solution:
1 7 7 7
sin sin , because does not lie between and .
6 6 6 2 2
1 7 1 7
Now, sin sin sin sin
6 6 6 6
sin 1
sin sin 1
sin [ sin( ) = –sin ; sin–1(– ) = –sin–1 ]
6 6 6
Illustration 5:
1 cos x sin x
Express in the simplest form : tan , x .
cos x sin x 4 4
Solution:
1 cos x sin x 1 1 tan x
We have tan tan
cos x sin x 1 tan x
1
tan tan x x x 0 x
4 4 4 4 4 2
Illustration 6:
1 1
If sin sin cos 1 x 1 , then find the value of x.
5
Solution:
1 1
We have, sin sin cos 1 x 1
5
1
sin–1 + cos–1x = sin–1 1
5
1
sin–1 + cos–1x =
5 2
1
1 1
cos–1x = – sin–1 5 sin 1
cos 1
2 5 5 2
1
cos–1x = cos–1
5
1
x=
5
E
EXERCISE-I
1. The principal value of sec–1(–2) is :
2
(A) (B)
3 3
(C) (D)
4 6
2. The domain of sin–1x + cosx is :-
(A) [–1, ) (B) (–1, 1)
(C) [–1, 1] (D) ( , 1]
1 1
3. The principal value of cos is :
2
2
(A) (B)
3 3
2
(C) (D)
3 6
1 1 1
4. The principal value of cos sin cos is :
2
(A) (B)
6 3
(C) (D)
2 4
1
5. The principal value of cot sin cos tan 1 1 is :-
1
(A) (B)
2
1
(C) (D) 1
6. The domain of sec–1 (2x + 1) is :
(A) (– , –1) [0, )

(B) (– , –1) (0, )
(C) (– , –1] [0, )
(D) None of these
E
Maths 27
1 1
7. sec 90 cot is equal to :
3
1 10
(A) 10 (B) (C) 3 (D)
3 3
8. Domain of f(x) = sin–1 (–x2) is :-
(A) (–1, 1) (B) (– , 1] (C) [–1, ] (D) [–1, 1]
9. Domain of cos–1 (2x –1) is :-
(A) [0, 1] (B) (0, 1) (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)
1 1 3
10. The principal value of tan 2 sin 2 cos
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)

2 6 4 3
CASE STUDY
1 3 1 2
11. If cos and tan , where 0 < ,
5 3 2
Based on the above information, answer the following questions :
(i) ( ) is equal to :
(A) tan 1 (16) (B) tan 1 (18)
(C) tan 1 (9) (D) None of these
(ii) The range of angle is :
(A) [0, ] (B) (0, )
(C) , (D) None of these

2 2
(iii) ( – ) is equal to :
1 6 1 17
(A) tan (B) cos
53 5 13
1 17
(C) sin (D) None of these
5 13
E
1 7
(iv) cos is equal to :
25
(A) (B)
2
(C) 4 (D) 2
(v) The principal value branch of angle is :
(A) [0, ] (B) , {0}

2 2 2
(C) , (D) None of these

2 2
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C B A D C D D A D
Q.No. 11
Ans. (I) B, (ii) A, (iii) B, (iv) D, (v) C
E
Maths 29
SOLUTIONS
1. (B)
Let sec–1(–2) = sec = –2
1 2
cos cos
2 3
2
3
2
sec 1 ( 2)
3
2. (C)
We know domain of sin–1 x is [–1, 1] and that of cosx is R. Therefore, domain sin–1x + cosx is
[ 1, 1] R = [–1, 1]
3. (B)
1 1 1 2
Let cos cos cos( ) cos
2 2 3 3
2 1 1 2
cos
3 2 3
4. (A)
1 1
We know cos
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 3
cos sin cos cos sin cos
2 3 2 6
5. (D)
We know tan–1 (1) =

4
1 1 1
cot sin cos cot sin cot 1
4 2 4
6. (C)
Domain of sec–1x is (– , –1] [1, )
sec–1 (2x + 1) is meaningful, if
2x + 1 1 or 2x + 1 –1
x 0 or x –1
x (– , –1] [0, )
E
7. (D)
1 1 1 1
sec 90 cot cos ec cot
3 3
1 10 10
= cos ec cos ec
3 3
8. (D)
f(x) = sin–1(–x2) is defined for all x satisfying
–1 – x2 1
1 x2 –1 0 x2 1
x2 1 x2 –1 0 (x –1) (x + 1) 0 –1 x 1
hence the domain of f(x) = sin–1(–x2) is [–1, 1]
9. (A)
We know domain of cos–1(x) is [–1, 1]
So, the domain of cos–1 (2x –1) is the set of all values of x satisying
–1 2x –1 1 0 2x 2
0 x 1, hence domain is [0, 1]
10. (D)
1 1 3
tan 2sin 2 cos
2
1 1
tan 2sin 2 tan 2 sin
6 3
1 3 1
tan 2 tan 3
2 3
11. (i) (B)
1 3 3 5
Given cos cos 4
5 5
1 2 2 3
and tan tan
3 3
2
4 4 2
tan , sin , sin
3 5 13
3
E
Maths 31
We know
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
4 2
3 3 6 9
= 18
4 2 3 1
1
3 3
( + ) = tan–1(18)
(ii) (A)
We know range of cos–1 is always [0, ]
(iii) (B)
We know
cos( – ) = cos cos + sin sin
3 3 4 2 17
= . .
5 13 5 13 5 13
1 17
cos
5 13
(iv) (D)
2
3 9 7
We know cos2 = 2cos2 – 1 = 2 1=2 1
5 25 25
7 1 7
cos 2 cos 2
25 25
(v) (C)
We know principal value branch of tan–1 is always ,

2 2
E
EXERCISE-II
1. Find the domain of the function f(x) = sin–1(2x – 3)
(A) [1, 2] (B) (1, 2) (C) [1, 2) (D) [–1, –2]
2. Evaluate :
cot–1(–1) + cosec–1(– 2 ) + sec–1(2)
5 3 5 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 6 4
3. Simplify :
1 sin x cos x
sin , x
2 4 4
(A) x (B) x (C) (D) x

4 4 4 4
4. Evaluate :
sec2(tan–12) + cosec2(cot–13)
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 15 (D) 16
1 1
5. cot cos tan cos x , then sin x =
(A) 1 (B) cot2 (C) tan (D) cot

2 2
sin 1 x
6. Let f(x) = , find dom(f)
x
(A) [–1, 1] (B)[–1, 1] – {0}

(C) , (D) R – (–1, 1)

2 2
7. Evaluate tan–1 ( 3) – sec–1(–2)
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 3
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Maths 33
8. Solve: sin–1 x = + cos–1x

6
1 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
CASE STUDY
9. The Government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board at the face of a building on the road
of a busy market for awareness on COVID-19 protocol. Ram, Robert and Rahim are the three
engineers who are working on this project. "A" is considered to be a person viewing the hoarding
board 20 metres away from the building, standing at the edge of a pathway nearby. Ram, Robert
and Rahim suggested to the firm to place the hoarding board at three different locations namely
C, D and E. "C" is at the height of 10 metres from the ground level. For the viewer A, the angle
of elevation of "D" is double the angle of elevation of "C". The angle of elevation of "E" is triple
the angle of elevation of "C" for the same viewer. Look at the figure given and based on the
above information answer the following :
E
10m
A 5m A 20 m B
(i) Measure of CAB =

1
(A) tan–1(2) (B) tan–1 2
(C) tan–1(1) (D) tan–1(3)
(ii) Measure of DAB =
1 3 1
(A) tan (B) tan 3
4
1 4 1
(C) tan (D) tan 4
3
(iii) Measure of EAB =

1
(A) tan 11 (B) tan 1 (3)
1 2 1 11
(C) tan (D) tan
11 2
E
(iv) A' is another viewer standing on the same line of observation across the road. If the width of the
road is 5 meters, then the difference between CAB and CA B is:
1 1 1 1
(A) tan (B) tan
2 12
1 2 1 11
(C) tan (D) tan
5 21
(v) Domain and Range of tan–1x =
(A) R ; , (B) R ; ,
2 2 2 2
(C) R; , (D) R; 0,
2 2 2
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. A A A C A B D D
Q.No. 9
Ans. (i) B, (ii) C, (iii) D, (iv) B, (v) C
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Maths 35
SOLUTIONS
1. (A)
The domain of sin–1x is [–1, 1]
Therefore, f(x) = sin–1 (2x – 3) is defined for all x satisfying
–1 2x – 3 1 3–1 2x 3+1 1 x 2 x [1, 2]
Hence, domain of f(x) = sin–1(2x – 3) is [1, 2]
2. (A)
cot–1(–1) + cosec–1( 2 ) + sec–1(2)
= cot 1
cot cosec 1
cosec sec 1
sec [ cot–1 (–x) = ( – cot–1x)]
4 4 3
=
4 4 3
3 5
=
4 4 3 6
3. (A)
1 sin x cosx
sin
2
1 1 1
sin sin x cos x
2 2
1 1
sin sin x cos cos x sin sin sin x x x 0 x
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
4. (C)
sec2(tan–12) + cosec2(cot–13)
= {sec(tan–12)}2 + {cosec (cot–13)}2

2 2
2 1 3 1
sec tan cosec cot
1 1
2 2
1 1
sec sec 5 cosec cosec 10
2 2
= 5 10 5 10 15
E
5. (A)
Let cos
Using tan–1 + cot–1 = x tan 1 x cot 1 x

2 2
sinx = sin 1
2
6. (B)
sin 1 x
is defined only when x 0 and x [–1, 1]
x
dom(f) = [–1, 1] – {0}
7. (D)
tan–1 3 – sec–1(–2)
= tan–1 3 – ( – sec–12) sec 1 ( x) sec 1 x
3 3
3
8. (D)
sin–1x = cos 1 x
6
sin–1 x – cos–1x =
6
sin–1 x – sin 1 x sin 1 x cos 1 x

2 6 2
2
2sin 1 x
3
3
sin 1 x x
3 2
9.
E
(i). (B) Given : DAB = 2 CAB = 2
and EAB = 3 CAB = 3 D
In CAB, we have :
BC 10 1 C
tan = , tan = 3
AB 20 2
2 10m
–1 1
or = tan ....(1) B
2 A 5m A 20 m
E
Maths 37
(ii) (C) In DAB, DAB = 2

1 1
DAB = 2 tan–1 tan 1
2 2
1
2 2x
= tan 1 2 2 tan 1 x tan 1
2
1 1 x2
1
2
1 4
DAB = 2 = tan ....(2)
3
(iii) (D) In EAB,
4 1
EAB = 3 = 2 + EAB = tan–1 3 + tan 1
[from 1 & 2]
2
4 1
3 2 x y
= tan 1
tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1
4 1 1 xy
1
3 2
1 11
EAB = tan
2
1 1
(iv) (B) CAB = tan [from (1)]
2
10 2
and CA'B = tan 1
= tan–1 5
25
CAB – CA'B
1 1 1 2
= tan tan
2 5
1 2
2 5 x y
= tan 1
tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1
1 2 1 xy
1
2 5
1
1
= tan
12
(v) (C) By using definition,
Domain of tan–1 x = R
and Range of tan–1 x = ,

2 2
E
38 Matrices
MATRICES
DEFINITION
A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns, is called a matrix. Such a
rectangular arrangement of numbers is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. Generally a
matrix is represented by a capital letter A, B, C......... etc. and its element are represented by
small letters a, b, c, x, y etc.
Following are some examples of a matrix :
p q 2 4 6 5
A= , B= , C= , D = [2, 3, 4], E = [7]
r s 1 0 3 1
ORDER OF MATRIX
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n, and its represented
by Am× n or A = [aij]m× n
It is obvious that a matrix of order m × n contains mn elements. Every row of such a matrix
contains n elements and every column contains m elements.
TYPES OF MATRICES
(1) Row matrix
If in a matrix, there is only one row, then it is called a Row Matrix.
Thus A=[aij]m×n is a row matrix if m = 1
eg. [2 4 6] is a row matrix of order 1 × 3
(2) Column Matrix
A matrix which contains only one column, is called a column matrix.
Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a column matrix if n = 1.
5
eg. 6 is column matrix of order 3 × 1.
7
(3) Square matrix
If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square
matrix.
Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a square matrix if m = n.
(4) Singleton matrix
A matrix having only one element, is called singleton matrix.

Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1.
eg. [3], [4], [d], [–7] are singleton matrices.
(5) Null or zero matrix
If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally denoted
by O.
Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a zero matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j.
E
Maths 39
(6) Diagonal matrix :

If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero, it is called a diagonal
matrix. Thus a square matrix A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when i j.
2 0 0
eg. 0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3, which also can be denoted by diag [2 3 4]
0 0 4
(7) Scalar Matrix :
If all the elements of the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.
Thus a square matrix A=[aij] is a scalar matrix is
0 i j 3 0
aij = where k is a constant. eg. :
k i j 0 3
(8) Unit Matrix (Identity Matrix)
If all elements of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called unit matrix. A
unit matrix of order n is denoted by In.
1 0 0
1 i j
Thus a square matrix A = [aij] is a unit matrix if aij = eg. 3= 0 1 0
0 i j
0 0 1
Note : Every unit matrix is a scalar matrix.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal matrix if they are of same order and their
corresponding elements are equal
5 6 7 a a2 a3
eg. if A = and B = 1 are equal matrices then
2 4 8 b1 b2 b3
a1 = 5, a2 = 6, a3 = 7, b1 = 2, b2 = 4, b3 = 8
x y 2x z 1 5
Illustration 1: Find x, y, z and w if .
2x y 3z w 0 13
x y 2x z 1 5
Solution: Given .
2x y 3z w 0 13
By definition of equality, we have
x–y=–1 ...(i) 2x – y = 0 ...(ii)

2x + z = 5 ...(iii) 3z + w = 13 ...(iv)
To find x and y ; subtract (ii) from (i) to get x – 2x = –1
x = 1 and then from (i) y = x + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2.
To find z and w ; substitute x = 1 in (iii) to obtain z = 5 – 2x = 5 – 2 = 3 and
then from (iv) w = 13 – 3z = 13 – 3 × 3 = 4
Hence, x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 and w = 4.
E
40 Matrices
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices of the same order then their sum A + B is a
matrix whose each element is the sum of corresponding elements.
i.e., A + B = [aij + bij ] m×n
5 2 1 5 5 1 2 5 6 7
eg. If A = 1 3 and B = 2 2 , then A + B = 1 2 3 2 = 3 5
4 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 7 4
Similarly their subtraction A – B is defined as
A – B = [aij – bij]m×n
i.e., in above example
5 1 2 5 4 3
A–B= 1 2 3 2 = 1 1
4 3 1 3 1 2
Note : Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible only when matrices are of same order.
Properties of matrices addition :
If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then -
(i) A + B = B + A (Commutative Law)
(ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative law)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A (where O is zero matrix) is additive identity of the matrix A.
(iv) A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A where (–A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of
A matrix (–A) is known as additive inverse of the matrix A.
A B A C
(v) B = C (Cancellation law)
B A C A
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let A=[aij]m×n be a matrix and k be a number then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying
every element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and it denoted by kA.
Thus A = [aij]m×n kA = [kaij]m×n
4 2 20 10
e.g. if A = 3 5 then 5A = 15 25
6 7 30 35
Properties of scalar multiplication :
If A, B are matrices of the same order and m, n are any numbers, then the following results can
be easily established.
(i) m(A + B) = mA + mB
(ii) (m + n)A = mA + nA
(iii) m(nA) = (mn)A = n(mA)
E
Maths 41
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when number of columns
in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]n×p then their product
AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of order m × p, where
n
(AB)ij = Cij a ir b rj
r 1
1 2
1 4 2 1.1 4.2 2.1 1.2 4.2 2.3 11 16
eg. If A= and B= 2 2 then AB= AB=
2 3 1 2.1 3.2 1.1 2.2 3.2 1.3 9 13
1 3
Properties of matrix multiplication :

If A, B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
(i) AB BA (Generally not commutative)
(ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law)
(iii) IA = A = AI is identity matrix for matrix multiplication
(iv) A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive law)
(v) If AB = AC B=C (cancellation Law is not applicable)
(vi) If AB = O It does not mean that A=O or B=O, again product of
two non-zero matrix may be zero matrix.
sin cos cos sin

Illustration 2: If A and B then compute (sin ) A + (cos ) B.
cos sin sin cos
sin cos cos sin

Solution: (sin ) A + (cos ) B = sin + cos
cos sin sin cos
sin 2 sin cos cos2 cos sin

2
sin cos sin cos sin cos2
sin 2 cos2 sin cos sin cos 1 0

sin cos cos sin sin 2 cos2 0 1
Illustration 3:
4 2 2 1 x 4
(i) Find x, y if 3 2 O
1 3 3 2 3 y
E
42 Matrices
1 2 3 2
(ii) Find the matrix X such that 2A + B + X = O, where A and B .
3 4 1 5
4 2 2 1 x 4
Solution: (i) Given 3 2 O
1 3 3 2 3 y
12 6 4 2 x 4
O
3 9 6 4 3 y
12 ( 4) x 6 2 4 0 0
3 6 3 9 4 y 0 0
16 + x = 0 and 5 + y = 0
(By definition of equality)
x = –16 and y = –5.
(ii) Given 2A + B + X = O
1 2 3 2 2 4 3 2
2 X O X O
3 4 1 5 6 8 1 5
2 3 4 2 1 2 0 0
X O X
6 1 8 5 7 13 0 0
1 2 x y 0 0 x y
, where X
7 13 z t 0 0 z t
1 x 2 y 0 0
7 z 13 t 0 0
1 + x = 0, 2 + y = 0, 7 + z = 0 and 13 + t = 0
x = –1, y = –2, z = –7 and t = –13.
x y 1 2
Hence, X .
z t 7 13
1 2 3 3 0 1
Illustration 4: Find A and B, if 2A 3B and A – 2B = .
2 0 1 1 6 2
1 2 3
Solution: Given 2A 3B ...(1)
2 0 1
3 0 1
and A 2B ...(2)
1 6 2
Multiplying (2) by 2 and subtracting it from (1), we obtain
1 2 3 3 0 1
2A + 3B – 2(A – 2B) = 2
2 0 1 1 6 2
E
Maths 43
1 6 2 0 3 2 1 5 2 1
7B B
2 2 0 12 1 4 7 4 12 5
Multiplying (1) by 2, (2) by 3 and adding, we get

1 2 3 3 0 1
2(2A + 3B) + 3(A – 2B) = 2 3
2 0 1 1 6 2
2 9 4 0 6 3 1 11 4 9
7A A
4 3 0 18 2 6 7 1 18 4
0 1 2
Illustration 5: If A , find x and y such that (xI + yA) = A.
1 0
0 1
Solution: We have, A
1 0
1 0 0 1
xI yA x y
0 1 1 0
x 0 0 y
xI yA
0 x y 0
x y
xI yA
y x
2
Now, (xI + yA) = A
x y x y 0 1
y x y x 1 0
x2 y2 2xy 0 1
2xy x2 y2 1 0
2 2 2 2
x – y = 0, 2xy = 1, – 2xy = –1 and x – y = 0
2 2
x – y = 0 and 2xy = 1
x = ±y and 2xy = 1
Now two cases arise.
Case-I : When x = y and 2xy = 1
In this case, we have
2 1
x = y and 2xy = 1 2x = 1
2
1 1 1 1
x and y or x and y
2 2 2 2
Case-II : When x = –y and 2xy = 1
In this case, we have
E
44 Matrices
2 i
x = –y and 2xy = 1 –2x = 1 x=± where i = iota = 1
2
i i i i
x and y or x and y
2 2 2 2
0 tan
2
Illustration 6: Let A and I be the identity matrix of order 2.
tan 0
2
cos sin
Show that I + A = (I – A) .
sin cos
Solution: We have,
0 tan 1 tan
1 0 2 2
LHS : I A
0 1
tan 0 tan 1
2 2
0 tan 1 tan
1 0 2 2
and I A
0 1
tan 0 tan 1
2 2
1 tan
cos sin 2 cos sin
RHS : (I A)
sin cos sin cos
tan 1
2
1 tan 2 2 tan
2 2
1 tan 1 tan 2 1 tan 2
cos sin 2 2 2
(I A)
sin cos
tan 1 2 tan 1 tan 2
2 2 2
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 2
2
1 t 2t
cos sin 1 t 1 t 2
1 t 2 , where t
(I A) tan .
sin cos t 1 2t 1 t2 2
1 t2 1 t2
1 t 2 2t 2 2t t t 3
cos sin 1 t2 1 t2
(I A)
sin cos t t 3 2t 2t 2 1 t 2
1 t2 1 t2
E
Maths 45
1 t2 t(1 t2 )
cos sin 1 t2 1 t2 1 t
(I A)
sin cos t(1 t2 ) 1 t2 t 1
1 t2 1 t2
1 tan
cos sin 2
(I A) I A
sin cos
tan 1
2
2 3 2 5
Illustration 7: Let A and ƒ(x) = x – 4x + 7. Show that ƒ(A)=O. Use this result to find A .
1 2
Solution: We have,
2
ƒ(x) = x – 4x + 7
2
ƒ(A) = A – 4A + 7I2
2 3 2 3 4 3 6 6 1 12
Now, A2 =
1 2 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 1
8 12 7 0
4A and 7I2
4 8 0 7
2
ƒ(A) = A – 4A + 7I2
1 12 8 12 7 0
ƒ(A)
4 1 4 8 0 7
1 8 7 12 12 0 0 0
ƒ(A) O
4 4 0 1 8 7 0 0
Now, ƒ(A) = 0
2
A – 4A + 7I2 = 0
2
A = 4A – 7I2
3 2 2
A = A .A = (4A – 7I2)A = 4A – 7I2A
3
A = 4(4A – 7I2) – 7A
3 2
A = 9A – 28I2 [Using : A = 4A – 7I2]

3
A = 9A – 28I2
4 3
A = A A = (9A – 28I2)A
4 2 2
A = 9A – 28A = 9(4A – 7I2) – 28A [Using : A = A – 7I2]
4
A = 36A – 63I2 – 28A = 8A – 63I2
5 4 2
A = A A = (8A – 63I2)A = 8A – 63I2A
E
46 Matrices
5 2
A = 8(4A – 7I2) – 63A = –31A – 56I2 [Using : A = 4A – 7I2]
2 3 1 0
A5 31 56
1 2 0 1
62 93 56 0
A5
31 62 0 56
118 93
A5
31 118
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX :
If we interchange the rows and columns of a matrix A, then the matrix so obtained is called the
transpose of A and it is denoted by
T t
A or A or A'
From this definition it is obvious to note that
T
(i) Order of A is m × n order of A is n × m
T
(ii) (A )ij = (A)ji , i, j)
Properties of Transpose :
If A, B are matrices of suitable order then
T T T T T
(i) (A ) = A (ii) (A + B) = A + B
T T T T T
(iii) (A – B) = A – B (iv) (kA) = kA
T T T T T T T
(v) (AB) = B A (vi) (A1A2.....An) = An .....A2 A1
1 2
0 3 4
Illustration 8: If A 3 0 , B , prove that (AB)' = B'A'.
1 2 0
5 6
1 2
0 3 4
Solution: Here, AB 3 0
1 2 0
5 6
1 0 ( 2) 1 1 ( 3) ( 2) 2 1 4 ( 2) 0 2 7 4
3 0 0 1 3 ( 3) 0 2 3 4 0 0 0 9 12
5 0 6 1 5 ( 3) 6 2 5 4 6 0 6 3 20
2 0 6
(AB) ' 7 9 3 ...(1)
4 12 20
E
Maths 47
0 1 0 1 1 ( 2) 0 3 1 0 0 5 1 6
1 3 5
Now, B' A ' 3 2 ( 3) 1 2 ( 2) 3 3 2 0 ( 3) 5 2 6
2 0 6
4 0 4 1 0 ( 2) 4 3 0 0 4 5 0 6
2 0 6
7 9 3 ...(2)
4 12 20
From (1) and (2), we have (AB)' = B'A'.
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX

(a) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij = aji for all i, j or
T
A = A.
1 2 3
eg. 2 3 1
3 1 2
Note :
(i) Every unit matrix and square zero matrix are symmetric matrices.
n(n 1)
(ii) Maximum number of different elements in a symmetric matrix is .
2
(b) Skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called skew-symmetric matrix if
aij = – aji for all i, j
0 2 3
T
or A = –A eg. 2 0 1
3 1 0
Note : All principal diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero because for
any diagonal element -
aii = – aii aii = 0
Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices :
T T T T
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A + A , AA , A A are symmetric matrices while A–A is

skew-symmetric matrices.
(ii) Every square matrix A uniquely can be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew
1 1
symmetric matrices i.e. A = (A + A T ) + (A – A T )
2 2
Symmetric matrix Skew-symmetric matrix
E
48 Matrices
2 4 1
Illustration 9: Express 3 5 8 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 2 1
2 4 1 2 3 1
T
Solution: Let A 3 5 8 A 4 5 2
1 2 1 1 8 1
2 4 1 2 3 1 4 7 0
T
A A 3 5 8 4 5 2 7 10 6
1 2 1 1 8 1 0 6 2
4 7 0 2 7/2 0
1 T 1
(A A ) 7 10 6 7/2 5 3
2 2
0 6 2 0 3 1
2 4 1 2 3 1 0 1 2
T
Now, A A 3 5 8 4 5 2 1 0 10
1 2 1 1 8 1 2 10 0
0 1 2 0 1/ 2 1
1 1
(A A T ) 1 0 10 1/2 0 5 , which is clearly skew-symmetric matrix.
2 2
2 10 0 1 5 0
2 7/2 0 0 1/ 2 1
1 1
Now A (A AT ) (A AT ) 7/2 5 3 1/2 0 5 .
2 2
0 3 1 1 5 0
INVERTIBLE MATRICES :
If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such
that AB = BA = 1, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A–1. In that case A is
said to be invertible.
2 3 2 3
For example, Let A = and B = be two matrices.
1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3
Now, AB =
1 2 1 2
4 3 6 6 1 0
= I
2 2 3 4 0 1
1 0
Also BA I.
0 1
Thus B is the inverse of A, in other words B = A–1 and A is inverse of B, i.e., A = B–1
E
Maths 49
EXERCISE-I
1 a 2 3 1 3
1 If X = and 3X – then a is equal to-
0 1 0 2 0 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –2
0 1
2. If A and a and b are arbitary constants then (aI + bA)2 =
0 0
(A) a2I + abA (B) a2I + 2abA
(C) a2I + b2A (D) None of these
1 0 0 1 cos sin
3. If I = ,J= and B = , then B equals
0 1 1 0 sin cos
(A) I cos + J sin (B) I cos – J sin
(C) sin + J cos (D) – I cos + J sin
2 3 1 x
4. If [1 x 2] 0 4 2 1 = 0, then the value of x is-
0 3 2 1
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
1 2
5. If A = then element a21 of A2 is-
3 4
(A) 22 (B) –15 (C) –10 (D) 7
1 2 x 5
6. If then
2 1 y 4
(A) x = 2, y = 1 (B) x = 1, y = 2
(C) x = 3, y = 2 (D) x = 2, y = 3
2 1 4 1
7. If A = and B = then BTAT is equal to-
7 4 7 2
1 0 1 1
(A) (B)
0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
(C) (D)
1 0 0 0
E
50 Matrices
1 2 3 4
8. If A = and B = then (AB)T equals :
3 0 1 6
5 9 5 9
(A) (B)
4 3 16 12
5 16 5 9
(C) (D)
9 16 12 16
1 0 a 1 2 1
9. If , then values of a, b are-
3 4 1 b 2 2
(A) 1, –2 (B) –1, 2 (C) –1, –2 (D) 1, 2

10. A matrix A = [aij] of order 2 × 3 whose elements are such that aij = i + j is-
2 3 4 2 3 4
(A) (B)
3 4 5 5 4 3
2 3 4
(C) (D) None of these
5 5 4
3 2 1 2
11. If X and Y two matrices are such that X – Y = and X + Y = then Y matrix is
1 0 3 4
2 0 1 2
(A) (B)
1 2 3 4
1 2
2 2
2 3 1 k
12. If [1 k 2] 0 4 2 1 = O, then the value of 'k' is :
0 3 2 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –1

1 4
13. If A , then skew symmetric part of A is :-
2 3
1
1
0 1 0 1 0 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 0 1 0 1 0 3
2
2
E
Maths 51
CASE STUDY
14. Three schools DPS, CVC and KVS decided to organize a fair for collecting money for helping
the flood victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of
Rs. 25, Rs.100 and Rs. 50 each respectively. The numbers of articles sold are given as
School/Article DPS CVC KVS
Handmade fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
(i) What is the total money (in Rupees) collected by the school DPS?
(A) 700 (B) 7000 (C) 6125 (D) 7875
(ii) What is the total amount of money (in Rs.) collected by schools CVC and KVS?
(A) 14000 (B) 15725 (C) 21000 (D) 13125
(iii) What is the total amount of money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS?
(A) Rs. 15775 (B) Rs. 14000 (C) Rs. 21000 (D) Rs. 17125
(iv) If the number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools, then what is the
total money collected by all schools?
(A) Rs. 18,000 (B) Rs. 6,750 (C) Rs. 5,000 (D) Rs. 21,250
(v) How many articles (in total) are sold by three schools?
(A) 230 (B) 130 (C) 430 (D) 330

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52 Matrices
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B A A B B A B D A
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. C D A (i) B, (ii) A, (iii) C, (iv) D, (v) D
SOLUTIONS
1. (B)
3 3a
3X =
0 3
3 2 3a 3 1 3a 3
L.H.S. =
0 0 3 2 0 1
Now by equality of two matrices, we have 3a – 3 = 3 a = 2.

2. (B)
a 0 0 b a b
Here aI + bA =
0 a 0 0 0 a
a 2 0 ab ba a2 2ab
(aI +bA) = 2
a 2 I 2abA
0 0 0 a2 0 a2
3. (A)
cos sin cos 0 0 sin
Here = +
sin cos 0 cos sin 0
1 0 0 1
= cos + sin = I cos + J sin
0 1 1 0
4. (A)
The L.H.S. of the equation
x
= [2 4x + 9 2x + 5] 1 = [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = 4x + 4
Thus 4x + 4 = 0 x = –1
5. (B)
The element a21 is product of second row of A to the first column of A
1
a21 = [3 – 4] = –3 – 12 = – 15
3
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Maths 53
6. (B)
The given matrix equation can be written as
x 2y 5
x + 2y = 5 and 2x + y = 4 x = 1, y = 2
2x y 4
7. (A)
4 7 2 7 8 7 28 28 1 0
BTAT = =
1 2 1 4 2 2 7 8 0 1
8. (B)
1 2 3 4 5 16 5 9
(AB) , (AB)T =
3 0 1 6 9 12 16 12
9. (D)
Here
1 a 0 1 2 1
1 + a = 2 and –4 + b = –2 a = 1, b = 2
3 1 4 b 2 2
10. (A)
aij is the element of ith row and jth column of matrix A
a11 = 1 + 1 = 2, a12 = 1 + 2 = 3, a13 = 1 + 3 = 4
a21 = 2 + 1 = 3, a22 = 2 + 2 = 4, a23 = 2 + 3 = 5
a11 a12 a13 2 3 4
A=
a 21 a 22 a 23 3 4 5
11. (C)
3 2
Given that X – Y= ....(i)
1 0
1 2
and X + Y = ....(ii)
3 4
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
3 2 1 2
– 2Y =
1 0 3 4
3 1 2 ( 2) 2 4 1 2 4 1 2
(–2) Y = Y=–
1 3 0 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2
12. (D)
k
2 4k 9 2k 5 1 O
1
[2k + 4k + 9 – 2k – 5] = O 4k + 4 = 0 k = –1
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54 Matrices
13. (A)
We know skew symmetric part
1 1 1 4 1 2
A AT
2 2 2 3 4 3
0 1
=
1 0
14. (i) (B)
Total money collected by the school DPS = 40 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 20 × 50
= 1000 + 5000 + 1000 = 7000
(ii) (A)
Total money collected by the school CVC = 25 × 25 + 40 × 100 + 30 × 50
= 625 + 4000 + 1500 = 6125
and, total money collected by the school KVS = 35 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 40 × 50
= 875 + 5000 + 2000 = 7875
Now total amount of money collected by CVC and KVS
= 6125 + 7875 = 14000
(iii) (C)
Total amount of money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS
= 7000 + 6125 + 7875 = 21000
(iv) (D)
When number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools then :
= 20 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 40 × 50 + 30 × 25 + 40 × 100 + 25 × 50 + 40 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 35 × 50
= 500 + 5000 + 2000 + 750 + 4000 + 1250 + 1000 + 5000 + 1750
= 7500 + 6000 + 7750 = 21250
(v) (D)
Total articles = 40 + 25 + 35 + 50 + 40 + 50 + 20 + 30 + 40 = 330 node06\B0BA-BB\Kota\Board Material\Mathematics\Booklet\CBSE\XII\Term-1
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EXERCISE-II
0 5 8
1. The matrix 5 0 12 is a :
8 12 0
(A) Diagonal matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Skew-symmetric matrix (D) Scalar matrix
2. If A is a matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix such that AB' and B'A are both defined, then
order of matrix B is:
(A) m × m (B) n × n (C) n × m (D) m × n
2 3 3
3. If A is a square matrix such that A = I ; then (A – I) + (A + I) – 7A is equal to :
(A) A (B) I – A (C) I + A (D) 3A
4. The number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 2 with each entry as 1,2,3, 4, 0, 6 is :
(A) 36 (B) 1296 (C) 216 (D) 24
5. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal :
3x 7 5 0 y 2
,
y 1 2 3x 8 4
1
(A) x ,y 7 (B)Not possible to find
3
2 1 2
(C) y = 7, x = (D) x ,y
3 3 3
6. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order ; then (BA – 2AB) is a :
(A) Symmetric matrix
(B) Skew-symmetric matrix
(C) Neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix
(D) Zero matrix
cos sin
7. If A = ; then A + A' = I, if the value of is :
sin cos
3
(A) (B) (C) (D) –
6 3 2
8. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if:

(A) AB =BA (B) AB = BA = O
(C) AB = O, BA = I (D) AB = BA = I
9. If A = is such that A2 = I ; then
2 2
(A) 1 + + =0 (B) 1 – + =0
2 2
(C) 1 – – =0 (D) 1 + – =0
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56 Matrices
10. If A and B are square matrices of the same order ; then (A + B) (A – B) is equal to :
(A) A2 – B2 (B) A2 – BA – AB – B2
(C) A2 – B2 + BA– AB (D) A2 – BA + B2 + AB
5 x
11. If A = and A = AT , then :
y 0
(A) x = 0, y = 5 (B) x = y (C) x + y = 5 (D) None of these
1 2
12. If A = , then element a21 of A2 is :
3 4
(A) 22 (B) –15 (C) –10 (D) 7
13. If A and B are square matrices such that AB = B and BA = A ; then A + B2 is equal to:
2
(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D AB

CASE STUDY
14. Assume that X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order 2 × n, 3 × k, 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k ;
respectively. Based on the above information ; answer the following :
(i) The restriction on an so that XZ will be defined is :
(A) n = p (B) n = 2 (C) n = 3 (D) n = k
(ii) If n = p, then the order of the matrix 7X – 5Z is :
(A) p × 2 (B) 2 × n (C) n × 3 (D) p × n
(iii) The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined are :
(A) k = 3, p = n (B) k is arbitrary, p = 2
(C) p is arbitrary, k = 3 (D) k = 2, p = 3
(iv) If p = 3, then the order of the matrix 3Y + 10P is :
(A) n × 3 (B) 2 × k (C) 3 × k (D) k × p
(v) The multiplication of matrices W and P is defined if and only if :
(A) p = 3 (B) n = p (C) n = k (D) k = 3
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D A B B C B D C C
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. C B C (i) B, (ii) B, (iii) A, (iv) C, (v) A
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Maths 57
SOLUTIONS
1. (C)
0 5 8
We have, B = 5 0 12
8 12 0
0 5 8
Now B' = 5 0 12 B
8 12 0
Hence, the given matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2. (D)
Let A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]p × q
B' = [bij]q × p
Now, AB' : is defined, so n =q and B'A is also defined, so p = m
Hence, order of B = m × n
3. (A)
We have, A2 = I
(A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A
= (A3 – 3A2I + 3AI2 – I3) + (A3 + 3A2I + 3AI2 + I3) – 7A
= 2A3 + 6AI2 – 7A
= 2A.A2 + 6A – 7A
= 8A – 7A = A
4. (B)
Number of all possible matrices
= (Number of entries)(number of elements)
= (6)2×2
= (6)4 = 1296
5. (B)
3x 7 5 0 y 2
Given,
y 1 2 3x 8 4
By equality of matrices,
3x + 7 = 0 ; 2 – 3x = 4
and y – 2 = 5 ; y + 1 = 8
y = 7 and x can not be determined.
Hence, the values are not possible to find.
6. (C)
Let C = (BA – 2AB)
t t
C = (BA – 2AB)
t t
= (BA) – 2(AB)
t t
= AtBt – 2B A
t t
= AB – 2BA ( A = A, B = B)
C C or –C
Hence, (BA – 2AB) is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
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58 Matrices
7. (B)
cos sin
Given, A =
sin cos
cos sin
A' =
sin cos
Now, A + A' = I (given)

cos sin cos sin 1 0
+ =
sin cos sin cos 0 1
2 cos 0 1 0
=
0 2 cos 0 1
1
2cos = 1 cos =
2
or
3
8. (D)
We know that
A.A–1 = I
Hence, matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if :
AB = BA = I
9. (C)
Given, A =
A2 = .
2
2 1 0
A = 2
= (given)
0 1
2
Hence, + =1
2
or 1 – – =0
10. (C)
Given, A and B are square matrices of the same order
(A + B) (A – B)
= A2 – AB + BA – B2
= A2 – B2 + BA – AB
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Maths 59
11. (C)
5 x 5 y
Given, A = AT =
y 0 x 0
Now, A = AT (given)
5 x 5 y
=
y 0 x 0
x=y
12. (B)
1 2
Given, A =
3 4
1 2 1 2
A2 = .
3 4 3 4
Now, a21 = 3 × (–1) + (–4) × 3

= –3 – 12
= –15
13. (C)
Given A and B are square matrices such that AB = B and BA =A
A2 + B2 = A.A + B.B
= A.(BA) + B.(AB) = (AB).A + (BA).B
= BA + AB
A2 + B2 = A +B
14. Given orders of matrices X, Y, Z, W and P are 2 × n, 3 × k, 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k ; respectively.
(i) (B)
If XZ is defined, we have
n=2
[ order of X is 2 × n and order of Z is 2 × p]
(ii) (B)
Given n = p
then, the order of 7X is 2 × n and the order of 5Z is 2 × P
Order of 7X – 5Z will be 2 × n
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60 Matrices
(iii) (A)
If PY is defined, then k = 3
[ order of P is p × k and order of Y is 3 × k]
Also, order of PY will be 'p × k'
Also, the order of WY will be 'n × k'
If PY + WY is defined k = 3 and p = n
(iv) (C)
If p = 3, then the order of matrix (3Y + 10P) is 3 × k
[ order of Y is '3 × k' and order of P is 'p × k']
(v) (A)
Given, order of matrix W is 'n × 3' and order of matrix P is 'p × k'
[ If matrix WP is defined ; then p = 3]
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Maths 61
DETERMINANTS
Definition:
When an algebraic or numerical expression is expressed in a square form containing some rows
and columns, this square form is named as a determinant of that expression. For example when
a1 b1
expression a1b2 – a2 b1 is expressed in the form then it is called a determinant of order
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
2 clearly a determinant of order 2 contains 2 rows and 2 columns. Similarly a2 b2 c2 is a
a3 b3 c3
determinant of order 3.
Obviously in every determinant, the number of rows and columns are equal and this number is
called the order of that determinant.
Note : (i) For matrix A, |A| is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.
(ii) Only square matrices have determinant.
REPRESENTATION OF A DETERMINANT :
Generally we use or |A| symbols to express a determinant and a determinant of order 3 is
represented by
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
th th
It should be noted that the ( i, j)th element (the element of the i row and j column) of the
determinant has been expressed by aij , i = 1,2,3 ; j = 1,2,3 . The elements for which i = j are
called diagonal elements and the diagonal containing them is called principal diagonal or
simply diagonal of the determinant. For the above determinant a11 , a22 , a33 are diagonal
elements.
EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT OR VALUE OF A DETERMINANT :
(i) Expansion along first row (R1) :
The expression which has been expressed in a determinant form is called the value of that
determinant.
a11 a12 a13
Let a21 a22 a23 be a third order determinant.
a31 a32 a33
To find its value we expand it by any row or column as the sum of three determinants of order
2. If we expand it by first row then
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
( 1)1 1 a11 ( 1)1 2 a12 ( 1)1 3 a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

= a11 a12 a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11a22a33 – a11 a32 a23 – a12 a21 a33 + a12 a31 a23 + a13 a21 a32 – a13 a31 a22 ... (i)
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62 Determinants
(ii) Expansion along first column (C1) :

1+1 a22 a23 2+1 a12 a13 3+1 a12 a13
|A| = a11(–1) + a21(–1) + a31(–1)
a32 a33 a32 a33 a22 a23
= a11 a22 a33 – a11 a23 a32 – a21 a12 a33 + a21 a32 a13 + a31 a12 a23 – a31 a13 a22 ... (ii)
Values of |A| in (i) and (ii) are same and we can find the value of |A| by expanding along any
row
(R1, R2, R3) and column (C1, C2, C3).
Note :
For easier calculation we shall expand the determinant along that row or column which contains
maximum number of zeroes.
Illustration 1:
6 -7 8
Find the value of A = 1 -3 1
2 1 -4
Solution:
1+1 3 1 1+2 1 1 1+3 1 3
A = 6(–1) + (–7) (–1) + 8 (–1)
1 4 2 4 2 1
= 6(12 – 1) + 7 (–4 –2) + 8 (1 + 6) = 66 – 42 + 56 = 80
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS :
Note : Properties of determinants not in syllabus but the properties can be used in objective
questions according to suitability of questions.
There are some important properties which simplifies calculation by obtaining maximum
number of zeroes in a row or a column.
P–1 The value of a determinant is unchanged if its all rows are interchanged in corresponding
columns.
P–2 The interchange of any two consecutive rows or columns will simply change the sign of the
value of the determinant.
P–3 If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then its value is zero.
P–4 If each element of a row or column of a determinant be multiplied by a number, then its value is
also multiplied by that number.
P–5 If each entry in a row or column of a determinant is the sum of two numbers, then the
determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants. For example
a b c a b c a b c a b c b c
p q r p q r p q r and p q r p q r q r
u v w u v w u v w u v w u v w v w
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Maths 63
P–6 The value of a determinant does not change if the elements of a row (column) are added or
subtracted from the corresponding elements of another row (column). For example
a b c a b c b c
p q r p q r q r
u v w u v w v w
Note :
(i) Maximum number of operation in one step is n–1, where n is order of determinant.
(ii) If more than one operation like Ri Ri + kRj is done in one step, care to see that a row
or column is affected in one operation should not be used in another operation.
AREA OF TRIANGLE :
The area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1,y1), (x2,y2) and (x3,y3) is given by
1
[x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)]. Now this expression can be written in the form of a
2
x1 y1 1 x1 x2 x3
1 1
determinant as x2 y 2 1 or y1 y2 y3
2 2
x3 y3 1 1 1 1
Note :
(i) Since area is a positive quantity, so we always take the absolute value of the
determinant.
(ii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
(iii) If area is given, then for calculation take both positive and negative value.
Illustration 2:
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(at12 ,2at1 ) , B(at 22 ,2at2 ) and C(at32 ,2at3 )
Solution:
at12 2at1 1 t12 t1 1
1 2 1
Area of ABC = at2 2at2 1 = 2a2 t 22 t2 1
2 2 2
at3 2at3 1 t32 t3 1
1 t1 t12
1 2
= (2 a ) 1 t2 t22
2
1 t3 t23
2
= a | (t1 – t2) (t2 – t3) (t3 – t1)| square units.
1 a a2
1 b b2 (a b)(b c)(c a)
1 c c2
MINORS :
The determinant that is left by cancelling the row and column intersecting at a particular
element is called the minor of that element. Minor of an element aij is denoted by Mij.
Note :
Minor of an element of a determinant of order n (n 2) is a determinant of order (n – 1).
Example :
a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a a13
If = a21 a22 a23 then minor of a11 is M11 = , similarly M32 = 11
a32 a33 a21 a23
a31 a32 a33
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64 Determinants
COFACTORS :
i+j
The cofactor of an element aij is denoted by Cij and is equal to (–1) . Mij where M is minor of
element aij.
1+1 a22 a23 3+2
Example : C11 = (–1) M11 = M11 = , similarly C32 = (–1) M32 = – M32 = –
a32 a33
a11 a13
a21 a23
Note :
(i) The sum of products of the elements of any row with their corresponding cofactors is equal
to the value of determinant i.e. = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
(ii) The sum of the product of elements of any row with corresponding cofactors of another
row is equal to zero i.e. a11C21 + a12C22 + a13C23 = 0
(iii) If order of a determinant ( ) is 'n' then the value of the determinant formed by replacing
n–1
every element by its cofactor is
Illustration 3:
Find the minors and the cofactors of each entry of the third row of the determinant A and hence
evaluate det A.
6 7 8
A= 1 3 1
2 1 4
Solution:
7 8 6 8
Now M31 = = –7 – (–24) = 17, M32 = = 6 – 8 = –2 and
3 1 1 1
6 7
M33 = = 6 × (–3) – (–7) × 1 = –11.
1 3
3+1 3+2
Also, C31 = (–1) M31 = M31 = 17, C32 = (–1) M32 = – M32 = 2
3+3
and C33 = (–1) M33 = M33 = –11.
Further, det A = a31C31 + a32C32 + a33C33 (Expansion with the help of third row)
= 2 × 17 + 1 × 2 + (–4) × (–11) = 80
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
If every element of a square matrix A be replaced by its cofactor in [A], then the transpose of
the matrix so obtained is called the adjoint of A and it is denoted by adj A
T
Thus if A = [aij] be a square matrix and Fij be the cofactor of aij in |A|, then adj A = [Fij]
(adj A)ij = Fji
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Maths 65
T
a11 a12 .... a1n F11 F12 .... F1n F11 F21 .... Fn1
a21 a22 .... a2n F21 F22 .... F2n F12 F22 .... Fn2
Hence if A = , then adj A =
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
an1 an2 .... ann Fn1 Fn2 .... Fnn F1n F2n .... Fnn
Properties of Adjoint Matrix :

If A, B are square matrices of order n and n is corresponding unit matrix, then
(i) A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A. (Thus A (adj A) is always a scalar matrix)
n–1
(ii) |adj A| = |A|
(iii) A is singular |A| = 0
(iv) A is non singular |A| 0
a11 a12
Trick : For a square matrix of order 2, given by A =
a 21 a 22
The adj A can also be obtained by interchanging a11 and a22 and by changing sign of a12 and
a21.
Example :
a11 a12 a22 –a12
adjAA==
adj =
a21 a22 –a21 a11
Change sign Interch ange elements
Change sign interchange elements
Illustration 4:
4 6 1
Find the adjoint of the matrix A = 1 1 1 and verify that A( adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I3.
4 11 1
Solution:
4 6 1
Here, |A| = 1 1 1 = 4(1 –11) – (–6) (1 + 4) + 1 (–11 –4) = – 40 + 30 – 15 = –25
4 11 1
Cofactors of the elements of first row are :
1 1 1 1 1 1
C11 (–1)1 1
= – 10, C12 (–1)1 2
= – 5, C13 (–1)1 3
= –15
11 1 4 1 4 11
Cofactors of the elements of second row are :
6 1 4 1 4 6
C21 (–1)2 1
= 5, C22 ( 1)2 2
= 0, C23 (–1)2 3
= –20
11 1 4 1 4 11
Cofactors of the elements of third row are :
6 1 4 1 4 6
C31 ( 1)3 1
= –5, C32 ( 1)3 2
= –5, C 33 ( 1)3 3
= –10
1 1 1 1 1 1
T
10 5 15 10 5 5
adj A = 5 0 20 5 0 5
5 5 10 15 20 10
4 6 1 10 5 5
verification : A (adj A) = 1 1 1 5 0 5
4 11 1 15 20 10
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66 Determinants
40 30 15 20 0 20 20 30 10
10 5 15 5 0 20 5 5 10
40 55 15 20 0 20 20 55 10
–25 0 0 1 0 0
0 25 0 = –25 0 1 0 = (–25) I3 = | A |I3
0 0 25 0 0 1
Similarly, we can show that (adj A) A = | A | I3

Hence (adj A) = | A | I3 = A(adj A).
INVERSE MATRIX (For non singular matrix) :
If A is square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order m,
–1
such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A and A
is called invertible matrix.
Also A adj A = |A| I = (adj. A) A
adj(A) adj A
A I A
|A| |A|
–1 adj(A)
A =
|A|
–1
Thus A exists |A| 0.
Note :
–1
(1) Matrix A is called invertible if A exists.
(2) A rectangular matrix does not have inverse matrix because BA and AB should be defined
and be equal. (So A and B should be square matrices of the same order)
(3) If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.
Properties of Inverse Matrix
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 –1
(i) (A ) =A (ii) (AB) = B A (iii) |A | = = |A|
|A|
Illustration 5 :
2 1 4 5 –1
If A and B 1
, compute (AB) .
5 3 3 4
Solution:
By reversal law, we have
4 5
–1 –1 –1 –1
(AB) =B A = A
3 4
–1
In this case, we have to compute A only
2 1
Here, det A = =6–5=1 0, thus A–1 exists
5 3
Now C11 3,C12 5,C21 1,C22 2
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Maths 67
T
–1 1 1 3 5 3 1
A = (adj A)
|A| 1 1 2 5 2
–1 4 5 3 1 12 25 4 10 13 6
Hence, (AB) =
3 4 5 2 9 20 3 8 11 5
APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES :

Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix (Matrix method) :
Consider the system of equations.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2, a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1 x d1
Let A = a2 b2 c2 , X = y and B = d2 , then the system of equations can be written as
a3 b3 c3 z d3
AX = B.
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a2 b2 c2 y = d2
a3 b3 c3 z d3
If A is non-singular matrix (|A| 0) , then its inverse exists. Now AX = B

–1 –1 –1
A (AX) = A B IX = A B
–1 –1
or X = A B ( AA = I)
This matrix equations provides unique solution for the given system of equations as inverse of
a matrix is unique.
Illustration 6 :
Solve using matrices, for x, y and z :
2x – y – z = 7
3x + y – z = 7
x + y – z = 3.
Solution:
The given system of equations can be written as AX = B ...(i)
2 1 1 x 7
where A 3 1 1 , X y and B 7 .
1 1 1 z 3
2 1 1
Here, det A 3 1 1 = 2(–1 +1) – (–1) (–3 + 1) + (–1) (3 – 1) = –2 – 2 = –4
0
1 1 1
–1
therefore, the given system is consistent and has a unique solution given by X = A B. (from (i)) To
–1
find A , we have to find co-factors of each elements.
A11 = 0, A12 = 2, A13 = 2, A21 = –2, A22 = –1, A23 = –3, A31 = 2, A32 = –1 and A33 = 5
T
0 2 2 0 2 2
1 1 1 1
A (adj A) 2 1 3 2 1 1
det A 4 4
2 1 5 2 3 5
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68 Determinants
0 2 2 7
–1 1
Then from (i), X = A B = 2 1 1 7
4
2 3 5 3
x 0 14 6 8 2
1 1
y 14 7 3 4 1 x = 2, y = –1, z = –2
4 4
z 14 21 15 8 2
EXERCISE-I
1 0 8
1. The value of minor and cofactor of 5 in the determinant 3 5 9 is :-
4 1 2
(A) 34, 34 (B) 34, – 34 (C) –34, 34 (D) –34, – 34
1 3
2. If A , then the value of |A2 – 2A| is
2 1
(A) 25 (B) –25 (C) 0 (D) 5
1 0 1
3. If A 0 1 2 then |3A| is equal to :-
0 0 4
(A) 9 |A| (B) 81 |A| (C) 27 |A| (D) 31 |A|
4. The area of triangle with vertices (5, 4), (–2, 4) and (2, –6) is :-
35
(A) 70 sq. units (B) 140 sq. units (C) sq. units (D) 35 sq. units
2
5. A triangle whose area is 3 sq. units and its vertices are (1, 3), (0, 0) and (k, 0) then the value of k
is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 8
6. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and |A| = 5, then value of |adj (A)| is :-
(A) 25 (B) 5 (C) 125 (D) 15
7. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 2 then value of |adj (adj (A)| is :-
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 16
3 5
8. The adjoint of the matrix is
2 0
0 5 0 5
(A) (B)
2 3 2 3
0 5 1 0 5
(C) (D)
2 3 10 2 3
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Maths 69
2 3
9. Inverse matrix of is-
4 2
1 2 3 1 2 4
(A) (B)
8 4 2 8 3 2
1 2 3 2 3
(C) (D)
8 4 2 4 2
2 0 0
10. If A = 2 2 0 , then adj (adj A) is equal to-
2 2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0
(A) 8 1 1 0 (B) 16 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0
(C) 64 1 1 0 (D) None of these
1 1 1
0 1
0 1 2
11. If A = , B = 1 0 and M = AB, then M–1 is equal to-
2 2 0
1 1
2 2 1/3 1/3
(A) (B)
2 1 1/3 1/6
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

(C) (D)
1/ 3 1/ 6 1/3 1/6
CASE STUDY
2 0 0 1 0 3
12. A and B are square matrices of order 3 given by A 2 2 0 and B 2 1 1
2 2 2 0 0 2
(i) The value of |adj(A)| is equal to :
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) 26 (D) 27

E
70 Determinants
(ii) The value of adj adj(A) is equal to :
(A) 2 A (B) 4 A (C) 8 A (D) 16 A
(iii) The value of |adj. adj (B)| is equal to :
(A) 4 (B) 42 (C) 43 (D) 44
(iv) adj(AB) is equal to :-
adj A
(A) adj(A) (B) adj(B) adj(A) (C) (D) None of these
adj B
(v) |A2| is equal to :-

(A) 48 (B) 124 (C) –64 (D) 64
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D A C D A A D B A B
Q.No. 11 12
Ans. C (i0 C, (ii) C, (iii) B, (iv) B, (v) D
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Maths 71
SOLUTIONS
1. (D)
1 8
Minor of 5 = –2 – 32 = –34, Cofactor of 5 = (–1)2+2 m5 = –34
4 2
2. (A)
1 3 1 3 7 6 2 6
A2 A.A ,2A
2 1 2 1 4 7 4 2
7 6 2 6 5 0
Now A 2 2A
4 7 4 2 0 5
5 0
A 2 2A 25
0 5
3. (C)
|3A| = 33. |A| = 27 |A| [ |kA| = kn|A|]
4. (D)
5 4 1
1 1
2 4 1 5 4 6 4 2 2 1 12 8
2 2
2 6 1
1 70
50 16 4 35sq.units
2 2
5. (A)
1 3 1
1
0 0 1 3
2
k 0 1
1 (0 – 0) –3 (0 – k) + 1 (0 – 0) = 6
3k = 6 k = 2
6. (A)
|adj(A)| = |A|n–1 = (5)3–1 = 25
7. (D)
2
n 1
We know that |adj (adj (A)| = A where n = 3
2
3 1
= 2 24 16
8. (B)
only sign change

a11 a12
We know that adjoint of a matrix of order 2 × 2
a21 a22 Inter change
0 5
adj.A =
2 3
E
72 Determinants
9. (A)
Let the given matrix is A, then |A| = –8
T
2 4 2 3 1 1 2 3
and adj A = A–1 = adj A =
3 2 4 2 |A| 8 4 2
10. (B)
2 0 0
|A| = 2 2 0 = (2) (2) (2) = 8
2 2 2
2 0 0 1 0 0
Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2 A = 8 2 2 0 = 16 1 1 0
2 2 2 1 1 1
11. (C)
0 1
0 1 2 1 2
M= 1 0 =
2 2 0 2 2
1 1
2 2
|M| = 6 , adj M =
2 1
1 2 2 1/3 –1 / 3
M–1 =
6 2 1 1/3 1/6
12. (i) (C)
|adj.A| = |A|n–1 = 83–1 = 82 = 26
(ii) (C)
adj. adj (A) = |A|n–2. A, |A| = 8 and n = 3
adj. adj (A) = 83–2. A = 8 A
(iii) (B)
2
n 1 2
|adj. (adj B)| = B 22 2 4 16
(iv) (B)
By standard property
adj (AB) = adj (B) . adj (A)
(v) (D)
2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0
2
A A.A 2 2 0 2 2 0 8 4 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 12 8 4
4 0 0
2
Now, A 8 4 0 4(16 0) 0 0 64
12 8 4
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Maths 73
EXERCISE-II
1. If the points (a, b) ; (a', b') and (a – a', b – b') are collinear, then :
(A) ab = a' b' (B) bb' = aa'
(C) ab' = a'b (D) None of these
2. The area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (–4, 2) and (5, 1) is :
61
(A) 40 sq. units (B) 30 sq. units (C) 29 sq. units (D) sq.units
2
3. The equation of the line joining A (1,3) and B (0, 0) using determinants is :
(A) y + 3x = 0 (B) y – 3x = 0
(C) x + 3y = 0 (D) x – 3y = 0
4. The co-factors of elements of second row corresponding to the determinant are :
1 0 4
3 5 1
0 1 2
(A) A21 = –4. A22 = –2, A23 = –1 (B) A21 = –4. A22 = 2. A23 = –1
(C) A21 = 4, A22 = 2, A23 = 0 (D) None of these
a11 a12 a13
5. If a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is the co-factor of aij, then value of is given by :
a 31 a 32 a 33
(A) a31A21 + a32A22 + a33A23 (B) a11A13 + a21A23 + a31A33

(C) a11A11 + a12A21 + a13A31 (D) a13A13 + a23A23 + a33A33
1
6. If A 2 A I 0 , then A =
2
(A) A (B) A I (C) I A (D) A I
1 2 3
7. If A and B ,AX B , then X
2 1 1
1 5 1 5
(A) [5 7] (B) (C) [5 7] (D)
3 7 3 7
1 2
8. If A , then A 1 =
3 5
5 2
5 2
(A) (B) 11 11
3 1 3 1
11 11
5 2
11 11 5 2
(C) (D)
3 1 3 1
11 11
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74 Determinants
10 0
9. For any 2 2 matrix A, if A(adjA) then | A | is equal
0 10
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 100

10. The values of x,y,z in order of the system of equations 3x y 2z 3, 2x 3y z 3,
x 2y z 4, are
(A) 2, 1, 5 (B) 1, 1, 1 (C) 1, –2, –1 (D) 1, 2, –1

11. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |A| = 8, then | adjA |
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 23 (D) 26
3 2
12. If A , then (A 1 )3 is equal to
0 1
1 1 26 1 1 26
(A) (B)
27 0 27 27 0 27
1 1 26 1 1 26
(C) (D)
27 0 27 27 0 27
13. If A O and B O are n × n matrices such that AB O, then

(A) Det(A) 0 or Det(B) 0
(B) Det(A) 0 and Det(B) 0
(C) Det(A) Det(B) 0
1
(D) A B1
CASE STUDY
14. Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1),(x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by the determinant :
x1 y1 1
1
x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
Since, area is a positive quantity, so we always take the absolute value of the determinant .
Also, the area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
(i) Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–2, 6), (3, –6) and (1, 5) :
(A) 30 sq. units (B) 35 sq. units
(C) 40 sq. units (D) 15.5 sq. units
(ii) If the points (2, –3) (k, –1) and (0, 4) are collinear, then find the value of 4k :
7 40
(A) 4 (B) (C) 47 (D)
140 7
E
Maths 75
(iii) If the area of a triangle ABC ; with vertices A(1, 3), B(0, 0) and C(k, 0) is 3 sq. units ; then the
value of k is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

(iv) Using determinants, find the equation of the line joining the points A(1, 2) and B (3, 6) :
(A) y = 2x (B) x = 3y (C) y = x (D) 4x – y = 5
(v) If A = (11, 7) ; B = (5, 5) and C = (–1, 3) then :
(A) ABC is scalene triangle
(B) ABC is equilateral triangle
(C) A, B and C are collinear
(D) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D B B D C B B B D
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. D A A (i) D, (ii) D, (iii) A, (iv) A, (v) C
E
76 Determinants
SOLUTIONS
1. (C)
Given the three points are collinear i.e., =0
a b 1
a' b' 1 0
a a ' b b' 1
a b 1
or a ' a b' b 0 0 ( R2 R2 – R1, R3 R3 – R1)
a' b' 0
1 a ' a ( b') a '(b' b) 0 (Expanding by C3)

or ab' – a'b = 0
ab' = a'b
Alternative
a(b' – b + b') – b(a' – a + a') +1(a'b – a'b' – ab' + a'b') = 0 (Expanding by R1)
= –a'b + ab' = 0
ab ' a ' b
2. (D)
The area of triangle is given by :
3 8 1
1
4 2 1
2
5 1 1
1
= 3(2 1) 8( 4 5) 1( 4 10)
2
1 61
= 3 72 14 sq.units
2 2
3. (B)
Let P(x, y) be any point on AB. Then ar( ABP) must be zero.
0 0 1
1
1 3 1 0
2
x y 1
1
or (y 3x) 0
2
y – 3x = 0
y = 3x
4. (B)
0 4
A21 = ( 1)2 1
1 2
= (–1) (0 + 4] = –4
1 4
A22 = ( 1)2 2
0 2
=2
1 0
and A23 = ( 1)2 3
0 1
= –1
E
Maths 77
5. (D)
a11 a12 a13
Given ; a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
By using the relation between the value of determinant and its minors, co-factors ;
we have :
= a13A13 + a23A23 + a33A33
6. (C)
Given; A2 – A + I = 0
A–1. A2 – A–1. A + A–1. I = A–1 . 0 [pre multiplying both sides by A–1]
AI – I + A–1 = 0 [ A = AI]
A – I + A–1 = 0
A–1 = I – A
7. (B)
1 2 3
Given; A= and B=
2 1 1
AX = B .....(1)
a
Let X=
b
Put the value of A, X and B

1 2 a 3
2 1 b 1
–a + 2b = 3
2a – b = 1
5 7
After solving, we get a and b =
3 3
1 5
then X
3 7
8. (B)
1 2
Given A
3 5
|A| = –5 – 6 = –11 0
Hence; A–1 exists.
1 adj(A)
A ,| A| 0
| A|
5 2
adj A
3 1
1 1 5 2
A
11 3 1
5 2
1 11 11
A
3 1
11 11
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78 Determinants
9. (B)
We know that A (adj A) = |A| In
10 0 1 0
| A|
0 10 0 1
10 0 | A| 0
0 10 0 | A|
solve we get | A | 10
10. (D)
The matrix form is :
3 1 2 x 3
2 3 1 y 3
1 2 1 z 4
Let AX = B
X = A–1 B .......(1)
|A| = 3 (–3 + 2) –1 (2 + 1) + 2 (4 + 3)
|A| = 8 0
A–1 exists
1 3 5
adj A 3 1 7
7 5 11
1 1
A adj A, |A| 0
|A |
1 3 5
1
3 1 7
8
7 5 11
from equation (1) X = A–1 B
3 9 20
1
X 9 3 28
8
21 15 44
x 1
y 2 x 1, y=2 and z = –1
z 1
11. (D)
We know that, if A is a non-singular matrix of order 'n', then |adj (A)| = |A|n–1
= (8)3–1
= 82 = 64 = 26
12. (A)
3 2
Given; A
0 1
|A| = 3 0
A–1 exists
1 adj(A)
A ,A 0
| A|
1 2
adj (A) =
0 3
1 1 1 2
A
3 0 3
1 3 1 1 26
A
27 0 27
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Maths 79
13. (A)
Given A O and B O
AB = O
|AB| = |O|
|A| |B| = 0
|A| = 0 or |B| = 0
14.
(i) (D)
Required area is given as :
2 6 1
1
A 3 6 1
2
1 5 1
1
= 2 ( 6 5) 6(3 1) 1(15 6)
2
1
A= 22 12 21
2
= 15.5 sq.units
(ii) (D)
Since the given points are collinear, area of triangle formed by them must be zero.
2 3 1
1
k 1 1 0
2
0 4 1
or 2(–1 – 4) + 3(k – 0) + 1 (4k – 0) = 0
–10 + 3k + 4k = 0
10
or k =
7
10 40
4k = 4
7 7
(iii) (A)
As per given conditions, we have :
1 3 1
1
0 0 1 3
2
k 0 1
1
1(0 0) 3(0 k) 1(0 0) 3
2
or 3k = ±6
k = ±2
or k = 2 (as per question)
E
80 Determinants
(iv) (A)
Required equation of line can be represented as :
x y 1
1
1 2 1 0
2
3 6 1
[ line passes through (x, y), (1, 2) and (3, 6)]
1
x(2 6) y(1 3) 1(6 6) 0
2
or –4x + 2y = 0 y = 2x
(v) (C)
Given points A, B and C are (11, 7), (5, 5) and (–1, 3) respectively. Hence, Area of ABC
11 7 1
1
= 5 5 1
2
1 3 1
1
= 11(5 3) 7(5 1) 1(15 5)
2
1
= 22 42 20
2
Hence, Area of ABC = 0 sq. units
Points A, B and C are collinear.
E
Maths 81
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

PART -1
CONTINUITY
1. CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
A function for which a small change in the independent variable causes only a small change and
not a sudden jump in the dependent variable is called continuous function. Naively, we may say
that a function is continuous at a fixed point if we can draw the graph of the function around that
point without lifting the pen from the plane of the paper.
a a a a a
continuous discontinuous discontinuous discontinuous discontinuous
2. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if Lim
x a
f(x) f(a) . Symbolically f is continuous at
x = a if Lim
h 0
f(a h) Lim f(a h) f a , h > 0
h 0
3. REASONS OF DISCONTINUITY
(a) Limit does not exist
i.e. Lim f(x) Lim f(x)
x a x a
(b) f(x) is not defined at x = a

(c) Lim f(x) f(a)
x a
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x = a, if the function is
discontinuous at x = a. The graph as shown is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 and 3.
4. CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be continuous function if it is continuous at every point in its domain.
Function f(x) Interval in which f(x) is continuous

Constant function (– )
n
x , n is an integer 0 (– )
–n
x , n is a positive integer (– ) – {0}
|x – a|
n n–1 n–2
(– )
p(x) = a0 x + a1x + a2x + ..... + an
(– )
p(x)
, where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial in x (– ) – {x : q(x) = 0}
q(x)
sinx, cosx, e
x (– )
tanx, secx (– ) – {(2n + 1) /2 : n I}
cotx, cosecx (– ) – {n : n I}
nx (0 )
82 Continuity and Differentiability
Illustration 1:
1 cos 4x
, x 0
If ƒ(x) 8x2 is continuous at x = 0, then find value of k.
k , x 0
Solution:
It is given that the function ƒ is continuous at x = 0. Therefore, lim
x 0
ƒ(x) ƒ(0)
1 cos 4x 2sin2 2x
lim k lim k
x 0 8x2 x 0 8x2
2
sin2x
lim k k=1
x 0 2x
Thus, ƒ is continuous at x = 0 if k = 1.
Illustration 2:
2 cos x 1
If ƒ(x) ,x , find the value of ƒ so that ƒ(x) becomes continuous at x = .
cot x 1 4 4 4
Solution:
2 cos x 1
Given ƒ(x) = ,x
cot x 1 4
2 cos x 1
Therefore, lim ƒ(x) lim
x x cot x 1
4 4
( 2 cos x 1)sinx
lim
x cos x sinx
4
( 2 cos x 1) ( 2 cos x 1) (cos x sinx)

lim . . .sinx
x
4
( 2 cos x 1) (cos x sinx) (cos x sinx)
2cos2 x 1 cos x sinx

lim . .(sinx)
x
4
cos x sin x
2 2
2 cos x 1
cos2x cosx sinx

lim . .(sinx)
x cos2x 2 cos x 1
4
1 1 1
cos x sinx 2 2 2 1
lim sin x
node06\B0BA-BB\Kota\Board Material\Mathematics\CBSE\Booklet\XII\Term-1
x 2 cos x 1 1 2
4 2. 1
2
1
Thus, lim ƒ(x)
x 2
4
1
Hence for ƒ to be continuous at x ,ƒ
4 4 2
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Maths 83
Illustration 3:
1 cos 4x
,x 0
x2
Let f(x) a ,x 0
x
,x 0
16 x 4
For what value of a, is 'f' continuous at x = 0 ?
Solution:
2
1 cos 4x 2sin2 2x sin2x
Now, f(0) = a; Lt f(x) Lt Lt Lt 8 =8
x 0 x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x 0 2x
x x 16 x 4
and Lt f(x) Lt Lt
x 0 x 0
16 x 4 x 0
16 x 4 16 x 4
x 16 x 4
Lt Lt 16 x 4 16 4 8
x 0 16 x 16 x 0
Hence, Lt f(x) Lt f(x) 8 = f(0)

x 0 x 0
f is continuous at x = 0 only if a = 8.
Illustration 4:
Find the value of a and b such that the function ƒ defined by
x 4
a, if x 4
|x 4|
ƒ(x) a b , if x 4 is a continuous function at x = 4.
x 4
b, if x 4
|x 4|
Solution:
lim ƒ(x)
x 4
x 4
lim b
x 4 |x 4|
x 4
lim b 1 b { x > 4, |x – 4| = (x – 4)}
x 4 x 4
and lim ƒ(x)
x 4
x 4
lim a
x 4 |x 4|
x 4
lim a 1 a { x < 4, |x – 4| = –(x – 4)}
x 4 (x 4)
Now ƒ(4) = a + b
Thus lim f(x) lim f(x) f(4)
x 4 x 4
1+b=–1+a=a+b
a – b = 2 and b = –1
So a = 1, b = –1
5. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :

Suppose f(x) and g(x) be two real functions continuous at a real number a, then
(i) f(x) g(x) is continuous at x = a.
(ii) f(x) . g(x) is continuous at x = a.
f(x)
(iii) is continuous at x = a, (provided g(a) 0).
g(x)
(iv) Suppose f and g are real valued functions such that (fog) is defined at x = a. If g is
continuous at x = a and if f is continuous at x = a then (fog) is continuous at x = a.
Illustration 5:
Show that the function f defined by f(x) = |1 – x + |x| |, where x is any real number, is a continuous
function.
Solution:
Define g by g(x) = 1 – x + |x| and h by h(x) = |x| for all real x. Then
(h o g) (x) = h(g (x))
= h(1 – x + |x|)
= |1 – x + |x| | = f(x)
we have seen that h is a continuous function. Hence g being a sum of a polynomial function and
the modulus function is continuous. Hence f being a composite of two continuous functions is
continuous.
Illustration 6:
x 1 1
If f(x) = and g(x) , then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog(x) in R.
x 1 x 2
Solution:
f(x) is a rational function it must be continuous in its domain and f is not defined at
x = 1.
f is discontinuous at x = 1
g(x) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in its domain and g is not defined
at x= 2.
g is discontinuous at x = 2
Now fog(x) will be discontinuous at x = 2 (point of discontinuity of g(x))
Consider g(x) = 1 (when g(x) = point of discontinuity of f(x))
1
=1 x=3
x 2
fog(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 & x = 3.
DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

E
Maths 85
1. MEANING OF DERIVATIVE :
The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to the independent variable is called
derivative. Let ‘f’ be a given function of one variable and let x denote a number
(positive or negative) to be added to the number x. Let f denote the corresponding change of ‘f’
then f = f(x + x) – f(x)
f f(x x) f(x)
x x
If f/ x approaches a limit as x approaches zero, this limit is the derivative of ‘f’ at the point x.
The derivative of a function ‘f’ is a function ; this function is denoted by symbols such as
df d dy
f '(x), , f(x) or if y = f(x) by or y'.
dx dx dx
df f f(x x) f(x)
lim lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
The process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation. We also use the phrase
differentiate f(x) with respect to x to mean find f'(x).
2. DIFFERENTIABILITY : Existence of derivative at x = a
(a) Right hand derivative :
+
The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by f'(a ) is defined as :
f(a h) f(a)
f '(a ) Lim , provided the limit exists & is finite. (h > 0)
h 0 h
(b) Left hand derivative :
–
The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by f'(a ) is defined as :
f(a h) f(a)
f'(a ) Lim , provided the limit exists & is finite. (h > 0)
h 0 h
Hence f(x) is said to be derivable or differentiable at x = a. If RHD = LHD = finite quantity
– +
and it is denoted by f'(a); where f '(a) = f '(a ) = f '(a ) & it is called derivative or differential
coefficient of f(x) at x = a.
Note :
(i) Right hand and left hand derivative at x = a is also denoted by Rf '(a) and Lf '(a)
respectively.
(ii) The common value of Rƒ'(a) and Lƒ'(a) is denoted by ƒ'(a).
Illustration 1:
x[x] , if 0 x 2
Consider the function f(x) . Discuss derivability of f at x = 2.
(x 1)x , if 2 x 3
Solution:
Here, f(2) = (2 – 1) 2 = 1 × 2 = 2,
f(a h) f(a) (2 h)[2 h] 2 (2 h) 2
LHD = Lt 1
h 0 h h h
f(a h) f(a) f(2 h) f(2) (2 h 1) (2 h) 2
RHD Lt Lt
h 0 h h h 0 h
h2 3h h(h 3)
Lt Lt Lt h 3 3
h 0 h h 0 h h 0
Thus, LHD RHD f is not derivable at x = 2.

Illustration 2:
Prove that the function ƒ given by ƒ(x) = |x – 1|, x R is not differentiable at x = 1.
Solution:
Given ƒ(x) = |x – 1|
We redefine the function as
x 1, if x 1
f (x)
x 1 , if x 1
Now, at x = 1
f (1 h) f (1)
LHD = lim
h 0 h
–(1 – h) 1 – (1 – 1)
lim
h 0 –h
1 h 1 0 h
lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h
f (1 h) f (1)
RHD lim
h 0 h
1 h 1 0 h
lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h
LHD RHD
So, ƒ(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
3. THEOREM :
If a function f(x) is derivable at x = a, then f(x) is continuous at x = a. i.e. every differentiable
function is continuous.
f(a h) f(a)
Proof : f '(a) Lim exists.
h 0 h
f(a h) f(a)
Also f(a h) f(a) .h [h 0]
h
f(a h) f(a)
Lim [f(a h) f(a)] Lim .h f '(a).0 0
h 0 h 0 h
Lim[f(a h) f(a)] 0 Limf(a h) f(a) f(x) is continuous at x = a.
h 0 h 0
Note :
(i) Converse of above theorem is NOT true.
(ii) All polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential function are continuous and
differentiable in their domains.
(iii) If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) – g(x), f(x). g(x)
will also be differentiable at x =a & if g(a) 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be
differentiable at x=a.
4. DERIVABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL
(a) f(x) is said to be derivable over an open interval (a, b) if it is derivable at each & every
point of the open interval (a, b).
(b) f(x) is said to be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) f(x) is derivable in (a, b) &
+ –
(ii) for the points a and b, f'(a ) & f'(b ) exist.
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Illustration 3:
1 x, if x 2
Consider the function f(x) . Check the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 2.
5 x, if x 2
Solution:
Here, f(2) = 1 + 2 = 3.
Lt f(x) = Lt (1 + x) = 1 + 2 = 3 and Lt f(x) = Lt (5 – x) = 5 – 2 = 3.
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
Thus, f(2) = Lt f(x) = Lt f(x) = 3

x 2 x 2
f is continuous at x = 2.
f(2 h) f(2) 1 (2 h) 3 h
Also, Lf '(2) Lt Lt Lt 1
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
f(2 h) f(2) 5 – (2 h) 3 h
and, Rf '(2) Lt Lt Lt 1
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
Lf'(2) Rf'(2) f is not derivable at x = 2.

Illustration 4:
2x 3, if 3 x 2
Examine the differentiability of the function ƒ defined by ƒ(x) x 1, if 2 x 0
x 2, if 0 x 1
Solution:
The only doubtful points for differentiability of ƒ(x) are x = –2 and x = 0. Differentiability at x = –2.
ƒ( 2 h) ƒ( 2)
Now Lƒ'( 2) lim
h 0 h
2( 2 h) 3 ( 2 1) 2h
lim lim 2
h 0 h h 0 h
ƒ( 2 h) ƒ( 2)
and Rƒ'( 2) lim
h 0 h
2 h 1 ( 2 1)
lim
h 0 h
h 1 ( 1) h
lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h
Thus Rƒ'(–2) Lƒ'(–2). Therefore ƒ is not differentiable at x = –2.

Similarly, for differentiability at x = 0, we have
ƒ(0 h) ƒ(0) 0 h 1 (0 2) h 1 1
L(ƒ'(0)) lim lim lim lim1
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
which does not exist. Hence ƒ is not differentiable at x = 0.

5. DIFFERENTIATION :
Fundamental Theorems :
If f and g are derivable function of x, then,
d
(a) (f(x) g(x)) f '(x) g'(x)
dx
d
(b) (cf(x)) cf '(x) , where c is any constant
dx
d
(c) (f(x) g(x)) f(x)g'(x) g(x) f '(x) known as “PRODUCT RULE”
dx
d f(x) g(x) f '(x) f(x)g'(x)
(d) , where g(x) 0 known as “QUOTIENT RULE”
dx g(x) g(x)
2
dy dy du
(e) If y = f(u) & u = g (x), then . known as “CHAIN RULE”
dx du dx
dy du
Note : In general if y = f(u), then f' u . .
dx dx
6. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS
f(x) f'(x)
n n–1
(i) x nx
(ii) ex ex
(iii) ax ax na, a > 0
(iv) nx 1/x
(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a 1
(vi) sinx cosx
(vii) cosx – sinx
(viii) tanx sec2x
(ix) cotx – cosec2x
(x) secx secx tanx
(xi) cosecx – cosecx . cotx
(xii) constant 0
Illustration 5:
sin(ax b)
Differentiate the function with respect to x.
cos(cx d)
Solution:
sin(ax b)
Let y
cos(cx d)
dy acos(cx d)cos(ax b) c sin(ax b)sin(cx d)
dx cos2 (cx d)
dy acos(cx d)cos(ax b) csin(ax b)sin(cx d)
dx cos2 (cx d) cos2 (cx d)
dy
acos(ax b)sec(cx d) c sin(ax b)tan(cx d)sec(cx d)
dx
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Illustration 6:
Differentiate the function 2 cot(x2 ) with respect to x.
Solution:
Let y 2 cot x2
dy 1 d
= 2× × (cotx2 )
dx 2 cotx 2 dx
dy 1 d
= ×-cosec x ×
2 2
(x )
2
dx cotx
2 dx
dy sinx 2 1
2x
dx cos x 2 sin2 x 2
dy 2x 1 2
dx sin x2 cos x2 sinx 2 2
dy 2 2x
dx 2sinx cos x2 sin x2
dy 2 2x
dx sinx 2
sin2x2
Illustration 7:
dy
If y log x x2 a2 , then find .
dx
Solution:
We have y log x x2 a2
dy 1 d
x x2 a2
dx x x 2
a2 dx
dy 1 1 d 2
1 (x a2 )
dx x x 2
a 2
2 x 2
a 2 dx
dy 1 1
1 2x
dx x x 2
a2
2 x 2
a2
dy 1 x2 a2 x dy 1
= 2 2
dx x x2 a2 x 2
a 2 dx x a
Illustration 8:
1 sin x dy
If y log , then find .
1 sinx dx
Solution:
1 sin x
y log
1 sinx
1 sin x 1 sinx
y log
1 sinx 1 sinx
(1 sinx)2
y log
1 sin2 x
(1 sinx)2
y log
cos2 x
1 sinx
y log
cos x
y = log(secx + tanx) Diff. w. r. to x

dy 1 d
(sec x tanx)
dx (sec x tanx) dx
dy 1
(sec x tan x sec2 x)
dx (sec x tanx)
dy sec x(tanx sec x)
dx (sec x tanx)
dy
sec x
dx
7. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION
Let function is (x, y) = 0 then to find dy /dx, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate
each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a functions of x & then collect terms in dy / dx together on one
side to finally find dy / dx.
Illustration 9:
dy y
If y = x sin y, prove that x =
dx 1 x cos y
Solution:
Given y = x sin y, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x.
dy dy d dy dy
x cos y sin y x x cos y sin y
dx dx dx dx dx
dy sin y
, multiplying both sides by x
dx 1 x cos y
dy x sin y
x ( x sin y = y)
dx 1 x cos y
y
1 x cos y
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Illustration 10:
dy 1 y2
If 1 x2 1 y2 a(x y) , then show that
dx 1 x2
Solution:
Given 1 x2 1 y2 a(x y)
–1 –1
Putting x = sin = sin x, and y = sin = sin y, we get
1 sin2 1 sin2 a(sin sin )
cos + cos = a(sin – sin )
( )
2cos cos a.2cos sin
2 2 2 2
cot a cot 1 a 2cot 1 a

2 2
–1 –1 –1
sin x – sin y = 2cot a
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 dy dy 1 y2
0
2 dx dx 1 x2
1 x2 1 y
Illustration 11:
dy
If ex + ey = ex + y, prove that ey x
dx
Solution:
x y x+y
Given that e + e = e Diff. w.r.t. x we get
dy dy
ex ey ex y
1
dx dx
dy
(e y ex y ) ex y
ex ,
dx
dy ex y
ex ex ey ex
which implies that ey x . [ ex + ey = ex + y]
dx ey e x y
ey ex ey
8. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
f(x) f'(x)
(i) sin–1 x 1
, 1 x 1
1 x2
(ii) cos–1 x
1
(iii) tan–1 x , 1 x 1
1 x2
(iv) sec–1 x 1
, x R
(v) cosec–1 x 1 x2
(vi) cot–1 x 1
,|x| 1
| x | x2 1
1
, |x| 1
| x | x2 1
1
,x R
1 x2
Illustration 12:
dy –1 x 1 –1 x 1
Find when y = sin + sec , x > 1.
dx x 1 x 1
Solution:
–1 x 1 –1 x 1
Given y = sin + sec
x 1 x 1
–1 x 1 –1 x 1 –1 –1 1
= sin + cos ( sec x = cos , |x| 1)
x 1 x 1 x
–1 –1
= ( sin x + cos x = , |x| 1)
2 2
dy d
0
dx dx 2
Illustration 13:
1 x 1 x dy
If y sin 1 , then find .
2 dx
Solution:
1 x 1 x
y sin 1
1
Put x cos 2 ; cos 1 x
2
1 cos2 1 cos2
y sin 1
2cos2 2sin2
y sin 1
1 1
y sin 1 cos sin
2 2
y sin 1 sin cos cos sin

4 4
y sin 1 sin
4
y
4
1
y cos 1 x
4 2
Diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1 1
dx 2 1 x2
dy 1
=
dx 2 1 x 2
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Illustration 14:
cos x
y tan 1
1 sinx
Solution:
cos x
y tan 1
1 sinx
x x
cos2 sin2
2 2
y tan 1
2
x x
cos sin
2 2
x x
cos sin
1 2 2
y tan
x x
cos sin
2 2
x
1 tan
y tan 1 2
x
1 tan
2
x
y tan 1 tan
4 2
x
y
4 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1
dx 2
Illustration 15:
–1 2x dy
sin , |x| 1, find .
1 x2 dx
Solution:
–1 2x –1
Let y = sin , put = tan x, i.e., x = tan
1 x 2
–1 2 tan –1 –1
then y = sin = sin (sin 2 ) = 2 = 2 tan x
1 tan 2
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy 1 2
2.
dx 1 x2 1 x2
Note : The above solution is valid only for x [–1, 1]. It may be noted that the given function is
defined for all x R. To get a more general solution, differentiate directly using chain rule as
explained below :
d 2x 1 d 2x
sin 1 =
dx 1 x2 2 dx 1 x 2
2x
1
1 x2
9. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION :
To find the derivative of :
(a) A function which is the product or quotient of a number of function or
(b) A function of the form [f(x)] g (x) where f & g are both derivable, it is convenient to take
the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate.
v (x)
Consider y = f(x) = [u(x)]
By taking logarithm (to base e) the above may be rewritten as log y = v(x) log[u(x)]
Using chain rule we may differentiate this to get
1 dy 1
. v(x) . . u'(x) v '(x) . log[u(x)]
y dx u(x)
which implies that

dy v(x)
y . u'(x) v'(x) . log[u(x)] .
dx u(x)
Illustration 16:
x x2 4 dy
,x 0 . Find .
(3x 2) 2/3 dx
Solution:
x x2 4
Let y /3
, taking (natural) logarithms on the two sides, we have
(3x 2)
x x2 4 1 2
log y log logx log(x2 4) log(3x 2) .
(3x 2) 2/3 2 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we obtain

1 dy 1 1 1 2 1
. (2x 0) . (3 1 0)
y dx x 2 x 2
4 3 3x 2
dy 1 x 2 dy x x2 4 1 x 2
y or
dx x x 2
4 3x 2 dx (3x 2/3
2) x x 2
4 3x 2
Illustration 17:
sinx cosx
Differentiate the function x + (sinx) w.r.t. x.
Solution:
sinx cosx
Let y = x + (sinx)
sinx
and u = x
cosx
v = (sinx)
Now, y = u + v
dy du dv
and ........(i)
dx dx dx
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Maths 95
sinx
We have, u = x
Taking log on both sides, we have
logu = sinxlogx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
1 du 1
sinx log x.cos x
u dx x
du sin x
u logx.cos x
dx x
sin x
x sinx logx.cos x
x
cosx
Again v = (sinx)
Taking log on both sides; we have
log v = cosx log sinx Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
1 dv 1
cos x cos x logsinx( sinx)
v dx sin x
cos x.cot x logsinx.( sinx)
cos x.cot x sinx.logsin x
dv
v[cos x.cot x sinx.logsinx]
dx
dv
(sinx)cos x [cosx.cot x sinxlogsinx]
dx
Putting these values in (i), we have
dy sinx
xsinx logx. cos x (sin x)cos x [cos x cot x sinxlogsinx]
dx x
10. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
dy dy / d
If y f( ) & x g( ) where is a parameter, then .
dx dx / d
Illustration 18:
cos2t sin2t dy ylog x
If x = e and y = e , prove that .
dx xlog y
Solution:
cos2t
x=e
logx = cos2t .........(1)
1 dx
. 2sin2t
x dt
dx
2x sin2t
dt
sin2t
and y = e
logy = sin2t .........(2)
1 dy dy
. 2cos 2t 2y cos2t
y dt dt
dy dy / dt 2y cos2t y log x
Now (from equation (1) and (2)).
dx dx / dt 2x sin2t xlog y
11. SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE

Let y = f(x). Then
dy
f '(x) ...(i)
dx
If f'(x) is differentiable, we may differentiate (i) again w.r.t. x. Then, the left hand side becomes
d dy d2 y
which is called the second order derivative of y w.r.t. x and is denoted by .
dx dx dx2
2
The second order derivative of f(x) is denoted by f "(x). It is also denoted by D y or y" or y2 if y
= f(x). Similarly, higher order derivatives may be defined.
Illustration 19:
(i) Find the second derivative of log x + cos x.
d2 y cos x
(ii) If y = tan x + sec x, prove that 2
.
dx (1 sin x)2
Solution:
(i) Let y = log x + cos x, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1
sin x , differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get
dx x
d2 y 2 1
( 1)x ( cos x) cos x
2
dx x2
(ii) Given y = sec x + tan x, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 2 1 sinx 1 sinx 1 1 sinx
= sec x tan x + sec x =
dx cos x cos x cos x2
cos x 2
1 sin2 x
1 sinx 1
(1 sinx) (1 sinx) 1 sinx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
d dy d 1
dx dx dx 1 sin x
d2 y d –1 –2 cos x
{(1 – sin x) } = (–1) (1 – sin x) (0 – cos x) = .
dx 2 dx (1 sin x)2
Illustration 20:
1 d2 y dy
If y eacos x , 1 x 1 , show that (1 x2 ) x a2 y 0
dx2 dx
Solution:
1
We have y eacos x
.............(1)
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1 a dy ay
eacos x
(from equation (1))
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
2
dy dy 2
1 x . 2
ay (1 x ) a2 y 2
dx dx
2
dy d2 y dy dy
Diff. w.r.t. x. (1 x2 ) 2 ( 2x) 2a2 y.
dx dx 2 dx dx
2dy d2 y dy dy d2 y dy
(1 x 2 ) 2 x. 2a2 y. (1 x2 ) x. a2 y 0
dx dx dx dx dx 2
dx
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EXERCISE–I
1– cos4x
,x 0
1. If f(x) = x2 is continuous then the value of a-
a, x=0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 8

|x 1|
a, x 1
1 x
2. If f(x) = a b, x 1 is continuous at x = 1 then the value of a & b are respectively-
|x 1|
b, x 1
1 x
(A) 1, 1 (B) 1, –1 (C) 2, 3 (D) None of these

x3 x2 16x 20
, x 2
3. If f(x) = (x 2)2 is continuous for all values of x, then the value of k is-
k, x 2
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8

1, x 2
4. If the function f(x) = ax b, 2 x 4 is continuous at x = 2 and 4, then the values of a and b are-
7, x 4
(A) 3, 5 (B) 3, –5 (C) 0, 3 (D) 0, 5
A Bx 2 ; x 1
5. If f(x) then find A and B so that f(x) become differentiable at x = 1.
3Ax B 2 ; x 1
(A) A = 3, B =2 (B) A = 2, B =3 (C) A = 0, B = 3 (D) A = 2, B = –3
d 1 x
6. sin 2 cot 1
is :
dx 1 x
1 1
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D) –1
2 2
1 d2 y
7. If y = , then equals-
x 2 a2 dx2
3x 2 a 2 3x 2 a 2 2(3x2 a 2 ) 2(3x2 a 2 )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(x2 a 2 )3 (x2 a 2 )4 (x 2 a 2 )3 (x 2 a 2 )4
dy
8. If x 1 y + y 1 x = 0, then equals-
dx
1 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) (D) None of these
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 1 x2
x2 1
9. Function f(x) = is discontinuous at-
x 2 3x 2
(A) x = 1 (B) x = 1, 2 (C) x = 2 (D) No where
1 sin 3 x
, x /2
3cos2 x
10. If f(x) = a , x / 2 is continuous at x = /2, then value of a and b are-
b(1 sin x)
,x /2
( 2x)2
(A) 1/2, 1/4 (B) 2, 4 (C) 1/2, 4 (D) 1/4, 2
sin[x]
, x 0
[x] 1
x
cos
2[x]
11. If f(x) = , x 0 (where [x] = greatest integer x) is continuous at x = 0, then k is equal
[x]
k , x 0
to-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) Indeterminate
dy
12. If cos(xy) = x, then is equal to-
dx
y cosec (xy) y sin(xy) y cos(xy) y cosec (xy)
(1) (B) (C) (D) –
x x x x
d2y
13. If x = a( + sin ), y = a(1 – cos ) then the value of at = /2 is-
dx 2
1 1
(A) a (B) – (C) (D) –a
a a
CASE STUDY
14. Consider the following :
1
1
x tan , x 0
f(x) x
0, x 0

(i) The function f(x) is :
(A) continuous for all x
(B) continuous for all x, except 0.
2 2 2
(C) continuous for all x, except , , ....
3 5
(D) None of these
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(ii) The function f(x) is :

(A) differentiable for all x
(B) differentiable for all x, except 0
(C) differential for all x except odd multiples of

2
(D) None of these
(iii) The function f(x) is :
(A) Even (B) Odd
(C) Neither even nor odd (D) None of these
(iv) The value of f'(x) is :
x 1 x2 x 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 x2 x 1 x2 1 x2
(v) The value of f"(0) is :
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) Infinite
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B C B B A C B B C
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. D D C (i) A, (ii) B, (iii) A, (iv) C, (v) B
SOLUTIONS
1. (D)
Since the given function is continuous at x = 0 ; therefore lim f(x) f(0)
x 0
1 cos 4x
lim =a
x 0 x2
2sin 2 2x 4
lim × =a
x 0 x 2
4
2
sin 2x
lim 2 ×4=a
x 0 2x
2×1×4=a
8=a
2. (B)
f(x) is continuous at x = 1 therefore, lim f(x) f(1)
x 1
f(A) = a + b
|1 h 1|
RHL : lim f(1 + h) = lim + a = –1 + a
h 0 h 0 1 (1 h)
= a + b = –1 + a b = –1
|1 h 1|
LHL : lim f(1 – h) = lim +b= +b=1+b
h 0 h 0 1 (1 h)
a+b=1+b a=1
3. (C)
f(x) is continuous at x = 2 therefore, lim f(x) f(2)
x 2
– +
f(2 ) = f(2 ) = f(B) = k .......(A)
+ (2 h)3 (2 h) 2 16(2 h) 20
Now, f(2 ) = lim
h 0 (2 h 2)2
h3 7h2
= lim =7
h 0 h2
From (A) k = 7
4. (B)
Since f(x) is continuous at x = 2

f(B) = lim f(x) 1 = lim (ax + b)
x 2 x 2
1 = 2a + b ..... (A)
Again f(x) is continuous at x = 4,
f(D) = lim f(x) 7 = lim (ax + b)
x 4 x 4
7 = 4a + b ..... (B)
Solving (A) and (B), we get a = 3, b = –5
E
Maths 101
5. (B)
f(x) will become differentiable at x = 1 if R.H.D. at (x = 1) = L.H.D. at (x = 1) (should be finite)
+ f(1 h) f(1) 3A(1 h) B 2 3A B 2 3Ah

R.H.D. : f'(1 ) = lim = lim = lim = 3A
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
2
f(1 h) f(1) 2
= lim A B(1 h) 3A B 2 = lim ( 2A 2B 2) Bh 2Bh
–
L.H.D. : f'(1 ) = lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
Hence for this limit to be defined
– 2A + 2B – 2 = 0
B=A+1
–
f'(1 ) = lim – (Bh – 2B) = 2B
h 0
f'(1–) = f' (1+)

3A = 2B = 2(A + 1)
A = 2, B = 3
6. (A)
1 1 x
Let y = sin2 cot . Put x = cos 2 , 0,
1 x 2
1 cos 2
y = sin2 cot–1 = sin2 cot–1 (cot )
1 cos 2
1 cos2 1 x 1 x
y = sin2 =
2 2 2 2
dy 1
dx 2
7. (C)
dy 2x d2 y (x2 a 2 )2 .2 2x.2(x 2 a 2 ).2x 2(3x2 a 2 )
= 2 22 =– 2 2 4
= 2 23
dx (x a ) dx 2
(x a ) (x a )
8. (B)
Let us first express y in terms of x because all alternatives are in terms of x. So
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 1 y = –y 1 x x (1 + y) = y (1 + x) x –y +x y–y x=0
x
(x – y) (x + y + xy) = 0 x + y + xy = 0 y=– [ x y]
1 x
dy (1 x)1 x.1 1
=– =–
dx (1 x) 2
(1 x)2
9. (B)
Every function is discontinuous at the points which are not in its domain
(x 2 1)
f(x) = So x R – {1, 2}
(x 1)(x 2)
so function is discontinuous at x = 1, 2
10. (C)
1 sin 3 h
2 1 cos3 h (1 cosh)(1 cosh cos2 h)
LHL : f = lim = lim = lim = 1/2
2 h 0 h 0 3sin 2 h h 0 3(1 cosh)(1 cosh)
3cos2 h
2
b 1 sin h
2 b(1 cosh) 2bsin 2 h / 2 b
RHL : f = lim 2
= lim 2
= lim 2
=
2 h 0 h 0 4h h 0 4h 8
2 h
2
Now f(x) is continuous at x =

2
1 b
f =f =f a
2 2 2 2 8
a = 1/2, b = 4
11. (D)
– +
As given f(0 ) = f(0 ) = k
( h) h
cos cos
– 2[–h] 2( 1)
Now f(0 ) = lim = lim = –1
h 0 [–h] h 0 1
+ sin[h] sin 0
f(0 ) = lim = lim =0
h 0 [h] 1 h 0 0 1
– +
f(0 ) f(0 ), so k is indeterminate.
12. (D)
cos(xy) = x
dy
–sin(xy) x. 1.y 1
dx
dy 1 y sin(xy) y cosec(xy)
= =–
dx xsin(xy) x
E
Maths 103
13. (C)
dx dy
Here = a(1 + cos ) and = asin
d d
dy dy / d a sin
= =
dx dx / d a(1 cos )
dy 2sin / 2 cos / 2
= = tan /2
dx 2 cos 2 / 2
d 2y 1 d 1 2 1
again sec 2 . . sec
dx 2 2 2 dx 2 2 a(1 cos )
1 / 2sec 2 / 2 1 4
= 2
= sec /2
a.2 cos / 2 4a
d2y 1 4 1 4 4 1
= sec /4 = 2 = =
dx 2 /2 4a 4a 4a a
14.(i) (A)
We have to check the continuity at x = 0
L.H.L. : at x = 0
1 1 1 1
lim lim(0 h) tan lim h tan 0 0
h (0 h) h 0 0 h h 0 h
R.H.L. : at x = 0
1 1 1 1
lim lim (0 h) tan lim h tan 0 0
h (0 h) h (0 h) 0 h h 0 h
and, f(0) = 0 f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(ii) (B)
1 1
( h) tan
f(0 h) f(0) h
L.H.D. = lim lim
h 0 ( h) h 0 ( h)
1 1
= lim tan =
h 0 h 2
1 1
f(0 h) f(0) h tan
R.H.D. = lim lim h
h 0 h h 0 h
1 1
= lim tan =
h 0 h 2
f'(0) does not exist [ L.H.D. R.H.D.]

(iii) (A)
1 1
f(–x) = (–x)tan–1 x tan 1
f(x) f(x) is even function.
( x) (x)
(iv) (C)
1
f(x) = x tan–1
x
1 1 x3 1 x
f'(x) = x. .
1
1 2 x2 1 x2 x2 1 x2
x
(v) (B)
x
f'(x) =
1 x2
(1 x 2 ).1 x.2x
f"(x) =
(1 x 2 )2
1 x 2 2x 2 (1 x 2 )
=
(1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 )2
Now f"(0) = –1
E
Maths 105
EXERCISE–II
sin 2x
, when x 0
1. If f(x) = 5x is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k will be
k, when x 0
2 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) – (D) None of these
5 5
1 cos 4x
, when x 0
x2
2. If f(x) a , when x 0
x
, when x 0
16 x 4
is continuous at x = 0, then the value of 'a' will be

(A) 8 (B) –8 (C) 4 (D) None of these
x3 1; 1 x
3. At the point x = 1, the given function f(x) = is :
x 1; x 1
(A) Continuous and differentiable
(B) Continuous and not differentiable
(C) Discontinuous and differentiable
(D) Discontinuous and not differentiable
2
d 1
4. x
dx x
1 1 1
x2 x2 2x
d 2 x
5. (x e sin x)
dx
(A) x ex (2 sin x + x sin x + x cos x)
(B) x ex (2 sin x + x sin x – cos x)
(C) x ex (2 sin x + x sin x + cos x)
(D) None of these
1 1 sin x 1 sin x dy
6. If y = cot , then =
1 sin x 1 sinx dx
1 2
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) 1
2 3
1 sin x cos x dy
7. If y tan , then is
cos x sin x dx
1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
2 4
dy
8. If sin2 x + 2 cos y + xy = 0, then =
dx
y 2sin x y sin 2x
(A) (B)
2 sin y x 2 sin y x
y 2sin x
sin y x
9. If ln (x + y) = 2xy, then y'(0) =
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
1 4 1 dy
10. If x2 + y2 = t – , x + y4 = t2 + 2 , then x3y =
t t dx
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
dy
11. If y = (1 + x)x, then =
dx
x x
(A) (1 + x)x log ex (B) + log (1 + x)
1 x 1 x
x
(C) (1 + x)x log (1 x) (D) None of these
1 x
x dy
12. If y x , then =
dx
x 2 log x x 2 log x
(A) x (B) x
2 x x
2 log x
2 x
x 2x–1 d2y
13. If y = a .b , then is
dx 2
(A) y2.log ab2 (B) y.log ab2
(C) y2 (D) y. (log ab2)2
E
Maths 107
CASE STUDY
14. A potter made a mud vessel, where the shape of the pot is based on f(x) = |x – 3| + | x-2|, where
f(x) represents the height of the pot.
Based on the above information answer the following questions :

(i) When x > 4 What will be the height in terms of x?
(A) x – 2 (B) x – 3
(C) 2x – 5 (D) 5 – 2x
(ii) Will the slope vary with x value?
(A) Yes (B) No
(C) Nothing can be said (D) Data insufficient
(iii) What is at x = 3
(A) 2 (B) – 2
(C) Function is not differentiable (D) 1
(iv) When the x value lies between (2,3) then the function is
(A) 2x 5 (B) 5 – 2x
(C) 1 (D) 5
(v) If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function f(x) = [x], will he get a pot or not? Why?
(A) Yes, because it is a continuous function (B) Yes, because it is not continuous
(C) No, because it is a continuous function (D) No, because it is not continuous
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A B A A A D B A A
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. C A D (i) C, (ii) A, (iii) C, (iv) C, (v) D
SOLUTIONS
1. (B)
2 sin 2x 2
lim f(x) lim k
x 0 x 0 2x.5 5
2. (A)
2 sin 2 2x
lim f(x) lim 4 8
x 0 x 0 (2x) 2
lim f(x) lim 16 x 4 8 . Hence a = 8.

x 0 x 0
3. (B)
We have
f(1 h) f(1)
Rf'(1) = lim
h 0 h
{(1 h)3 1} 0
= lim 3
h 0 h
f(1 h) f(1) {(1 h) 1} – 0
Lf '(1) lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h
Rf'(1) Lf'(1) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Now, f(1 + 0) = lim f(1 + h) = 0
h 0
and f(1 – 0) = lim f(1 – h) = 0

h 0
f(1 + 0) = f(1 – 0) = f(0) f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Hence, at x = 1, f(x) is continuous and

not differentiable.
4. (A)
2
d 1 d 1 1
x x 1 1 .
dx x dx x x2
5. (A)
d 2 x d d
(x e sin x) x 2 (e x sin x) e x sin x (x 2 )
dx dx dx
= xex (2 sin x + x sin x + x cos x).
E
Maths 109
6. (A)
1 1 sin x 1 sin x
y cot
1 sin x 1 sin x
2
x x
1 sin x cos sin
2 2
1 2 cos x 2 1
cot cot cot x 2
2sin x 2
1 x x
cot cot
2 2
dy 1
dx 2
7. (D)
1 sin x cos x 1 1 tan x

y tan tan
cos x sin x 1 tan x
tan( / 4) tan x
tan 1
= tan–1 tan ( /4 + x)
1 tan( / 4) tan x
y = ( /4) + x dy/dx = 1
8. (B)
sin2 x + 2 cos y + xy = 0
dy dy
2 sin x cos x – 2 sin y +y+x =0
dx dx
dy y sin 2x
.
dx 2 sin y x
9. (A)
ln (x + y) = 2xy
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x,
1 dy dy
1 2 x y
x y dx dx
dy 1 2xy 2y 2
dx 2x 2 2xy 1
As at x = 0, y = 1, [from ln(x + y) = 2xy]
1 2
Hence y'(0) = 1
1
10. (A)
2
4 41
x +y = t + 2 = (x2 + y2)2 + 2
t
1
x2y2 = –1 y2 = –
x2
Differentiating, we get
dy 2 dy
2y 3
or x 3y 1.
dx x dx
11. (C)
Let y = (1 + x)x
Taking log on both sides, log y = x log (1 + x)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy 1
log(1 x) x
y dx (1 x)
dy x
Thus (1 x)x log(1 x)
dx 1 x
12. (A)
x
Let y x
taking log on both sides
log e y x log x
1 dy 1 1 dy x 2 log e x
x log x or x .
y dx x 2 x dx 2 x
13. (D)
y = ax b2x–1
dy
= ax b2x–1 log a + 2ax b2x–1 log b
dx
= ax b2x–1 (log a + 2 log b)
d2y
= ax b2x–1 (log a + 2 log b)2
dx 2
= ax b2x–1 (log ab2)2 = y(log ab2)2.
E
Maths 111
14. Given that f(x) = |x – 3| + |x – 2|
2x 5, x 2
f(x) = 1, 2 x 3
2x 5, x 3
(i) (C)
When x > 4 ;
f(x) = |x – 3| + |x– 2|
= (x – 3) + (x – 2)
{according to the property of modulus function}
f(x) = 2x – 5,
which represents the height.

(ii) (A)
2x 5, x 2
f(x) = 1, 2 x 3
2x 5, x 3
Here slope of f(x) is – 2 when x < 2, 2 when x 3 and f(x) is constant when x [2, 3)
Hence slope will vary when x varies.
(iii) (C)
f(x) = |x – 3| + |x – 2|
(x 3) (x 2), x 2
f(x) = (x 3) (x 2), 2 x 3
(x 3) (x 2), x 3
2x 5, x 2
or f(x) = 1, 2 x 3
2x 5, x 3
We have to check differentiability at x = 3

f(3 h) f(3)
R.H.D. = lim ,h 0
h 0 h
{2(3 h) 5} {2 3 5} 2h
= lim = lim 2
h 0 h h 0 h
f(3 h) f(3)
and L.H.D. = lim ,h 0
h 0 h
1 {2 3 5}
= lim
h 0 h
0
= lim 0
h 0 h
R.H.D. L.H.D.
The given function is not differentiable at x = 3.
(iv) (C)
As discussed earlier,
f(x) = 1 when 2 < x < 3
(v) (D)
If f(x) = [x] ;
then the potter is trying to make a pot using this function. So, he will not be able to get a pot as
the greatest integer function is not continuous at integral points.
E
Maths 113
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
TANGENT & NORMAL
1. (a) SLOPES OF TANGENT & NORMAL :

We have learnt that the slope of the tangent to a continuous curve y = f(x) at a point P(x1, y1)
dy
is equal to .
dx (x1 , y1 )
Thus, if the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point (x1, y1) makes an angle with x-axis, then-
dy y
tan = .
dx (x1 ,y1 ) y = f(x)
ent
ng
(i) If the tangent at P is parallel to x-axis, then
Ta
90°
P(x1, y1)
dy No
=0 tan = 0 =0 r ma
l
dx (x1 ,y1 )
x
(ii) If the tangent at P is parallel to y-axis, then O
dy
= cot = 0 = not defined
2 dx (x1 ,y1 )
We know that the normal to a curve at a point P(x1, y1) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P
and passing through P.
1 1 dx
Therefore, Slope of the normal at P = – =– =– .
Slope of the tangent at P dy dy P
dx P
(b) EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL :

We know that the equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) and having slope m is
y –y1 = m(x – x1).
Since tangent and normal to the curve y = f(x) at point (x1, y1) passes through P and have slopes
dy 1
and respectively.
dx (x1 ,y1 ) dy
dx ( x1 ,y1 )
dy
Therefore, the equation of tangent to y = f(x) at (x1, y1) is y y1 = (x x1 )
dx (x1 , y1 )
1
The equation of the normal to y = f(x) at (x1, y1) is y y1 = (x x1 )
dy
dx (x1 , y1 )
dx
or y – y1 = – (x – x1)
dy (x1 ,y1 )
E
114 AOD
dy
Note-1 : If = not defined, then the tangent at P(x1, y1) is parallel to y-axis and its
dx P
equation is x = x1.
dy
Note-2 : If =0, then the normal at P(x1, y1) is parallel to y-axis and its equation is x=x1.
dx P
Note-3 : The equations of tangent and normal to the curve having its parametric equations
x = f(t) and y = g(t) are given by
g'(t)
y – g(t) = {x –f(t)} (Equation of tangent)
f '(t)
f '(t)
and y –g(t) = {x – f(t)} (Equation of normal}
g '(t)
Illustration 1: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y x3 1 x 2 at the points where
the curve cuts the x-axis.
Solution: The equation of the curve is y x3 1 x 2 .......... (i)
It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in (i) , we get x 3 1 x 2 0
x 1 x 2 x2 x 1 0 x 1 0, x 2 0 x2 x 1 0
x 1, 2 .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
dy dy dy
y x3 1 x 2 3x 2 x 2 x3 1 3 & 7
dx dx 1,0 dx 2,0
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively .
y – 0 = –3(x – 1) and y – 0 = 7(x – 2) y + 3x – 3 = 0 and 7x – y – 14 = 0
3
Illustration 2: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x = a cos3t, y = a sin t at ‘t’ point.
dx dy
Solution: 3a cos 2 t sin t; 3a sin 2 t cos t
dt dt
dy
dy dt 3a sin 2 t cos t sin t
2
dx dx 3a cos t sin t cos t
dt
which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point
is
sin t y x
y a sin3 t x a cos3 t a sin 2 t a cos 2 t
cos t sin t cos t

x sec t y cos ec t a
x
x y a
Illustration 3: Show that the line 1 , touches the curve y b.e at the point where the curve
a b
intersects the axis of y.
Solution: The equation of the curve is y be x /a
It crosses the y-axis at the point where x = 0.
Putting x = 0 in the equation of the curve, we get y = b
the point of contact is (0, b)
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Maths 115
x /a
x /a dy be
Now, y be
dx a
dy b
dx (0,b) a
b
So the equation of the tangent is y b (x 0)
a
x y
bx + ay = ab 1
a b
x 7
Illustration 4: Find the equation of the tangents to the curve y at the point where
(x 2)(x 3)
curve crosses the x-axis.
Solution: Note that on x-axis, y = 0. So the equation of the curve, when y = 0, gives x = 7.
Thus, the curve crosses the x-axis at (7, 0). Now differentiating the equation of the
curve with respect to x, we obtain
y(x – 2)(x – 3) + 7 – x = 0
dy dy 1 y(x 2) y(x 3)
(x 2)(x 3) y(x 2) y(x 3) 1 0
dx dx (x 2)(x 3)
dy 1 0 1
dx (7,0) (5)(4) 20
1
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at (7, 0) is . Hence, the equation of the tangent
20
at (7, 0) is
1
y 0 (x 7) or 20y – x + 7 = 0
20
x2 y2
Illustration 5: If the straight line xcos + ysin = p touches the curve 1 , then prove that
a2 b2
a 2 cos2 b 2 sin 2 p2 .
Solution: Let the point of contact be (x1, y1).
xx1 yy1
Then, the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is 1
a2 b2
This is identical with xcos + ysin = p
(x1 / a 2 ) (y1 / b 2 ) 1
Comparing coefficients, we have
cos sin p
(x1 / a) (y1 / b) 1
.
a cos bsin p
x1 a cos y b sin
and 1
a p b p
2
x y12 a 2 cos2 b2 sin 2
Squaring and adding, we get 12
a b2 p2
a 2 cos2 b 2 sin 2 x12 y12
1 1
p2 a2 b2
2 2 2 2 2
a cos + b sin = p .
E
116 AOD
(c) ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CURVES :

Angle of intersection between two curves is defined as the angle between the two tangents drawn
to the two curves at their point of intersection then
m m2 y C
tan = 1 1
1 m1m 2
where m1 = slope of tangent at C1
m2 = slope of tangent at C2
C2
Orthogonal curves : If the angle between two curves at each point of x
O
intersection is 90° then they are called orthogonal curves.
m1m2 = –1 for orthogonal curves.
2 2
Illustration 6: Find the angle of intersection between the curve x =32y and y =4x at point(16, 8)
dy x dy 2
Solution: x 2 32y & y 2 4x
dx 16 dx y
dy dy 1
at 16, 8 , 1,
dx c1 dx c2 4
1
1 4 1 3
So required angle tan tan
1 5
1 1
4
x 2 y2
Illustration 7: Find the condition for the curves 2 1, xy c 2 to intersect orthogonally.
a b2
Solution: Let the curves intersect at (x1, y1). Therefore,
x 2 y2 2x 2y dy dy b2 x
1, 0
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 dx dx a 2 y
b 2 x1
slope of tangent at the point of intersection (m1) =
a 2 y1
2 dy dy y y1
Again xy = c x y 0 m2 .
dx dx x x1
b2 2 2
For orthogonality, m1× m2 = – 1 2
1 or a – b = 0.
a
2 2
Illustration 8: If curve y 1 ax and y x intersect orthogonally then find the value of a.
dy dy
Solution: y 1 ax 2 2ax ; y x2 2x
dx dx
dy dy
Two curves intersect orthogonally if 1
dx c1 dx c2
2ax 2x 1 4ax 2 1 ..... (i)
Now eliminating y from the given equations we have 1 ax 2 x2
1 a x2 1 ..... (ii)
4a 1
Eliminating x2 from (i) and (ii) we get 1 a
1 a 3
E
Maths 117
MONOTONICITY
1. MONOTONICITY AT A POINT :
(a) A function f(x) is called an increasing function at point x = a, if in a sufficiently small
neighbourhood of x = a ; f(a – h) < f(a) < f(a + h)
f(a + h)
f(a) f(a) f(a + h)
f(a – h)
f(a – h)
a–h a a+h a–h a a+h
(b) A function f(x) is called a decreasing function at point x = a, if in a sufficiently small

neighbourhood of x = a ; f(a – h) > f(a) > f(a + h)
f(a – h)
f(a – h)
f(a)
f(a + h)
f(a)
f(a + h)
a–h a a+ h a – h x=a a+h
Note : If x = a is a boundary point, then use the appropriate one sides inequality to test
monotonicity of f(x).
f(a) f(a + h)
f(a – h) f(a)
x=a x=a
f(a) > f(a – h) f(a + h) > f(a)
increasing at x = a increasing at x = a
(c) Testing of monotonicity of differentiable function at a point :

(i) If f'(a) > 0, then f(x) is increasing at x = a.

(ii) If f'(a) < 0, then f(x) is decreasing at x = a.
+ –
(iii) If f'(a) = 0, then examine the sign of f'(a ) and f'(a ).
+ –
(1) If f'(a ) > 0 and f'(a ) > 0, then increasing
+ –
(2) If f'(a ) < 0 and f'(a ) < 0, then decreasing
(3) otherwise neither increasing nor decreasing.
E
118 AOD
3
Illustration 1: Let f(x) = x – 3x + 2. Examine the nature of increasing and decreasing at points
x = 0, 1 & 2.
3
Solution: f(x) = x – 3x + 2 + – +
2
f '(x) = 3(x – 1) –1 1
(i) f '(0) = –3 decreasing at x = 0
(ii) f '(1) = 0
+ –
also, f '(1 ) = positive and f '(1 ) = negative
neither increasing nor decreasing at x = 1.
(iii) f '(2) = 9 increasing at x = 2
2. MONOTONICITY OVER AN INTERVAL :
(a) A function f(x) is said to be monotonically increasing (MI) in (a,b) if f'(x) 0 where
equality holds only for discrete values of x i.e. f '(x) does not identically become zero for x
(a, b) or any sub interval.
(b) f(x) is said to be monotonically decreasing (MD) in (a, b) if f '(x) 0 where equality holds
only for discrete values of x i.e. f '(x) does not identically become zero for x (a, b) or any
sub interval.
Note :
(i) A function is said to be monotonic if it is either increasing or decreasing.
(ii) If a function is invertible it has to be either increasing or decreasing.
4 4x3
Illustration 2: Determine for which values of x, the function y x is increasing and for
3
which values, it is decreasing.
4x3 dy
Solution: y x4 4x3 4x 2 4x 2 (x 1)
3 dx
dy
Now, 0 x = 0, x = 1.
dx
Since ƒ'(x) < 0 x (– , 0) (0, 1) and ƒ is continuous in (– , 0] and [0, 1].
Therefore ƒ is decreasing in (– , 1] and ƒ is increasing in [1, ).
Note : Here ƒ is strictly decreasing in (– ,0) (0,1) and is strictly increasing in (1, )
x 2
Illustration 3: Find the intervals in which f x ,x 0is strictly increasing or decreasing.
2 x
x 2 1 2 x2 4
Solution: We have, f(x) = f ' (x) =
2 x 2 x2 2x 2
For f(x) to be increasing, we must have f ' (x) > 0
x2 4 2
>0 x –4>0
2
2x
(x – 2) (x + 2) > 0 x < –2 or x > 2
x (– , –2) (2, )
+ – +
– –2 2
So, f(x) is increasing on (– , –2) (2, ).
For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have f ' (x) < 0
But, domain (f) = R – {0}. So, f(x) is decreasing on (–2, 0) (0, 2).
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Maths 119
4 4
Illustration 4: Separate the interval [0, /2] into sub-intervals in which f(x) = sin x + cos x is
increasing or decreasing.
4 4
Solution: We have, f(x) = sin x + cos x
3 3
f '(x) = 4 sin x cos x – 4 cos x sin x
2 2
f '(x) = – 4 sin x cos x (cos x – sin x)
f '(x) = – 2 (2 sin x cos x) (cos 2x)
f '(x) = – 2 sin 2x cos 2x
f '(x) = – sin 4x
We have, 0 < x < /2 0 < 4x < 2 .
Since sine function is positive in the first and second quadrants and negative in the
third and fourth quadrants. So, we consider the following :
Case-I : When 0 < 4x <
In this case, we have sin 4x > 0
– sin 4x < 0 f ' (x) < 0
So, f(x) is decreasing on [0, /4).
Case-II : When, < 4x < 2
In this case, we have sin 4x < 0
– sin 4x > 0
f '(x) > 0
f '(x) > 0 for < 4x < 2 i.e. /4 < x < /2.
So, f(x) is increasing on ( /4, /2]
MAXIMA-MINIMA
1. INTRODUCTION :
Some of the most important applications of differential calculus are optimization problems, in
which we are required to find the optimal (best) way of doing something. Here are examples of
such problems that we will solve in this chapter
What is the shape of a vessel that can with-stand maximum pressure ?
What is the maximum acceleration of a space shuttle ? (This is an important question
to the astronauts who have to withstand the effects of acceleration)
What is the radius of a contracted windpipe that expels air most rapidly during a cough?
These problems can be reduced to finding the maximum or minimum values of a function. Let's
first explain exactly what we mean by maxima and minima.
(a) Maxima (Local/Relative maxima) : A function f(x) is said to have a maxima at x = a
if there exist a neighbourhood (a–h, a+h)–{a} such that f(a)> f(x) x (a – h, a + h) – {a}
E
120 AOD
absolute maximum relative maximum
No greater value of f.
near by
A Q
y = f(x) B
P
relative minimum
No smaller value of f. R
absolute minimum
near by No smaller value of f.
Also a relative
minimum
x=a x=b
(b) Minima (Local/Relative minima) : A function f(x) is said to have a minima at x = a if
there exist a neighbourhood (a – h, a + h) – {a} such that f(a) < f(x) x (a – h, a + h) – {a}
(c) Absolute maxima (Global maxima) : A function f has an absolute maxima (or global
maxima) at c if f(c) f(x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f. The number f(c) is
called the maximum value of f on D.
(d) Absolute minima (Global minima) : A function f has an absolute minima at c if
f(c) f(x) for all x in D and the number f(c) is called the minimum value of f on D.
Note :
(i) the maximum & minimum values of a function are also known as local/relative
maxima or local/relative minima as these are the greatest & least values of the
function relative to some neighbourhood of the point in question.
(ii) the term 'extrema' is used both for maxima or minima.
(iii) a maximum (minimum) value of a function may not be the greatest (least) value in a
finite interval.
(iv) a function can have several extreme values & a local minimum value may even be
greater than a local maximum value.
2. DERIVATIVE TEST FOR ASCERTAINING MAXIMA/MINIMA :
(a) First derivative test : If ƒ '(x) = 0 at a point (say x = a) and
(i) If f'(x) changes sign from positive to negative in the neighbourhood of x=a then x= a
is said to be a point local maxima.
(ii) If f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive in the neighbourhood of x=a then x=a
is said to be a point local minima.
Y Y
dy
=0
dy dx dy
>0 <0
dx dx
dy
dy >0
<0 dx
dx dy
=0
dx
X X
O x=a O x=a
Note : If f '(x) does not change sign i.e. has the same sign in a certain complete neighbourhood of
a, then f(x) is either increasing or decreasing throughout this neighbourhood implying that x=a is
not a point of extremum of f. In this case x = a is a point of inflexion.
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Maths 121
1
Illustration 1: Let f(x) = x + ;x 0. Discuss the local maximum and local minimum values of
x
f(x). Using the first derivative test.
+ – +
1 x 2 1 (x 1)(x 1)
Solution: Here, f '(x) = 1 – 2 = –1 1
x x2 x2
Using number line rule, f(x) will have local maximum at x = –1 and local minimum
at x = 1
local maximum value of f(x) = –2 at x = –1
and local minimum value of f(x) = 2 at x = 1
Illustration 2: Find the local maxima or local minima, if any, of the function
f(x) = sin x + cos x, 0 < x <

2
using the first derivative test.
dy
Solution: We have, y = f(x) = sin x + cos x = cos x – sin x
dx
dy
For a local maximum or a local minimum, we have =0
dx
cos x – sin x = 0 tan x = 1 x= 0 x

4 2
Now, we will see whether x = is a point of local maximum or a point of

4
local minimum or none of these.
In the left nbd of x = , we have

4
dy
0<x< cos x > sin x cos x – sin x > 0 0
4 dx
In the right nbd of x = ,

4
we have <x<
4 2
dy
cos x < sin x cos x – sin x < 0 0
dx
dy
Thus, changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through .
dx 4
So, f(x) attains a local maximum at x = .

4
3 2
Illustration 3: Show that the function ƒ(x) = 4x – 18x + 27x – 7 has neither maxima nor minima.
3 2
Solution: ƒ(x) = 4x – 18x + 27x – 7
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122 AOD
2 2 2
ƒ'(x) = 12x – 36x + 27 = 3(4x – 12x + 9) = 3(2x – 3)
3
ƒ'(x) = 0 x (critical point)
2
3 3
Since ƒ'(x) > 0 for all x and for all x .
2 2
3
Hence x is a point of inflexion i.e., neither a point of maxima nor a point of
2
minima.
3
x is the only critical point, and ƒ has neither maxima nor minima.
2
(b) Second derivative test :
If f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = a where f'(a) = 0 and f''(a) also exists then for
nd
ascertaining maxima/minima at x = a, 2 derivative test can be used -
(i) If f ''(a) > 0 x = a is a point of local minima
(ii) If f ''(a) < 0 x = a is a point of local maxima
(iii) If f ''(a) = 0 second derivative test fails. To identify maxima/minima at this point
either first derivative test or higher derivative test can be used.
3 2
Illustration 4: If f (x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6 has local maximum and minimum at x = a and x = b
respectively, then find ordered pair (a, b)
3 2
Solution: f(x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6
2
f'(x) = 6x – 6x – 36 & f''(x) = 12x – 6
2
Now f'(x) = 0 6(x – x – 6) = 0 (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0 x = –2, 3
f ''(–2) = –30 < 0
x = –2 is a point of local maximum
f ''(3) = 30 > 0
x = 3 is a point of local minimum
Hence, (–2, 3) is the required ordered pair.
Illustration 5: Find the point of local maxima of f(x) = sinx (1+cosx) in x (0, /2).
1
Solution: Let f(x) = sinx (1+ cosx) sinx+ sin 2x
2
f '(x) = cos x + cos 2x
f ''(x) = – sin x – 2sin 2x
Now f'(x) = 0 cos x + cos2x = 0

cos 2x = cos ( –x) x = /3
Also f ''( /3) = – 3/2 – 3 0 f(x) has a maxima at x = /3
Illustration 6: Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any, of the function.
Find also the local maximum and local minimum values, if exist :
f(x) = sin 2x – x, where x

2 2
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Maths 123
Solution: We have, f(x) = sin 2x – x f '(x) = 2 cos 2x – 1

For local maximum or minimum, we must have f '(x) = 0
1
2 cos 2x – 1 = 0 cos 2x =
2
2x = or 2x = x 2x
3 3 2 2
x= or x =
6 6
Thus, x = and x = are possible points of local maxima or minima.
6 6
Now, we test the function at each of these points.
We have, f " (x) = – 4 sin 2x.
At x = – /6 :
3
We have, f " = – 4 sin =–4× =2 3 0
6 3 2
So, x= is a point of local minimum.

6
3
The local minimum value is f sin =
6 3 6 2 6
At x = /6 :
3
we have, f " = – 4 sin =–4 = 2 3 <0
6 3 2
So, x = is a point of local maximum.

6
3
The local maximum value is f sin
6 3 6 2 6
(c) ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES : Absolute max (min) value of any
continuous function on [a, b] exist at any one of local max [min] or at boundary points.
Illustration 7: Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x + sin 2x in the interval [0, 2 ].
Solution: We have, f(x) = x + sin 2x f '(x) = 1 + 2 cos 2x
f '(x) = 0 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0
1 2
cos 2x = cos
2 3
2
2x 2n x n
3 3
2 4 5
x= , x=
, x , x
3 3 3 3
Now, f(0) = 0 + sin 0 = 0,
2 3 4 4 8 4 3
f sin = ; f sin
3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2
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124 AOD
2 2 4 2 3 5 5 10 5 3
f = sin ; f sin
3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2
and, f(2 ) = 2 + sin4 = 2 + 0 = 2 .
Of these values, the maximum value is 2 and the minimum value is 0.
Thus, the maximum value of f(x) is 2 and the minimum value is 0.
4 3 2
Illustration 8: Find both the maximum and the minimum value of 3x – 8x + 12x – 48x + 1 on the
interval [1, 4].
4 3 2
Solution: Let f(x) = 3x – 8x + 12x – 48x + 1. Then,
3 2 2
f '(x) = 12x – 24x + 24x – 48 and f"(x) = 36x – 48x + 24
Now, f '(x) = 0
3 2
12 x – 24 x + 24 x – 48 = 0
3 2
x – 2x + 2x – 4 = 0
2
x (x – 2) + 2(x – 2) = 0
(x – 2) (x2 + 2) = 0
x=2 [ x2 + 2 0]
At x = 2,
we have f"(x) = 36(2)2 – 48(2) + 24 = 72 > 0.
So, x = 2 is a point of local minimum.
Now, f(2) = – 63, f(1) = – 40 and f(4) = 257.
So, the minimum and maximum values of f(x) on [1,4] are –63 and 257 respectively.
3. USEFUL FORMULAE OF MENSURATION TO REMEMBER :
(a) Volume of a cuboid = bh.
(b) Surface area of a cuboid = 2 ( b + bh + h ).
(c) Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2 rh.
2
(d) Total surface area of a cylinder = 2 rh + 2 r .
2
(e) Volume of cylinder = r h
(f) Curve surface area of cone = r .
2
(g) Total surface area of cone = r + r
1 2
(h) Volume of a cone = r h.
3
2
(i) Surface area of a sphere = 4 r .
4 3
(j) Volume of a sphere = r.
3
1 2
(k) Area of a circular sector = r , when is in radians.
2
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Maths 125
4. SUMMARY OF WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING REAL LIFE OPTIMIZATION

PROBLEM :
First : When possible, draw a figure to illustrate the problem & label those parts that are
important in the problem. Constants & variables should be clearly distinguished.
Second : Write an equation for the quantity that is to be maximized or minimized. If
this quantity is denoted by ‘y’, it must be expressed in terms of a single
independent variable x. This may require some algebraic manipulations.
Third : If y = f (x) is a quantity to maximize or minimize then find those values of x for
which dy/dx = f (x)=0.
Fourth : Using derivative test, test each value of x for which f (x) = 0 to determine whether
it provides a maximum or minimum or neither.
Fifth : If the derivative fails to exist at some point, examine this point as possible maximum
or minimum point.
Sixth : If the function y = f(x) is defined only for x [a,b] then examine x = a & x = b also
for possible extreme values.
Illustration 9: Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with product 256, find those whose sum is the
least.
Solution: Let the required numbers be x and y. Then,
xy = 256 (given) ..............(i)
256
Let S = x + y. Then, S = x + [Using (i)]
x
dS 256 d 2S 512
=1 and
dx x2 dx 2 x3
dS
For maximum or minimum values of S, we must have 0
dx
256
1– =0 x2 = 256 x = 16
x2
d 2S 512 1
Now, 0
dx 2 x 16 16
3
8
Thus, S is minimum when x = 16.

Putting x = 16 in (i) we get y = 16.
Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 16.
Illustration 10: A box of maximum volume with top open is to be made by cutting out four equal
squares from four corners of a square tin sheet of side length a feet and then folding
up the flaps. Find the side of the square base cut off.
Solution: Volume of the box is, V = x(a – 2x)2 i.e., squares of side x are cut out then we will
get a box with a square base of side (a – 2x) and height x.
E
126 AOD
x x a
x x x
x x x
Removed a–2x
x x a
a–2x
dV
= (a – 2x)2 + x·2(a – 2x)(–2)
dx
dV
= (a – 2x) (a – 6x)
dx
dV
For V to be extremum =0 x = a/2, a/6
dx
But when x = a/2; V = 0 (minimum) and we know minimum and maximum occurs
alternately in a continuous function.
Hence, V is maximum when x = a/6.
Illustration 11: Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of
radius a is a square of side 2a .
Solution: Let ABCD be a rectangle in a given circle of radius a with centre at O. Let AB = 2x
and AD = 2y be the sides of the rectangle.
Then AM2 + OM2 = OA2 [ OAM is a right angled triangle]
x2 + y2 = a2 y= a2 x2 ….(i)
Let P be the perimeter of the rectangle ABCD. Then P = 4x + 4y
P = 4x + 4 a2 x2 [Using (i)] D C
O
2y
dP 4x
4 y
dx a2 x2 A x B
M
2x
dP
For maximum or minimum values of P, we have 0
dx
4x 4x
4– 0 4=
2 2 2
a x a x2
a
a2 x2 = x a2 – x2 = x2 2x2 = a2 x=
2
E
Maths 127
x x
2
4 a 2 x 2 .1
d P a 2
x2 4a 2
Now, =
dx 2 2
a2 x2
3/2
a 2 x2
d2P 4a 2 8 2
= 3/2
0
dx 2 x a/ 2 a2 a
a2
2
a
Thus, P is maximum when x =
2
a a
Putting x = in (i), we obtain y = . Therefore, x = y = a / 2 2x = 2y.
2 2
2a
Hence, P is maximum when the rectangle is square of side 2x = 2a .
2
Illustration 12: If a right circular cylinder is inscribed in a given cone. Find the dimension of the
cylinder such that its volume is maximum.
Solution: Let x be the radius of cylinder and y be its height
2
V= x y
x, y can be related by using similar triangles
DEC and ABC
y h h A
y= (r – x)
r x r r
2 h h 2 3
V(x) = x (r – x) V(x) = (rx – x)
r r D
h
h 2
V'(x) = (2rx – 3x ) y
r
2r
V'(x) = 0 x = 0, B C
3 E
x
h r
V''(x) = 2r 6x
r
V''(0) = 2 h > 0 x = 0 is point of minima

2r 2r
V '' 2 h 0 x is point of maxima
3 3
2r h
Thus volume is maximum at x = and y = .
3 3
E
128 AOD
Illustration 13: A figure consists of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. Given the perimeter
of the figure, find its dimensions in order that the area may be maximum.
Solution: Let ABCD be a rectangle and let the semi-circle be described on side AB as diameter.
Let AB = 2x and AD = 2y. Let P be the perimeter and A be the area of the figure.
Then, P = 2x + 4y + x (Given) ....(i)
x2
and, A = (2x)(2y) + ....(ii)
2
A B
x2
A = 4xy + 2y
2 2y
x2
A = x(P – 2x – x) + [Using (i)] D 2x C
2
2 2 x2
A = Px – 2x – x +
2
2 x2
A = Px – 2x –
2
dA d2 A
= P – 4x – x and = –4 –
dx dx 2
For maximum or minimum A, we must have
dA P
0 P – 4x – x = 0 x=
dx 4
d2 A
Clearly, 4 0 for all values of x.
dx 2
P
Thus, A is maximum when x = .
4
P P
Putting x = in (i) we get y = .
4 2 4
2P P
So, dimensions of the figure are 2x = and 2y = .
4 4
Illustration 14: The three sides of a trapezium are equal each being 6cm long; find the area of
trapezium when it is maximum.

Solution: Let ABCD be the given trapezium.
Let AM = BN = x cm then
DM = CN = 36 x 2
Area of trapezium ABCD is
E
Maths 129
1
S= (6 + x + 6 + x) × 36 x 2 = (6 + x) 36 x 2
2
2 2 2
or S = (6 + x) (36 – x )
D 6 C
2 2
Let y = (6 + x) (36 – x )
6 6
dy 2 2
= (6 + x) (–2x) + (36 – x ).2(6 + x)
dx
2 2 A x M N x B
= 2(6 + x) (6 – 2x) = 4(3 – x)(6 + x)
d 2y
and = – 12x(6 + x)
dx 2
dy
For max. or min. of y, = 0 then x = 3 (x – 6)
dx
d2y
324 0
dx 2 x 3
y is maximum at x = 3 then S is also maximum at x = 3
S = (6 + 3) 36 9 27 3 cm 2
Illustration 15: An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 2 is inscribed in a circle of radius a. Show that
the area of triangle is maximum when .
6
Solution: Let ABC be an isosceles triangle inscribed in the circle with radius a such that AB = AC.
AD = AO + OD = a + acos2 and BC = 2BD = 2asin2 (see figure)
1
Therefore, area of the triangle ABC i.e. BC.AD
2
1 2
2a sin 2 .(a a cos 2 ) = a sin2 (1 + cos2 )
2
1 2
a 2 sin 2 a sin 4
2
d
Therefore, 2a 2 cos 2 2a 2 cos 4
d
2a 2 (cos2 cos 4 )
d
0 cos2 = –cos4 = cos( – 4 )
d
Therefore, 2 = –4
6
d2
2a 2 ( 2sin 2 4sin 4 ) 0 at
d 2 6
Therefore, Area of triangle is maximum when .

6
E
130 AOD
EXERCISE–I
1. The equation of normal to the curve x y x y , where it cuts x-axis is -
(A) y = x + 1 (B) y = –x + 1 (C) y = x – 1 (D) y = –x – 1
2. f(x) = sinx – Kx is decreasing for all x R when :
(A) K < 1 (B) K 1 (C) K > 1 (D) K 1
3. The equation of tangent to the curve y = sinx at the point ( , 0) is-
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x + y = (C) x – y = (D) x – y = 0
4. The maximum value of f(x) =(x – 2) (x – 3)2 is :
7 4
(A) (B) 3 (C) (D) 0
3 27
5. The equation of the normal to the curve y x sin x cos x at x is -

2
(A) x = 2 (B) x = (C) x + =0 (D) 2x =
2 3
6. If y = 4x – 5 is a tangent to the curve y = px + q at (2, 3), then
(A) p = 2, q = –7 (B) p = –2, q = 7 (C) p = –2, q = –7 (D) p = 2, q = 7
7. If f(x) = x2 + kx + 1 is increasing function in the interval [1, 2], then least values of k is-
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) –4
3 2
8. If f (x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6 has local maximum and minimum at x = a and x = b respectively,
then ordered pair (a, b) is –
(A) (3, –2) (B) (2, –3) (C) (–2, 3) (D) (–3, 2)
9. Two parts of 10 such that the sum of the twice of first with the square of second is minimum,
are-
(A) 9, 1 (B) 5, 5 (C) 4, 6 (D) 1, 9
10. The maximum area of a rectangle of perimeter 176 cm. is-
(A) 1936 sq. cms. (B) 1854 sq. cms.
(C) 2110 sq. cms. (D) None of these
11. If x = p and x = q are respectively the maximum and minimum points of the function
x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 10, then-
(A) p = 0, q = 1 (B) p = 1, q = 0
(C) p = 1, q = 3 (D) p = 3, q = 1
12. For all values of x, function f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 7x – 19 is-
(A) Increasing (B) Decreasing
(C) Not monotonic (D) None of these
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Maths 131
CASE STUDY
x
13. The sum of the surface areas of a rectangular parallelopiped with sides x, 2x and and a sphere
3
of radius y is given to be constant.
x y
2x
On the basis of above information answer the following questions :
(i) Let the constant be S, the relation between x and y is :
(A) S = 4x2 + 5 y2 (B) S = 6x2 + 4 y2 (C) S = 2x2 + 3 y2 (D) S = 3x2 + 2 y2
(ii) If the combined volume is denoted by V :
4 3 2 3 2 3 4 3
(A) y x (B) y x (C) 4 y3 + 2x3 (D) 2 y3 + 4x3
3 3 3 3
(iii) If V is minimum, then relation between x and y is :
(A) x = 2y (B) x = 3y (C) y = 2x (D) y = 3x

(iv) The value of minimum volume is :
4 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 2
(A) x 1 (B) x 1 (C) x 1 (D) x 1
3 27 3 27 3 27 3 27
(v) The value of S, when V is minimum is :
2 2 2
(A) 2x 2 3 (B) x 2 3 (C) 2x 2 3 (D) 3x 2 3
9 9 9 9
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C C B C D A C C A A
Q.No. 11 12 13
Ans. C A (i) B, (ii) A, (iii) B, (iv) D, (v) A
E
132 AOD
SOLUTIONS
1. (C)
Given curve is x + y = xy
at x-axis y=0,
x 0 x0 x=1
Point is A(1, 0)
Now to differentiate x y x y take log on both sides
log x y y log x
1 dy 1 dy
1 y. log x
x y dx x dx
dy dy
Putting x 1, y 0 1 0 1
dx dx 1,0
slope of normal = 1
y 0
Equation of normal is, 1 y x 1
x 1
2. (C)
f'(x) = cosx – K
f(x) is decreasing f'(x) < 0 cosx – K < 0
cosx < K K > cosx K>1
3. (B)
dy
y = sinx = cosx
dx
dy
= –1
dx ( ,0)
Therefore equation of tangent at ( , 0) is given by

y – 0 = –1(x – ) x+y=
4. (C)
f'(x) = (x – 2) 2(x – 3) + (x – 3)2 – 1 = (x – 3) (3x – 7)
7
For maxima and minima f'(x) = 0 x = 3,
3
Now, f"(x) = (x – 3).3 + (3x – 7) . 1 = 6x – 16

7
f"(C) = 2 > 0 and f" = –2 < 0
3
7
Maxima at f"(x) < 0 at x =
3
2
7 7 4
Maximum value = 2 2
3 3 27
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Maths 133
5. (D)
x y 0 so the given point ,

2 2 2 2 2
dy dy
Now from the given equation 1 cos2 x sin 2 x 1 0 1 0
dx dx ,
2 2
The curve has vertical normal at ,

2 2
The equation to this normal is x =

2
x 0 2x
2
6. (A)
dy
4 & 9 = 8p + q
dx
dy
2y 3px 2
dx
dy dy
6 3p(4) 2p 4 p = 2 & q = –7
dx dx
7. (C)
f'(x) = 2x + k
f(x) is increasing function in the interval [1, 2]
f'(x) > 0 2x + k > 0
k > –2x, x [1, 2]
or k > –2x, when 1 x 2
or k > –2 and –4
k max (–2, –4)
k –2
Therefore least values of k is –2
8. (C)
3 2
f(x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 6
2
f'(x) = 6x – 6x – 36 & f''(x) = 12x – 6
2
Now f'(x) = 0 6(x – x – 6) = 0 (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0 x = –2, 3
f''(–2) = –30
x = –2 is a point of local maximum
f''(C) = 30
x = 3 is a point of local minimum
Hence, (–2, 3) is the required ordered pair.
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134 AOD
9. (A)
Let two parts be x and (10 – x). If
y = 2x + (10 – x)2
dy
Then = 2 – 2 (10 – x) = 2x – 18
dx
dy
Now =0 x=9
dx
d2 y
Also then = 2 > 0. Hence when x = 9
dx2
value of y is minimum. So required two parts of 10 are 9 and 1.
10. (A)
Let sides of the rectangle be x, y then
2x + 2y = 176
Its area A = xy = x(88 – x)
[form (A)] = 88x – x2
dA d2 A
= 88 – 2x, 2 = –2 < 0
dx dx
dA d2 A
Now =0 x = 44; Also then < 0. so area will be maximum when
dx dx 2
x = 44 and maximum area = 44 × 44 = 1936 cms.
11. (C)
Let f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 10, then f'(x) = 5x4 – 20x3 + 15x2 = 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) and
f"(x) = 20x3 – 60x2 + 30x
for maxima and minima
f'(x) = 0 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
x = 0, 1,3 Also f"(A) = –10 < 0
x = 1 is a point of maxima p = 1 and f"(C) = 90 > 0
x = 3 is a point of minima q=3
12. (A)
f'(x) = 6x2 + 12x + 7 = 6(x2 + 2x) + 7 = 6(x + 1)2 + 1
which is positive for all values of x. Hence f(x) is a increasing function.

13.
(i) (B)
We know,
x x
S = 2 x 2x 2x x + 4 y2
3 3
= 6x2 + 4 y2
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Maths 135
(ii) (A)
We have
4 3 x
V= y x 2x
3 3
4 3 2 3
= y x
3 3
(iii) (B)
From part (ii)
4 3 2 3
V= y x
3 3
3/2
4 S 6x 2 2 3
V= x
3 4 3
dv 1 3 2
(S 6x 2 )1/2 ( 12x) 3x 2
dx 6 2 3
3
= (S 6x 2 )1/2 x 2x 2
For minimum
3
= (S 6x 2 )1/2 x 2x 2 0
3x
2x2 = (S 6x 2 )1/2
3x
2x 2 (4 y 2 )1/2
2 x 3(4 y 2 )1/2
4 x2 = 9 × 4 y2
x2 = 9y2 x = 3y
(iv) (D)
4 3 2 3
Minimum value of V= y x
3 3
3
4 x 2 3
= x
3 3 3
2 3 2
= x 1
3 27
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(v)
136
(A)
AOD
= 6x2 +
= 2x 2 3
9
9
2
S = 6x2 + 4 y2
x
4 2
When V is minimum.
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EXERCISE–II
1. The line x y 2 is tangent to the curve x 2 3 2y at its point
(A) (1, 1) (B) (–1, 1)
(C) ( 3 , 0) (D) (3, –3)
x y
2. At which point the line 1 , touches the curve y be x / a
a b
(A) (0, 0) (B) (0, a)
(C) (0, b) (D) (b, 0)
3. The angle between curves y 2 4x and x 2 y2 5 at (1, 2) is
(A) tan 1 (3) (B) tan 1 (2) (C) (D)

2 4
4. Co-ordinates of a point on the curve y x log x at which the normal is parallel to the line
2x 2y 3 are
(A) (0, 0) (B) (e, e)
(C) (e 2 , 2e 2 ) (D) (e 2 , 2e 2 )
5. The function x 4 4x is decreasing in the interval
(A) [–1, 1] (B) ( , 1)
(C) [1, ) (D) None of these
2x
6. The function f (x) log(1 x) is increasing on
2 x
(A) (0, ) (B) ( , 0)
(C) ( , ) (D) None of these
7. The least value of k for which the function x 2 kx 1 is an increasing function in the interval
1 x 2 is
(A) – 4 (B) – 3 (C) – 1 (D) – 2
8. The length of the longest interval, in which the function 3sin x 4sin 3 x is increasing, is
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2
4x 2 1
9. Function f (x) is decreasing for interval
x
1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) (– 1, 1) (D) [1, –1]
2 2 2 2
10. The function sin x(1 cos x) at x , is

3
(A) Maximum
(B) Minimum
(C) Neither maximum nor minimum
(D) None of these
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138 AOD
11. The two parts of 100 for which the sum of double of first and square of second part is minimum,
are
(A) 50, 50 (B) 99, 1
(C) 98, 2 (D) None of these
12. The maximum value of 2x 3 24x 107 in the interval [–3, 3] is
(A) 75 (B) 89
(C) 125 (D) 139
x
13. The maximum value of f (x) on [ 1,1] is
4 x x2
(A) 1/ 4 (B) 1 / 3
(C) 1/ 6 (D) 1/ 5
CASE STUDY
14. The shape of a toy is given as f(x) = 6(2x4 – x2). To make the toy beautiful 2 sticks which are
perpendicular to each other were placed at a point (2,3), above the toy.
(i) Which value from the following may be abscissa of critical point?
1 1
(A) (B)
4 2
(C) 1 (D) None of these
(ii) Find the slope of the normal based on the position of the stick.
(A) 360 (B) –360
1 1
(C) (D)
360 360
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Maths 139
(iii) What will be the equation of the tangent at the critical point if it passes through (2,3)?
(A) x + 360 y = 1082 (B) y = 360 x – 717
(C) x = 717 y + 360 (D) None of these
(iv) Find the second order derivative of the function at x = 5.
(A) 598 (B) 1176
(C) 3588 (D) 3312
(v) At which of the following intervals will f(x) be increasing
(A) (– –1/2) (1/2, )
(B) (–1/2, 0) (1/2, )
(C) (0, 1/2) (1/2, )
(D) (– , –1/2) (0, 1/2)
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A C A D B A D A B A
Q.No. 11 12 13 14
Ans. B D C (i) B, (ii) D, (iii) B, (iv) C, (v) B
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140 AOD
SOLUTIONS
1. (A)
Given curve x 2 3 2y
dy dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, 2x 0 2 x
dx dx
Slope of the tangent of the curve x
From the given line, slope 1 , x 1 and from equation (i), y 1 .
Co-ordinate of the point is (1, 1).
2. (C)
x1 / a
Let the point be (x1 , y1 ) , y1 be .....(i)
x/a dy b x /a
Also, curve y be e
dx a
dy b x1 /a y1
e (by (i))
dx (x1 , y1 ) a a
y1
Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point (x1 , y1 ) is (y y1 ) (x x1 )
a
x y x1
1
a y1 a
x y
Comparing with 1, we get
a b
x1
y1 b and 1 1 x1 0.
a
Hence, the point is (0, b).
3. (A)
dy 4
For curve y 2 4x
dx 2y
dy dy x
1 and for curve x 2 y2 5
dx (1,2) dx y
dy 1
dx (1,2) 2
Angle between the curves is
1
1
tan 1 2 tan 1 (3) .
1
1
2
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Maths 141
4. (D)
dy
y x log x 1 log x
dx
1 1
The slope of the normal =
(dy / dx) 1 log x
The slope of the line 2x 2y 3 is 1.
1
1 log x 2 x e2
1 log x
y 2e 2
Co-ordinate of the point is (e 2 , 2e 2 ) .
5. (B)
Let f (x) x 4 4x f '(x) 4x 3 4
So, 4x 3 4 0 or x 3 1 or x < 1
Hence function of decreasing in ( ,1) .
6. (A)
2x 1 (2 x) . 2 2x
f (x) log(1 x) f '(x)
2 x 1 x (2 x) 2
x2
f '(x)
(x 1)(x 2) 2
Obviously, f '(x) 0 for all x 0
Hence f (x) is increasing on (0, ) .
7. (D)
d 2
To be increasing, (x kx 1) 0 2x k 0
dx
For x (1, 2) , the least value of k is –2.
8. (A)
3sin x 4sin 3 x sin 3x
It is increasing, when / 2 3x /2
i.e., / 6 x /6.
The length of interval = .

6 6 3
9. (B)
1
f (x) 4x
x
d d 1 1
f (x) 4x = 4
dx dx x x2
dy
For extremum, 0
dx
1 1 1
4 2
0 x ,
x 2 2
1 1 1
f 4. = 2 2 4
2 2 1/ 2
1 1 1
f 4. 2 2 4
2 2 1/ 2
Hence f (x) is decreasing in interval [1/ 2, 1/ 2] .
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142 AOD
10. (A)
Let f (x) sin x(1 cos x)
f (x) cos 2x cos x
and f (x) 2sin 2x sin x (2sin 2x sin x)
For maximum or minimum value of f (x) , f '(x) 0
cos 2x cos x 0 cos x cos 2x
cos x cos( 2x)
x 2x or x ,
3
2 3 3 3 3
Now f 2sin sin 2 ve [maxima]
3 3 3 2 2 2
Hence f (x) is maximum at x .
3
11. (B)
Let one number is (100 x) and then another is x. Therefore
f (x) 2(100 x) x 2 x 2 2x 200
f '(x) 0 2x 2 0 x 1
Here f (x) 2 0 [minima]
Therefore function is minimum at x 1
So the numbers are 99 and 1.
12. (D)
Let f (x) 2x 3 24x 107
At x 3, f ( 3) 2( 3) 3 24( 3) 107 125
At x 3, f (3) 2(3) 3 24(3) 107 89
For maxima or minima, f (x) 6x 2 24 0
x 2, 2
So at x 2, f (2) 2(2) 3 24(2) 107 75
at x 2, f ( 2) 2( 2) 3 24( 2) 107 139
Thus the maximum value of the given function in
[– 3, 3] is 139.
13. (C)
x
f (x)
4 x x2
(4 x x 2 ) x(1 2x)
f (x) Differentiate w.r.t. x
(4 x x 2 )2
4 x2
For maximum f '(x) 0 0
(4 x x 2 )2
x 2, 2
Both values of x are out of interval
1 1
f ( 1) ,
4 1 1 4
1 1
f (1) (maximum).
4 1 1 6
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Maths 143
14. Given, shape of the toy is given by the function :

f(x) = 6(2x4 –x2)
(i) (B)
Now, f'(x) = 6(8x3 – 2x)
For critical point, f'(x) = 0
6(8x3 – 2x) = 0
or 8x3 – 2x = 0
x(4x2 – 1) = 0
1
x = 0, ±
2
1
Hence, ± can be taken as the abscissa of the critical point.
2
(ii) (D)
To find the slopes of tangent and normal, we have ;
dy
f'(x) = 6(8x 3 2x)
dx
At point (2, 3) ;
dy
Slope of tangent = 6(8 23 2 2)
dx
= 6 (8 × 8 – 4) = 360
Hence, slope of normal at (2, 3)
1 1
=
dy 360
dx
(iii) (B)
We have the slope of tangent at (2, 3) as 360.
Now ; equation of tangent at critical point if it passes through (2, 3) is given as :
(y – 3) = 360 (x – 2)
or y= 360x – 717
(iv) (C)
Given ; function is f(x) = 6(2x4 – x2)

f'(x) = 6(8x3 – 2x)
and f"(x) = 6(24x2 – 2)
At x = 5, we have :
f"(x) = 6(24 × 52 – 2)
= 6(600 – 2)
f"(x) = 3588
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144 AOD
(v) (B)
We have,
f(x) = 6(2x4 – x2)
f'(x) = 6(8x3 – 2x)
For f(x) to be increasing ;
f'(x) > 0
6(8x3 – 2x) > 0
or 12(4x3 – x) > 0
4x3 – x > 0
or x(4x2 – 1) > 0
– + – +
– –1/2 0 1/2 +
Intervals f '(x) x(4x 2 1)

1
, 0
2
1
, 0
2
1
0, 0
2
1
, 0
2
Hence, f(x) will be an increasing function in (–1/2, 0) (1/2, )
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Maths 145
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
INTRODUCTION :
With the help of linear programming models, a decision maker can most efficiently and
effectively employ his production factor and limited resources to get maximum profit at
minimum cost. He can also take quick decisions which are important in modern times because
any delay or postponement in it may give advantage to other organizations.
Linear programming : Linear programming is a method of determining a particular programme
or plan of action to optimize (maximize or minimize).
Linear programming problem (L.P.P.) : It is a problem of finding optimal (maximum or
minimum) value of a linear function subject to certain restrictions (constraints) determined by a
set of linear inequations with variables as non-negative.
GENERAL FORM OF L.P.P. :
The general form of a linear programming problem is
Optimize (Maximize or Minimize) Z = c1x1 + c2x2 + ........ + cnxn

Subject to
a11x1 + a12x2 + ....... + a1n xn ( ) b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + ....... + a2n xn ( ) b2 ..........(1)
am1 x1 am2 x2 + ....... + amn xn ( ) bm
x1, x2, ......., xn 0 .........(2)

The definitions of various terms related to the LPP are as follows :
(a) Objective Function : The linear function Z which is to be maximized or minimized is the
objective function of the LPP.
(b) Decision Variables : x1, x2 ......., xn are the decision variables.

(c) Constraints : The inequations or equations (1) in the variables of a LPP which describe the
conditions under which the optimization (maximization or minimization) is to be
accomplished are called constraints.
In the constraints given in the general form of LPP there may be any one of the three signs
, =, .
(d) Non-negativity Restrictions : There are the constraints (2) which describe that the
variables involved in a LPP are non-negative.
(e) Feasible region : The common region determined by all the constraints including non-
negative constrains of a LPP is called the feasible region or solution region.
A feasible region may be (i) bounded (ii) unbounded.
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146 LPP
(i) Bounded feasible region :
(ii) Unbounded & word problems is not in syllabus.

(f) Corner point of a feasible region : Corner points of a feasible region are points of
intersection of two boundary lines.
TO SOLVE AN LPP GRAPHICALLY (CORNER POINT METHOD) :
Working Rule :
(a) Convert the linear constraints into equalities and the draw their graphs which will be straight lines.
(b) Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner points by
solving the equations of lines taken two at a time.
(c) Determine the value of the objective function Z at each corner point. Also, find the least value m
and greatest value M of the values of objective functions at corner points.
(d) If the feasible region R is bounded, then M and m will be the maximum and minimum values of Z,
respectively .
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Maths 147
EXERCISE–I
1. Objective of linear programming for an objective function is to
(A) maximize or minimize (B) maximize
(C) minimize (D) can't be said
2. In linear programming, objective function and objective constraints are
(A) solved (B) linear
(C) quadratic (D) adjacent
3. A feasible solution of a LPP if it also optimizes the objective function is called :
(A) Optimal feasible solution
(B) Optimal solution
(C) Feasible solution
(D) None of these
4. Region represented by the inequation system x + y 13, y 6, x 0, y 0 is
(A) Unbounded in first quadrant
(B) Unbounded in first and second quadrant
(C) Bounded in first quadrant
(D) None of these
5. LPP theory states that the optimal solution to any problem will lie at
(A) the origin
(B) a corner point of feasible region
(C) the highest point of the feasible region
(D) the lowest point of the feasible region
6. Consider the following LPP :

Maximise : Z = 12 x + 10 y
Subject to : 4x + 3y 480
2x + 3y 360
x, y 0
Value of Z will be maximum at
(A) (120, 0) (B) (60, 80) (C) (100, 80) (D) (60, 100)
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148 LPP
7. The graph of x 2 and y 2 will be situated in the
(A) first and second quadrant
(B) second and third quadrant
(C) first and third quadrant
(D) third and fourth quadrant
8. Corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear constraints are (0, 3),
(1, 1) and (3, 0). Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q, so that the minimum of Z
occurs at (3,0) and(l, 1) is
q
(A) p = 2q (B) p =
2
(C) p = 3q (D) p = q
9. The point at which the maximum value of x + y, subject to the constraints x + 2y 70,
2x + y 95, x,y 0 is obtained, is
(A) (30, 25) (B) (20, 35)
(C) (35, 20) (D) (40, 15)
CASE STUDY
10. Corner points of the feasible, region for an LPP are (0, 3), (5, 0), (6, 8), (0, 8). Let Z = 4x – 6y be
the objective function :
(i) The minimum value of Z occurs at :
(A) (6, 8) (B) (5, 0)
(C) (0, 3) (D) (0, 8)
(ii) Maximum value of Z occurs at :

(A) (5, 0) (B) (0, 8)
(C) (0, 3) (D) (6, 8)
(iii) Maximum of Z – Minimum of Z = ?
(A) 58 (B) 68
(C) 78 (D) 88
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Maths 149
(iv) The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear inequalities are :
(A) (0, 0), (–3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3)

(B) (3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3), (0, –3)
(C) (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3), (0, 3)
(D) None of these
(v) The feasible solution of LPP belongs to :
(A) first and second quadrant
(B) first and third quadrant
(C) only second quadrant
(D) only first quadrant
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. A B A C B B A B D
Q.No. 10
Ans. (i) D, (ii) A, (iii) B, (iv) C, (v) D
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150 LPP
SOLUTIONS
1. (A)
In linear programming, the objective for an objective function is to maximize or minimize.
2. (B)
In linear programming ; objective function and objective constraints are linear in nature.
3. (A)
A feasible solution of a LPP is called optimal feasible solution if it also optimizes the objective
function.
4. (C)
Y
(0,13)
y=6
(0,6)
X' X
O (13,0)
x+y=13
Y'
Hence, the represented region is bounded in the first quadrant.
5. (B)
LPP theory states that the optimal solution to any problem will lie at a corner point of the feasible
region.
6. (B)
We have to maximize Z = 12x + 10y
Subject to 4x + 3y 480, 2x + 3y 360, x, y 0
Y
(0,120)C B(60,80)
X' X
(0,0)O A
(120,0)
2x+3y=360
4x+3y=480
Y'
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Maths 151
Corner–points Z=x+y
O (0, 0) 0
A (120, 0) 1440
B (60, 80) 1520
C (0, 120) 1200
Hence ; value of Z is maximum at (60, 80)
7. (A)
Y
y=2
X' X
O
Y' x=2
Hence ; as per the graph ; the region lies in the first and second quadrant.
8. (B)
Given ; Z = px + qy
Since the minimum value of Z occurs at (3, 0) and (1, 1) :
q
3p = p + q or p =
2
9. (D)
We have to maximize Z = x + y
subject to x + 2y 70,
2x + y 95
x, y 0
Y
(0,35)C B(40,15)
X' X
(0,0)O
x+2y=70
2x+y=95
Y'
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152 LPP
Corner–points Z=x+y
O (0, 0) 0
95
A ,0 47.5
2
B (40, 15) 55
C (0, 35) 35
Hence, Z is maximum at (40, 15)

10.
Corner–points Z = 4x – 6y
(0, 3) –18
(5,0) 20
(6, 8) –24
(0, 8) –48
(i) (D)
Minimum value of Z occurs at (0, 8)
(ii) (A)
Maximum value of Z occurs at (5, 0)
(iii) (B)
Maximum Z–Minimum of Z
= 20 – (–48)
= 68
(iv) (C)
The corner points of the feasible region are (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3) and (0, 3)
(v) (D)
The feasible solution of LPP belongs to only first quadrant.
50 40 50 40
Z at (0, 0) = 0, Z at (25, 0) = 150, Z at , 6 3 = 140
3 3 3 3
Z at (0, 20) = 60
Zmin = 0
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Maths 153
EXERCISE–II
1. A set of values of decision variables which satisfies the linear constraints and non-negativity
conditions of a L.P.P. is called its
(A) Unbounded solution (B) Optimum solution
(C) Feasible solution (D) None of these
2. Maximize Z = 4x + 6y, subject to 3x + 2y 12, x + y 4, x, y 0
(A) 16 at (4, 0) (B) 24 at (0, 4)
(C) 24 at (6, 0) (D) 36 at (0, 6)
3. Maximize Z = 7x + 11y, subject to 3x + 5y 26, 5x + 3y 30, x 0, y 0
(A) 59 at (9/2, 5/2) (B) 42 at (6, 0)
(C) 49 at (7, 0) (D) 57.2 at (0, 5.2)
4. Maximize Z = 6x + 4y, subject to x 2, x + y 3, –2x + y 1, x 0, y 0
(A) 12 at (2, 0) (B) 140/3 at (2/3, 1/3)
(C) 16 at (2, 1) (D) 4 at (0, 1)
5. Maximize Z = 10 x + 25 y, subject to 0 x 3, 0 y 3, x + y 5
(A) 80 at (3, 2) (B) 75 at (0, 3) (C) 30 at (3, 0) (D) 95 at (2, 3)
6. Z = 20x + 20y, subject to x 0, y 0, x + 2y 8, 3x + 2y 15, 5x + 2y 20. The minimum
value of Z occurs at
(A) (8, 0) (B) (5/2, 15/4)
5
(C) 3, (D) (0, 10)
2
7. Z = 6x + 21 y, subject to x + 2y 3, x + 4y 4, 3x + y 3, x 0, y 0. The minimum value of Z

occurs at
(A) (4, 0) (B) (28, 8)
7 37
(C) , (D) (0, 3)
11 44
8. The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points
(A) on X-axis
(B) on Y-axis
(C) which are corner points of the feasible region
(D) None of these
9. Maximize Z = 11x + 8y, subject to x 4, y 2, x 0, y 0.
(A) 44 at (4, 2) (B) 60 at (4, 2)
(C) 62 at (4, 0) (D) 48 at (4, 2)
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154 LPP
CASE STUDY
10. The feasible region for the LPP is shown below :

(i) What is the point of intersection of line l1 and l2 ?
40 50 50 40 50 40 50 40
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(ii) The corner points of the feasible region shown in above graph are :
40 50
(A) (0, 25), (20, 0), , (B) (0, 0), (25, 0), (0,20)
3 3
40 50 50 40
(C) (0, 0), , , (0,20) (D) (0, 0), (25, 0), , , (0, 20)
3 3 3 3
(iii) If Z = x + y be the objective function and max Z = 30. The maximum value occurs at point :
50 40
(A) , (B) (0, 0) (C) (25, 0) (D) (0, 20)
3 3
(iv) If Z = 6x – 9y be the objective function, then maximum value of Z is :
(A) –20 (B) 150 (C) 180 (D) 20
(v) If Z = 6x + 3y be the objective function, then what is the minimum value of Z ?
(A) 120 (B) 130 (C) 0 (D) 150
ANSWER KEY
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. C D A C D C C C B
Q.No. 10
Ans. (i) B, (ii) D, (iii) A, (iv) B, (v) C
E
Maths 155
SOLUTIONS
1. (C)
Obviously, it is called feasible solution.
2. (D)
subject to 3x + 2y 12
x+y 4
x, y 0
Y
C
(0,6)
(0,4)B
A
X' X
O (4,0)
x+y=4
3x+2y=12
Y'
Corner points Z = 4x+ 6y

A (4, 0) 16
B(0, 4) 24
C(0, 6) 36
Hence the maximum value of Z is 36 at (0, 6)
3. (A)
subject to 3x + 5y 26, 5x + 3y 30, x, y 0
Y
(0,10)
C
(26/3,0)
X' X
O (0,0) (6,0)A
3x+5y=26
5x+3y=30
Y'
Z(0, 0) = 0, Z(6, 0) = 42
9 5 9 5 63 55 118
Z , 7 11 59
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
26 26 286
Z 0, 0 11 57.2
5 5 5
9 5
So ; the maximum value of Z is 59 at ,
2 2
E
156 LPP
4. (C)
subject to
x 2, x +y 3, –2x + y 1, x, y 0
Y –2x+y=1
(0,3)
C
B(2, 1)
(0,1)D
X' X
O (0,0) A (2,0) (3, 0)
x+y=3
x=2
Y'

Z at O (0, 0) ZO = 0
Z at A(2, 0) ZA = 12
Z at B (2, 1) ZB = (6 × 2) + (4 × 1) = 16
2 7 2 7 40
Z at C , ZC = 6 4
3 3 3 3 3
Z at D (0, 1) ZD = 4
Maximum value of Z is 16 at (2, 1)
5. (D)
We have to maximize Z = 10 x + 25 y Y
subject to (0,5)
(0,3) D C(2,3) (3,3) y=3
0 x 3, 0 y 3, x + y 5
(3,2)
Z at O(0, 0) = 0 B (5,0)
X' X
(0,0)O (3,0)A
Z at A(3, 0) = 30
Y' x=3 x+y=5
Z at B(3, 2) = (10 × 3) + (25 × 2) = 80
Z at C(2, 3) = (10 × 2) + (25 × 3) = 95
Z at D(0, 3) = 25 × 3 = 75
Hence ; the maximum value of Z is 95 at (2, 3)
E
Maths 157
6. (C)
Y
We have to minimize Z = 20x + 20y
(0,10)
subject to
x + 2y 8, 3x + 2y 15
5x + 2y 20 and x 0, y 0
5 5 (0,4)
Z at 3, 20 3 20 110
2 2 X' X
O (4,0) (5,0) (8,0)
Z at (3.5, 2.75) = (20 × 3.5) + (20 × 2.75) = 125
x+2y=8
3x+2y=15
Z at (2.5, 3.75) = (20 × 2.5) + (20 × 3.75) = 125 5x+2y=20
Y'
So, the minimum value Z is 110 at (3, 5/2)
7. (C)
We have to minimize Z = 6x + 21y
subject to
x + 2y 3, x + 4y 4
3x + y 3, x 0, y 0
Y
(0,3)
(0, 3/2)
A(3/5, 6/5)
(0,1)
C(2,1/2)
X' X
O (1,0) (3,0) (4,0)
x+2y=3 x+4y=4
Y' 3x+y=3
3 6 144
A , Z at A = 28.8
5 5 5
8 9 237
B , Z at B = 21.54
11 11 11
1
C 2, Z at C = 22.5
2
8 9
Minimum value of Z occurs at B ,
11 11
E
158 LPP
8. (C)
The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points which are corner points of the
feasible region.
9. (B)
subject to x 4, y 2, x, y 0
Y
(0,2) C B (4, 2)
y=2
X' X
O (0,0) A (4, 0)
Y' x=4
Z at O(0,0) = 0, Z at A(4,0) = 44, Z at B(4,2) = (11 × 4) + (8 × 2) = 60 , Z at C(0,2) = 16
The value of Z is maximum at (4, 2) which is 60
10.(i) (B)
x y
Given 1 : 1 40x + 25y = 25 × 40 8x + 5y = 200 ......(i)
25 40
2 : 2x + 5y = 100 ......(ii)
50 40
Their point of intersection is given as ,
3 3
(ii) (D)
50 40
Corner points of the feasible region are (0, 0) (25,0) , and (0, 20)
3 3
(iii) (A)
Z=x+y
50 40
Zmax = 30
3 3
(iv) (B)
Z = 6x – 9y
50 40 50 40
Z at (0, 0) = 0, Z at (25, 0) = 150, Z at , 6 9 = 100 – 120 = –20
3 3 3 3
Z at (0, 20) = 0 – 180 = –180
Zmax = 150
(v) (C)
Z = 6x + 3y
50 40 50 40
Z at (0, 0) = 0, Z at (25, 0) = 150, Z at , 6 3 = 140
3 3 3 3
Z at (0, 20) = 60
Zmin = 0

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C h apter

Unit-V: Linear Programming

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 10 MARKS

Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred

RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Next, let (L1, L2) R and also (L2, L3) R.

The subsets Ai are called equivalence classes.

with some element of B. It is denoted by the symbol :

appears in one and only one ordered pair belonging to ƒ.

Many-one function (not injective) :

Note that : if range is same as co-domain, then ƒ (x) is onto.

Is f one-one and onto ? Justify your answer.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS FOR OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

(Where n is number of elements in set A)

4. Let f(x) = | x 1 | 1 . f :[0, 2] R , Range of function is :

(A) [0, 2] (B) [0, 1] (C) R (D) None

(A) 9 (B) 120 (C) 0 (D) None of these

(A) (2, 3) (B) [2,3] (C) [0, 3] (D) [0, 2]

(A) (– , 1) (B) (0,1) (C) (– , –1) (D) (– , 1]

14. Domain of f(x) = log log x is :

(A) (0,1) [1, (B) (0,1] [1,

(C) (0,1] (1, (D) (0,1) (1,

15. Range of (–1)[x], (when [.] denotes greatest integer function) is :

Based on the above information answer the following :

(C) ab + cd 0 (D) None of these

(C) ad + bc c (D) None of these

(iv) (C) For even function f(–x) = f(x)

2. Let n(A) = n. Then the number of all relations on A is

3. A relation R is defined from {2, 3, 4, 5} to {3, 6, 7, 10} by xRy x is relatively prime to y.

(A){2, 3, 5} (B) {3, 5} (C) {2, 3, 4} (D) {2, 3, 4, 5}

(A) Reflexive and symmetric

(B) Symmetric and transitive

(C) Reflexive and Transitive

(D) None of these

6. Mapping f : R R which is defined as f (x) cos x, x R will be

(A) Neither one-one nor onto (B) One-one

(C) Onto (D) One-one onto

7. The function f : R R defined by f (x) (x 1) (x 2)(x 3) is

(A) One-one but not onto

(B) Onto but not one-one

(C) Both one-one and onto

(D) Neither one-one nor onto

8. The function f : R R defined by f (x) e x is

Hence f : R R is onto but not one-one.

y and z are students of the same sex

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

3. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

(ii) y = cos–1(cos x) = x, x [0, ], periodic with period 2

(vi) y = sec–1(sec x) = x, x 0, , , periodic with period 2

(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ;x R

(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = ; |x| > 1

(b) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 [x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ], where x > 0, y > 0

(iii) (a) cos–1x + cos–1y = cos–1 [ xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ] , where x > 0, y > 0

(b) cos–1x – cos–1y = cos–1 [ xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ] , where x > 0, y > 0

2. The domain of sin–1x + cosx is :-

(A) [–1, ) (B) (–1, 1)

(C) [–1, 1] (D) ( , 1]

6. The domain of sec–1 (2x + 1) is :

(A) (– , –1) [0, )