Full Corporate Finance Answer
Full Corporate Finance Answer
Full Corporate Finance Answer
ANSWER:
The relationship between stockholders and the management is called the agency
relationship. This occurs when the shareholders as principals hire their managers (agents)
to act on their behalf. The possibility of conflicts of interest between them is termed as the
agency problem. 2 types of agency relationship, shareholders and managers, as well as
shareholders and creditors
Managers are inclined to act on their own selfish interest. They want to increase personal
wealth, more leisure, luxurious offices, generous retirement plans etc
ANSWER- the three factors are level of cash flow, timing of cash flow and risk of cash flow.
Level of cash flow – amount of cash flow, the higher the cash flow, the higher the stock
price
The lower the risk of cash flow the higher is the stock price
ANSWER
Market price- it is the share price that is traded in the stock market. It is the stock price is
based on perceived by the investor base on possibly incorrect information ie risk and
return data
Intrinsic value- it is the estimated true value of the stock based on certain information
given ie risk and return data
ANSWER:
If stock price and intrinsic values are different, overvalued or undervalued stock can
occurred
If stock price is greater than intrinsic value, then the stock is overvalued, supply will be
greater than demand, stock price will fall
If stock price is less than intrinsic value, then the stock is undervalued, demand will be
greater than supply, the stock price will rise.
ANSWER:
a. efficient, low-cost operations that produce high-quality goods and services at the
lowest possible cost.
b. the development of products and services that consumers want and need, so the
profit motive leads to new technology, to new products, and to new jobs.
ANSWER:
Social responsibilities of corporation
a. Provide a safe working environment
b. Avoid polluting the air and water
c. Produce safe products
10. “A lot of sales may generate huge profit but not plenty of cash flow”. Explain.
ANSWER:
Independent projects – if the cash flows of one is unaffected by the acceptance of the
other.(choose as many projects as you want as long as you have the fund and fulfill
capital budgeting criteria)
Mutually exclusive projects – if the cash flows of one can be adversely impacted by the
acceptance of the other.(can only choose 1 project and normally the best one)
3. Binaan Teguh Berhad (BTB) has two potential projects, Project A and Project B. The forecasted
cash flows and relevant information of the two projects are given below.
The internal rate of return (IRR) of Project A and Project B are 12 percent per year and 15
percent per year respectively. Both projects require initial capital in year 0 and having cost of
capital of 5 percent per year.
(b) Assuming both projects are mutually exclusive, suggest a capital budgeting decision using
Net Present Value (NPV) criteria. Show workings.
ANSWER
PROJECT A NPV CALCULATION
YEAR CASH FLOW PVIF 5% Discounted Cash Flow
million M
0 -222.56 1.0000 -222.56
1 50 0.9524 47.62
2 80 0.9070 72.56
3 80 0.8638 69.11
4 90 0.8227 74.04
NPV 40.77 M
c) NPV (Project A)
NPV = (47.62 + 72.56 + 69.11 + 74.04) - 222.58
NPV = 263.33 – 222.58 = RM40.77M
NPV (Project B)
NPV = (57.14 + 36.28 + 34.55 + 16.45) - 120.16
NPV= 144.42 – 120.156 = RM24.26 M
PROJECT A
(i) Payback period A
i. Payback period (Io = 222.56)
= 3 + (12.56/90)
= 3.14 years
Project B
i. Payback period (Io = 120.16)
2 + (20.16/40)
= 2.50 years
(d) Is your capital budgeting decision in (b) consistent with decision using IRR? Provide reasons.
(c) Determine the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) for PROJECT A ONLY.
MIRR = 9.52%
4. Why manager prefers the use of Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) over IRR?
MIRR assumes reinvestment at the opportunity cost = WACC. MIRR also avoids
the multiple IRR problem.
Managers like rate of return comparisons, and MIRR is better for this than IRR.
5. The management of NuRobotic Sdn. Bhd. is considering to purchase a new equipment. Its
choice is between Equipment A and Equipment B. Both equipments have five-year useful life
and they are mutually exclusive.
The initial cost (cash outlay) for Equipment A is RM160,000 and for Equipment B is RM220,000
and their respective scrap values at the end of year 5 are given as follows:
Equipment A Equipment B
Initial Investment RM160,000 RM220,000
Scrap Value RM10,000 RM25,000
The cash inflows generated are as follows:
(a) NuRobotic’s current investment policy is to accept only investment that are recoverable
within 4.5 years. Calculate the discounted payback period for equipment A and equipment B
if the cost of capital is 12%. Advise the company which new equipment to purchase if they
are mutually exclusive.
(b) Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for equipment A and equipment B given the cost of
capital is 12%.
(c) Advise the management on which equipment to purchase based on NPV calculation if
equipment A and equipment B are mutually exclusive. Explain your recommendation.
(d) The simple payback method of investment appraisal is the most popular method used in
practice. However, it has several theoretical limitations. Discuss the FOUR (4) limitations of
this capital budgeting technique.
Required:
(e) NuRobotic’s current investment policy is to accept only investment that are recoverable within
4.5 years. Calculate the discounted payback period for equipment A and equipment B if the
cost of capital is 12%. Advise the company which new equipment to purchase if they are
mutually exclusive. (6 marks)
(f) Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for equipment A and equipment B given the cost of
capital is 12%. (6 marks)
(g) Advise the management on which equipment to purchase based on NPV calculation if
equipment A and equipment B are mutually exclusive. Explain your recommendation.
Both equipment A and B has positive NPV values. The management should select
equipment A because equipment A has the higher NPV value than equipment B given
both of them are mutually exclusive. A higher positive NPV value would help to maximize
the shareholders’ wealth .
(4 marks)
(h) The simple payback method of investment appraisal is the most popular method used in
practice. However, it has several theoretical limitations. Discuss the FOUR (4) limitations of
this capital budgeting technique. (4 marks)
ANSWER
6. Healthy Food Inc. is considering switching its manually operated machine with a new automated
machine. Although the existing unit has 5 more years of service life, its operating costs are fairly
high compared to its revenue. The new automated machine costs RM2.5 million. An additional
Total cost / total cash outflow = RM 2.5 million + RM100,000=RM 2.5 m + 0.1m= RM2.6 m
ANS:
1. Jerome J. Jerome is considering investing in a security that has the following distribution of
possible one-year returns:
(a) What is the expected return and standard deviation associated with the investment?
ANSWER
Market risk / systematic risk/ non-diversifiable risk
Interest rate risk, the chance that changes in interest rates will adversely affect
the value of an investment
Liquidity risk, the chance that an investment can’t be easily liquidated at a
reasonable price
Market risk, the chance that the value of an investment will decline because of
market factors that are independent of the investment
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lOMoARcPSD|10474830
Diversifiable risk/Non-systematic risk/ Firm-specific risk/ Business risk, the chance that the
firm will be unable to cover its operating costs
Financial risk, the chance that the firm will be unable to cover its financial
obligations, risk associate with debt financing
Business risk – the chance that the business will not be able to cover business
operating cost/ expense.
Both variance and standard deviation can be used to measured risk of an asset
Variance is a measure of dispersion of an asset . it is the average value of squared deviation from a
mean.
Given an asset's expected return, its variance can be calculated using the following equation:
N
2
Var(R) = s = S pi(Ri – E[R])2
i=1
• Where:
– N = the number of states
– pi = the probability of state i
– Ri = the return on the stock in state i
– E[R] = the expected return on the stock
–
Standard deviation is the square root of variance. Standard deviation is an indicator of risk
of that asset‘s expected return, which measure the dispersion around its expected value.
Standard deviation measure the total risk of an asset. The larger the SD, the lower the
probability the actual return will be closer to expected return. The larger the SD, the larger
risk.
Standard deviation is indicator of risk asset (an absolute measure of risk) of that asset’s expected
return, σ (Ri), which measures the dispersion around its expected value. This can be calculated using
equation below:
σ (Ri) = √ [R j - E(Ri) ]2 x Pr j
5. What is the difference between realized rate of return and required rate of return?
6. Stock X has a 9% expected return, a beta coefficient of 0.8 and a 30% standard deviation of
expected returns. Stock Y has 14% expected return, a beta coefficient of 1.3 and a 20% standard
deviation. The risk free rate is 5% and market risk premium is 6.5%.
ANSWER :
a. calculate the coefficient of variation of each stock
Calculate the stock’s expected return, standard deviation and coefficient of variation
Expected return for stock is
ER=0.1 x (-50%) + 0.2 x(-5%) + (0.4 x 16%) + 0.2 x 25% + 0.1 x 60% = -5 %+ (-1%) + 6.4%
+5% + 6% = 11.4%
= (-61.4%)2 x 0.1 + (-16.4%)2 X0.2 +( 4.6%)2 x 0.4 + (13.6%)2 x0.2 +(48.6%)2 x0.1
= 376.99 %2 + 53.79%2 + 8.46%2+ 36.99%2 + 236.19% 2
= 712.42%2
8. Samson, the financial manager for A2A Corporation, wishes to evaluate three prospective
investments: X, Y, and Z. Currently, the firm earns 12% on its investments, which have a risk
index of 6%. The expected return and expected risk of the investments are as follows:
(a) If Samson were risk-indifferent, which investments would he select? Explain why.
(b) If he were risk-averse, which investments would he select? Why?
(c) If he were risk-seeking, which investments would he select? Why?
(d) Given the traditional risk preference behavior exhibited by financial managers, which
investment would be preferred? Why?
1. Selene Maranjian invests the following sums of money in common stocks having expected
returns as follows:
2. Colours Plc. is considering two mutually exclusive investments: Black and White. The possible
net present values for both projects and the associated probabilities are as follows:
(b) Assuming, the management is risk averse, justify the investment it should accept.
Colours plc should accept project Black because it has a lower level of risk
Alternatively, the firm has an opportunity to invest in two overseas locations for a planned
expansion of its production facilities. The future returns from the investments depend to a large
extent on the economic situation of the countries under consideration. An analysis of the expected
rates of return under three different scenarios is as follows:
(c) What would be the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio if the available
funds were split 60% to Region 1 and 40% to Region 2?
Expected return from region 1 ER1= 0.3x 30 \% + 0.4x25% + 0.3 x 20% = 9%+10%+6%=25%
Expected return form region 2 ER2= 0.2 x50%+ 0.6 x 30%+0.2x 10%= 10%+18%+2%=30%
(d) Should the firm consider expanding operations in both the regions? Justify.
In this case, it is advisable for Colours to diversify its investment into both the regions, as
marginal reduction in risk is still higher than the marginal reduction in expected return.
The manager proposes to use portfolio theory to determine which two projects should be
undertaken, based upon an analysis of each project’s as well as the portfolio risk and return.
The investment department has collected the following data:
Required:
(a) Calculate the expected return and the standard deviation of Project A.
(b) Calculate the expected return (i) and standard deviation (ii) of a portfolio consisting of 60%
of investment in Project A and the remainder in Project B.
(c) Recommend the combination of the investments that the company should choose.
Covariance is a measure that combines the variance of a stock’s returns with the tendency
of those returns to move up or down at the same time other stocks move up or down.
Since it is difficult to interpret the magnitude of the covariance terms, a related statistic,
the correlation coefficient, is often used to measure the degree of co-movement between two
variables. The correlation coefficient simply standardizes the covariance.
1. Assuming that the CAPM approach is appropriate, compute the required rate of return for each
of the following stocks, given a risk-free rate of 0.07 and an expected return for the market
portfolio of 0.13:
Stock A B C D E
Beta 1.5 1.0 0.6 2.0 1.3
2. On the basis of an analysis of past returns and of inflationary expectations, Marta Gomez feels
that the expected return on stocks in general is 12%. The risk-free rate on short-term Treasury
securities is now 7%. Gomez is particularly interested in the return prospects for Kessler
Electronics Corporation. Based on monthly data for the past five years, she has fitted a
characteristic line(SML) to the responsiveness of excess returns of the stock to excess returns of
the S&P500 Index and has found the slope of the line to be 1.67. If financial markets are
believed to be efficient, what return can she expect from investing in Kessler Electronics
Corporation?
ANSWER
BASED ON CAPM,
3. Currently, the risk-free rate is 10% and the expected return on the market portfolio is 15%.
Market analysts’ return expectations for four stocks are listed here, together with each stock’s
expected beta.
(a) If the analysts’ expectations are correct, which stocks (if an) are overvalued? Which (if any) are
undervalued?
The (a) panel, for a 10% risk-free rate and a 15% market return, indicates that stocks 1 and
2 are undervalued while stock 4 is overvalued. Stock 3 is priced so that its expected return
exactly equals the return required by the market; it is neither overpriced nor underpriced.
(b) If the risk-free rate were suddenly to rise to 12% and the expected return on the market
portfolio to 16%, which stocks (if any) would be overvalued? Which (if any) undervalued? (Assume
that the market analysts’ return and beta expectations for our four stocks stay the same.)
The (b) panel, for a 12% risk-free rate and a 16% market return, shows all of the stocks
overvalued. It is important to stress that the relationships are expected ones. Also, with a
change in the risk-free rate, the betas are likely to change.
4. Salt Lake City Services, Inc., provides maintenance services for commercial buildings.
Currently, the beta on its common stock is 1.08. The risk-free rate is now 10%, and the expected
return on the market portfolio is 15%. It is January 1, and the company is expected to pay a RM2
per share dividend at the end of the year, and the dividend is expected to grow at a compound
annual rate of 11% for many years to come. Based on the CAPM and other assumptions you
might make; what dollar value would you place on one share of this common stock?
5. The finance director of Bentras plc wishes to find the company's optimal capital structure. The
cost of debt varies according to the company's credit rating, which itself depends, amongst other
factors, upon the level of gearing of the company.
The company's ungeared equity beta (asset beta) is 0.85. The risk free rate is 6% per annum, and
the market return 14% per annum. Corporate taxation is at the rate of 30% per year.
Estimate the company's cost of equity using C.A.P.M (Assuming the company is ungeared).
ANSWER :
Assuming all market risk is borne by equity holders (i.e. the beta of debt is zero), the
relationship between the beta of geared and ungeared equity is :
Using CAPM, Ke= Rf + (Rm-Rf) beta
With 100 % equity or ungeared, the cost of equity is
Ke= 6% + (14% - 6%) x 0.85 = 12.8%
6. Mr. Rich owns a portfolio consisting shares of five public listed firms. The details of these
securities and his asset allocation are provided below:
(a) Calculate the required rate of return for each security in Mr. Rich’s portfolio, using the
Capital Asset Pricing Model.
(b) Determine the portfolio beta. Is this portfolio riskier than the market? Justify.
The portfolio beta of 1.0 reflects a beta coefficient of the market. No ,the portfolio is not riskier than
the market. This portfolio now carries as much systematic risk as the stock market. Mr. Rich has
managed to reduce the systematic risk of his investment portfolio through his allocations
diversification.
Beta measures the responsiveness of changes in excess returns for the security
involved to changes in excess returns for the market portfolio. It tells us how
attuned fluctuations in returns for the stock are with those for the market. A
beta of one indicates proportional fluctuation and systematic risk; a beta
greater than one indicates more than proportional fluctuation compare to
market; and a beta less than one indicates less than proportional fluctuation
relative to the market.
By CAPM,
Required return . (Rj) = Rf + [E(Rm) – Rf] Betaj
ANSWER
the cash flows the investment generates. The most likely return on a given asset
b. The minimum rate necessary to compensate an investor for accepting the risk the
10. Suppose that you are highly risk averse but that you still invest in common stocks. Will the
betas of the stock in which you invest be more or less than 1.0? Why?
ANSWER
If you limit yourself to only common stock, you would seek out defensive stocks -- where
returns tend to go up and down by less than those for the overall market. Therefore, the
betas would be less than 1.0.
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11. If a security or stock is undervalued in terms of the capital-asset pricing model, what will
happen if investors come to recognize this undervaluation?
ANSWER
The undervalued stock would lie above the security market line, thereby
providing investors with more expected return than required for the
systematic risk involved. Investors would buy the stock and cause it to rise
in price. The higher price will result in a lower expected return.
Equilibrium is achieved when the expected return lies along the security
market line.
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ANSWER- Two main sources of corporate financing is equity financing and debt financing.
Examples of equity financing is issuance of new common shares and preference shares.
Term loan, debentures and bond issuance are examples of debt financing.
Shareholders are the owners of the firm in which they are entitled to dividend if firms
generate profit. Bondholders are creditors to a firm. They receive fixed coupon payment
(annually or semi-annually) until maturity of the bond plus principal at maturity.
a. Treasury stock
Treasury stock – stocks that have been repurchased by the company and
held in treasury. Treasury stocks are not used in calculating outstanding
stock.
b. Callable bond
c. Default risk
Default risk- the likelihood that the firm will walk way from its obligation, that is
not paying interest obligation and principal upon maturity.
d. Warrant
e. Convertible bond
Convertible bond- bondholders can convert the bond into shares at a certain
price for a specific amount in the future .
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Operation lease – it is also called service lease. The lessor maintain and service the asset.
Short term lease that can be cancelled at the option of the lessee. Not
fully amortized. Rental payments do not fully cover the cost of asset.
Finance lease – financing of asset is involved. It involved a third party who is the supplier
of asset. Lessor does not provide for maintenance and servicing. Long term
lease that is not cancellable. It is fully amortized. Rental payments can
fully cover the cost of asset plus a return on investment.
4. What is an option?
Option – an option gives its holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell an asset at
some predetermined price at a specified time in the future.
Warrant is a call option because a warrant gives the holder the right to buy a fixed
number of common shares at a predetermined price during a specified time period, usually
several years.
Right issue is selling new shares to existing shareholders of the company. It is one way for
the company to raise equity financing. 1 for 6 means for every 6 shares held, the investor is
entitled to 1 right issue share.
As interest rate increases , bond prices falls or vice versa. As interest rate increases, the
bond needs to be sold at a discount(less than $1000). As interest rate decreases, the bond
will be sold at a premium(more than $1000).
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Debenture is a secured bond because it is secured on specific asset of the company. That is it
provides specific collateral for the bond.
10. Explain how the use of restrictive covenant can protect the interest of bondholders.
Preferred stock is known as hybrid security because it has both equity and debt
characteristics
Preferred stock is like equity because preferred stock has no maturity date and preferred
stock will be paid only after debtholders are fully paid in times of liquidation
Preferred is like debt because preferred stock has fixed dividend payment which is fixed
income just like debt.
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1. Briefly describe the two major decisions made by financial managers i.e. capital budgeting
decision and financing decision.
Capital budgeting decision refers to how much to invest and which real assets to invest
inusing capital budgeting technique such as NPV, IRR, PAYBACK ETC, and financing
decision refers to how to raise the necessary cash using debt financing or equity financing.
Retained earning has a cost because retained earning has opportunity cost.
Earning can be either reinvested or paid out as dividend. The investors could use the
dividend to buy other securities and earn a return. If earning are retained, there is an
opportunity cost ie the return that stockholders could earn on an alternative investment.
4. The Sprouts-N-Steel Company (SNS) has two divisions: health foods and specialty metals. Each
division employs debt equal to 30% and preferred stock equal to 10% of its total requirements,
with equity capital used for the remainder. The current borrowing rate is 15%, and the company’s
tax rate is 40%. At present, preferred stock can be sold yielding 13%.
SNS wishes to establish a minimum return standard for each division based on the risk of that
division. This standard then would serve as the transfer price of capital to the division. The
company has thought about using the capital-asset pricing model in this regard. It has identified
two samples of companies, with modal value betas of 0.9 for health foods and 1.3 for specialty
metals. (Assume that the sample companies had similar capital structures to that of SNS.) The
risk-free rate is currently 12% and the expected return on the market portfolio 17%. Using the
CAPM approach, what weighted average required returns on investment would you recommend
for these two divisions?
5. Zapata Enterprises is financed by two sources of funds: bonds and common stock. The cost of
capital for funds provided by bonds is k i, and ke is the cost of capital for equity funds. The capital
structure consists of B dollars worth of bonds and S dollars’ worth of stock, where the amounts
represent market values. Compute the overall weighted average of cost of capital, k0.
6. Assume that B (in Question 5) is RM3 million and S is RM7 million. The bonds have a 14% yield
to maturity, and the stock is expected to pay RM500,000 in dividends this year. The growth rate
of dividends has been 11% and is expected to continue at the same rate. Find the cost of capital if
the corporation tax rate on income is 40%.
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7. Tanjung Murni’s balance sheet dated 31-12-20X7 shows the following details on its capital
structure component.
Additional information
The company’s common stock currently trades for RM55 per share
The common stock’s last year dividend was RM2.10 per share
The common stock dividend growth rate = 9% per year
A floatation cost of 10% would be required to issue new common stock
The company’s preferred stock pays a dividend of RM3.30 per share
Price of preferred stock = RM100 per share
Cost of debt (before tax cost) = 10%, Corporate tax = 35%
Market return = 12%, risk free rate = 6%, stock beta = 1.60
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(b) Determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of the company if it must issue new
common stock for its expansion.
(c) What appears to have had happened to interest rates assuming market value of the company’s
capital component records the following values as of 31-10-2008, long term debt =
RM1,480,000, preferred stock = RM880,000 and common equity = RM3,200,000.
8. What are the factors that influence a company’s composite cost of capital?
Market conditions such as interest rate and tax rates which the firm cannot control.
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Second is the capital structure and dividend policy, investment policy which the firm can
control.
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Business risk ,- the uncertainty about the future operating income, example uncertainty
about sales, uncertainty about output prices, uncertainty about cost,
product and operating leverage
Financial risk, - financial risk is an increase in stockholder’s risk above business risk
resulting from the use of financial leverage. i.e. the use of debt n preferred
stock
2. What is operating leverage? Explain how operating leverage can affect a firm’s business risk.
Operating leverage is the use of fixed cost (automation) rather than variable cost. If the
firm has high operating leverage, a drop in sales will affect the business risk of the firm.
Financial leverage is the use of debt/bond and preferred stock in capital structure, debt has
fixed interest payment and principal payment which are fixed commitment, default in
interest payment and principal payment can lead to bankruptcy proceeding.
Financial leverage will concentrate the additional risk on the shareholders ie financial
leverage increase the risk of bankruptcy which is borne by the common shareholders. The
shareholders the residual owner in times of liquation.
Optimal capital structure is the mix of debt, preferred stock and common equity at which
share price is maximized.
bL = bU[1 + (1 – T)(D/E)]
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7. A relatively young firm has capital components valued at book and market and market component
costs as follows. No new securities have been issued since the firm was originally capitalized.
(a) Calculate the firm's capital structures (weight) and WACCs based on both book and market
values, and compare the two.
(b) What appears to have happened to interest rates since the company was started?
(d) What would be the implication of using a WACC based on book as opposed to market values
in investment appraisal ? In other words, what kinds of mistakes might management make by
using the book values WACC?
Comparison: The overall cost of capital has risen due to the net impact of a large increase in the
value of the firm's equity. This throws more of equity's high cost into the WACC.
b. Interest rates appear to have fallen, since the market values of debt and preferred exceed their
original values.
c. The firm seems to be successful because of the substantial increase in the value of equity.
This could be due to an increase in stock price or a rapid accumulation of retained earnings or a
combination of both.
d. Using the book based WACC might lead to accepting projects that wouldn't achieve the
expectations investors have for the company's return.
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Bird in the hand theory – investors prefer a high dividend payout. High dividend is
more important than future capital gain. High dividend will result in higher stock
price
Tax preference theory – investors prefer a low dividend payout, hence future firm’s
growth ie future capital gain Besides that, Capital gain tax is deferred. Low
dividend, higher stock price in the future.
9. Tijuana Brass Instruments Company treats dividends as a residual decision. It expects to generate
$2 million in net earnings after taxes in the coming year. The company has an all-equity capital
structure, and its cost of equity capital is 15%. The company treats this cost as the opportunity
cost of “internal” equity financing (retained earnings). Because of flotation costs and
underpricing, “external” equity financing (new common stock) is not relied on until internal
equity financing is exhausted.
(a) How much in dividends (out of the $2 million in earnings) should be paid if the company has
$1.5 million in projects whose expected returns exceed 15%? RESIDUAL DIVIDEND
MODEL
(b) How much in dividends should be paid if it has $2 million in projects whose expected returns
exceed 15%?
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Project is $ 2 million and is 100% equity financing ie 100% financed with retained
earning of $2m
(c) How much in dividends should be paid if it has $3 million in projects whose expected returns
exceed 15%? What else should be done?
Project is $ 3 million and is 100% equity financing ie 100% financed with retained
earning of $2m
Dividends = $0. Company should raise an additional $1 million through a new issue of
common stock if a capital budgeting analysis (in which flotation costs are treated as
outlays) proves favorable.
10. Describe the steps in setting dividend policy based on residual dividend model.
The steps used in setting dividend policy based on residual dividend model:
a. forecast the capital investment needs over a planning horizon’ $1.5 m
b. set a target capital structure 100% equity
c. estimate the annual equity needs for capital investment $ 1.5 m
d. set target payout based on the residual model $ 2.0m -1.5 m = $0.5m
e. maintain growth rate if possible. Varying capital structure somewhat if necessary
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1. Why does corporation carry out merger? What are the benefits of merger?
a. Economies of scale- merged company will help to reduce per unit production
cost because of larger output
c. Combining complementary resources- each of the firm help each other by filling
in the missing resources of the other firm
d. Merger as a use of surplus fund – company can use extra fund to take over
another company
Benefits of merger
a. Tax benefits – loss making firm combine with profit making firm to reduce
income tax payment
b. Complementary in financial slack- cash poor firm combine with cash rich
company so that the cash poor firm can use the cash to invest in positive NPV project.
d. Increased market powers – after merger, merged company will have more
monopoly power ie more control over pricing
2. As a manager in a corporation, what are the defensive tactics you can use to prevent merger?
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c. Poison pill – make the target company not attractive for takeover ie load target
company with heavy debt or give out excess cash for managers ie golden parachute.
d. White squire- a white squire is friendly to target management. The white squire will
purchase enough share of the target to block the takeover. Ie to prevent acquirer from
getting 51% share
Spin off - the process of a business separating the ongoing operations of a subsidiary unit
and giving the shareholders of the parent firm shares of the subsidiary unit. The parent and
the spin off unit are separate business entities
Carve out – similar to spin off, but the carve out unit issues shares of the new firm to the
public .
a. Shareholders of the target firm – the shareholders of target firm will have greater
earning because of the competitive bid which raises the share price
b. Lawyers and brokers that carried merger – the lawyers will prepare legal documents to
support the acquisition and merger. Lawyer will have more business. Broker will be in
charge buying share on the behalf of the acquirer
c. The executives of the acquiring firm. The merger firm will become a larger business
entity and executives will have greater responsibilities which translate to greater pay
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YAB YAWITZ
YAB plans to offer a premium of 20% over the market price of Yawitz stock.
(a) What is the ratio of exchange of stock? How many new shares will be issued by YAB?
(b) What are earnings per share for the surviving company immediately following the merger?
(c) If the price/earnings ratio for YAB stays at 12, what is the market price per share of the
surviving company? What would happen if the price/earnings ratio went to 11?
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0.5 X 800 000 SHARES TO PAY FOR 1 X 800 000 SHARES OF YAWITZ
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A concerned shareholder of Wizard Berhad believes that the bid is undervalued and asks for your
advice. You are required to determine:
(c) The theoretical post-acquisition price of Oracle shares assuming the price/earning ratio remains.
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QUESTION 1
Assume that you wish to purchase a bond with a 30-year maturity, an annual coupon rate of 10
percent, a face value of $1,000, and semiannual interest payments. If you require a 9 percent
nominal yield to maturity on this investment, what is the maximum price you should be willing to
pay for the bond?
Answers:
Numerical solution:
Price of bond = PMT (PVIFA 4.5% ,60) + FV (PVIF 4.5% , 60)
PVIFA = 1-1/(1+K)N / K PVIF = 1/ (1+K)N
VB = $50((1- 1/1.045 )/0.045) + $1,000(1/1.04560)
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You intend to purchase a 10-year, $1,000 face value bond that pays interest of $60 every 6 months. If
your nominal annual required rate of return is 10 percent with semiannual compounding, how much
should you be willing to pay for this bond?
Answers:
Numerical solution:
Price of bond = PMT (PVIFA i % ,n) + FV (PVIF i% , n)
VB = $60(PVIFA5%,20) + $1,000(PVIF5%,20)
= $60((1- 1/1.0520)/0.05) + $1,000(1/1.0520)
= $60(12.4622) + $1,000(0.3769) = $1,124.63
QUESTION 3
A $1,000 par value bond pays interest of $35 each quarter and will mature in 10 years. If your
nominal annual required rate of return is 12 percent with quarterly compounding, how much should
you be willing to pay for this bond?
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Time Line:
0 3%
1 2 3 4 40 Quarters
| | | | | · · |
PMT = 35 35 35 35 35
PV = ? FV = 1,000
Numerical solution:
Price of bond = PMT (PVIFA 3 % ,40) + FV (PVIF 3% , 40)
A share of common stock has just paid a dividend of $3.00. If the expected long-run growth rate for
this stock is 5 percent, and if investors require an 11 percent rate of return, what is the price of the
stock?
Answers:
Using Dividend Discount Model
$3.00(1.05)
P0 = = $52.50
0.11 - 0.05
The Jones Company has decided to undertake a large project. Consequently, there is a need for
additional funds. The financial manager plans to issue preferred stock with a perpetual annual
dividend of $5 per share and a par value of $30. If the required return on this stock is currently 20
percent, what should be the stock's market value?
Answers:
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A share of preferred stock pays a quarterly dividend of $2.50. If the price of this preferred stock is
currently $50, what is the nominal annual rate of return?
Answers:
Annual dividend = $2.50(4) = $10.
Vps = Dps/rps
rps = Dps/Vps = $10/$50 = 0.20 = 20%.
NoGrowth Corporation currently pays a dividend of $2 per year, and it will continue to pay this
dividend forever. What is the price per share if its equity cost of capital is 15% per year?
g=0, D= 2 r= 15%
QUESTION 8
DFB, Inc., expects earnings this year of $5 per share, and it plans to pay a $3 dividend to
shareholders. DFB will retain $2 per share of its earnings to reinvest in new projects with an
expected return of 15% per year. Suppose DFB will maintain the same dividend payout rate,
retention rate, and return on new investments in the future and will not change its number of
outstanding shares.
(a) What growth rate of earnings would you forecast for DFB?
(b) If DFB’s equity cost of capital is 12%, what price would you estimate for DFB stock?
(c) Suppose DFB instead paid a dividend of $4 per share this year and retained only $1
per share in earnings. That is, it chose to pay a higher dividend instead of reinvesting in as
many new projects. If DFB maintains this higher payout rate in the future, what stock price
would you estimate now?
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CONCLUSION-
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1. IDX Technologies is a privately held developer of advanced security systems based in Chicago. As
part of your business development strategy, in late 2008 you initiate discussions with IDX’s
founder about the possibility of acquiring the business at the end of 2008. Estimate the value of
IDX per share using a discounted FCF approach and the following data:
■ Debt: $30 million
■ Excess cash: $110 million
■ Shares outstanding: 50 million
■ Expected FCF in 2009: $45 million
■ Expected FCF in 2010: $50 million
■ Future FCF growth rate beyond 2010: 5%
■ Weighted-average cost of capital: 9.4%
CORPORATE VALUATION MODEL
FCF = FREE CASH FLOW
From 2010 on, we expect FCF to grow at a 5% rate. Thus, using the growing perpetuity
formula, we can estimate IDX’s Terminal Enterprise Value in 2009 = $50/(9.4% – 5%) =
$1136.
Adding the 2009 cash flow and discounting, we have
Enterprise Value in 2008 = ($45 + $1136)/(1.094) = $1080.
Adjusting for Cash and Debt (net debt), we estimate an
Equity value of the firm = MV of firm + cash – MV debt =
$1080m + 110m – 30m = $1160m.
Dividing by number of shares:
Stock share = $1160m/50m = $23.20.
2. Anle Corporation has a current price of $20, is expected to pay a dividend of $1 in one year, and
its expected price right after paying that dividend is $22.
(a) What is Anle’s expected dividend yield?
(b) What is Anle’s expected capital gain rate?
(c) What is Anle’s equity cost of capital?
3. Krell Industries has a share price of $22 today. If Krell is expected to pay a dividend of $0.88 this
year, and its stock price is expected to grow to $23.54 at the end of the year, what is Krell’s
dividend yield and equity cost of capital?
4. You notice that PepsiCo has a stock price of $52.66 and EPS of $3.20. Its competitor, the Coca-
Cola Company, has EPS of $2.49. Estimate the value of a share of Coca-Cola stock using only this
data.
PepsiCo P/E = 52.66/3.20 = 16.46x. Apply to Coca-Cola: share price of coca cola EPS X P/E =
$2.49 ×16.46 = $40.98.
P/E ratio = price per share / earning per share 16.46 = price /2.49 price = 2.49 x 16.46
Semi strong form efficiency- stock market reflect public available information plus historical
information
Strong form efficiency– stock market reflect public and private information and historical
information
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2. Give three reasons why do corporation expand its business in a foreign country?
b. To avoid political and regulatory hurdles- to avoid government control and for
political reason eg not in good term with government
c. To seek new markets – to find overseas market for local product eg malaysian find
new market for our musang king durian and bird nest, golden dragon fish
d. To seek raw materials and new technology’ –set up factory where raw material is
available, eg set up factory in Indonesia if produce gloves because natural latex
abundant in Indonesia
e. To protect processes and products- set up business in oversea where copy right law is
enforced.
Indirect quotation – the number of units of a foreigh currency needed to purchase one US
dollar. 111.11 Japenese Yen to buy USD 1.
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EXCHANGE RATE RISK is the value of a cash flow in one currency translated to another
currency will decline due to a change in exchange rates
6 Explain the differences between floating monetary agreement and fixed monetary agreement.
In Floating monetary agreement, the exchange rate is determined by the market’s supply and
demand for the currency. Government may occasionally intervene and buy and sell their
currency to stabilize fluctuation
(i) Option
(ii) Forward contract
(iii) Future contract
(iv) Swap.
a. Option - an option contract gives the holder the right but not the obligation, to buy or sell
an asset at some predetermined price within a specified period of time.
Call option contract gives the holder the right to buy asset, put option contract gives the
holder the right to sell an asset.
Eg warrant is a call option- warrant gives the warrant holder the right to buy certain number
of shares at a fixed price in the future .
b. Forward contract- in forward contract, one party agrees to buy a commodity at a specific
price on a future date and the counterparty agrees to make the sale. There is physical
delivery of the commodity
d. Swap- a swap is the exchange of cash payment obligation between two parties, usually
because each party prefers the terms of the other’s debt contract.
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8.
The following spot rates are observed in the foreign currency markets:
CURRENCY UNITS REQUIRED TO BUY ONE US DOLLAR
On the basis of this information, compute to the nearest second decimal the number of
50/1.90= $ 26.32
hedging is usually used when a price change could negatively affect a firm’s profits
long hedge involves the purchase of a futures contract to guard against a price increase. Buy a
future contract to lock in the purchase price
short hedge involves the sales of a future contract to protect a price decline. Sell a future
contract to lock in the selling price.
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