Complex traveling-wave and 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔

solutions to the 𝑲𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒏 − 𝑮𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒐𝒏 −

𝒁𝒂𝒌𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒗 equations
I. INTRODUCTION

Majority of physical phenomena appearing such as in fluid dynamics, plasma,

chemistry, nonlinear fibers optics are described by nonlinear differential equations
(NLDEs). Specific solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (NODEs) are
widely used in science, engineering and in other fields of technology. Nevertheless,
exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations, namely; the Kolmogorov-
Petrovskii-Piskunov equation[1], the (3 + 1) dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation [2],
the two-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equations [3], the fractional Lane-
Emdentype equations [4], the (2 + 1)-dimensional Yu-Toda-Sasa-Fukuyama
equation [5], the (2 + 1)-dimensions HirotaSatsuma-Ito equation [6, 7], the three-
Component Coupled modified KdV System [8] have been constructed. These
solutions hold a significant place in nonlinear science. In the literature, a lot of
effort have been proposed to build exact traveling-wave solutions of the NODEs.
Some of relevant methods may be listed as auxiliary equation method, SineGordon
expansion method, F-expansion method, Jacobi elliptic function method, modified
direct algebraic equation method, the tanh method. Interested reader may look at
the references in [9–20] for the details of these studies. In the references [9]-[20],
authors investigated the solitons, exact solutions and several interesting properties
of KGZEs and some other evolution equations. In [2], Ma obtained most of the
methods described in the references between [9]-[20] by means of method of
transformed rational function. In [8], Ma also acquired some important results in
computing limiting behaviours of solutions incorporating features of solitons and
analytical solutions. Solitary wave solutions of KGZEs [21] were obtained by
generalized Kudryashov method. As a result of this, a lot of attention in various
branches such as biology, plasma physics, optic fibers have been focused to the KGZ
model. KGZEs describe interactions between Langmiur wave and ion acoustic wave
in hight frequency plasma [22]. Many reseach work have been done to build solitary
wave solutions, topological solitons, bifurcation analysis, trigonometric functions
solutions, Jacobi elliptic function solutions to the KGZEs [23–27].
We investigate complex traveling-wave solutions and solitons solutions to the
KGZEs [13].
𝜙𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙 + 𝛼𝜓𝜙 = 0, (1)
 𝜓𝑡𝑡 − 𝜓𝑥𝑥 = 𝛽(|𝜙|2 )𝑥𝑥 (2)
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) Is a complex function and ψ(x, t) a real function, t represents the time, x is
the distance along the direction of propagation. The parameters α and β are non-
zero valued.
In order to perform these, our paper consists of following sections. In section 2, by
applying the traveling-wave hypothesis, we obtain the nonlinear differential
equations. In section 3, three integration technique are used to investigate complex
and solitons solutions to (1)-(2). Thereafter, in section 4 graphical illustration of the
obtained results is presented. The last section will deal with summary of the work.

II. TRAVELING-WAVE SOLUTIONS TO KLEIN-GORDON-ZHAKHAROV

EQUATION
To investigate exact solutions to the KGZEs (1)-(2), we assume the complex function
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) as:
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡), (3)
where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) are two real functions, that will be determined. Let us
notice that
|𝜑|2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 , 𝜑𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥𝑥 , 𝜑𝑡𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑣𝑡𝑡 . (4)
Inserting (3) and (4) into (1 − 2), we get
𝑢𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑣𝑡𝑡 − (𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥𝑥 ) + (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) + 𝛼𝜓(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 0, (5)
And
𝜓𝑡𝑡 𝜓𝑥𝑥 − (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑥𝑥 = 0. 𝜓𝜓 (6)
Splitting the real and imaginary, we obtain
𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢 + 𝛼𝜓𝑢 = 0,
𝑣𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣 + 𝛼𝜓𝑣 = 0,
𝜓𝑡𝑡 − 𝜓𝑥𝑥 − 𝛽(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑥𝑥 = 0. (7)
To seek the exact solutions of (7), we assume 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡). Consequently (7)
turns to be
𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢 + 𝛼𝜓𝑢 = 0,
𝜓𝑡𝑡 − 𝜓𝑥𝑥 − 2𝛽(𝑢2 )𝑥𝑥 = 0. (8)
To obtain the ordinary differential equation (ODE) to𝐸𝑞. (8), we apply the traveling-
wave transformation as in the form:
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜙(𝜉), 𝜉 = 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡), (9)
It is revealed that
𝑘 2 (1−𝑐 2 )𝜑′′ 1
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = − , (10)
𝛼𝜑 𝛼

Suppose that
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑤(𝜉) = 𝑤(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)) (11)
Next, inserting (11) into (8), and integrating it twice with respect to 𝜉, we get
2𝛽
𝑤(𝜉) = 𝜑 2 + 𝑎0 . (12)
(𝑐 2 −1)

Where 𝑎0 is an integration constant Equating (12) and (10) gives

(1 + 𝛼𝑎0 ) 2𝛼𝛽
𝜑 ′′ + 2 2
𝜑 + 2 2 2
𝜑 3 = 0. (13)
𝑘 (𝑐 − 1) 𝑘 (𝑐 − 1)
To unearth new exact solution and solitary waves solution to (13), the next
section will present three interesting analytical methods.
The analytical solution of the KGZE in this section can be expressed as follows
[24, 28, 29]
𝑁
𝑗
𝜑(𝜉) = 𝐴0 + ∑ 𝐴𝑗 (𝑔(𝜉)) , (14)
𝑗=1

Where 𝐴𝑗 (𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, . . . . , 𝑁) are reals parameters to determine, while 𝑔(𝜉)

satisfies the following ordinary differential equation

𝑔𝜉 = √2(𝑐0 +𝑐1 𝑔 + 𝑐2 𝑔2 + 𝑐3 𝑔3 + 𝑐4 𝑔4 ), (15)

𝑔𝜉𝜉 = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝑔 + 3𝑐3 + 4𝑐4 𝑔3 (16)
𝜕𝑔
And 𝑔𝜉 = , 𝑐𝑖 (𝑖 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)), 𝐴0 , 𝐴𝑖 , 𝑖 = (1, 2, … … . . , 𝑛), 𝑎𝑟𝑒 reals
𝜕𝜉
constants to be determined later. Using the homogeneous balance principle
between higher order nonlinear term (𝜑 3 ) and higher derivative term 𝜑′′, we get
𝑁 = 1. Therefore, (14) reads as follows:
𝜙(𝜉) = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1𝑔(𝜉), (17)
Inserting (16) and (15) into (13) yields the system of equation in terms of
(𝑔(𝜉))𝑗 . Solving the obtained system of equations with the help of MAPLE, we
obtain:
1 𝛼𝑎0 +1 1 𝛼𝛽𝐴1 2
 Set 1: 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 𝐴1 , 𝐶2 = − , 𝑐4 = − , 𝑎0 = 0
2 𝜅2 (𝑐 2 −1) 2 𝜅2 (𝑐−1)2 (𝑐+1)2

Case 1: For 𝑐0 = 𝑐1 = 𝑐3 = 0, and 𝑐2 < 0, 𝑐4 > 0. From Set 1, complex

trigonometric function solutions and singular function solutions to (1) − (2) are
obtained:

−𝐶2
𝜙𝐴,11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖)√ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (√−2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)), (18)
𝐶4
2
2𝛽 −𝐶2
𝜓𝐴,11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = {𝐴 √ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (√−2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} + 𝑎0 , (19)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 1 𝐶4

−𝐶2
𝜙𝐴,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖)√ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (√−2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)), (20)
𝐶4
2
2𝛽 −𝐶2
𝜓𝐴,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = {𝐴 √ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (√−2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} + 𝑎0 , (21)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 1 𝐶4

𝐶2 2
Case 2: For 𝐶0 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 > 0, 𝐶4 > 0. From Set 2, complex trigonometric
4𝐶4
function solutions to (1) − (2) are obtained:
 𝐶2
𝜙𝐴,13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖)√ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (√𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)), (22)
2𝐶4
2
2𝛽 𝐶2
𝜓𝐴,13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = {𝐴 √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (√𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} + 𝑎0 . (23)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 1 2𝐶4

2𝛼𝛽𝐴0 2 2𝐴0 𝛼𝛽𝐴1

 Set 2: 𝐴0 = 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 = 𝐴1 , 𝐶2 = − , 𝐶3 = − ,
𝜅2 (𝑐−1)2 (𝑐+1)2 𝜅 (𝑐−1)2 (𝑐+1)2
2

1 𝛼𝛽𝐴1 2 2𝛼𝛽𝐴0 2 +𝑐 2 −1
𝐶4 = − , 𝑎0 − .
2 𝜅2 (𝑐−1)2 (𝑐+1)2 𝛼(𝑐−1)(𝑐+1)

Case 3: For 𝐶0 = 𝐶1 = 0 𝐶2 > 0 𝐶4 > 0, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑡 3 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:

𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (√2𝐶2 )
2
𝜙𝐴,14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑖) + 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖) , (24)
𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
2√𝐶2 𝐶4 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (√2𝐶2 ) − 𝐶3
2
2
𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ (√2𝐶2
2
)
2𝛽 2
𝜓𝐴,14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 + 𝐴1 + 𝑎0 , (25)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 0 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
2√𝐶2 𝐶4 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (√2𝐶2 ) − 𝐶3
2
{ }

Case 4: for 𝐶0 = 𝐶1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 > 0, 𝐶3 2 − 4𝐶2 𝐶4 >

0, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑡 4 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
2𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ (√2𝐶2 (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡))
𝜙𝐴,15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑖) + 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖) , (26)
2
√𝐶3 − 4𝐶2 𝐶4 − 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ (√2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))

2𝛽 2𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ (√2𝐶2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))

𝜓𝐴,15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝑎0 , (27)
(𝐶 2 − 1) 0 1
2
√𝐶3 − 4𝐶2 𝐶4 − 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(√2𝐶2 𝜅{𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡})
{ }

Case 5: For 𝐶0 = 𝐶1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 > 0, it is obtained that

 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝐶2 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (√2𝐶2 2 )
𝜙𝐴,16 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑖) + 𝐴1 (1 + 𝑖) 2 . (28)
𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝐶2 𝐶4 (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (√2𝐶2 2 )) − 𝐶3 2

2
2 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
2𝛽 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ (√2𝐶2 )
2
𝜓𝐴,16 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 + 𝐴1 + 𝑎0 (29)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 0 𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
2
𝐶2 𝐶4 (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (√2𝐶2 2 )) − 𝐶3 2
{ }

B. On solving the Klein-Gordon-Zhakharov equation by the Sine-

Gordon expansion approach
To investigate complex traveling wave and soliton solutions to (1) − (2), the sine-
Gordon expansion approach will be considered in the following expression
[23, 24]:
𝑛

𝜑(𝜉) = ∑ cos(𝑠)𝑗−1 (𝐵𝑗 sin(𝑠) + 𝐴𝑗 cos(𝑠)) + 𝐴0 (30)

𝑗=1

sin(𝑠(𝜉)) = sech(𝜉) , 𝑜𝑟 cos(𝑠(𝜉)) = tanh(𝜉), (31)

sin(s(ξ)) = icsch(ξ), or cos(s(ξ)) = coth(ξ). (32)

Employing the balance principle between the higher nonlinear term and the
higher derivative term, it is recovered to (13) that the integer 𝑁 = 1.
Thereafter, substituting the valued of integer N, into (36), turns to
ϕ(ξ) = A0 + 𝐵1 sin(s) + 𝐴1 cos(s) (33)
Substituting (39) into (13), it is obtained the set system of equation. Solving the
set of system of algebraic equations with help of MAPLE, we obtain the following
results.

1 2𝜅2 (𝑐 2 −1)−1
 Set 1: 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ±√− (𝑐 2 − 1)𝜅, 𝐵1 = 0, 𝑎0 = .
𝛼𝛽 𝛼

1 𝜅2 (𝑐 2 −1)+1
 Set 2: 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐵1 = ±√ (𝑐 2 − 1)𝜅, 𝑎0 = − .
𝛼𝛽 𝛼
To use (38) and considering the obtained results above, it is revealed the complex
solitons solutions to (1) − (2) as

1 2
𝜙𝐵,11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖)√− (𝑐 − 1)𝜅𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)), (34)
𝛼𝛽
2
2𝛽 1 2 2𝜅 2 (𝑐 2 − 1) − 1
(𝑥,
𝜓𝐵,11 𝑡) = 2 {√− (𝑐 − 1)𝜅𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} + . (35)
(𝑐 − 1) 𝛼𝛽 𝛼

1 2
𝜙𝐵,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖)√− (𝑐 − 1)𝜅𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)), (36)
𝛼𝛽
2
2𝛽 1 2 2𝜅 2 (𝑐 2 − 1) − 1
𝜓𝐵,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 {√− (𝑐 − 1)𝜅𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} + . (37)
(𝑐 − 1) 𝛼𝛽 𝛼

1
𝜙𝐵,13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖)√ (𝑐 2 − 1)𝜅𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)) (38)
𝛼𝛽
2
2𝛽 1 2 𝜅 2 (𝑐 2 − 1) + 1
𝜓𝐵,13 (𝑥, 𝑡) {√ (𝑐 − 1)𝜅𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} − (39)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 𝛼𝛽 𝛼

1
𝜙𝐵 14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖)√ (𝑐 2 − 1)𝜅 𝑖 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)) (40)
𝛼𝛽
2
2𝛽 1 2 𝜅 2 (𝑐 2 − 1) + 1
𝜓𝐵 14 (𝑥, 𝑡) {√ (𝑐 − 1)𝜅 𝑖 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝜅(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))} − (41)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 𝛼𝛽 𝛼

C. On solving the Klein-Gordon-Zhakharov equation by the extended

rational sine-cosine method
We adopt the efficient technique, namely; the extended rational method. The
marvel of this method reside in the fact that it leads to different form of solutions
obtained by adopting diverse integration technique such as 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ-function
method, the extended 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −function method, the 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ −function method
[31– 37] and so on. In reality, this integration scheme summarize many other
analytical method. That is why, in this paper, it became very useful to assume two
cases. The obtained results by handling the ODE 𝐸𝑞. (11) with this efficient
technique will help to complete the obtained previous results by adopting the
auxiliary equation method and the sine-Gordon expansion method. To do so, we
first suppose that (13) has the following expression as solution [42, 43].
A0 sin(μξ) A2
φ(ξ) = , cos(μξ) ≠ − , (42)
A2 + A1 cos(μξ) A1
𝐴0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴2
𝜑(𝜉) = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜇𝜉) ≠ − , (43)
𝐴2 +𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴1

Where 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 are real parameters to determine. Substituting Eq. (42)

into (13) is obtained the set of results

((𝑐 2 −1)(𝛼 𝑎0 +1)) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 +1)

Set 1: 𝐴0 = ±√ 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 , 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 , 𝜇 = ±√ ,
2𝛼𝛽 𝜅2 (1−𝑐 2 )

((𝑐 2 −1)(𝛼 𝑎0 +1)) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 +1)

Set 2: 𝐴0 = ±√ 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 = −𝐴2 , 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 , 𝜇 = ±√ .
2𝛼𝛽 𝜅2 (1−𝑐 2 )

From set 1, it is recovered

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜙𝑐,11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖) (44)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
(1 − 𝑐 2 )

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛽 2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜓𝐶,11 (𝑥. 𝑡) = + 𝑎0 , (45)
(𝑐 2− 1)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
(1 − 𝑐 2 )
{ }
 (𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜙𝐶,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖) (46)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
(−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
2𝜅 2 (1 − 𝑐 2 )

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛽 2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜓𝐶,12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + 𝑎0 , (47)
(𝑐 2− 1)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
(−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
2𝜅 2 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
{ }

Next, we use (43), 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 that

(c2 −1)(α a0 +1) (α a0 +1)

ϕC,13 (x, t) = ±(1 + i)√ cot (√ (x − ct)) (48)
2αβ 2(1−c2 )

2
2𝛽 (𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) (𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
𝜓𝐶,13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 {√ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)) } + 𝑎0 (49)
(𝑐 − 1) 2𝛼𝛽 2(1 − 𝑐 2 )

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜙𝐶,14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖) (50)
2(𝛼𝑎0 + 1)
(1 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
(1 − 𝑐 2 )

2
(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛽 2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜓𝐶,14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + 𝑎0, (51)
(𝑐 2 − 1) 2(𝛼𝑎0 + 1)
(1 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
{ (1 − 𝑐 2 ) }

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
𝜙𝐶,15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±(1 + 𝑖) (52)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
(−1 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)))
2𝜅 2 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
 2

(𝑐 2 − 1)(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1) 2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
2𝛼𝛽 (1 − 𝑐 2 )
2𝛽
𝜓𝐶,15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + 𝑎0 , (53)
(𝑐 2− 1)
2(𝛼 𝑎0 + 1)
−1 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (√ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡))
(1 − 𝑐 2 )
{ ( ) }

D. On solving the Klein-𝑮𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒐𝒏 − 𝒁𝒉𝒂𝒌𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒗 equation by the extended

rational 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 method.
Assume the solution of (13) as follow:
𝐴0 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴2
𝜑(𝜉) = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝜇𝜉) ≠ − , (54)
𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴1
𝐴0 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴2
𝜑(𝜉) = , sinh(𝜇𝜉) ≠ − , (55)
𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝜇𝜉) 𝐴1