Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

6.1: Introduction to the Second Law

 1st Law: conservation of energy
 2nd Law: entropy
6.2: Thermal Energy Reservoirs
 Thermal energy capacity
o Mass x specific heat
 Large thermal energy capacity that can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without
undergoing any change in temperature
o Ex. Large bodies of water
o Two-phase system
o Industrial furnace: capable of carrying large quantities of thermal energy
 Also known as heat reservoirs
o Source: reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat
o Sink: reservoir that absorbs energy in the form of heat
6.3: Heat Engines High Temp: Source
 Devices that convert heat to work Qin
o Receive heat from high temp sources Heat EngineWnet,out
o Convert this part of heat to work Qout
o Reject remaining waste heat to a low temp sink Low Temp: Sink
o Operate on a cycle
 Working fluid: liquid through which heat is transferred to and from

Broiler
Pump Turbine
Condenser
 Wnet = Wout – Win
 Thermal Efficiency
o Measure of how efficiently a heat engine converts the heat that it receives to work
net wor k output W net , out Q out
o ηth = = =1−
total heat output Q¿ Q¿
o Work producing devices = relatively low efficiency
 Can we save Qout?
o Every heat engine must waste some energy by transferring it to a low-temperature
reservoir in order to complete the cycle
 Even in idealized conditions
 Kevin-Plank Statement
o It is possible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work
o No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%
 o For a power plant to operate the working fluid must exchange heat w/ the environment
as well as the furnace
6.4: Refrigerators and Heat Pump
 Refrigerators: transfer of heat from low temp to high temp
o Uses refrigerant
o Refrigerant enters compressor as a vapor and is compressed to the condenser pressure
o Leaves compressor at a relatively high temp and cools down and condenses as it flows
through the coils of the condenser by rejecting heat to the surrounding medium
o Enters capillary tube where its pressure and temp drop drastically due to throttling
effect.
o Low temp refrigerant then enters the evaporator where it evaporates by absorbing heat
from the refrigerated space
o Cycle completed as the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and reenters the compressor
 Vapor-compression refrigerant cycle
o Compressor
o Condenser
o Expansion valve
o Evaporator
 Coefficient of Performance
o Efficiency of a refrigerator
Desired Output QL
COP R= =
Required Output QL 1
 W net ,∈¿ = = ¿
Q H −Q L Q H
−1
QL
 Heat Pumps
o Transfers heat from a low temp to high temp
Desired Output QH
COP HP= =
Required Output QL 1
o W net ,∈¿ = = =COPR + 1¿
Q H −Q L QH
1−
QL
 Air conditioners is a type of refrigerator
 Energy efficiency rating: performance
o EER = 3.412 COPR
 Clausius Statement
o It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a lower temp body to a higher temp body
 Any device that violates Kevin-Planck violates Clausius
6.5: Perpetual-Motion Machines
 Any machine that violates either law of thermodynamics
o Perpetual motion machine of first kind: violates 1st law
 o Perpetual motion machine of second kind: violates 2 nd law
6.6: Reversible and Irreversible Processes
 Reversible process: process that can be reversed w/o leaving any trace on the surroundings
o Car engines, gas or steam turbines deliver most work
o Compressors, fans, and pumps consume the least work
o Second law efficiency: degree of approximation to the corresponding reversible process
 Irreversible process: process that are not reversible
o Irreversibilities
 Factors that cause a process to be irreversible
 Friction
 Unrestrained expansion of a gas
 Heat transfer
6.7: The Carnot Cycle
 Four reversible process
o Two isothermal and two adiabatic
 Reversible Isothermal Expansion
 TH = constant
 Gas allowed to expand slowly  temp of gas decreases
 Reversible since gas temp kept constant
 QH  amount of total heat transferred to gas
 Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
 TH TL
 Gas continues to expand slowly
 Does work until temp drops to TL
 Piston frictionless
 Reversible Isothermal Compression
 TL = constant
 Gas is compressed  temp rises
 Heat transferred from gas to sink
 Sink never exceeds dT
 QL = amount of heat rejected from gas
 Reversible Adiabatic Compression
 TL  T H
 Low temp reservoir is removed
 Gas returns to initial state
 Temp rises from TL to TH
 Reversed Carnot Cycle
o Carnot refrigeration cycle
6.8: The Carnot Principles
 The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one
operating between the same two reservoirs
  The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same 2 reservoirs are the
same
 ***No heat engine can be more efficient than a reversible heat engine
6.9: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
 ηth ,rev =g(T H , T L )
QH
 =f ( T H , T L )
QL
QH TH
 ( )
QL rev
=
TL
6.10: The Carnot Heat Engine
¿ ηth ,rev irreversible heat engine

{
ηth = ¿ ηth , rev reversible heat engine
¿ ηth ,rev impossible heat engine
 Thermal efficiency of actual heat engines can be maximized by supplying heat to the engine at
the highest possible temperature and rejecting heat from the engine at the lowest possible
temperature
 Quality of Energy
o More of the high temp thermal energy can be converted to work.
o Higher the temp, higher the quality of the energy.
6.11: The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
 COP for reversible switch out Q w/ H
¿ COP R ,rev irreversible refrigerator

{
COP R= ¿ COP R , rev reversible refrigerator
¿ COP R ,rev impossible refrigerator