Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics: η net wor k output total heat output W Q Q Q
Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics: η net wor k output total heat output W Q Q Q
Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics: η net wor k output total heat output W Q Q Q
Broiler
Pump Turbine
Condenser
Wnet = Wout – Win
Thermal Efficiency
o Measure of how efficiently a heat engine converts the heat that it receives to work
net wor k output W net , out Q out
o ηth = = =1−
total heat output Q¿ Q¿
o Work producing devices = relatively low efficiency
Can we save Qout?
o Every heat engine must waste some energy by transferring it to a low-temperature
reservoir in order to complete the cycle
Even in idealized conditions
Kevin-Plank Statement
o It is possible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work
o No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%
o For a power plant to operate the working fluid must exchange heat w/ the environment
as well as the furnace
6.4: Refrigerators and Heat Pump
Refrigerators: transfer of heat from low temp to high temp
o Uses refrigerant
o Refrigerant enters compressor as a vapor and is compressed to the condenser pressure
o Leaves compressor at a relatively high temp and cools down and condenses as it flows
through the coils of the condenser by rejecting heat to the surrounding medium
o Enters capillary tube where its pressure and temp drop drastically due to throttling
effect.
o Low temp refrigerant then enters the evaporator where it evaporates by absorbing heat
from the refrigerated space
o Cycle completed as the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and reenters the compressor
Vapor-compression refrigerant cycle
o Compressor
o Condenser
o Expansion valve
o Evaporator
Coefficient of Performance
o Efficiency of a refrigerator
Desired Output QL
COP R= =
Required Output QL 1
W net ,∈¿ = = ¿
Q H −Q L Q H
−1
QL
Heat Pumps
o Transfers heat from a low temp to high temp
Desired Output QH
COP HP= =
Required Output QL 1
o W net ,∈¿ = = =COPR + 1¿
Q H −Q L QH
1−
QL
Air conditioners is a type of refrigerator
Energy efficiency rating: performance
o EER = 3.412 COPR
Clausius Statement
o It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a lower temp body to a higher temp body
Any device that violates Kevin-Planck violates Clausius
6.5: Perpetual-Motion Machines
Any machine that violates either law of thermodynamics
o Perpetual motion machine of first kind: violates 1st law
o Perpetual motion machine of second kind: violates 2 nd law
6.6: Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Reversible process: process that can be reversed w/o leaving any trace on the surroundings
o Car engines, gas or steam turbines deliver most work
o Compressors, fans, and pumps consume the least work
o Second law efficiency: degree of approximation to the corresponding reversible process
Irreversible process: process that are not reversible
o Irreversibilities
Factors that cause a process to be irreversible
Friction
Unrestrained expansion of a gas
Heat transfer
6.7: The Carnot Cycle
Four reversible process
o Two isothermal and two adiabatic
Reversible Isothermal Expansion
TH = constant
Gas allowed to expand slowly temp of gas decreases
Reversible since gas temp kept constant
QH amount of total heat transferred to gas
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
TH TL
Gas continues to expand slowly
Does work until temp drops to TL
Piston frictionless
Reversible Isothermal Compression
TL = constant
Gas is compressed temp rises
Heat transferred from gas to sink
Sink never exceeds dT
QL = amount of heat rejected from gas
Reversible Adiabatic Compression
TL T H
Low temp reservoir is removed
Gas returns to initial state
Temp rises from TL to TH
Reversed Carnot Cycle
o Carnot refrigeration cycle
6.8: The Carnot Principles
The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one
operating between the same two reservoirs
The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same 2 reservoirs are the
same
***No heat engine can be more efficient than a reversible heat engine
6.9: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
ηth ,rev =g(T H , T L )
QH
=f ( T H , T L )
QL
QH TH
( )
QL rev
=
TL
6.10: The Carnot Heat Engine
¿ ηth ,rev irreversible heat engine
{
ηth = ¿ ηth , rev reversible heat engine
¿ ηth ,rev impossible heat engine
Thermal efficiency of actual heat engines can be maximized by supplying heat to the engine at
the highest possible temperature and rejecting heat from the engine at the lowest possible
temperature
Quality of Energy
o More of the high temp thermal energy can be converted to work.
o Higher the temp, higher the quality of the energy.
6.11: The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
COP for reversible switch out Q w/ H
¿ COP R ,rev irreversible refrigerator
{
COP R= ¿ COP R , rev reversible refrigerator
¿ COP R ,rev impossible refrigerator