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    Hector Ortiz Test

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    Hector José Ortiz Alvarez
    Linux is an open source operating system with a kernel that manages access to hardware and runs processes in user space. It has key components like the shell, applications, kernel, bootloader, and init system. The kernel manages applications in user space while user space is where user processes run. Processes can be in different states like running, ready, waiting etc. Common shells are bash, csh, tcsh. File permissions control access and common file systems include ext2/3, XFS, FAT, NTFS. Daemons provide background services. Inodes store file metadata and hard/soft links differ in how they reference files. Redirection, grep, and diff are commands to manipulate file output and search/

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    Hector Ortiz Test

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    Hector José Ortiz Alvarez
    69 views5 pages
    Linux is an open source operating system with a kernel that manages access to hardware and runs processes in user space. It has key components like the shell, applications, kernel, bootloader, and init system. The kernel manages applications in user space while user space is where user processes run. Processes can be in different states like running, ready, waiting etc. Common shells are bash, csh, tcsh. File permissions control access and common file systems include ext2/3, XFS, FAT, NTFS. Daemons provide background services. Inodes store file metadata and hard/soft links differ in how they reference files. Redirection, grep, and diff are commands to manipulate file output and search/

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    Linux is an open source operating system with a kernel that manages access to hardware and runs processes in user space. It has key components like the shell, applications, kernel, bootloader, and init system. The kernel manages applications in user space while user space is where user processes run. Processes can be in different states like running, ready, waiting etc. Common shells are bash, csh, tcsh. File permissions control access and common file systems include ext2/3, XFS, FAT, NTFS. Daemons provide background services. Inodes store file metadata and hard/soft links differ in how they reference files. Redirection, grep, and diff are commands to manipulate file output and search/

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    69 views5 pages

    Hector Ortiz Test

    Uploaded by

    Hector José Ortiz Alvarez
    Linux is an open source operating system with a kernel that manages access to hardware and runs processes in user space. It has key components like the shell, applications, kernel, bootloader, and init system. The kernel manages applications in user space while user space is where user processes run. Processes can be in different states like running, ready, waiting etc. Common shells are bash, csh, tcsh. File permissions control access and common file systems include ext2/3, XFS, FAT, NTFS. Daemons provide background services. Inodes store file metadata and hard/soft links differ in how they reference files. Redirection, grep, and diff are commands to manipulate file output and search/

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    The document discusses Linux operating system components, file permissions, shells, and commands.

    The basic components of Linux are the kernel, shell, applications, bootloader, and init system.

    The kernel space manages applications in the user space, while the user space is where user processes run.

    Hector José Ortiz Alvarez

    Test 1

    1. Explain Linux operating system? What are the important features of Linux?
    a) It is an operating system, which Works with administration of files and
    management.
    b) Open Access, open code, free, stable, multittasking, secure, needing few
    resources.

    2. What are the basic components of Linux? Explain Architecture?


     Shell: This Works like the interpreter to the operating system.
     Applications: Called commonly like programs, they are the group of orders
    that we can give to operating system at interactive way.
     Kernel: It is the core of the system, which is a fundamental part of the
    operating system that is responsible for granting access to the hardware
    safely for all the software that requests it.
     Bootloader: Manages the device boot process
     init system: user space boot system

    3. Difference between Kernel Space and User Space?


    In this relation the role of the kernel is to manage the applications running in the
    user space, while the user space is the set of locations where the user processes
    are carried out.

    4. What do you mean by a Process States in Linux?


    means that it is running but there is no code being executed on the CPU at that
    moment.

    5. What is Linux Shell? What types of Shells are there in Linux?


    a) Shell: it is the interpreter of the operating system.
    b) These are:
    1. C shell (csh)
    2. TC shell (tcsh)
    3. Bourne shell (sh)
    4. Bourne Again Shell (bash)
    5. Korn shell (ksh)

    6. What are file permissions in Linux? Name different types of file systems in
    Linux?
    a) they are accesses given to users to be able to read, execute or edit files.
    b) these are:
     ext2
     ext3
     XFS
     UFS
     ReiserFS
     JFS
     FAT
     FAT32
     NTFS
     ISO9660

    7. What do you mean by the daemons?


    This is the name given to the services in the second plane that are initiated before
    or after the start of the setion.

    8. What is INODE and Process Id?


    It is the data structure used by linux to store file information.

    9. Write the difference between Soft and Hard links?


     The Soft links create a new inode.
     Hard links are identical copies of the original file.

    10. Name three standard streams in Linux?


     standard input
     standard output
     standard error

    11. Explain the redirection operator?


    Itis when information of one type is redirected to information of a different type.

    12. Explain grep command.


    This command searches for a word or pattern and prints the line or lines containing
    it.

    13. How to write the output of a command to a file?


    To redirect the information output of a command in Linux is by doing the> and >>
    operators and these redirect the output to a defined text file.

    14. How to find the difference in two configuration files?

    diff -r -q 'file1' 'file 2'

    15. How can you login to another system in your network from your system?
    Click the Start button and type the word Remote. Then click the Remote Desktop
    Connection icon.
    1. Enter the name of the computer you want to connect to. ...
    2. Click the Connect button. ...
    3. Enter your username and password, and then click OK. ...
    4. Use the remote computer!

    16. What is the maximum length for a filename under Linux?


    This is 255 bytes
    17. What are filenames that are preceded by a dot?
    They are multimedia file formats, which are composed of text, video, sound or
    image. The most common file types are:
    Text: txt, doc, docx.
    Video: avi, mp4, mpeg, mwv.
    Sounds: mp3, m4a, WAV, WMA
    Image: jpg, gif, bmp, png.

    18. Explain virtual desktop?


    It is a function that allows us to manage any computer remotely, in such a way that
    it was the user or administrator himself who managed it.

    19. What does a nameless (empty) directory represent?


    This empty directory name serves as the nameless base of the Linux file system.
    This serves as an attachment for all other directories, files, drives and devices.

    20. What are environmental variables?


    These are global settings that manage the functions of linux programs such as the
    Shell.
    21. Is it possible to use shortcuts for a long pathname?
    Yes, there is. A feature known as filename expansion allows you do this using the
    TAB key. For example, if you have a path named /home/iceman/assignments
    directory, you would type as follows: /ho[tab]/ice[tab]/assi[tab] . This, however,
    assumes that the path is unique, and that the shell you’re using supports this
    feature.

    22. How do you terminate an ongoing process?


    Every process in the system is identified by a unique process id or pid. Use the kill
    command followed by the pid in order to terminate that process. To terminate all
    process at once, use kill -9.
    23. How do you execute more than one command or program from a single
    command line entry?
    This is possible when combined several commands by separating each command
    or program using a semicolon symbol.

    24. Write a command that will display all .txt files, including its individual
    permission.
    Ls -al *.txt

    25. What is the command to calculate the size of a folder?


    du

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