General Physics 1: Not For Sale
General Physics 1: Not For Sale
General Physics 1: Not For Sale
Jeovanny A. Marticion
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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Units and Measurements
First Edition, 2020
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over them.
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What I Need to Know
Lesson 4 Precision and Differentiate accuracy from Differentiate accuracy from precision
Accuracy precision STEM_GP12EU-Ia-
2
Lesson 5 Estimating Differentiate random errors 1. Differentiate random errors from
Errors from systematic errors systematic errors,
STEM_GP12EU-Ia-3 2. Estimate errors from multiple
Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical
measurements of a physical quantity from estimated values
quantity using variance and uncertainties of directly
STEM_GP12EU-Ia-5 measured quantities
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The age of two jars was measured using radiocarbon dating. First reporter found
the age of 2250 ± 40 years for the first jar while second reporter found the age of
second jar at 2215 ± 50 years. Which is true?
a.First reporter is more accurate than the second reporter c.First reporter is more precise than the second reporter
b.First reporter is less accurate than the second reporter d.First reporter is less precise than the second reporter
3.Juan finds it difficult to solve a problem which involves the area, length and width.
He was asked to solve for the area in meters but the given units are cm and mm. What
could he do to solve for the answer in meters?
a.multiply cm by 100 and mm by 1000 c.multiply cm by 100 and divide mm by 1000
b.divide cm by 100 and mm by 1000 d.divide cm by 100 and multiply mm by 100
𝑚𝑣 2
5.Which of the formula is equivalent to 𝐹 = 𝑟
?
𝐹𝑚 𝑟 𝐹𝑚
a.𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝐹𝑟 b.𝑣 = √ 𝑟
c.𝐹 = 𝑚𝑣 2 d.𝑣 2 = 𝑟
6.Which of the following has the least number of significant figures?
a.10, 001 b.0.00000101 c.0.002 d.1.780 x 10-5
7.The length and width of a rectangular object are given below. The value of AB is__
A = 3.5 m/s ± 0.4 m B = 0.20 s ± 0.02 m
a.(0.70 ± 0.14)m2 b.(0.70 ± 0.2) m2 c.(0.70 ± 0.11) m2 d.(0.70 ± 0.1) m2
8.The mean length of an object is 5 cm. Which of the following measurements is most
accurate?
a.4.95 cm b.4.705 cm c.5.30 cm d.5.18 cm
9.Young’s modulus of steel is 1.9 x 1011 N/m2. When expressed in dynes/cm2, it will
be equal to (1 N = 105 dyne):
a.1.9 x 1010 b.1.9 x 1011 c.1.9 x 1012 d.1.9 x 1013
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11.The general speed limit in the Philippines is 60 km/h as its minimum. What is the
speed limit in terms of mph?
a.1.49 mph b.37.29 mph c.5 369 mph d.7.2 x 106 mph
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Lesson
1 Dimensional Analysis
What’s In
The journey in Physics begins with its language. The first element of its
language is units. When we measure any quantity we express them using standard
unit. For example, if you want to know your height (physical quantity) you will express
your height in terms of feet and inches or in meters. If we want to convert your height
from feet to meters, we have to be familiar with the procedure. Related to units is the
concept of precision expressed in terms of significant figures. Although precise
calculations are necessary in learning Physics and somehow impossible, we can
always have the rough estimates which is already useful.
What’s New
In January 1999, NASA launched the second probe in Mars Surveyor program, Mars Climate
Orbiter (MCO). Its purpose was to become the relay for communications of Mars Polar Lander
conducting investigations of the planet’s climate, surface and atmosphere. It was expected to
arrive on September 23, 1999. MCO was supposed to help in creating evolution map of Mars’
climatic history leading to evidences of water reserves until January 15, 2001. The said data
will help them for future NASA missions in Mars. However, prior to orbit insertion burn the
spacecraft wasn’t able to re-establish contact after passing behind Mars. Signals were not
received from its spacecraft. It was found out that the error in navigation was caused
commands from Earth which was converted into English units (pounds/seconds) when it has
to be converted into metric measurements (Newton-seconds). This, the orbiter missed its orbit
and fell into Martian atmosphere eventually disintegrated because of atmospheric stresses. An
estimated 125 million dollars was lost due to the accident. Investigations led the panel to
Lockheed Martin’s engineering team who used English measurement while NASA used the
conventional metric system. Lorelle Young, U.S. Metric Association president, emphasized that
the metric system must be the only measurement system to be utilized since it is what basic
sciences used. According to her, this served as a wake-up call for Congress to look for funding
which supports the call for unified system.
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What is It
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Keep a copy of this table to guide you in solving Physics problems in the future
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. SI and English units
Length Acceleration
1 m = 1000 cm = 1000 mm = 106 1 m/s2 = 100 cm/s2 = 3.281 ft/s2
µm 1 cm/s2 = 0.01 m/s2 = 0.03281 ft/s2
1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2 = 30.48 cm/s2
1 m = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in 1 mi/h.s = 1.467 ft/s2
1 cm = 0.3937 in Mass Power
1 in = 2.540 cm 1 kg = 103 g = 0.0685 slug 1 W = 1 J/s
1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 g = 6.85 x 10-5 slug 1 hp = 746 W = 550
1 yd = 91.44 cm 1 slug = 14.59 kg ft●lb/s
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 u = 1./661 x 10-27 kg 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm = 10-1 1 kg has a weight of 2.205
nm lb
1 nautical mile = 6080 ft when g = 9.80 m/s2
1 light year = 9.461 x 1015 m
Force Pressure Energy
1 N = 105 dyne = 0.2248 lb 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.450 x 1 J = 107 ergs = 0.239
1 lb = 4.448 N = 4.448 x 105 dvn 10-4 lb/in2 cal
Area 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 cal = 4.186 J
1 cm2 = 0.155 in2 1 lb/in2 = 6895 Pa 1 ft●lb = 1.356 J
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 ft2 1 lb/ft2 = 47.88 Pa 1 Btu = 1055 J = 252
1 in2 = 6.452 cm2 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = cal = 778 ft●lb
1 ft2 = 144 in2 = 0.0929 m2 1.012 bar = 14.7 lb/in2 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 mmHg = 1 torr = 133.3 1 kWh = 3.600 x 106 J
Pa
Mass-Energy Equivalence Volume
1 kg 8.988 x 10 J
16 1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 1 x 10-3 m3 = 0.03531 ft3 =
1u 931.5 MeV 61.02 in3
1 eV 1.074 x 10-9 u 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 liters = 7.477 gallons
1 gallon = 3.778 liters
Time Angle Speed
1 min = 60 s 1 rd = 57.30° = 180°/π 1 m/s = 3.281 ft/s
1 h = 3600 s 1° = 0.01745 rad = π/180 1 ft/s = 0.3049 m/s
1 d = 86,400 s rad 1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s
1 y = 365.24 d 1 revolution = 360° = 2π 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214
1 y = 3.156 x 107s rad mi/h
1 rev/min (rpm) = 0.1047 1 mi/h = 1.446 ft/s = 0.4470 m/s
rad/s 1 furlong/fortnight = 1.662 x 10-4
m/s
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Here are sample problems in dimensional analysis. It is important to master
this lesson since it comprises major role in solving quantitative problems for this
subject. Below is a step-by-step solution for each sample problem. You will be given
exercises following the same format so you can have practice drill. Below is a
suggested guide, you may still have your own way of solving the problem as long as it
follows logical and sequential order solution.
Sample Problem 1
Problem How many inches are there in 12 m?
What is asked? 12 m → inches
What are given? 12 m
What are the Based on Table 1,
conversion
1m = 39.37 in
Since the analysis involves meter
(m) and inches (in)
What are the 1m 39.37 in
𝑜𝑟
conversion factors 39.37 in 1m
to be used?
Which of the The second conversion factor is used so we can algebraically
conversion factors eliminate m.
should be used?
Why?
Solving for 39.37 in
12 𝑚 𝑥 = 472.44 𝑖𝑛
unknown. 1𝑚
472.44 in
= 472.44 𝑖𝑛
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Answer 𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
Sample Problem 2
Problem Maynilad uses cubic meter as the unit of volume of water used in
each household. Determine how many cubic meters are there in a
15-L tank of water.
What is asked? 15 L → m3
What are given? 15 L
What are the Based on Table 1
conversion
1 L = 1 x 10-3 m3
Since the analysis involves liter (L) and cubic meter m3
What are the 1L 1 x 10−3 m3
conversion factors 𝑜𝑟
1 x 10−3 m3 1L
to be used?
Which of the The second conversion factor is used so we can algebraically
conversion factors eliminate L.
should be used?
Why?
Solving for 1 x 10−3 m3
unknown. 15 𝐿 𝑥 = 15 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3
1 𝐿−3 3
15 x 10 m
1
= 1.5 𝑥 10−2 𝑚3
Answer 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎𝟑
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Sample Problem 3
Problem The speed of car as measured by speedometer is 85 kilometers per hour
(km/h). Convert this unit to cm/s.
What is Km/h → cm/s
asked?
What are 85 km/h
given?
What are the Based on Table 1, Based on Table 1
conversion
1 km = 1000 m 1 hour = 60 min
1 m = 100 cm 1 min = 60 seconds
Conversion 1 𝑘𝑚
𝑜𝑟
1000 𝑚
,
1𝑚
𝑜𝑟
100 𝑐𝑚 1ℎ
𝑜𝑟
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
,
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑜𝑟
60 𝑠
1000 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1ℎ 60 𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
factor
Which of the 1000 m/1km and 100 cm/1m 1 h/60 min and 1min/60 seconds
conversion So, we can algebraically eliminate So, we can algebraically eliminate h
factors km and m. and min
should be
used? Why?
Solution 𝑘𝑚 1ℎ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝑚 100 𝒄𝒎 8 500 000 𝑐𝑚
85 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = = 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒎⁄𝒔
ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝑚 1𝑚 3 600 𝑠
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What’s More
Solve the following problems. The scoring guide below will be used in our problem
solving exercises. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
5 – correct answer with labeled unit, complete and logical solution
3 – answer is provided but needs to review either: unit or solution
1 – incorrect answer and incomplete solution
0 – no answer, no solution
A hybrid car has a gasoline mileage of 60.0 mpg (miles/galloon). If you are driving this
car to any province in the Philippines, how will you compare its mileage with other
cars expressed in km/L. If the tank could hold 60 L, how many tanks of gas will be
used to cover 2000 km?
Fill in the blanks. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
Physical quantities will be expressed through (1)____________. So far, there are
systems of measurements being used around the world to have a uniform standards
namely (2) ______________________ and (3)______________________. (4)___________
systems are also used to express unit to the powers of 10. For example, centime is
expressed as 10 to the power of (5)_________. We convert units through dimensional
analysis. After identifying the unknown variables, we need to use a (6)_______________
factor to convert the units. Then, do the algebra!
What I Can Do
Measure any object in your home. You can choose a cabinet, book, jug of water, weigh
flour etc. Convert the measurements into three different units. Write the answers on
the provided activity sheet.
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Lesson
2 Significant Figures
What’s In
We could only use numbers which are meaningful since all of the
measurements are always uncertain. The common rule is to always report significant
figures. Let’s say you measured the speed of organism at 0.00005023 cm/s. The other
digits have significance and therefore must not be included. The only numbers to be
written down are the significant figures.
What’s New
What is It
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number are significant 70.0 3 SF
2.30 x 10-5 3 SF
Rule #5 When a number ends in 50, 600 5.06 x 104
zeroes that are not to the There are only 3 SF 3 significant figures
right of a decimal point, However, other sources
the zeroes are not might also report 4 or 5 5.060 x 104
necessarily significant SF. We can refrain this 4 significant figures
through the use of
scientific notations. 5.0600 x 104
5 significant figures
Rounding off numbers is necessary in reporting values or measurements.
Here are some rules when rounding off numbers.
Rule Problem Answer
Rule #6 If it is less than 5, Round Look at the5th figure. 62.5347 62.53
drop it and all the 62.5347 The digit is 4, lesser than 5.
figures to the right of to 4 SF Hence, you will retain “3” and the
it. rest of the number next to it will
be dropped.
Rule #7 If it is more than 5, Round Look at the 4th figure. 3.78721 3.79
increase by 1 the 3.78721 The digit is 7, greater than 5.
number to be to 3 SF Raise the “8” to 9 and the rest of
rounded, that is, the the number next to it will be
preceeding figure dropped.
Rule #8 If it is 5, round the Round Look at the 6th figure. 726.835 726.84
number so that it 726.835 Look at the figure at the left of
will be even. Keep in to 5 SF “5”. This is an odd number, so we
mind that zero is need to round up the number.
considered to be even Round Look at the 4th figure. 24.8514 24.8
when rounding off. 24.8514 Look at the figure at the right of
to 3 SF “5”. This is an even number, so
we need to retain the number.
Significant figures should also be considered when doing mathematical operations of
quantities.
Rule Addition/Subtraction 56.1 + 23.22 Since the least
#9 1)Determine the number of significant Count the SF after count is 1 SF, then
figures in the decimal portion. decimal point there shall only be
2)Add or subtract the values. 56.1 has 1 SF 1 digit after
3)Round the answer based on the least 23.22 has 2 SF decimal point.
number of significant figures. Follow rounding off
56.1 rules
+ 23.22
_______ 79.3
79.32
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What’s More
Complete the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with either significant or not
significant. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
Non-zero digits are (1)____________________. Zeroes between non-zero digits are
(2)________________. Leading zeroes are (3)______________________. Trailing zeroes at
the right of a decimal point are (4)_________________________. Trailing zeroes in a whole
number with the decimal shown are (5)____________. Trailing zeroes in a whole number
with no decimal shown are (6)____________________.
What I Can Do
Gimme More! Complete the following given the following conditions. Write the answers
on the provided activity sheet.
14
Lesson
3 Scientific Notation
What’s In
What’s New
What is It
15
76 300 76300 7.63 x 104
What’s More
Express the following numbers in scientific notation. Write the answers on the
provided activity sheet.
Show how the decimal point is moved. Final answer
(1 point each) (1 point each)
1 0.00325
2 6 000 000
3 850 000
4 0.0000000563
5 41 523 658
Fill in the blanks. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
The scientific notation is expressed as a x 10n, where a is between the value of
(1)________ and (2)_________ while n is (3)_____________. When I move a decimal point
(4)___________, the exponent of base 10 is (5)_____________. When I move a decimal
point to the (6)______________, the exponent of base 10 is (7)_________________.
What I Can Do
Given the following data, create an inforgaphic highlighting the scientific notation
of numerical data. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
As of July 23, 2020 11:30 a.m., the current world population is 7,799,896,645
COVID-19 cases is now at 15,374,394 with 630,211 deaths. In the Philippines, 72,269
confirmed cases with 1, 843 deaths.
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Lesson
What’s In
Previously, you have written larger and smaller values into scientific notation.
This expression is very helpful especially in laboratory experiments and reports.
However, Science requires us to achieve correct values of measurements. Although in
the physical world this seems to be impossible, we can still adopt practices which will
help us achieve these objectives. Before proceeding to that lesson, you still need to
understand precision and accuracy. These are common concepts in the field of science
experiments and activities.
What’s New
What is It
17
or 0.3%. Therefore, Class A is more précised in measuring the coin’s mass. In terms of
accuracy, the range of values must be comparable with real value of the coin. Going
back to the previous example, the coin’s mass is 3.556 ± 0.004 g. Although Class A
has précised values, it is still inaccurate because it is very far from the accurate value.
Precision and accuracy can also be illustrated through playing darts. The goal
is to hit bull’s eye. In this case, bull’s eye is considered as true or accepted value. So,
when someone hits the bull’s eye, you have achieved accuracy. On the other hand,
precision refers to how close your darts are placed. For instance, three darts are
thrown. Observe how these darts are close or far from each other.
What’s More
Label the accuracy and precision of the data set as either high or low
Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
Accuracy Precision
1 A certain metal is known to have a mass of 467.8 grams.
She measured the mass of a metal three times with the
following results 465.6 g, 468.9 g and 466.7 g.
2 A refrigerator has a temperature with a constant value of
38.0 F. There are five trials conducted to measure the
temperature. The following are the values: 59.6, 59.8,
59.9, 59.5, 59.1.
3 Density was taken from Liquid X for three times. The
known density of the substance is 0.001 g/mL. The tests
showed the following: 0.0001 g/mL, 0.00001 g/mL and
0.000001 g/mL
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What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks. Write your answers on the provided activity sheet.
(1) ________________ refers the closeness of values from each other. These are usually
taken from repeated measurements while (2) ________________ refers to how near your
measured values to the standard or accepted value.
What I Can Do
Source: https://mytrainingbc.ca/youthexploreskills/activity/MetalWork/IntroMetalWork/Measurement.pdf
Now, try the following. Write your answers on the provided activity sheet.
1. . cm
. cm
Source:
https://mytrainingbc.ca/youthexploreskills/activity/ 19
MetalWork/IntroMetalWork/Measurement.pdf
Lesson
5 Estimating Errors
What’s In
What’s New
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What is It
Errors can be generally classified into three: personal, systematic and random.
Personal error was committed by personal carelessness in reading the measurements.
Systematic errors could lead to either very high or very low values i.e. an improperly
calibrated thermometer which reads 90°C when it was already boiling. On the other
hand, random errors results from unpredictable and unknown variations in
experiments which could either be observational or environmental.
In determining random errors, statistical tools i.e. mean, mean deviation and
standard deviation are used to statistically calculate the errors in the measured value.
𝑞 = 𝑥 ± 𝑦, 𝛥𝑞 = √(∆𝑥 )2 + (∆𝑦)2
Multiplication or division
𝑥 ∆𝑞 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑞 = , = √( ) + ( )
𝑦 𝑞 𝑥 𝑦
Quantity raised to a power
∆𝑞 ∆𝑥
𝑞 = 𝑥𝑛, = |𝑛|
𝑞 𝑥
21
Problem Determine the appropriate Determine the appropriate
uncertainty uncertainty
(3.52 cm ± 0.05 cm) + (3.52 cm ± 0.05 cm) x
(2.35 cm ± 0.04 cm) (2.35 cm ± 0.04 cm)
What is/are 𝑞 = 𝑞 + 𝛥𝑞 𝑞 = 𝑞 + 𝛥𝑞
asked?
What is/are x = 3.52 cm, Δx = 0.05 cm x = 3.52 cm, Δx = 0.05 cm
given? y = 2.35 cm, Δy = 0.04 cm y = 2.35 cm, Δy = 0.04 cm
Strategy or 𝑞 = 𝑥+𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦
formula to 𝛥𝑞 = √(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2 ∆𝑞 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
be used = √( ) + ( )
𝑞 𝑥 𝑦
Solution 𝑞 = 𝑥+𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦
= 3.52 𝑐𝑚 + 2.35 𝑐𝑚 𝑞 = (3.52 𝑐𝑚)(2.35 𝑐𝑚)
𝑞 = 5.87 𝑐𝑚 𝑞 = 8.27 𝑐𝑚2
∆𝑞 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
𝛥𝑞 = √(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2 = √( ) + ( )
𝑞 𝑥 𝑦
𝛥𝑞 = √(0.05 𝑐𝑚)2 + (0.04 𝑐𝑚)2
𝛥𝑞 = √0.0025𝑐𝑚2 + 0.00162 ∆𝑞 0.05 𝑐𝑚 2 0.04 𝑐𝑚 2
2 = √( ) +( )
𝛥𝑞 = √0.0041𝑐𝑚2 8.27 𝑐𝑚 3.52 𝑐𝑚 2.35 𝑐𝑚
𝛥𝑞 = 0.06 𝑐𝑚 ∆𝑞
= √(0.01 )2 + (0.02)2
8.27 𝑐𝑚2
𝑞 = 5.87 𝑐𝑚 ± 0.06 𝑐𝑚 ∆𝑞
= √1 𝑥10−4 + 4 𝑥10−4
8.27 𝑐𝑚2
∆𝑞
= √5 𝑥 10−4
8.27 𝑐𝑚2
∆𝑞
= 0.02
8.27 𝑐𝑚2
∆𝑞 = (0.02 )(8.27 𝑐𝑚2 )
∆𝑞 = 0.2 𝑐𝑚2
𝑞 = 8.272 𝑐𝑚2 ± 0.2𝑐𝑚2
Answer 𝟓. 𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒄𝒎 𝟖. 𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐 ± 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Problem Determine the appropriate uncertainty Determine the relative and absolute uncertainty for
(3.52 cm ± 0.05 cm)3 2.70 ± 0.05 cm
3.5 cm ± 10 %, respectively
What is/are 𝑞 = 𝑞 + 𝛥𝑞 Relative uncertainty Absolute
asked?
uncertainty
What is/are n=3 Δx = 0.05 cm % Δx = 10%
given?
x = 3.52 cm, Δx = 0.05 cm X = 2.70 cm X = 3.5 cm
Strategy or 𝑞 = 𝑥3 ∆𝑥 (% Δx)x
formula to be
∆𝑞 ∆𝑥 𝑥 100%
used 𝑥
= |𝑛|
𝑞𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑥
Solution 𝑞 = (3.52 𝑐𝑚) = 43.61 𝑐𝑚3
3 0.05 𝑐𝑚 (0.10)(3.5 cm)
∆𝑞 ∆𝑥 𝑥 100% = 2%
= |𝑛| 2.70 𝑐𝑚
𝑞 𝑥
∆𝑞 0.05 𝑐𝑚
3
= |3|
43.61 𝑐𝑚 3.52 𝑐𝑚
∆𝑞
= (3)(0.014)
43.61 𝑐𝑚3
∆𝑞
= 0.0426
43.61 𝑐𝑚3
∆𝑞 = (0.0426)(43.61 𝑐𝑚3 )
∆𝑞 = 1.9 𝑐𝑚3
𝑞 = 43.61 𝑐𝑚3 ± 1.9 𝑐𝑚3
Answer 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑 ± 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟑 2% 3.5 cm ±0.4 cm
22
Another method used in estimating errors is plotting the
data points in an xy coordinate axis. A straight line is
drawn from the origin to a point in the plane making
sure the drawn line is closer to the clustered points. The
least magnitude of error is represented by a short
distance between points and line. Using inspection or
eyeball method, you can observe the distance between
sets of points and the straight line. This distance
represents the error. Aside from the inspection, linear
regression formula can also be used when fitting the
best line represented by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 where
m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-
difference-between-Interpolation-and-
Linear Regression Formula
Linear-Regression
Slope
𝑁 ∑𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ) − ∑𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 ) ∑𝑖=1(𝑦𝑖 )
𝑚= 2
𝑁 ∑𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 ) − (∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 )
Y-intercept
(∑𝑁 2 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 )(∑𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 ) − (∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 )(∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑏=
𝑁 ∑𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 ) − (∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 )
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What’s More
Determine the appropriate uncertainty for the following. Write the answers on the
provided activity sheet.
1. (3.5 cm ± 10 %) × (2.70 ± 0.05 cm) ÷ (16 s ± 8 %)
2. (3.5 𝑐𝑚 ± 10 %)2
3. Solve for the perimeter of a rectangle: length 10.2 ± 0.05 cm and width of 2.33 ±
0.01 cm.
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What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks. Write the answers on the provided activity sheet.
There are 3 general classification of errors: (1) _____________________, (2) ______________
and (3)__________________. In determining random error, we can use
(4)__________________________________________. In estimating random errors, we can
use (5)__________________________________________ . In determining how error
propagates, we can use calculations. We just need to keep in mind the types of
uncertainties: absolute error usually represented by (6)__________ and relative errors
as expressed in (7)_____________. Inspection can be used to estimate errors. This
method is known as (8)_________________. We can also calculate through
(9)_________________________________. When the data plots are closer to the line, it is
said to have (10)____________ error. However, if they are too far from the line, then we
have incurred (11)______________ error.
What I Can Do
At the end of the task, you will be able to estimate the errors through eyeball
method and linear regression formula. Find the best fitting straight line to the
following system of points of varying weights and correlations.
𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2
1 0 5.9
2 0.9 5.4
3 1.8 4.4
4 2.6 4.6
5 3.3 3.5
6 4.4 3.7
7 5.2 2.8
8 6.1 2.8
9 6.5 2.4
10 7.4 1.5
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Solve for m and y-intercept. Determine the equation of the line. Plot the data and the
equation. Write your answers on the provided activity sheet.
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Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
5. Which of the targets showed higher precision and accuracy? (Accuracy = bull’s eye)
A B C D
6. Laboratory reports of radiocarbon dating was conducted to determine the age of two
jars. First reporter found the age of 2250 ± 40 years for the first jar while second
reporter found the age of second jar at 2215 ± 50 years. Which is true?
a.First reporter is more accurate than second reporter c.First reporter is more precise than second reporter
b.First reporter is less accurate than second reporter d.First reporter is less precise than second reporter
7.Juan finds it difficult to solve a problem which involves the area, length and width.
He was asked to find for the area in meters but the given units are cm and mm. What
could he do to find the answer in meters?
a.multiply cm by 100 and mm by 1000 c.multiply cm by 100 and divide mm by 1000
b.divide cm by 100 and mm by 1000 d.divide cm by 100 and multiply mm by 100
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
9.Which of the formula is equivalent to 𝑎 = ?
𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑 𝑡 𝑣2
a.𝑎 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
b.𝑎 = 𝑡
c.𝑎 = 𝑑 d.𝑎 = 𝑟
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11.The length and width of a rectangular object are given below. The value of 𝐴𝐵2 is__
A = 3.5 m ± 0.4 m B = 0.20 m ± 0.02 m
a.(0.70 ± 0.14)m b.(0.70 ± 0.2) m c.(0.70 ± 0.11)m d.(0.70 ± 0.1) m
Suppose the value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Your classmates
presented the results from their trials of experiments.
Trial Classmate A Classmate B Classmate C Classmate D
1 8.90 9.79 5.68 9.80
2 8.00 9.75 7.91 9.70
3 8.10 9.81 8.88 9.90
Which of the following statements is false?
a.Classmate A has lower precision and accuracy
b.Classmate B has higher precision and accuracy 60
c.Classmate C has higher precision and lower accuracy
d.Classmate D has lower precision and higher accuracy
15.The regression equation below shows the relationship of number of beers and blood
alcohol content among 16 male students of a certain college.
𝑦 = −0.0127 + 0.0180 𝑥
Which of the statements is true?
a. blood alcohol increases at 1.27% for every beer consumed
b. it takes 1.8 beers to raise the blood alcohol by 1%
c. beer consumption increases blood alcohol at an average of 1.8%
d. beer consumption increases blood achoholo by 0.018
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Additional Activities
Answer Key
References
Cheung, T. “What is the difference between interpoltation and linear regression.” July
30, 2020. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Interpolation-
and-Linear-Regression
Department of Education. “General Physics 1 Reader” (2018)..
Young, H. and Freedman, R. “University Physics with Modern Physics.” Pearson
(2016).
Sabat, M, Chahine, A. F. and Sabat, M. Statistical Investigation of COVID-19 spread: a
regression analysis. (2020)
Sears, F., Zemansky, M. and Young H. “College Physics 7th Edition.” Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company. (1992)
Zitzewits, Haase and Harper. “PHYSICS Principles and Problems” Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. (2013).
Youth Explore Trade Skills. “Metal Shop Measurement Foundations”. July 31, 2020.
https://mytrainingbc.ca/youthexploreskills/activity/MetalWork/IntroMetalWork
/Measurement.pdf
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