Mathematics Workbook 9
Mathematics Workbook 9
Mathematics Workbook 9
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Mathematics
PL WORKBOOK 9
Lynn Byrd, Greg Byrd & Chris Pearce
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education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108746502
© Cambridge University Press 2021
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
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of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take
place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2014
Second edition 2021
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Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press
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ISBN 978-1-108-74650-2 Paperback + Digital Access (1 Year)
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Contents
Contents
How to use this book 5 5.4 Constructions72
Acknowledgements 6 5.5 Pythagoras’ theorem 74
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1.1 Irrational numbers 7
6.1 Data collection and sampling 77
1.2 Standard form 9
6.2 Bias78
1.3 Indices11
26
29
33
measurements
7.1 Circumference and area of a circle
7.2 Areas of compound shapes
7.3 Large and small units
8 Fractions
8.1 Fractions and recurring decimals
81
86
92
97
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8.2 Fractions and the correct order
3 Decimals, percentages of operations 101
and rounding 8.3 Multiplying fractions 103
8.4 Dividing fractions 107
3.1 ultiplying and dividing by powers of 10
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8.5 Making calculations easier 111
3.2 Multiplying and dividing decimals 41
3.3 Understanding compound percentages 45
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12 Probability
12.1 Mutually exclusive events 146
12.2 Independent events 148
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12.3 Combined events 150
12.4 Chance experiments 153
13 Position and
transformation
13.3 Transformations164
13.4 Enlarging shapes
168
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14.1 Calculating the volume of prisms 174
14.2 Calculating the surface area of triangular
prisms, pyramids and cylinders 178
14.3 Symmetry in three-dimensional shapes 181
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15 Interpreting and
discussing results
15.1 Interpreting and drawing
frequency polygons 184
15.2 Scatter graphs 189
15.3 Back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagrams 194
15.4 Calculating statistics for grouped data 199
15.5 Representing data 203
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using what you have learned
• Challenge: these questions will make you think very hard.
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These questions help
you to practise thinking
and working
mathematically.
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Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are
grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always
been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders.
If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate
acknowledgements on reprinting.
Thanks to the following for permission to reproduce images:
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Cover image: ori-artiste/Getty Images
Inside: Unit 1 Westend61/GI; Unit 2 Stock_colors/GI; Unit 3 Mandy Disher Photography/
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GI; Robert Brook/Science Photo Library; Unit 5 Amith Nag Photography/GI; Unit 6 Ray
Kachatorian/GI; Unit 7 Suriyapong Thongsawang/GI; Unit 8 MirageC/GI; Catherine
Falls Commercial/GI; Unit 9 Sean Gladwell/GI; Unit 11 Boris SV/GI; Natasha Breen/
RESA&CO/Universal Images Group via GI; Photos by R A Kearton/GI; Unit 12 PNC/GI;
Unit 13 Marcus Franzen/GI; Unit 15 Tobias Titz/GI; Penny Tweedie/GI
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1 Number and
calculation
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1.1 Irrational numbers
Exercise 1.1 Key words
Focus
1
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Copy this table. Tick (3) the correct boxes.
Number
36
48
Rational Irrational
irrational number
surd
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64
84
3
100
2 Look at these numbers:
12.77 −36 27 500 61 − 3 8
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12
a Write the irrational numbers.
b Write the integers.
3 Write whether each of these numbers is an integer or a surd.
a 25 b 3
25 c 125
d 3
125 e 225 f 3
225
4 Is each of these numbers rational or irrational? Give a reason for
each answer.
a 3+6 b 3+6 c 64 + 3 64 d 3
8 + 3 19
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Practice
5 a Find 1.52
b Show that 2.25 is a rational number.
c Is 20.25 a rational number? Give a reason for your answer.
d Is 3 1.331 a rational number? Give a reason for your answer.
6 Without using a calculator, show that
a 3< 3
41 < 4 b 9< 3
800 < 10 c 1.1 < 1.36 < 1.2
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7 Without using a calculator, find an irrational number between
a 2 and 3 b 6 and 7 c 1.4 and 1.5
8 Without using a calculator, estimate
a 140 to the nearest integer
9
b 3
Arun says:
27
81
= 2.086 419 753 and
this does not have a
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350 to the nearest integer.
My calculator shows
repeating pattern, so 2 7
is irrational.
81
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a Is Arun correct? Give a reason for your answer.
b Do you think 2 7 is a rational number? Give a reason for
81
your answer.
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Challenge
10 a Use a calculator to show that 2 × 32 is a rational number.
b Find two irrational numbers with a product of
i 6 ii 9 iii 10
11 a Explain why 5 + 2 is an irrational number. Tip
b Find two irrational numbers with a sum of 5. Write 5 + 2 as
c Explain why it is impossible to find two rational numbers with a decimal.
a sum of 5.
d Is it possible to find two rational numbers with a product of 5?
Give a reason for your answer.
8
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12 This Venn diagram shows all the numbers from a number line. B
A is the set of integers. B is the set of rational numbers. A
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If n is an integer,
then ( n + 2)( n − 2) is
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also an integer.
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Practice
5 Write these numbers in standard form.
a 0.000 03 b 0.000 000 666
c 0.000 050 5 d 0.000 000 000 48
6 These numbers are in standard form. Write each number in full.
a 1.5 × 10−3 b 1.234 × 10−5
c 7.9 × 10−8 d 9.003 × 10−4
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7 Write these numbers in full.
a 8 × 10−6 b 4.82 × 10−7
c 6.1 × 10−5 d 7.007 × 10−8
8 The wavelength of visible light is between 0.000 000 4 m and
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0.000 000 8 m.
B = 1.2 × 10−6
E = 5.17 × 10−7
C = 3.05 × 10−7
Challenge
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10 The mass of Earth is 5.98 × 1024 kg.
a When you write this mass in full, how many zeros does it have?
1
b The mass of Mars is approximately 10 of the mass of Earth.
Write the mass of Mars in standard form.
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10
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1.3 Indices
1.3 Indices
Exercise 1.3
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Focus
1 Write each number as a fraction.
3
a
d
d
7−1
3−4
256
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b
e
Write these numbers as powers of 4.
a
1
b
e
Write each number as a power of 5.
a 0.2 b
7−2
15−2
1
64
1
256
25
c
f
c
5−3
20−2
16−1
0.04
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d 125−1 e 150
4 Find the value of x−3 when
a x=2 b x=3 c x=5 d x = 10
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Practice
5 Write the answer to each multiplication as a power of 12.
a 123 × 12 −1 b 12 4 × 12 −5
c 12 −1 × 12 −2 d 12 −4 × 127
6 Write the answer to each multiplication in index form.
−1 −6
a 5 × 5 c 8 × 8
4
b 4 −3 × 4 −3
d 155 × 15 −5 e 5 −6 × 5 −6
7 Write the answer to each division as a power of 7.
3 4
a 75 ÷ 7 2 b 7 ÷ 7
c 7 4 ÷ 7 −2 d 7 −4 ÷ 7 −3
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Challenge
9 Find the value of x in these equations.
a 23 × 2 x = 2 9 b 32 × 3x = 3−2
c 5 −3 × 5x = 5 −5 d 8x × 8−3 = 8
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10 Find the value of y in these equations.
a 32 ÷ 34 = 3 y b 106 ÷ 10 y = 10 2
c 14 2 ÷ 14 y = 14 −4 d 8 y ÷ 83 = 84
11 y = x 0 + x −1 + x −2
Find the value of y when
a x=1
12 This table shows powers of 11.
112
121
113
1331
PL 114
14 641
b x=2
115
161 051
116
1 771 561
Use the table to work out the following. Do not use a calculator.
c x=3
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a 121 × 14 641 b 1 771 561 ÷ 14 641 c 121 ÷ 161 051
13 Find the value of x in this equation: 2 × 4 = 23 2 x
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12
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2 Expressions and
formulae
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2.1 Substituting into expressions
When you substitute numbers into an expression or formula, you must
use the correct order of operations. Work out brackets and indices
Key word
subtractions.
Exercise 2.1
Focus
1
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first, then divisions and multiplications, and finally additions and
x x ÷ 2 − 4 = 10 ÷ 2 − 4
b 2
−4 b Work out the
= −4= division before
the subtraction.
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a b Remember, ab
A a + b B a − b C ab D b E a F 2a + b means a × b.
1
i 32 ii 2 iii 12 iv 20 v 4 vi 2
3 Copy and complete the workings to find the value of each
expression when x = 6 and y = −2. Tip
E
a x + y = 6 + −2 = − = Remember:
+ − → − and − − → +
b x − y = 6 − −2 = + =
c x2 + y2 = 62 + (−2)2 = + = So:
+ −2 is overall −2;
d 3x + y = 3 × 6 + −2 = − = −2 × −2 is overall +4
4
e
f
x + 4y = 6 + 4 × −2 =
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3x + 4y = 3 × 6 + 4 × −2 =
− =
− =
Work out the value of each expression when a = −3 and b = 5.
a a + b
d a2 + 4
Practice
b 3a − b
e 5 7 b
c 20 − ab
f b3 − 25
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5 Work out the value of each expression when a = 2, b = −3, c = 4
and d = −5.
a a + 2b b bd − 10 c 4b + 2a
d −a
d ab + cd e cd + ab
2
f 2
g 20 − a3 h bc a
+d
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Question
Work out the value of each expression when x = –4
and y = –1
a xy2 – 3x b x3 – x
2y
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Answer
a –4 × –12 – 3 × –4 = 4 + 12
= 16
–4 –4
b (–4)3 – = 64 –
2 × –1 –2
= 64 – 2
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= 62
8
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The expression x3 − y has a value of 20.
Write three pairs of integer values for x and y when
a x and y are both positive numbers
b x and y are both negative numbers
c x is positive and y is negative, or vice versa.
Show all your working.
Work out the value of each expression when w = 3, x = 2, y = −4
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and z = −2.
a 3(w + x) b x(2w − y) c z(2w − y)
d w − z3 e x2 + z2 f (2z)3
g x−y h wx + y
i 2(x3 − z2)
2 4 z
j 20 − 2w2 k w + z(3x − 2y) l (3z)2 − x5
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Challenge
9 This is part of Sasha’s homework.
Question
Use a counter-example to show that the statement 3x2 = (3x)2 is not true (x ≠ 0).
Answer
Let x = 3, so 3x2 = 3 × 32 = 3 × 9 = 27 and (3x)2 = (3 × 3)2 = 92 = 81
27 ≠ 81, so 3x2 ≠ (3x)2
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Expression 1 Expression 2
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5A + 8 2(A + 4)
2
d
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Copy and complete the table showing the estimates of the
mass of a child using both expressions.
Age (A years)
Mass using expression 1
Mass using expression 2
1
Which expression would give the best estimate for his mass?
3 4 5
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Explain your answer.
11 Work out the value of each expression.
5( x3 − x ) + 5x − 12x when x = 3
2
a
3
4
3 y +16
+ − 20 when y = 4
y
SA
b
4 2 y
( ) − ( −4 − c )
2
12 Show that 4d 2 − 100 − 3cd − c(c − d ) = d 3 + 8c + 3c 2
2
c ( c + d )2 d
when c = 5 and d = −3.
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In Question 1a
Focus 4 + 2 can be
1 Add 2 to each of these numbers. Show your working. simplified to 6.
Parts a and c have been done for you.
4
a 4 4 + 2 = 6
c x x + 2
PL b 10 ...............................
d z ...............................
Subtract 3 from each of these numbers. Show your working.
a 5 b 8 c y
Multiply each of these numbers by 5. Show your working.
a 2 b 4 c a
Divide each of these numbers by 5. Show your working.
a 15 b 30 c a
d z
d b
d b
Tip
In Question 1c
x + 2 cannot be
simplified so
leave it as x + 2.
Tip
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5 Match each statement with the correct expression.
In Question 3c
The first one has been done for you: A and iii.
you can simplify
I think of a number n and... a × 5 to 5a.
A I add 15 i 15n
B I subtract 15 ii 3n + 5
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Tip
C I multiply by 15 iii n + 15
In Question 4c
D I divide by 15 iv 5n − 3 you can simplify
v a ÷ 5 to a .
E I subtract the number from 15 n +3 5
5
F I multiply by 3 then add 5 vi n − 15
vii n
G I multiply by 5 then subtract 3
15
H I divide by 5 then add 3 viii 15 − n
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Practice
6 Zara thinks of a number, n.
I am
thinking of a
number…
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Write an expression, in terms of n, for the number Zara gets
when she
a subtracts 10 from the number
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b divides the number by 1000
c multiplies the number by 2, then adds 3
d divides the number by 4, then subtracts 5
e divides 1 by the number, then subtracts 1
f divides 10 by double the number
g adds 20 to the number, then multiplies the result by 3
h multiplies the number by 3 then square roots the result
i multiplies the number by 4, squares the result then subtracts 3
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j cube roots the number, multiplies by 6, then adds 10
k divides the number by 5, cubes the result then subtracts 9.
7 Write an expression, in terms of x, for the perimeter of each shape.
Write each expression in its simplest form.
a x b
SA
x x
x+5 x+5
x x
x x
c d 5x – 2
3x 5x – 4 x
x
x
4x + 2 5x – 2
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x
c d
x
4x
E
x2
4x
the triangle.
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The lengths of the sides of the triangle are written as expressions.
a When g = 5, work out the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
b Use your answers to part a to work out the perimeter of
2g(3g – 11)
g(8 – g)
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10 For each rectangle, write an expression for
i the perimeter ii the area.
Write each answer in its simplest form.
Use the values given, and the same method as in Question 9,
to check your expressions are correct.
SA
a a+3 b
5
5
b–4
a=3
b = 12
c c d 7d
c–8
d2
c = 10
d=5
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Challenge
11 Jake and Razi have four different types of rod. a+2 a+3
The length of each grey rod is a + 2.
The length of each black rod is a + 3. 2a + 2 3a + 1
The length of each white rod is 2a + 2.
The length of each striped rod is 3a + 1.
Jake shows Razi that the total length of two black rods and four
striped rods is the same as the total length of four white rods and
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two striped rods, as shown.
a Show that
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= 14a + 10
4 white + 2 striped = 4(2a + 2) + 2(3a + 1)
= 8a + 8 + 6a + 2
= 14a + 10
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40
30
E
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PL
Number of days
a2
+ 3a
2
2b(b2 – 4b – 3)
SA
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e
When a is a positive integer, will the perimeter of the rectangle
always be positive? Explain your answer.
f Work out the perimeter of the rectangle when
i a = −1 ii a = −2 iii a = −3
g Are your answers to part f valid measurements for the
perimeter? Explain your answer.
Are there any negative values of a for which the perimeter is a
valid measurement?
14 a Write an expression for the perimeter of this rectangle.
E
2x2 – 5x
4x2 + 3x
b Show that the expression in part a can be simplified to
c
4x(3x − 1).
Read what Arun says.
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When x = 3 and when
x = −3, you get the
same perimeter.
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Is Arun correct? Explain your answer. Show your working.
15 a A cube has a volume of 27 cm3. Show that the total length of
all the edges of the cube is 36 cm.
b A cube has a volume of 64 cm3. Work out the total length of
SA
22
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Exercise 2.3
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Focus
1 Match each rectangular card with the correct oval card. Tip
For expression D,
A x2 × x4
i x9
x4 ÷ x2
i x8
ii x6
B
B
PL
x3 × x5
x8 ÷ x5
ii x6
iii x3
C
C
x7 × x2
iv x8
A x10 ÷ x4
iii x2
D
D
x × x2
x9 ÷ x
iv x3
remember x = x1.
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3 Two of these statements are true and two are false.
Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ for each statement.
If the statement is false, write the correct answer.
a y3 × y3 = y6 b y5 × y4 = y 20
SA
c y6 ÷ y = y5 d y9 ÷ y3 = y3 Tips
4 Copy and complete. When you add or
( ) ( )
2 5
a g 4 = g 4×2 b h 6 = h 6 ×5 subtract variables
with the same
=g =h
power, you do
c (i )
3 7
= i 3× 7 d (j )
2 10
= j 2 ×10 not change the
indices.
=i = j
For part d of
5 Copy and complete. The first one has been done for you. Question 5,
a 3x 2 + 5x 2 = 8x 2 b 7 x3 + 9x3 = x3 remember
y 6 = 1y 6, so you
c 6 y4 − 2 y4 = y d 12 y6 − y6 = y need to work
out 12 − 1.
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Practice
6 Simplify each expression.
a a3 × a4 b b5 × b5 c c7 × c d d 8 ÷ d4
e e6 ÷ e2 f f 8 ÷ f g (g )
8 4
h (y )
2 7
i (i )
9 8
j 4 j2 + 9 j2 k 6 k 3 − 5k 3 l 4l 5 + l 5 − 8l 5
7 Simplify each expression.
a 3a2 × 2a2 b 4b3 × 4b4 c 6c6 × 6c6 d 10e6 × e5
E
10 x10 5x5
e 16g12 ÷ 2g4 f 9h9 ÷ 3h3 g h
2x2 x
8 Which is the correct answer, A, B, C or D?
a Simplify 3a3 × 4a2 A 7a5 B 12a5 C 7a6 D 12a6
9
b Simplify 4b3 × 5b
c
d
Simplify
Simplify
15c 6
5c3
9d 5
3d
A 3d 5
B 10c2
B 6d 5
a Simplify the expressions, then sort the cards into two groups.
Explain how you decided to sort the groups.
C 9b4
C 3c2
C 6d 4
D 9b3
D 10c3
D 3d 4
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b Which card does not fit into either of the groups? Explain why this is.
10 Sofia and Zara simplify the expression (2x3)2. Read what they say.
I think the
answer is 4x5.
I think the
answer is 4x6.
24
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E
Challenge
12 Fill in the missing indices in these fractions. The first one has been
done for you.
1 1 1
a 4 −4 = 4 b 5−3 = c 8−5 =
d x =
−4
4
x
1
PL e
y
1
c
m2
m10
d
n
n6
f z =
−1
8
z
1
M
The expressions on the rectangular cards have been simplified to
give the expressions on the oval cards.
12 y6 7y 24 y 4
A 10y4 ÷ 15y8 B 12y3 ÷ 16y7 C 20y4 ÷ 12y10 D E 21y6 F 8 y9
9 y10
SA
5 1 3 3 2 5 4
i ii iii iv v vi vii
3 y6 3 y5 4 y4 y5 3y4 2 y7 3y4
a Match each rectangular card with the correct oval card.
b There is one oval card left. Write an expression that simplifies
to give the expression on this card. Tip
2 n 2 × 3n 5 3n
15 Show that the expression simplifies to For Question 15,
( 2 n2 )3 4
simplify the
16 Do the expressions
6 x 2 × 3x6 × 2 x9
and
(3x )
4 4
simplify to give the
numerator, then
4 x13 3x × x 2 × 3x9 the denominator,
same expression?
then combine
Show your working. your two
expressions.
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E
1 Copy and complete these multiplications, using the
multiplication grid.
a 23 × 34 b 18 × 42
× 20 3 × 10 8
2
30
4
600
80
90
12
PL
Answer: 600 + 90 + 80 + 12 =
40
2
Answer: 400 +
x +1
+ + =
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x x2 +2x x x2
+3 +3x +6 +4
Answer: x
2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = Answer: x
2+ + + =
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + +
SA
c (x + 5)(x + 6) d (x + 3)(x + 9)
× x +5 × x +3
x x2 x
+6 +9
Answer: x
2+ + + = Answer: x
2+ + + =
x2 + + x2 + +
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E
c (x − 7)(x + 4) d (x − 8)(x + 2)
× x −7 × x −8
x x2 x
+4 +2
4
Answer: x2−
= x2 −
+
−
−
PL
The first one has been started for you.
a (x − 1)(x − 3)
×
x
x
x2
−1
−1x
Answer: x2−
= x2 −
b (x − 4)(x − 8)
×
x
+
x
−
−
−4
Tip
Take care with the
minus signs.
M
−3 −3x +3 −8
Answer: x2− − +3 Answer: x2− − +
= x2 − + = x2 − +
5 In questions 2, 3 and 4, you used a multiplication grid to expand
two brackets.
SA
( x + 8)( x − 4 ) = x 2 − 4 x + 8x − 32
= x 2 + 4 x − 32
Or do you prefer the multiplication grid method shown here?
× x +8
x x 2
+8x
−4 −4x −32
= x2 + 8x − 4x − 32 = x2 + 4x − 32
Or do you prefer a different method? Explain your answer.
27to publication.
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Practice
6 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (x + 5)(x + 2) b (x + 4)(x − 2) c (x − 6)(x + 3)
d (x − 3)(x − 3) e (x + 5)(x + 10) f (x − 5)(x − 8)
g (x − 5)(x + 10) h (x + 5)(x − 8)
7 Which answer is correct, A, B or C?
a (w + 7)(w + 8) = A w2 + 15w + 15 B w2 + 15w + 56 C w2 + w + 56
b (x + 5)(x − 3) = A x2 + 2x − 15 B x2 − 8x − 2 C x2 + 8x − 15
E
c (y − 6)(y + 4) = A y2 − 10y − 2 B y2 − 2y − 2 C y2 − 2y − 24
d (z − 3)(z − 5) = A z2 − 2z + 8 B z2 + 8z − 15 C z2 − 8z + 15
8 This is part of Rohan’s homework.
He has made a mistake in every question.
Question
1 (x + 4)(x + 3)
2 (x + 5)(x – 9)
3 (x – 3)(x – 2)
PL
Expand and simplify each expression.
M
Answer
1 x 2 + 4x + 3x + 7 = x 2 + 7x + 7
2 x 2 + 5x – 9x – 45 = x 2 + 4x – 45
3 x 2 – 2x – 3x – 6 = x 2 – 5x – 6
SA
Explain the mistakes Rohan has made and write the correct
solutions.
9 a Expand and simplify each expression.
i (a + 2)2 ii (a − 2)2 iii (b + 4)2
iv (b − 4)2 v (c + 1)2 vi (c − 1)2
b Compare your answers to i and ii, iii and iv, v and vi.
What is the same and what is different about your answers to
each pair of expansions?
c Use your answer to part b to copy and complete this general
expression:
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 so (x − y)2 = …………………………
28
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Challenge
E
11 Show that (x + 4)(x − 3) + x(5 − x) = 6(x − 2)
Tip
12 a Expand and simplify i (x + 6)2 ii (x + 5)(x + 7)
In Question 11,
b What do you notice about your answers to part a, i and ii?
start by working
13 a
b
PL
Expand and simplify i (x + 7)2 ii (x + 6)(x + 8)
What do you notice about your answers to part a, i and ii?
14 Try some examples of your own, similar to questions 12 and 13.
What general rules do you notice?
15 a Show that (2x + 1)(3x + 2) = 6x2 + 7x + 2
b Expand and simplify
i (3x + 1)(4x + 5) ii (4y + 3)(2y − 5)
with the left-
hand side of the
equation.
M
2.5 Simplifying algebraic fractions
Exercise 2.5 Key word
SA
Throughout this exercise, give each answer as a fraction in its algebraic fraction
simplest form.
Focus
1 Copy and complete these calculations.
1 1 1 2 2 3
a + = b + = c + =
3 3 3 5 5 7 7
1 3 3
d +3 = 4 = e 1 2
+ = = f + = =
8 8 8 9 9 10 10
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a x x
+ =
2x
b
x
+ 2x = c
2y
+ 3y =
3 3 3 5 5 7 7
d y
+ 3y = 4 y = e m
+ 2m = = f 3n
+ 3n = =
8 8 8 9 9 10 10
E
denominator.
1
a +3= 2+3= b 1 2
+ = + = Tip
4 8 8 8 3 9
In part b, change 31
4
c
c
2
3
x
4
2p
3
−1
+
6
−p=
3x
8
=
6
=
−
PL = d
d
12
11b
12
11
y
3
+
− =
2y
1
6
−b=
6
=
− = =
into
9
.
M
Practice
5 Simplify each expression.
x x
a + b 3x + x c 6 6
+ d 5x x
+ e 7
+
3
4 4 5 5 x x 7 7 8x 8x
SA
y y 2y 4y 2 y 11y 5 5 3 1
f − g − h − i − j −
3 6 3 9 3 18 8 y 16 y 4 y 24 y
6 Here are some algebraic fraction cards.
9x 13x x x 2 x 3x x x
A − B + C + D 11x − 13x E 11x − 2x F +
10 20 6 3 7 14 18 36 15 5 12 6
a Simplify each expression then sort the cards into two groups.
Explain your reasons for sorting the cards.
b Which card does not fit into either of the groups?
Explain why.
30
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Question
E
Simplify 8x + 2
2
Answer
8x + 2 = 8x + 2 = 8x
a
b
c
d
2 2
Substitute x = 4 into
PL8x + 2
2
and work out the answer.
Substitute x = 4 into 8x and work out the answer.
Use your answers to parts a and b to show that Seren’s answer
is incorrect. Explain the mistake she has made.
Copy and complete the correct solution for Seren.
( )= 2 ( 1
)=
M
8x + 2 2 x +1 x +1
= 1
x +1
2 2 2
9 Simplify these expressions. Make sure you factorise the numerator
before you cancel with the denominator.
10 x + 5 15x + 3 12 x − 16 18x − 24
a b c d
SA
5 3 4 6
Challenge
10 Evan thinks the expression 7x − 14 + 8x + 6 simplifies to 5x + 1.
7 2
Is Evan correct? Show your working.
8x + 24
11 a Show that the fraction can be simplified to 2x + 6
4
or 2(x + 3).
b Simplify these fractions. Write two expressions for each
answer; one with brackets and one without brackets.
6 x + 12 24 x − 36
i ii 15x + 45 iii iv 32 − 48x
3 5 4 8
31to publication.
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Question
Simplify 20x + 4
8
Answer
20x + 4 = 4(5x + 1) = 4 1(5x + 1) = 5x + 1
8 8 82 2
E
Use Brad’s method to simplify these fractions.
Tip
6x + 9 20 x + 30
a b
6 50 Remember to
30 − 42 x take out the
c 4x − 6
8
5 3 PL
5×3
For example, 1 + 1 = 1 × b + 1 × a = b + a
a b ab ab
15
d
common denominator.
For example: 4 + 2 = 4 × 3 + 2 × 5 = 12 + 10 = 22
highest common
factor when you
factorise the
numerator of
each fraction.
M
a 1 + 1 b 1 + 1 c 1 − 1
x y c d x y
2 1 5 2 3 4
d + e − f −
a b m n g h
SA
32
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E
A Area of a triangle B Volume of a cuboid
E Area of a trapezium
i A = π r 2
iv V = lbh
PLii A = bh
v A = 1 bh
2
F Area of a circle
iii C = π d
vi A = 1 (a + b )h
2
M
2 a Work out the number of hours in
i 1 day ii 2 days
iii 3 days iv d days.
b The formula to work out the number of hours (H) in d days
is H = 24d. Tip
SA
Copy and complete the working to find the number of hours Substitute d = 10
in 10 days. into the formula.
H = 24d = 24 × d = 24 × 10 =
3 a Work out the number of days in
i 1 week ii 2 weeks
iii 3 weeks iv w weeks.
b Copy and complete the formula to work out the number of
days (D) in w weeks: D = ……
Use your formula to find the number of days in 8 weeks.
4 a Work out the total number of days in
i 1 week and 2 days ii 3 weeks and 4 days
iii w weeks and d days.
33to publication.
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E
c T = mb T = m × b swap sides: × = reverse the ×: b =
Practice
M = b − kn
PL swap sides: b −
b Write a formula for the total age, T, of Stanley, Polly and Max.
c Use your formula in part b to work out the value of T when
d = 8.
d Rearrange your formula in part c to make d the subject.
e Use your formula in part d to work out the value of d
when T = 34.
8 Use the formula F = I + ae to work out the value of
Tip
a F when I = 5, a = 10 and e = 2 In parts c, d
b F when I = 0, a = 9 and e = 6 and e, start by
changing the
c I when F = 100, a = 4 and e = 15
subject of the
d e when F = 50, I = 10 and a = 8 formula.
e a when F = 48, I = 34 and e = 2.
34
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9 Kimma buys and sells furniture. She uses the formula in the box to
work out the percentage profit she makes.
Work out the percentage profit Kimma
makes on each piece of furniture.
selling price − cost price
a cost price = $28, selling price = $42 percentage profit = × 100
cost price
b cost price = $150, selling price = $162
c cost price = $35, selling price = $73.50
10 In many countries, the distance of a horse race is measured in
furlongs (F ) and yards (Y).
E
m=
1.09
where:
c y= A x = ky − g B x = k(y − g) C x = ky + g
k
3x 2( y − 5 p ) 2y 2( y + 5 p )
d y= − 5 p A x= B x= + 5 p C x=
2 3 3 3
12 Make n the subject of each formula.
n r+n 5n − 2
a p = 3n − 8 b q= +k c p= d h=
7 2w r2
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Challenge
13 Arun knows this relationship between temperatures in degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) and temperatures in degrees Celsius (°C).
F = 1.8C + 32 where: F is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
C is the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
Read what Arun says.
I think a temperature
Is Arun correct? Show how you worked
E
of 20 °C is higher than
out your answer. a temperature of 65 °F
14 Here are two formulae that are used in
science:
v−u
F = ma a=
t
PL
Work out the value of F when v = 32, u = 12, t = 5 and m = 30.
Explain how you worked out your answer. Show your working.
36
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3 Decimals,
percentages and
rounding
E
3.1 Multiplying and dividing by
powers of 10
Exercise 3.1
Focus
PL
M
1 Match each rectangular card with the correct oval card.
The first one has been done for you: A and ii.
A × 100 B × 101 C × 102 D × 103 E × 104 F × 105
i × 1000 ii × 1 iii × 10 000 Tips
SA
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E
5.8 × 10–2 = 5.8 ÷ 100 = 0.058 Move the decimal
a 3.4 × 10–2 = 3.4 ÷ = point two places
to the left as 100
b 8 × 10–3 = 8 ÷ = has two zeros.
c 15 × 10–4 = 15 ÷ =
d
Practice
5 Work out
a
d
g
12 × 10 = 12 ÷
28 × 102
2.88 × 103
28 × 100
–1
PL
b
e
h
=
2.8 × 104
2.8 × 105
2 × 10−1
c
f
i
28 × 10
0.02 × 101
2.8 × 10−2
0.0.5.8
After you move
the decimal point,
remember to fill
in any spaces in
the answer with
zeros.
M
j 2800 × 10−4 k 28 × 10−3 l 288 × 10−1
6 Work out
a 34 ÷ 10 b 340 ÷ 102 c 34 ÷ 103
d 340 ÷ 104 e 0.34 ÷ 101 f 3400 ÷ 105
SA
38
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E
8 a Work out
i 5 × 103 ii 5 × 102 iii 5 × 101
iv 5 × 100 v 5 × 10−1 vi 5 × 10−2
9
b
a
b
Work out
i 99 ÷ 103
iv 99 ÷ 100
PL
When you multiply a number by 10−4, is the answer larger or
smaller than when you multiply the number by 10−5 ? Look at
your answers to part a to help you decide.
ii 99 ÷ 102
v 99 ÷ 10−1
If you divide a number by 10−4, is the answer larger or smaller
than when you divide the number by 10−5 ? Look at your
iii 99 ÷ 101
vi 99 ÷ 10−2
M
answers to part a to help you decide.
Challenge
10 Work out the missing power in each question in these spider diagrams.
SA
In each part, all the questions in the outer shapes should give the
answer in the centre shape.
a b
0.004 × 10 400 ÷ 10 67 ÷ 10 670 × 10
0.4 × 10 40 ÷ 10 6.7 × 10 67 × 10
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11 a Sort these cards into groups that give the same value.
A 450 × 10–1 B 0.000 45 × 104 C 0.45 × 100
J 0.45 × 101
E
b There is one card spare. Write two other cards that give the
same value as this card.
12 Look at the numbers. Put a tick (3) for the numbers that are
Tip
written in standard form.
You studied
a
d
4.5 × 103
125 × 10−2
2.7 × 102
PL
Put a cross (7) for the numbers that are not written in standard form.
b
e
b
1.7 × 109
2.99 × 10−8
13 These numbers are written in standard form. Write each number as
a normal number.
a 4.8 × 10−3
14 Write whether A, B or C is the correct standard form number for
each measurement.
c
f
c
32 × 105
0.3 × 10−7
1.25 × 105
standard form in
Unit 1.
M
a The mass of the Hubble Space Telescope is approximately
11 000 kg. This is the same as
A 1.1 × 103 kg B 1.1 × 104 kg C 1.1 × 105 kg
b The distance from the Moon to Earth is approximately
384 000 km. This is the same as
SA
40
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E
8 × 3 = 24
8 × 0.3 = 2.4
This method works because you change 0.3 to 3 by multiplying by 10: 0.3 × 10 = 3
b
c
d
e
7 × 0.4
9 × −0.1
−15 × 0.2
8 × 0.02
PL
Then you divide the answer of 24 by 10:
Copy and complete these multiplications.
a 4 × 0.3 4 × 3 = 12
7×4=
9 × −1 =
−15 × 2 =
8 × 2 = 16
so
so
so
so
so
4 × 0.3 =
7 × 0.4 =
9 × −0.1 =
−15 × 0.2 =
8 × 0.02 =
24 ÷ 10 = 2.4
Tip
Remember:
+×+=+
+×–=–
M
–×+=–
f −5 × −0.04 −5 × −4 = so −5 × −0.04 = –×–=+
g 11 × 0.07 11 × 7 = so 11 × 0.07 =
2 Here is an example of how you can work out 12 ÷ 0.3
SA
12 × 10 = 120
0.3 × 10 = 3
120 ÷ 3 = 40
This method works because when you are
dividing two numbers, if you multiply both
numbers by 10, 100 or any other number,
the answer to the division will remain the
same. In this example you multiply both
numbers by 10 so that 0.3 becomes a whole
number instead of a decimal.
41to publication.
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E
Practice
3 Work out mentally
4
a
e
i
E
4 × 0.3
0.3 × 11
0.02 × 70
0.006 × 4
0.04 × 0.6
PL b
f
j
F
13 × 0.2
8 × −0.03
0.05 × −111
Sort these cards into groups that have the same answer.
40 × 0.06
0.6 × 4
c
g
G
4 × 0.9
14 × 0.02
0.004 × 6
0.4 × 0.6
d
h
H
0.9 × −9
−15 × −0.03
4 × 0.06
0.4 × 6
M
I 0.4 × 0.06 J 0.006 × 40 K 600 × 0.004 L 6 × 0.04
5 Work out mentally
a 6 ÷ 0.3 b 8 ÷ 0.2 c 18 ÷ 0.6 d −28 ÷ 0.7
e 20 ÷ 0.1 f 5 ÷ −0.02 g 9 ÷ 0.03 h −30 ÷ −0.01
SA
i 36 ÷ 0.18 j 48 ÷ −0.12
6 Write the correct answer to each calculation, A, B, C or D.
a 0.9 ÷ 0.03 = A 300 B 30 C 3 D 0.3
b 3.5 ÷ 0.5 = A 0.7 B 7 C 70 D 700
c 0.08 ÷ 0.004 = A 2000 B 200 C 20 D 2
d 0.25 ÷ 0.05 = A 0.5 B 5 C 50 D 500
7 Work out mentally
a 0.6 × 0.2 b 4.5 × 0.3 c 0.18 × 0.4 d 0.06 × 2.5
e 0.11 × 0.5 f 0.6 ÷ 0.02 g 2.7 ÷ 0.3 h 0.45 ÷ 0.09
i 0.28 ÷ 0.04 j 3.6 ÷ 0.09
42
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E
Numerator: 2.5 × 0.2 = 5.0 Denominator: 5 × 0.1 = 50
5 ÷ 50 = 0.1
11 a
a
b
16 × 0.2
0.02 × 8
b
ii 11 × 0.2
v 11 × 0.5
0.25 × 100
0.002 × 25
iii 11 × 0.3
vi 11 × 0.6
M
i When you multiply a number by 0.9, do you expect the
answer to be larger or smaller than your answer when
you multiply the same number by 0.3?
ii When you multiply a number by a decimal between 0
and 1, do you expect the answer to be larger or smaller
SA
43to publication.
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Challenge
12 Use the fact that 45 × 352 = 15 840 to write the answers to these calculations.
a 45 × 3.52 b 4.5 × 35.2 c 0.45 × 0.0352
d 15 840 ÷ 45 e 15.840 ÷ 45 f 1.5840 ÷ 0.45
13 Estimate and work out the answers to these calculations.
75 × 4.8
a 6.21 × 43.7 b 207.9 ÷ 0.42 c
0.15
14 Work out the area of each shape mentally.
E
a 0.9 m b
0.8 m
6m
18 m
0.9 m
0.4 m
PL
0.7 m
0.4 m
d
Use p = 3.1
M
0.08 m.
What is the length of the rectangle?
16 A circle has circumference 2.17 m. What is the radius of the circle? Tip
17 Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ for each statement. If the answer is false, For Question 16,
work out the correct answer. use π = 3.1
SA
44
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E
1 Copy and complete the workings for these percentage increases.
a $300 increased by 15% 100% + 15% = 115% multiplier is 1.15
$300 × 1.15 = $
b $200 increased by 20% 100% + 20% = 120%
2
c $400 increased by 32%
multiplier is 0.85
$300 × 0.85 = $
= $
= $
M
b $200 decreased by 20% 100% – 20% = 80% multiplier is
$200 × = $
c $400 decreased by 32% 100% – 32% = 68% multiplier is
$400 × = $
SA
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E
d $800 increased by 5%, then decreased by 15%
800 × = → × = $
5 a Work out these compound percentage changes.
i 200 increased by 10%, then decreased by 10%
b
PL
ii 200 decreased by 10%, then increased by 10%
Which sign, <, > or =, is missing from this sentence?
200 increased by 10%, then decreased by 10%
by 10%, then increased by 10%
Without doing any calculations, decide which sign, <, > or =,
is missing from each sentence.
i 40 decreased by 30%, then increased by 30%
200 decreased
40 increased
M
by 30%, then decreased by 30%
ii 156 increased by 2%, then decreased by 2% 156 decreased
by 2%, then increased by 2%
Practice
SA
50 × 1.2 × 1.1 = 66
Use Raj’s method to work out the final value after these
compound percentage increases.
i 60 increased by 30%, then increased by 10%
ii 200 increased by 25%, then increased by 45%
46
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E
7 Patsi works out the percentage increase of the price of a litre of
petrol over two weeks.
In the first week, the price of a litre of petrol increased by 5%.
In the second week, the price of a litre of petrol increased by 2%.
8
a
b
PL
Use Mari’s method from Question 6 to work out the multiplier
for the compound percentage change.
At the start of the first week the price of a litre of petrol was $1.20.
What is the price of a litre of petrol at the end of the second week?
Give your answer to the nearest cent.
a Raj uses this method to work out 50 decreased by 20%,
then decreased by 10%.
M
50 × 0.8 × 0.9 = 36
Use Raj’s method to work out the final value after these
compound percentage decreases.
i 80 decreased by 40%, then decreased by 30%
SA
Use Mari’s method to work out the final value after these
compound percentage decreases.
i 200 decreased by 15%, then decreased by 25%
ii 90 decreased by 10%, then decreased by 5%
47to publication.
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E
10 Harper invests $4000 in a bank account.
At the end of each year, the value of 5% of the
money in her account is added to her account.
She works out how much she will have in her account at the end of
each year for five years.
Calculation
4000 × 1.05
4000 × (1.05)2
4000 × (1.05)3
Amount
$4200.00
$4410.00
$
M
4 4000 × (1.05) $
5 4000 × (1.05) $
48
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Challenge
12 The rectangular cards show percentage changes. The oval cards show multipliers.
A 3 0% increase then B 23% increase then C 85% decrease then
25% decrease 10% decrease 120% increase
D 15% decrease then E 125% increase F 62% decrease then
132% increase then 76% decrease 250% increase
E
i 0.33 ii 0.975 iii 1.33 iv 1.972 v 1.107
a Match each oval card with the correct rectangular card.
b There is one rectangular card left over. Work out the multiplier
that goes with this card.
a
b
c
60% increase then
15% decrease then
PL
13 Copy and complete these calculations.
% decrease → multiplier = 0.88
Question
The multiplier after two percentage changes is 1.2.
Write two different options for this multiplier.
Answer
I need to find two numbers that multiply to give 1.2.
1.6 × 0.75 = 1.2 → 60% increase, then 25% decrease
1.5 × 0.8 = 1.2 → 50% increase, then 20% decrease
Use Sheng’s method to write two different options for each of these multipliers.
a 0.6 b 1.5
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16 The number of fish in a lake is measured each year for six years.
The number of fish in the lake is found to be decreasing at a rate of
20% each year.
After 6 years, the population of fish in the lake is 131 072.
How many fish were there in the lake at the start of the first year?
E
and lower bounds
Exercise 3.4
Focus
1
is 120.
Tip
For Question 1,
when a number
M
is rounded to the
a The whole numbers that round to 120 are 115, 116, 117, ,
nearest 10, the
, , , , , number could be
b The lower bound is up to 5 above
and 5 below the
c The upper bound is
rounded number.
SA
2 A whole number is rounded to the nearest 10 and the answer As you know the
is 70. number must be
a whole number,
60 65 70 75 80 it can only be
Use the number line to write from 115 up
to 124.
a the whole numbers that round to 70
b the lower bound
c the upper bound.
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E
c The upper bound is As you know the
number has one
4 A number with one decimal place is rounded to the nearest whole
decimal place, it
number. The answer is 8.
can only be from
24.5 up to 25.4.
5
7
b
c
7.5 8 8.5
PL
the numbers with one decimal place that round to 8
80 85 90 95 100
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E
Copy and complete each inequality to show the range of values the
number can be when
a the answer is 800 → 750 ⩽ x <
b the answer is 1200 → ⩽ x < 1250
c
d
the answer is 6700 →
the answer is 9100 →
PL
10 Vihaan works out the area of this pond to be
19 m2, correct to the nearest metre. Write
a
b
c
the lower bound of the area
the upper bound of the area
⩽x<
⩽x<
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Challenge
12 The rectangular cards show a range of values that a rounded number can be.
The oval cards show the degree of accuracy of the rounding.
The hexagonal cards show the rounded numbers.
Match each rectangular card with the correct oval card and the correct
hexagonal card.
E
D 23.5 ⩽ x < 24.5 E 350 ⩽ x < 450 F 4199.5 ⩽ x < 4200.5
a 420
b 24
PL
c 200
13 A shop sells bags of rice that have a mass of 500 g measured to the
nearest 10 g.
a For the mass of one bag of rice, write
d 4200
e 2400
f 400
M
i the lower bound ii the upper bound
iii an inequality to show the range of values.
b Nikau buys two bags of rice. Tip
i Work out the lower bound for the mass of the two bags For part b, use
of rice. your answers to
SA
ii Work out the upper bound for the mass of the two bags part a.
of rice.
Explain how you worked out your answers.
14 A shop sells pieces of wood that measure 150 cm to the nearest 10 cm.
a For the length of one piece of wood, write
i the lower bound ii the upper bound
iii an inequality to show the range of values.
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b Carlos and Pepe want to find the range of values for the total
length of three pieces of wood.
This is what they write.
Carlos
Lower bound: 3 × 145 = 435 cm
Upper bound: 3 × 155 = 465 cm
E
Range of values: 435 cm ⩽ x < 465 cm
Pepe
PL
One piece of wood = 150 cm
Three pieces of wood = 3 × 150 = 450 cm
Range of values: 445 cm ⩽ x < 455 cm
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4 Equations and
inequalities
E
4.1 Constructing and
solving equations
Exercise 4.1
Focus
1
a 2x − 6 = 10
2 x = 10 + 6
PL
Copy and complete the workings to solve these equations.
b 4(3x + 2) = 32
12 x + = 32
Key words
construct
solve
M
2x = 12 x = 32 −
x= 12 x =
2
x= x=
12
SA
x=
y d 5y + 3 = 9 + 2y
c −3=1
2
5y − 2y = 9 −
y
= 1+ y=
2
y
=
2 y=
y= ×2
y=
y=
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E
3y
c +1 = 7 d 3(y + 5) = 2(20 − y)
4
3y 3y + = 40 − y
=7−
4 3y + y = 40 −
y=
3y
4
3y =
3y =
y=
=
3
×4
PL
y=
y=
y=
M
3 Copy and complete the workings to solve these equations.
30 63
a =5 b =9
x y+1
30 = 5x 63 = 9( y + 1)
30 63
=x = y +1
SA
x= = y +1
−1 = y
y=
Practice
4 Solve these equations.
a 3g − 5 = 31 b −3g − 5 = 25
c 7 + 4p = 28 + p d −5 + 3g = 16
e 15 = 40 − 5y f 6(y − 7) = 30
g 0 = 17(15 + 5x) h 5(x + 5) + 3(x − 2) = 3
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E
7 This is part of Cain’s homework.
a
Answer
PL
5x + 9 = 60 – 2x
5x – 2x = 60 + 9
3x = 69
69
x = 3 = 23
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11 Elin shares $180 between her grandchildren. They each get $36.
E
a Which two of these equations represent the situation?
x 180
A = 36 B = 36 C 180x = 36
180 x
Challenge
x
PL
Solve all of the equations in part a. Use your answers to
decide if you chose the correct two equations in part a.
58
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E
16 The diagram shows the size of one of the angles in an
equilateral triangle.
a Write an equation to represent the problem.
b
simultaneous
À Work out x. Á Work out y. equations
2x − 1 = x + 5 y = 2x − 1
2x − =5+ =2× −1
x= = −1
=
 Check values are correct. à Write the answers:
y= x+5 x= and y =
= +5
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= =
x= =
E
à Write the answers: x = and y =
3 a Copy and complete the table of values for each equation.
y = 2x + 1 x 0 2 4 y=x+4 x 0 2 4
c
y
PL
On graph paper, draw a coordinate grid from 0 to 4 on the
x-axis and 0 to 10 on the y-axis.
Plot the points from your tables on the grid and draw the
straight lines y = 2x + 1 and y = x + 4.
Write the coordinates of the point where your two lines
intersect. Use your coordinates to write the solution to the
simultaneous equations y = 2x + 1 and y = x + 4.
y
M
d Copy and complete the workings to solve the simultaneous
equations y = 2x + 1 and y = x + 4 algebraically.
À Work out x. Á Work out y. Â Check values are correct.
2x + 1 = x + 4 y = 2x + 1 y= x+4
2x − =4− =2× +1 = +4
SA
x= = +1 =
=
à Write the answers: x = and y =
e Check that your answers to parts c and d are the same.
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E
2x = ,x = =
2
 Check in second equation à Write the answers:
− = x= and y =
b
À
−
PL
x + 5y = 28 and x + 3y = 18
Subtract the two equations.
x + 5y = 28
x + 3y = 18
0x + 2y =
2y = ,y=
2
=
Á Substitute y =
x+5×
=
= 28
x = 28 −
into first equation
M
 Check in second equation à Write the answers:
+3× = x= and y =
c 3x + 2y = 34 and x − 2y = 6
À Add the two equations. Á Substitute x = into first equation
SA
3x + 2y = 34 3× + 2y = 34
+ x − 2y = 6 2y = 34 −
4x + 0y =
2y = ,y= =
2
4x = ,x = =
4
 Check in second equation à Write the answers:
−2× = x= and y =
Practice
5 Solve these simultaneous equations. y = 3x y = x + 12
6 Solve these simultaneous equations. y = 2x + 1 y = −2x + 9
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E
9 Solve these simultaneous equations using the method of elimination.
a x + y = 20 b 3x + y = 30 c x + 2y = 21 d 3x + 2y = 64
x − y = 16 2x − y = 15 3x − 2y = 15 x + 2y = 40
10 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations. Use your favourite
algebraic method.
a
Challenge
x = y − 10
y = 2x
b
PL
y + x = 27
y = 4(x + 3)
c
2x + 3y = 1
y=5−x
11 Den buys 2 cakes and 3 coffees and it costs him $9. Ang buys 2 cakes
and 1 coffee and it costs her $5.
d
y = 12 + 4x
x + 2y = 6
M
Let x represent the cost of a cake and y represent the cost of a coffee.
a Write two equations to represent the information.
b Solve your equations to find the cost of a cake and the cost
of a coffee.
12 Xavier buys two items. He receives $2.26 change from $40.
SA
6(e − 2) = f + 7 2a − b = 15 3c + 2d = 32 a = 3b 3c − d = 2 3f − 6e = 3
Show that
a the mean value of a, b, c, d, e and f is 7
b the range in the values of a, b, c, d, e and f is 8.
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4.3 Inequalities
4.3 Inequalities
Exercise 4.3 Key words
Focus inequality
solution set
1 Write the inequality for each solution set.
E
a b
–2 0 2 4 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
c d
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 – 20 – 10 0 10 20
3
e
d
–9
–5
x > 10
–8
–4
–7
–3
–2
PL
–5
–1
b
e
–4
0
–3
1
Show each of these solution sets on a number line.
a x ⩾ −2
–2
x < 3.5
1<x⩽6
–1
3
0
4
1
c
f
2
x ⩽ −3
−4 ⩽ x < 4
M
a the smallest possible value of N when N ⩾ 8.2
b the largest possible value of N when N < −5
c the possible values of N when −3 ⩽ N < 2.5
4 N is an integer and N ⩽ 4
SA
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E
Practice
6 Solve these inequalities.
a 10x ⩾ 5 b 4x + 10 < 22 c 5(x − 7) ⩽ 30 d 15 > 2(x + 1)
7
8
9
i y=3
PL
Show each solution set in Question 6 on a number line.
a Show that the solution set to the inequality
b
3(y − 4) + 7y ⩾ 8y − 5 is y ⩾ 3.5
Substitute these values for y into 3(y − 4) + 7y ⩾ 8y − 5 to
show that the solution set is correct.
ii y = 3.5
Solve these inequalities. Check each solution set.
iii y = 4
M
a 4x − 5 ⩽ 2x + 15 b x + 6 > 14 − x
c 5(2 + x) ⩽ 10x x
d −1< 4
4
10 The diagram shows triangle DEF. Side length DF is greater than
side length DE.
SA
2x + 1 5x – 14
E F
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4.3 Inequalities
−x −2 x
< >
−1 −1 −2 −2
x< x>
Tip
E
Tip In Question 11c,
carry on the
For Question 11, remember, when you divide by a negative workings to finish
number you must change the inequality sign. with x ⩾
Challenge
a
b
c
PL
12 The diagram shows four angles around a point.
Write an inequality for x.
Solve the inequality.
Can the angle labelled x° be a right angle? Explain your answer.
x°
2x °
(x + 30) °
M
13 Xavier has 100 dollars. He gives A dollars to his brother.
He gives his sister 5 dollars more than he gives his brother.
He gives his friend twice as much as he gives his sister. He still has
some money left.
a Write an inequality for A.
b Solve the inequality.
SA
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5 Angles
5.1 Calculating angles
E
Exercise 5.1
Focus
1 Work out the values of a, b, c and d.
b°
45°
80°
a°
c° d °
PL
M
2 Which of these could be the angles of a quadrilateral?
A 70°, 80°, 90°, 100° B 60°, 80°, 90°, 130° C 50°, 80°, 105°, 125°
3 Show that ABC is an isosceles triangle.
B C
SA
132° 114°
Practice
80° a°
4 Work out the values of a, b and c.
c°
b°
75°
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b°
a° c° 83°
49°
E
6 This shape has two equal angles.
50°
7
x°
PL
Two angles of a triangle are 45° and 60°.
M
a Sketch the triangle.
b Show the exterior angles of the triangle and their sizes.
Challenge
8 Work out the values of x, y and z.
SA
y°
85°
x°
z°
68°
73°
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5 Angles
y°
z°
x°
40°
60°
10 Work out the value of a. Explain your method.
E
a°
105°
11 a
b
62°
53°
PL
Show that AB and DE are not parallel.
Show that triangles ABC and CDE have angles of the
same size.
B
A
59°
122°
C
63°
E
D
M
5.2 Interior angles of polygons
Exercise 5.2 Key word
SA
regular polygon
Focus
1 Work out the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with
a 4 sides b 8 sides c 12 sides.
2 a Show that the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 540°.
b Four of the interior angles of a pentagon are 120°. Work out
the fifth angle.
c Four of the interior angles of a pentagon are 108°. Is it a
regular polygon? Give a reason for your answer.
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E
I have drawn a
polygon. The sum of
the interior angles
is 800°
Practice
Look at this diagram.
Sofia says:
PL
Explain why this is impossible.
x°
120°
70°
8 Show that the sum of the angles of a polygon could be 1800° but
could not be 2000°.
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5 Angles
Challenge
9 a how that it is possible for two regular octagons and a square
S
to fit around a point as shown in the diagram.
b i Show that it is possible to arrange a mixture of regular
hexagons and equilateral triangles around a point.
ii In how many ways can you do this?
10 a Work out the sum of the interior angles of a decagon.
b This diagram shows two regular pentagons and part of
E
another regular shape arranged around a point. Show that the
third shape is a decagon.
11 This star has 4 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry
of order 4. Tip
PL
Work out the angle of each point.
120°
A decagon has
10 sides.
M
12 The shape in the centre of this star is a regular polygon.
Work out the angle of each point.
13 Zara says:
SA
Test this conjecture.
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E
a° b°
100°
85°
65°
152°
86°
2
3
Work out the exterior angle of
a a square
This is a parallelogram.
74°
PL b an equilateral triangle.
M
Work out the exterior angles.
4 Work out the value of a.
70°
SA
60°
80°
a°
Practice
5 All the exterior angles of a pentagon are equal.
What size is each angle?
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5 Angles
E
Challenge
9 A square, a regular hexagon and another regular polygon meet at P. P
Work out the number of sides of the other regular polygon.
PL
10 Two identical regular polygons meet along AB.
Work out the number of sides of each polygon.
11 AB, BC and CD are three sides of a regular polygon.
How many sides does the polygon have? Justify your answer.
12 Three of the exterior angles of a hexagon are x° and the other
three exterior angles are (x + 10)°. Work out the value of x.
A
20°
30°
B
A
C
B
20°
30° D
M
13 The exterior angles of an octagon are y°, (y + 2)°, (y + 4)°,
(y + 6)°, (y + 8)°, (y + 10)°, (y + 12)° and (y + 14)°. Work out the
largest interior angle of the octagon.
5.4 Constructions
SA
Focus
1 a Draw a circle with radius 6 cm.
b Inscribe a square in the circle.
c Check that each side of the square is 8.5 cm. If you made
an error of more than 2 mm, draw your diagram again.
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5.4 Constructions
E
b Check that EF = 4.6 cm.
5 a Draw a circle with radius 8 cm.
b Inscribe an equilateral triangle in the circle. F
c Check that the length of each side of the triangle is 15.6 cm.
6 a
b
c
Challenge
7
PL
Draw a circle with radius 7 cm.
Inscribe a regular hexagon in the circle.
Measure the sides and angles of the hexagon to check your
accuracy.
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5 Angles
10 Here is a rectangle.
5 cm
a Construct an accurate copy of the rectangle.
E
b Measure the diagonal. 30°
8 cm 12 cm
a cm
5 cm 8 cm 12 cm 15.1 cm
7.2 cm
7 cm c cm
8.5 cm
9 cm 4 cm c cm 48 cm
15 cm
b cm 50 cm
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Practice 8.5 cm
E
5 The sides of a rectangle are 5.5 cm and 8.5 cm as shown in
the diagram. 5.5 cm
a Calculate the length of the diagonal.
b Make an accurate drawing to check your answer.
6
7
b
A
i 3 cm
PL
a Calculate the length of the diagonal of a square when the
length of each side is
ii
3.6 m
SA
Calculate the distance from one corner to the opposite corner.
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5 Angles
Challenge A
E
P
13 cm
Q 5 cm R 9 cm
PLS
7 cm 23 cm
SA
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6 Statistical
investigations
E
6.1 Data collection and sampling
Exercise 6.1
Focus
1
b
PL
You are going to investigate how long learners in your school spend
playing computer games.
Age is one factor that could affect this.
Write two other factors.
Write three questions you could ask.
M
c Write two predictions you could test.
d Describe two different ways to take a sample.
e Which of the two methods from part d is better? Give a reason
for your answer.
Practice
SA
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6 Statistical investigations
Challenge
3 You are going to investigate the speed with which people can write
either on paper or using a keyboard.
a Write some questions you could ask about writing or
typing speed.
b Write some predictions you could test.
c Describe some different ways of choosing a sample to test
your predictions.
E
d Which sample method from part c is best? Give a reason for
your answer.
e Carry out a small trial of your investigation. Can you think of
ways to improve the investigation?
6.2 Bias
Exercise 6.2
Focus
PL Key word
bias
M
1 At a concert, 56% of people in the audience are female and 44%
are male.
You want a representative sample of 60 people. How many people
in your sample should be
a female b male.
SA
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6.2 Bias
Practice
4 Here are three ways of testing the prediction that people in a town
are in favour of building a new shopping centre. Give an advantage
and a disadvantage of each method.
a Using social media
b Sending letters to people
c Asking people in the street
5 This table shows the ages of people who live in a village.
E
Age Under 18 18 to 55 Over 55
Number of people 73 327 128
PL
How many people from each age group should be in the sample?
a Does the advert prove that taking vitamins gives an adult
more energy?
b Write three questions you could ask to check whether this
SA
result is reliable.
The results could be illustrated in a pie chart as shown.
Do vitamins
give you
more energy? Yes
81%
c What important information is missing from the diagram?
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6 Statistical investigations
Challenge
7 Here are three different questions in a survey.
1 Do you eat five fruit or vegetable portions a day?
2 Do you eat too much meat?
3 Do you agree that people are overweight because they are
greedy and eat too much?
a Explain why each question could give biased results.
b Describe a better way of writing each question.
E
8 In a large group of teachers, 40% are men and 60% are women.
You have collected data from 28 men. How many women do you
need to collect data from to make it a representative sample?
9
PL
You want to do a survey of the parents of 50 learners in your
school. How will you choose a representative sample?
M
SA
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7 Shapes and
measurements
E
7.1 Circumference and
area of a circle
Remember these formulae:
C = πd
A = πr2
where:
where:
PL
C is the circumference of the circle
d is the diameter of the circle.
a b c
5 cm
6 cm
9 cm
d = 5 cm
d = 6 cm
C = π × d = π ×
C = π × d = π × 6
= cm
= cm d = cm
C = π × d = π ×
= cm
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E
Use π = 3.142. Round your answer correct to 2 decimal
places (2 d.p.). 12 cm
perimeter of semicircle = diameter + (circumference
of the circle ÷ 2)
Tip
Work out the circumference of the circle first:
4
C = π × d = π × 12 =
circumference ÷ 2 =
perimeter = 12 +
cm
PL =
÷2=
r = 1 cm
SA
A = π × r2 = π × 12
r = cm
r = 4 cm = π ×
A=π×r =π×2
2
A=π×r =π×4 2 2 = cm2
= π ×
= π × 16
= cm2
= cm
2
5 Copy and complete the working to work out the area of this circle.
Use π = 3.142. Round your answer correct to 2 decimal places (2 d.p.).
6 cm
diameter, d = 6 cm → radius, r = 6 ÷ 2 = cm
A = π × r2 = π × 2
= π × = cm2
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E
area of semicircle = ÷2= cm2 the area of a
circle.
For the rest of the questions in this exercise, use the π button on your calculator.
Practice
7
8
c
radius = 2 cm
diameter = 28 cm
PL
Work out the area of each circle.
Round your answers correct to 3 significant figures (3 s.f.).
a
Dipti Gabir
Answer Area = πr2 Answer Area = πd
r2 = 2.42 = 5.76 d = 2.4
Area = π × 5.76 = 18.0955 ... Area = π × 2.4 = 7.5398 ...
Area = 18.1 cm 2 (3 s.f.) Area = 7.54 cm 2 (3 s.f.)
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E
c diameter = 32 cm d diameter = 15 m
11 The diagram shows a semicircle and a quarter circle.
Sofia makes this conjecture:
4m
I think the area of
the semicircle is less
than the area of the
quarter circle.
PL
Is she correct? Show working to support your answer.
4m
M
12 The diagram shows a semicircle and three-quarters
of a circle.
Marcus makes this conjecture:
3m
SA
8m
84
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E
Do not use a calculator.
b Use a calculator to check you have matched the cards correctly.
Challenge
PL
14 A circular coin has circumference 8.7 cm. Work out the radius of the coin.
Give your answer correct to the nearest millimetre.
15 A circular floor has an area of 45.3 m2. Work out the diameter of the floor.
Give your answer correct to the nearest centimetre.
16 A circular badge has a circumference of 18.5 cm. Work out the area of the badge.
Give your answer correct to the nearest square centimetre.
M
17 You can write the area and circumference of a circle in terms of π as shown:
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d What do you notice about the ratios of the radius and circumference
of circles A and B?
e What do you notice about the ratios of the radius and area of
circles A and B?
f If the ratio of the radii of two circles is 1 : 3, what is the ratio
of their i circumferences and ii areas?
Explain how you worked out your answers.
19 The diagram shows a semicircle.
Zara makes this conjecture:
E
3m
6π + 6 cm.
PL
Is she correct? Show working to support your answer.
1 Copy and complete the workings to work out the area of each shape.
SA
3 cm
6 cm 6 cm
Area = 1 × π × radius 2
Area = base × height 1 2
Area = × base × height
=6×4 2
= 1 × π × 32
2
= cm 2 = 1 ×6×4
2 = cm 2
= cm 2
86
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6 cm
4 cm 4 cm
E
6 cm 6 cm
Area = semicircle +
Area = rectangle + triangle Area = rectangle + triangle
semicircle
= + = +
= +
= cm2
PL
= cm
Copy and complete the workings to calculate the area of each
compound shape.
Give your answers to parts c and d correct to two decimal places (2 d.p.).
a
10 cm
8 cm
A
12 cm
b
6 mm
2
B
= cm2
M
B 1 cm 6 mm 4 mm
Area A = l × w = 8 × = Area A = l × w = × =
Area B = l × w = 12 × = Area B = 1 × b × h = 1 × 6 × =
2 2
Total area = + = cm2 Total area = + = mm2
SA
c d
B
6 cm 4 cm
3 cm A
10 cm
Area A = l × w = × = 2 cm
1 1
Area B = πr =
2
× π × =
2
Area triangle =1×b×h
2 2 2
Total area = + = cm2 1
= × × =
2
Area circle = πr2 = π × 2 =
Shaded area = − = cm2
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8 cm
E
Area A = base × height Area B = base × height
=3× =5×
= cm 2
= cm2
Total area = Area A + Area B = + = cm2
5
a
i
13 cm
the missing lengths
5 cm
A 6 cm
PL
For each of these compound shapes, work out
b
ii the area of the shape.
10 cm
5 cm
B 10 cm
M
A
B
2 cm
15 cm 16 cm
Practice
SA
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E
c d
42 mm
6.4 cm
8
8.8 cm
PL
This is part of Seb’s homework.
10 cm
M
a side length of 10 cm and a
height of 11 cm as shown.
Work out the area of the shape correct to 3 s.f.
Answer Area of rectangle = 10 × 11 = 110
The two semicircles make one circle, so area of
SA
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Challenge
E
11 The diagram shows a rectangular piece of pastry with eight
20 cm
circles cut out.
The diameter of each circle is 8 cm.
PL
What is the area of the pastry that is left? Give your answer
correct to three significant figures (3 s.f.).
12 Arun draws these two shapes.
In shape A, the side length of the square is the
diameter of the circle.
In shape B, the diagonal of the square is the
diameter of the circle.
Arun makes this conjecture:
8 cm
Shape A
37 cm
5.66 cm
Shape B
8 cm
M
I think the shaded
area in shape A is
greater than the shaded
area in shape B.
SA
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E
b Work out the total area
enclosed by the inner
perimeter (shown in white). Outer perimeter
d
e
PL
The width of each lane is 1.22 m. There are eight lanes.
Work out the radius of the outer semicircle at each end of
the track.
Work out the length of the outer perimeter of the track.
Give your answer correct to the nearest metre.
Work out the total area enclosed by the outer perimeter (white
area plus track).
Give your answer correct to the nearest square metre.
M
f Work out the area of the actual track.
Give your answer correct to the nearest square metre.
15 The diagram shows a shapes stencil.
7 cm Tip
SA
4 cm h cm
Remember:
5 cm The formula for the area of a trapezium is:
4 cm
6 cm area = 1 (a + b ) × h
2
5 cm 4 cm
The formula for the area of a parallelogram is:
6 cm area = base × perpendicular height
15 cm
The stencil is made from a square of plastic, with the four shapes
cut out.
The shaded area is 126 cm2.
What is the height, h, of the triangle?
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E
kilo k 1000 103
hecto h 100 102
centi c 0.01 10−2
milli m 0.001 10−3
micro μ 0.000 001 10−6
nano
Exercise 7.3
Focus
1
n
PL
0.000 000 001 10−9
Copy and complete these conversions. The first one has been done
for you.
Tip
M
a 1 hectometre = 100 metres Use the table of
prefixes in the
b 1 kilogram = grams introduction.
c 1 megatonne = tonnes
d 1 gigalitre = litres
SA
2 Copy and complete these conversions. The first one has been done for you.
a 1 centimetre = 0.01 metres OR 1 metre = 100 centimetres
b 1 milligram = grams OR 1 gram = milligrams
c 1 microlitre = litres OR 1 litre = microlitres
d 1 nanometre = metres OR 1 metre = nanometres
3 a Write these capacities in order of size, starting with the smallest.
92
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Practice
E
5 Copy and complete these descriptions. Use all the words and letters
in the box.
a
b
PL
A millimetre is a very small measure of ………… It is
represented by the letters ………… 1 millimetre = 0. 001 …………
which is the same as 1 mm = 1 × 10−3 …………
You can also say that there are ………… millimetres in a metre
or that 1 millimetre is ………… of a metre.
A microgram is a very small measure of ………… It is represented by the
M
letters ………… 1 microgram = 0.000 001………… which is the same as
1 μg = 1 × 10−6 …………
You can also say that there are ………… micrograms in a gram or that
1 microgram is ………… of a gram.
6 Copy and complete these descriptions. Use all the words, letters and numbers
SA
in the box.
You can also say that there are ………… metres in a kilometre or that 1 metre
is ………… of a kilometre.
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1 Mt = 1 × 10 t.
You can also say that there are one million ………… in a megatonne or that
1 tonne is ………… of a megatonne.
7 Copy and complete these conversions.
Tip
E
a 17.2 km to m → 1 km = 1000 m,
Use the table of
so 17.2 km = 17.2 × 1000 = m
prefixes in the
b 0.9 hL to L → 1 hL = 100 L, so 0.9 hL = 0.9 × 100 = L introduction.
c 1.5 Gg to g → 1 Gg = g,
b
c
so 1.5 Gg = 1.5 ×
PL
Copy and complete these conversions.
a 760 cm to m
= g
94
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Challenge
11 A watt (W) is a measure of electrical power.
Marcus finds out that a power station near his house produced
630 megawatts of electricity last year. Marcus makes
this conjecture:
E
one hundred kilowatts,
so 1 MW = 100 kW.
b
your decision.
1 ly ≈ 9.46 × 1015 m
M
The table shows the approximate distance, in light years, of four
stars from the Earth.
Copy and complete the table. Round your answers correct to three
significant figures.
The first one has been done for you.
SA
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13 a These cards show different computer file sizes. Write the file
sizes in order, starting with the smallest.
Photo size (MB) 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 4.8 6.6
Number of photos 715 572 476 357 286 178 130
E
i Alun takes photos of size 4.8 MB. Show that he can store
2848 photos on a 16 GB memory card.
ii How many more photos of size 1.5 MB can be stored on a
64 GB memory card than photos of size 6.6 MB?
PL
iii Erin takes photos of size 3.6 MB. Approximately how
many photos can she store on a 1 GB memory card?
Explain how you worked out your answer.
iv Sue has a 32 GB memory card. She wants to store about
13 000 photos on the memory card. What photo size do
you suggest Sue uses? Justify your answer. Show all your
working.
14 A supertanker has a mass of 0.5095 Mt when full and a mass of
0.0676 Mt when empty.
Tip
A supertanker
M
is a ship that
When the supertanker is full, it holds 3 166 353 barrels of oil.
carries oil from
Work out the mass, in kilograms, of one barrel of oil. Give your one country to
answer to the nearest whole number. another country.
SA
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8 Fractions
8.1 Fractions and recurring decimals
E
Exercise 8.1
Focus
1 a Copy and complete. Key words
b
1
8
2
8
3
8
5
8
= 2 × 1 = 2 × 0.125 =
=3×
=5×
8
1
8
1
8
PL
= 0.125 which is a terminating decimal
= 3 × 0.125 =
= 5 × 0.125 =
9 1
=9× = 9 × 0.05 = which is a ………… decimal
20 20
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8 Fractions
E
decimals? If you did, explain why. If you didn’t, do you think
it would have been easier if you had?
4 Here are five fraction cards.
A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1
b
4 5
PL
8 10
A 4
2
B 5
2 2
C 8 D 10
2
E 16
2
M
Are all the fractions still terminating decimals?
Explain your answer.
c When all the numerators in part b are changed from 2 to 3, are
all the fractions still terminating decimals?
Explain your answer.
SA
Practice
5 Decide if these statements about proper fractions are ‘Always true’,
‘Sometimes true’ or ‘Never true’. Justify your answers.
a A fraction with a denominator of 14 is a recurring decimal.
Tip
b A fraction with a denominator which is a multiple of 5 is a
recurring decimal. The numbers
which are powers
c A unit fraction with a denominator which is a multiple of 15
of 3 are 31 = 3,
is a terminating decimal.
32 = 9, 33 = 27,
d A fraction with a denominator which is a power of 3 is a etc.
recurring decimal.
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E
Does this change your answer to part a? Explain why.
c Read what Marcus and Zara say.
7
PL
is a multiple of 9 is a
recurring decimal.
Tip
M
Decide if each fraction of an hour is a terminating or
recurring decimal. Think about how
a 15 minutes b 48 minutes c 32 minutes many minutes
there are in an
d 12 minutes e 10 minutes f 42 minutes hour.
8 Without using a calculator, decide if these fractions are terminating
SA
or recurring decimals.
19 15 38 35 Tip
a b c d
6 12 7 14
Change the
improper
Challenge fractions to mixed
numbers first.
9 The table shows the number of days off work due to illness that six
friends take over a six-week period. There are 30 working days in a
six-week period.
Number of days off work due to illness
Abi 8 Bim 5 Caz 3
Dave 6 Enid 2 Fin 9
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8 Fractions
E
1 5 1 2 2 1 3 2
6 18 4 5 3 3 5 9
a In the following calculations, R represents one of the eight
fraction cards that is a recurring decimal, and T represents
one of the eight fraction cards that is a terminating decimal.
b
R + R =R
iii R + R = T
PL
Using only the cards shown, work out which two fractions
you can add to get either a recurring (R) or terminating (T)
decimal answer. You can use the same card more than once.
i ii
iv
T + R =R
T + T =T
Show how you can answer part a again, but this time using
each card once only.
M
c Do you think it is possible, using any terminating fractions, to
get T + T = R ?
Use specialising to justify your answer.
SA
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E
1 Copy and complete these calculations.
8 (
a 2 1 + 1 1 − 1
2 4 ) Brackets: 11 − 1 = 1
2 4 4
−
4
=1
4
b 3 + 2 × 4
3
c 2 2 ÷ 3 − 1 5
5
5
6
PL
Addition:
Multiplication:
Addition:
Indices:
21 +1
2
3
3+
8
22 = 4
×4 = 2×4 =
5
4
= 21 +1
3×5
=3
8 8
=3
8
M
Division: 4÷3 = 4×5 =
5 3 3
Subtraction: − 15 = − 11 = =
3 6 6 6 6 6
2 Work out these calculations. Write each answer as a mixed number
SA
c 55 − 21 + 3
8 ( 2 8 ) d 5
8
÷ 15 + 4 1
16 3
3 Match each calculation with the correct answer. Show all your
working.
A 51 + 1 × 5
4 2 6
B 3 (
8 2 − 4 3 − 11
4 2 ) C
11
12 (
× 32 ÷ 3
2 )
i 51 ii 52 iii 5 5
2 3 12
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8 Fractions
Practice
4 For each calculation, work out
i an estimate ii the accurate answer.
Show all the steps in your working.
a (
10 − 1 1 + 2 7
6 12 ) b
9 (
42 + 72 − 1
3 2 )
c 6 7 + 2 1 × 15 d 18 1 − 6 × 5
8 4 14 7 2
E
5 The diagram shows the lengths of two of the sides of a triangle.
The triangle has a perimeter of 25 49 m.
50 4 25 m
a Write the calculation you must do to work out
the length of the third side of the triangle.
b
Read what Arun says.
I estimate
the length of the third
side of the triangle to
be about 6 m.
PL 7
12 25 m
M
What do you think of Arun’s estimate? Explain your answer.
c Work out the length of the third side of the triangle. Was your
answer to part b correct? Explain your answer.
6 Shania has a mass of 57 2 kg. Fu’s mass is 2 1 kg more than
5 4
Shania’s mass.
SA
The total mass of Shania, Fu and Ngoni is 173 3 kg. Work out
4
Ngoni’s mass.
7 Copy and complete the workings to calculate the answer
to 2 ÷ 3 + 6 1 × 7
3 7 2
2 3 2
Division: 3 ÷ 7 = 3 × =
Multiplication: 6 1 × 7 = ×7=
2 2 2
Addition: + = + =
9 2 18 18 18
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8 Work out the area of this compound shape. Show all your working.
3
14 m
3 23 m
5
26 m
5
5 12 m
E
Challenge
9 Work out the answers to these calculations.
( )+ () ( )
2 2 2
a 31 31 b 16 × 2 1 − 3 c 10 4 + 81 × 3 1
2 2
PL 4
5
16 m
5
5
16 m
3
1
33 m
M
a the area of the semicircle
b the perimeter of the semicircle. 2 13 cm
Use π = 22
7
SA
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8 Fractions
Sometimes you cannot divide the denominator into the integer, but you
can still divide by a common factor. Look at this example:
Calculate 34 × 10
4 will not divide exactly into 10, but 2 goes into both 4
Step 1:
and 10.
3
Step 2: Rewrite 4 as 2 × 2 and rewrite 10 as 2 × 5. ×2×5
2×2
3
Step 3: One ÷ 2 and the × 2 cancel each other out. × 2 ×5
2× 2
E
3 × 5 15
Step 4: Work out the remaining multiplication. 2
=
2
15
Step 5: Write your answer as a mixed number. = 71
2 2
Exercise 8.3
Focus
1
a
3
× 12 = 2 × 3 × 4 =
3
PL
Copy and complete the working in these multiplications by
cancelling common factors first.
2
× =
Tip
In part a, 3 is the
common factor, so
M
3
b × 20 = 3 × × = × = cross out the 3s.
5 5
5 5 In part b, rewrite
c × 18 = × × = × = 20 as 5 × 4,
6 6
4 4 then cancel the
d × 27 = × × = × = common factor.
9 9
SA
3
e × 32 = 3 × × = × = In part c, rewrite
4 4
18 as 6 × .
5 5
f × 48 = × × = × =
In part d, rewrite
8 8
g 4
× 35 = 4
× × = × = 27 as × .
7 7
2 Work out these multiplications. Cancel common factors first.
2 3 7
a × 15 b × 24 c × 32
5 4 8
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E
×
5 × 5.
5 5
d × 24 = × × = = =
9 ×
Practice
5
a
4
3
5
× 15 b
b 3 × 10
3
4
× 16
PL 8
c
c
× 25 d 3 × 77
7
12
e 3
13
× 130
M
5
3 4 5 6 7
f × 18 g × 35 h ×8 i × 55 j × 32
8 15 12 25 20
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8 Fractions
E
and rounding the
a 2 1 × 12 b 11 × 4 1 c 21 × 21 other fraction to
4 5 4 5 7 6
the nearest whole
d 51 ×2 4 e 2 1 × 11 f 81 × 2 7 number.
2 33 5 5 3 10
Challenge
simplest form.
a
PL
10 Work out the area of each shape. Give each answer as a mixed number in its
11
5
m
12 m
3
M
21 m
2
11 m
5
c d
SA
21 m 3
6
4
m
22
π= 7
44 m
5
11 Work out the volume of this cuboid.
13 m
4
24 m
7
51m
3
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E
Use specialising to show that Arun is incorrect.
b How can you tell, by looking at the proper fractions you are going to
multiply, whether you will or will not be able to cancel the answer?
13 Work out which of these fractions and mixed numbers need to be used
+
×
PL
in the calculation to give the answer shown.
2
= 2 14
45
4
5
2
3
7
8
Exercise 8.4
Focus
1 Match each division with the correct multiplication. One has been
done for you: A and ii.
A 12 ÷ 3 B 12 ÷ 3 C 12 ÷ 1 D 12 ÷ 5 E 12 ÷ 4
4 5 4 3 3
i 12 × 4 ii 12 × 4 3
iii 12 × 5
3
iv 12 × 4 v 12 × 5
1 3 3
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8 Fractions
E
d 30 ÷ 2 = 30 × = 15 × 2 × = × =
3
e 24 ÷ 4 = 24 × = ×4× = × =
5
c
15 ÷ 6 = 15 × 7 = 5 × 3 ×
7
12 ÷ 8 = 12 ×
9
20 ÷ 6 = 20 ×
6
PL
Copy and complete the workings for these divisions.
=3×4×
= 10 × 2 ×
7
3×2
=
9
×
5
5×
2
= 3×9 =
=
=
2
2
×
=
=
=
2
=
2
Tip
In part a, rewrite
15 as 5 × 3 and
rewrite 6 as 3 × 2.
3 is the common
factor, so cross out
the 3s.
M
5 × 3
13 ×
d 15 ÷ 10 = 15 × =3×5× = = =
13 ×
A 20 ÷ 4 B 24 ÷ 9 C 16 ÷ 11 D 34 ÷ 4 E 24 ÷ 6
7 10 8 5 7
i 28 ii 11 7 iii 35 iv 42 1 v 26 2
11 2 3
Practice
5 Work out these divisions. Write each answer in its simplest form
and as a mixed number when appropriate.
a 20 ÷ 4 b 14 ÷ 8 c 60 ÷ 15
5 9 22
d 32 ÷ 10 e 6÷ 4 f 18 ÷ 8
11 11 9
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6 Work out these divisions. Write each answer in its simplest form
and as a mixed number when appropriate.
3÷4 5÷1 9 ÷2
a b c
4 5 6 5 13 5
4÷ 2 7 ÷1 5 ÷ 11
d 9 11
e 10 6
f 6 12
7 Write these cards in order of answer size, starting with the smallest.
E
i an estimate ii the accurate answer. Tip
Cancel common factors before multiplying when possible. Estimate the
answer by
Write each answer in its simplest form and as a mixed number when
rounding both of
appropriate.
9
a
d
21 ÷23
2
41
3
5
÷31
2
Read what Sofia says.
If I divide a proper
fraction by a different
PLb
e
3 3 ÷1 1
4
4 2 ÷ 11
3
5
6
c
f
31 ÷ 51
5
62
3
3
÷21
7
the fractions to
the nearest whole
number.
Tip
You can specialise
by testing
M
examples, such
proper fraction, the
answer will always be a as 1 ÷ 1, 1 ÷ 2
4 2 2 3
proper fraction. 7÷ 1
and
8 4
Use specialising to decide if Sofia’s generalisation is correct.
SA
10 Work out these divisions. Write each answer in its simplest form and as
a mixed number when appropriate. Show how to check your answers are
correct using inverse operations.
a 1÷3 b 4÷1 c 4 ÷ 12 d 9 ÷3
4 5 5 6 7 13 10 4
Challenge
11 Work out each calculation.
a (1 − ) ÷ (1 − )
3
4
2
7
b ( ) 2 5 5
+ ÷
3 9 6
c 4 3 − 5 1 ÷12
5 5 3
1
12 It takes a chef 4 of an hour to prepare 5 kg of vegetables.
What mass of vegetables can the chef prepare in 2 1 hours?
2
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8 Fractions
E
Without actually
calculating the answer,
a
b
I estimate that the
ratio simplifies to
approximately 1 : 3.
PL
Explain how Marcus estimated this simplified ratio.
Copy and complete the working to write the ratio 3 1 : 9 3 in
13 75
4 8
the form 1 : n, where n is a mixed number in its simplest form.
M
31 : 93 = 13
: 75
= 4 : 8 = 1 : 75 × 4 = 1 : n
4 8 4 8 13 13 8 13
4 4
c Use your answer to part b to decide if Marcus’ estimate is a
good estimate of the accurate ratio 1 : n.
d
2 3
in its simplest form.
22 83 +3 2 −2
5
= 33 = 5 11
5 4 3 6 5 12
3
4 11 ×1 1 ÷ = 22 = 51
7 2 2 14 3 6
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( ) ( )
E
2 2
( )
1 1 2
a + 1.5 +9 ⇒ + 11 = = ⇒ +9=
2 2 2
(2 − 0.6) − 3 ⇒ (2 − ) = (
3 3
)
3 3 3 3
b = ⇒ −3=
5 5 5
5 − ( 4 + 0.75) ⇒ ( 4 + ) =
3
c
a
2
(
10 × 2.5 + 5 1
1
4
2 ) PL 1
4
Work out the answers to these calculations. Some working has been
shown to help you.
a 3.5 × 1.5 × 12 ⇒ 7 × 3 =
3
4
( 3.3 + 5 7
⇒
⇒ 52 =
10 )
2
3
× 12 =
⇒
×3=
c
− =
6 × 1.2 − 2 3
5
M
1
2 2 4 4
1.75 × 2 1 × 32 ⇒ 7 × 5 =
4
b ⇒ 1
× 32 = ×4=
2 4 2 8 8
4.7 × 35 ⇒ 4 7 × 35 =
7
c × 35 ⇒ 2
× 35 = =
10 10 10 2 2
SA
Practice
5 Work out the volume of this cuboid.
3.5 cm
2.5 cm
20 cm
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8 Fractions
6 Work out the answers to these calculations. Some working has been
shown to help you.
44
0.44 × 52 ⇒ 0.44 = 44 , 5 = 25 ⇒ × 25 =
2
a
100
100
2 20 9 20
b 0.9 × 6 2 ⇒ 0.9 = 9 , 6 3 = 3 ⇒ × =
3 10
10 3
c ( )
2.4 × 33 − 7 ⇒ 2.4 = 24 ,3 − 7 =
3
⇒ 24
× =
E
10
10
7 Work out these calculations. Use the same strategy as in Question 6.
a 1.6 × 5 b 0.48 × 52 c 0.456 × 53
8
8 The diagram shows a triangle. Work out the area of the triangle.
9
a 22
π=
7
3.6 m
PL
b π = 3.14
3.5 cm
4
9
m
Work out the area of each circle. Use the given values of π.
1
22 m
M
Challenge
10 The area of this compound shape is 3 4 m2.
SA
15 height
Work out the height of the triangle.
0.6 m
11 Work out 2.5 + 2
61
4
4 23 m
12 Here are three expression cards.
When x = 4 1 , the three cards form a sequence. Work out the 50th term
2
of the sequence.
112
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V = 1 πr2h
3
1 2
= V ⇒ π r 2 h = 3V ⇒ r 2 = 3V ⇒ r = 3V
E
πr h
3 πh πh
Use your values of V, r and h from part a to show that Arun
has rearranged the formula correctly.
Tip
c
PL
Use the formula in part b to work out the value of r when
V = 27 cm3 and h = 154 cm.
Check your answer is correct by substituting h = 154 cm and
your value for r into the original formula.
3V
Simplify π h first,
then square root
the answer.
M
SA
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9 Sequences and
functions
E
9.1 Generating sequences
This sequence of numbers is a linear sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
Key words
In a linear sequence, the terms increase or decrease by the same amount
PL
each time. The term-to-term rule for this sequence is ‘Add 3’.
This sequence of numbers is a non-linear sequence: 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, …
In a non-linear sequence, the terms increase or decrease by a different
amount each time. The term-to-term rule for this sequence is ‘Add 3,
add 4, add 5, add 6, … ’.
Exercise 9.1
linear sequence
non-linear
sequence
M
Focus
1 Write the first five terms of each linear sequence. Some of them
have been started for you.
‘add 2’ 5 7 9
+2 +2 +2 +2
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4 5 7
E
+1 +2 +3 +4
5 7
3
c 1st term: 20
20 PL
+2
–3
+4
–4
Look at these sequences. Two of them are linear and two are
non-linear. Write ‘linear’ or ‘non-linear’ for each sequence.
+6
–5
+8
–6
M
a 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, b 18, 20, 22, 24, 26,
c 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, d 50, 49, 47, 44, 40,
4 Look at these sequences. Write ‘linear’ or ‘non-linear’ for each
sequence.
a 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, b 6, 7, 9, 12, 16,
SA
115
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Practice
6 Cards A to D show term-to-term rules. Cards i to iv show sequences which
all have a first term of 1.
A square, then B add two, C square, then D subtract two,
add two then square subtract two then square
E
7 Work out the first three terms of these sequences.
a first term 5 term-to-term rule: ‘square, then subtract 19’
b first term −1 term-to-term rule: ‘square, then add 1’
c first term 4 term-to-term rule: ‘subtract 3, then square’
9
d
c
first term −2
−6,
3
,
, 7,
PL
term-to-term rule: ‘add 2, then square’
Copy these linear sequences and fill in the missing terms.
3, 4 1 , , 9 2,
3
, −4.8, −4.4, ,
The first three terms of a sequence are 3, 10, 38, …
a Which of these cards, A, B or C, shows the correct
b
d
10, 9 1 ,
,
5
, 7 3,
5
, 5, 3.75,
, 6,
, ,0
M
term-to-term rule? Tip
A square and B multiply by 4 C cube and ‘Square and add
add 1 and subtract 2 subtract 17 1’ means the
b Which is the first term in this sequence to be greater than same as ‘square,
one thousand? Show your working. then add 1’.
SA
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Challenge
12 Sofia makes her own sequence. This is what she writes.
E
First term is –2, term-to-term rule is cube and add *.
Sofia says:
The only way I can
get positive numbers
in this sequence is
if the * is greater
than 8.
PL
M
Is Sofia correct? Justify your answer.
13 This is part of Timo’s homework.
Question
SA
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E
Question
The third term of a sequence is 0.
The fourth term of the sequence is 512.
PL
The term-to-term rule is add and cube.
What is the first term of the sequence?
What is the answer to Gina’s homework? Show how you worked out
your answer.
these sequences.
a nth term is 3n 1st term = 3 × 1 = 3 2nd term = 3 × 2 =
3rd term = 3 × 3 = 4th term = 3 × 4 =
1
3rd term = ×3= 4th term = 1 × 4 = =
4 4 4
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2 Copy and complete the workings to find the first three terms and the 10th term
of these sequences.
a nth term is 6n + 1 1st term = 6 × 1 + 1 = 7 2nd term = 6 × 2 + 1 =
3rd term = 6 × 3 + 1 = 10th term = 6 × 10 + 1 =
b nth term is n2 − 1 1st term = 12 − 1 = 0 2nd term = 22 − 1 =
3rd term = 32 − 1 = 10th term = 102 − 1 =
c nth term is 1 n 1st term = 1 × 1 = 1 2nd term =
1
×2= 2 =
2 2 2 2 2
E
3rd term = 1 × 3 = = 10th term =
1
× 10 = =
2 2 2
3 a
b
PL
3rd term =
2
=
2
=
M
3
3n
iv The sequence 3 n is the same as
4
SA
4 The cards A to F show the nth term rules for six different sequences. The cards
i to vi show the 8th term of these sequences. Match each card A to F with the
correct card i to vi. The first one has been done for you: A and iv.
1 n
A n + 12 B 2n + 1 C n2 − 40 D n + 10 E 3n − 10 F + 12
4 8
i 17 ii 13 iii 14 iv 20 v 24 vi 12
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Practice
5 Work out the first three terms and the 10th term of the sequences with the
given nth terms.
1 n
a 8n + 7 b 7n − 8 c n −4 d e n2 + 20
2 10
6 Match each sequence card A to D with the correct nth term expression card i to iv.
A 1, 8, 27, 64, … B 1 2
, , 1, 34 , … C 3, 6, 11, 18, … D 2, 3, 4, 5, …
3 3
E
n
i n2 + 2 ii n+1 iii iv n3
3
c
A
nth term is n2 − 33
PL
11th term in the sequence B
120th term in the sequence
nth term is 2 n + 7
e 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, … f 32, 28, 24, 20, 16, 12, … terms increase
or decrease by
9 Work out the nth term rule for each of these quadratic sequences. the same amount
a 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … b 21, 24, 29, 36, 45, … every time. In
c −1, 2, 7, 14, 23, … d 8, 11, 16, 23, 32, … a quadratic
sequence
10 Look at this number sequence: 7, 10, 15, 22, 31, … the second
Just by looking at the numbers in the sequence, explain how you differences are
know that the nth term rule for this sequence cannot be n2 − 10. the same.
11 What is the nth term rule for each of these sequences?
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 1 4 5 2 1 , 1, 1 , 1 , 5 , 1,
a , , , , , , … b , , , , , , … c …
13 13 13 13 13 13 9 9 3 9 9 3 12 6 4 3 12 2
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Challenge
12 The cards A, B and C show one term from three different
sequences.
E
a Work out the term for each card.
b Write your answers to part a in order of size, starting with the
smallest.
13 Work out the answers to these questions. Show working to support
your decisions.
a
b
PL
The nth term rule for a sequence is n2 + 34. Is the number 292
a term in this sequence?
The nth term rule for a sequence is n3. Is the number 5832 a
term in this sequence?
14 Work out an expression for the nth term for each sequence.
a
3 3 3
2
8 2 , 9, 9 1 , 9 , … b 12.5, 12.2, 11.9, 11.6, …
M
3
c −3 1 , −3 3 , −4 1 , −4 , … d 0, −3.5, −7, −10.5, …
4 4 4 4
15 The nth term rule for a sequence is n2 + 2n − 1. 5th term = 52 + 2 × 5 − 1
This is how you work out the 5th term in the sequence:
= 25 + 10 − 1
a Work out the first three terms in the sequence.
= 34
b Work out the 10th term in the sequence.
SA
16 Use the nth term rules to work out the first three terms and the
10th term for each of these sequences.
a n2 + 5n + 3 b 3n2 − 2 c 2n2 − 3n +10
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E
2
2
4 Tip
4
5 22 = 4, 42 = ,
b Input Output 52 =
2
4
5
x
3
2
8
4
PL
Copy and complete the table of values for each function machine.
i
2
ii
y
5
x
x 2
3
4
y
5
23 = 8, 43 =
53 =
,
M
y y
b What do you notice about your answers to parts a i and
a ii and your answers to Question 1?
c Copy and complete the equation for each function in part a.
SA
i y = x ii y = x
d
Copy and complete the mapping diagram for each function
in part a.
i x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
y 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
ii x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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E
y −1 13 = 1 and
1 − 2 = −1
b Copy and complete the equation for each function in part a. 33 = 27 and
i y = x + ii y = x − 27 − 2 =
x 2
PL
a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step
function machine. All the answers are in the cloud.
i
0 4 9 16 36
27 81 125 144
×4 y
ii
x ×3 2
y
iii
x
103 =
−2=
+1
and
3
y
M
x –2 1 3 x –1 3 4 x –1 2 4
y y y
SA
Practice
5 a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine.
i ii iii 1
x 2
–4 2
y x 3
+5 y x – 2 y
1 1
x –2 0 12 x –3 2 2
x –3 – 1
2 2
y y y
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E
y 8 50
y 0 16
8 A B
function A:
2
y
PL
Sofia makes this conjecture about
I think that
because the function
is y = x2, when you
have the positive and
negative of the same
x +1
I think that
because the function
includes a square, when
you have the positive and
2
y
M
negative of the same value
value for x, the y-value for x, the y-value will
will be the same. be the same.
Is either of them correct? Justify your answer. Show all your working.
9 For each of these function machines
SA
c d
2 3
x ×3 y x –10 y
e f
2 3
x ÷4 y x ÷2 y
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Challenge
10 a Sort these function equations into groups. Explain how you
chose the groups by describing the characteristics of each group.
()
2
3
y= x
3
A y = x2 − 4 B y= x C y= x D E y= x F y = x2
2 4 4
x
G y = 9x H y = (9x )
3
I y= J y = ( x + 2)
2
K y= 3
x+9 L y=x−4
9
E
b Now sort the function equations into different groups. Explain how
you chose the groups by describing the characteristics of each group.
11 Sofia and Zara are looking at this function machine and table of values.
x ... ...
PL
This is what Sofia and Zara say:
y
x
y
Is either of them correct? Explain your answer. Show all your working.
SA
12 Copy and complete this function machine, its equation and table of values.
3 1 1
x ×... y x 2 4
y 11 −270
4
y=
Explain how you worked out your answer.
125
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I think that in
both of these functions,
whatever negative values
I use for x, my y-values
will always
be positive.
E
Is Marcus correct? Show working to justify your answer.
PL
M
SA
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10 Graphs
10.1 Functions
E
Exercise 10.1
Focus
1 The membership cost at a fitness club is a joining fee of $20 plus
2
$15 per week.
a
b
c
a
b
PL
Show that the total cost for 4 weeks is $80.
Find the total cost for 10 weeks.
The total cost for w weeks is y dollars. Write a function for y.
At a gym, Arun lifts 2 kg and 4 kg weights.
Find the total mass of four 2 kg weights and three 4 kg weights.
Arun lifts x 2 kg weights and y 4 kg weights. The total mass is
M
22 kg. Write a function to show this.
3 Alicia is a years old and Barak is b years old. The total of their
ages is 36 years.
a Write a function to show this.
b Alicia is 13. Work out Barak’s age.
SA
Practice
4 A small taxi can take 4 passengers. A large taxi can take
6 passengers.
a Work out the total number of passengers that 3 small taxis
and 2 large taxis can take.
b s small taxis and l large taxis can take 40 passengers.
i Write a function to show this.
ii There are 7 small taxis. Work out the number of large taxis.
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10 Graphs
5 Gareth and Tanya run a race. Tanya’s time is 20 minutes less than
twice Gareth’s time.
a Gareth’s time is 52 minutes. Work out Tanya’s time.
b Gareth’s time is g minutes and Tanya’s time is t minutes.
Write a function for t in terms of g.
c Tanya’s time is 52 minutes. Work out Gareth’s time.
6 Zara has some tiles. Each tile is a pentagon
or a hexagon.
a
E
Work out the total number of vertices
on 5 pentagons and 10 hexagons.
The total number of vertices is 100.
b There are p pentagons and h hexagons. Write a function to
show this.
c
Challenge
7 a
b
PL
Work out the largest possible number of hexagons.
Here is a function: y = 20 x + 10
Describe a situation this function could represent.
Write what x and y represent.
Here is a function: 10c + 20d = 200
M
Describe a situation this function could represent.
Write what c and d represent.
8 Here are five functions.
Tip
x + y = 10 x = 10 − y x + y − 10 = 0 y = 10 + x 2 x + 2 y = 20
‘Odd one out’
SA
Which function is the odd one out? Give a reason for your answer. means ‘different
from the others’.
9 In a game you must collect red counters and blue counters.
Red counters score 1 point and blue counters score 4 points.
Marcus has r red counters and b blue counters.
a Marcus has a total of 18 counters. Write a function to
show this.
b Marcus’ counters score 27 points. Write a function to show this.
c Work out how many counters of each colour Marcus has.
128
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E
x −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 12 27
b Work out where the graph of y = 5x + 12 crosses the y-axis.
2
c
b
c
x
y
10
12
PL
Show that (5, 37) is on a graph of y = 5x + 12, but (10, 74) is
not on the graph.
Here is a function: y = 0.2x + 10
a Copy and complete this table of values.
−10 0 20 30 40
y 10
b Where does a graph of x + y = 20 cross the axes?
Practice
4 Here is a function: 2x + y = 10
a Copy and complete this table of values.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 6 2
b Use the table to draw a graph of 2x + y = 10.
c The point (c, 3) is on the graph. Work out the value of c.
129
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10 Graphs
5 Here is a function: x + 3y = 12
a Copy and complete this table of values.
x 0 3 9 15
y 2 0
b Draw a graph of x + 3y = 12.
c Where does the graph cross the line x = 4.5?
6 Here is a function: 3x + 2y = 18
a Copy and complete this table of values.
E
x 0 2
y 0 1.5
b Draw a graph of 3x + 2y = 18.
7
c
a
b
c
d
x
y 6
PL
Where does the graph cross the axes?
Copy and complete this table of values for y = x2 − 3.
−3 −2 −1
Draw a graph of y = x2 − 3.
0 1 2
1
Challenge
8 a Copy and complete this table of values.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
SA
x +1
2 5
b Use the table to draw a graph of y = x2 + 1
c On the same axes draw a graph of y = x2 − 1
d Which line is the point (−7, 48) on?
9 a Copy and complete this table of values for the function
3x + 4y = 36.
x 0 4
y 0 3
b Use the table to draw a graph of 3x + 4y = 36.
c On the same axes draw a graph of 3x + 4y = 24.
d On the same axes draw a graph of 3x + 4y = 12.
130
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E
Check that the coordinates satisfy both equations. 2
12 a Work out the equation of each line, A and B. 1
b Here is a point: (−7, n). Work out the value of n if the 0
point is on –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
c
i line A
PL ii line B.
The point (k, 21) is on line B. Work out the possible
values of k.
131
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10 Graphs
y
30 a
20
b
10
E
–10 0 10 20 30 x
c
–10
Practice
4
5
Here is a function: x + y = 15
a
b
c
PL
Make y the subject of this function.
Write the gradient and the y-intercept of the graph of
x + y = 15.
Where does the graph of x + y = 15 cross the x-axis?
Here is a function: x + 3y = 12
M
a Make y the subject of this function.
b Write the gradient and the y-intercept of the graph of
x + 3y = 12.
c Copy and complete this table of values for x + 3y = 12.
x 0 6
SA
y 0 3
d Draw a graph of x + 3y = 12.
e Use your graph to check your answers to part b.
6 4y = x − 10 is the equation of a line.
a Show that (20, 2.5) is on the line.
b Make y the subject of the equation.
c Write the gradient and the y-intercept of the line.
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Challenge
7 Here is the equation of a line: 3x + 5y = 10
Choose the correct answer to the following questions, A, B, C or D.
a What is the gradient? A 3 B 5 C − 3 D −5
5 3 5 3
E
A 2x + y = 8 B 2x + 4y = 8 C y − 2x = 8 D 2y − x = 8
i 1 ii −1 iii 2 iv −2
2 2
a
b
c
d
2x + 10y = 20
PL b
Focus
y
1 This graph shows the distance travelled by a cyclist.
400
a Find out the distance travelled after
Distance (metres)
50 seconds. 300
b Work out the gradient of the graph.
What does this tell you about the speed of 200
the cyclist?
100
c The cyclist travels y metres in t seconds.
Write an equation for the line.
0
d Use your equation to work out the distance 0 10 20 30 40 50 x
travelled in 70 seconds. Time (seconds)
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10 Graphs
Cost (dollars)
b Work out the cost in dollars/metre.
10
c The cost of x metres is d dollars. Write an equation for the line.
d Work out the cost of 8.5 metres of cloth. 0
0 1 2 3 x
e Sofia pays 30 dollars. How many metres of cloth does Length (metres)
she buy?
3 You can use this graph to convert dollars to dinars.
E
y
a How many dinars can you buy for
15
i 40 dollars ii 20 dollars?
b How many dinars is 1 dollar worth? 10
Dinars
c If x dollars are worth y dinars, write an equation for
4
d
e
Practice
the line.
PL
How many dinars can you buy with 93 dollars?
How many dollars are worth 700 dinars?
y
20
5
0
0 10 20
Dollars
30 40 x
M
a Copy and complete this table.
(°C)
10
Time (hours) 0 5 10
0
Temperature (°C) 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
b Work out the gradient of the line. Time (hours)
SA
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E
7 Priya and Mei are both driving cars. Here is a distance–time graph
for each person.
Priya Mei
250
y
PL
Distance (km)
200 200
Distance (km)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x 0 1 2 3 x
hours hours
Marcus says:
M
Priya’s graph is
steeper, so she
SA
is driving faster.
Is Marcus correct? Give a reason for your answer.
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10 Graphs
Challenge
8 Petrol is poured into the tank of a car at a constant rate.
Initially there are 12 litres of petrol in the tank. After 20 seconds
there are 40 litres of petrol in the tank.
a Draw a graph to show this.
b Use your graph to find the amount of petrol in the tank after
15 seconds.
c Work out the rate of filling the tank.
E
d There are y litres in the tank after x seconds.
Write an equation for the graph.
9 50 Swiss francs are worth 875 South African rand.
a Draw a conversion graph for the two currencies.
b
c
d PL
Put Swiss francs on the horizontal axis.
Write an equation for your graph.
What does the gradient of the graph tell you?
Change 130 francs into rand.
10 A hot air balloon is flying at a height of 300 metres. The balloon
descends at a constant rate and reaches the ground after 120 seconds.
a Draw a graph to show the changing height of the balloon.
M
b Use your graph to find the height after 90 seconds.
c Find the rate of descent in m/s.
d Work out an equation for your graph.
SA
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11 Ratio and
proportion
E
11.1 Using ratios
Exercise 11.1
Focus
1
PL
To make pastry, Franco uses flour and butter in the ratio 2 : 1.
He uses 250 g of flour to make pastry. Copy and complete the
working to answer these questions.
a
What mass of butter does Franco use?
flour: 2 parts = 250 g, so 1 part = 250 ÷ 2 = g
M
butter: 1 part = g
b What is the total mass of flour and butter in the pastry?
total = 250 + = g
2 A fruit drink contains pineapple juice and peach juice in the
ratio 4 : 3.
SA
There is 450 mL of peach juice in the drink. Copy and complete the
working to answer these questions.
a How many millilitres of pineapple juice are in the drink?
peach juice: 3 parts = 450 mL, so 1 part = 450 ÷ 3 = mL
pineapple juice: 4 parts = 4 × = mL
b How much fruit juice is in the drink altogether?
total = 450 + = mL
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E
ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
Benji pays $24. Copy and complete the working to answer
these questions.
a How much do Abdul and Caen pay?
b
Practice
Abdul: 1 part = $
Caen: 3 parts = 3 ×
total = + +
PL
Benji: 2 parts = $24, 1 part =
= $
What is the total cost of the bill?
= $
÷ 2 = $
M
5 Ahmad and Alicia share some sweets in the
ratio 2 : 3. Ahmad gets 14 sweets.
a How many sweets does Alicia get?
b What is the total number of sweets
that they share?
SA
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Question
Each month, Sion spends money on food, bills and travel
in the ratio 4 : 7 : 5.
One month he spends $40 on travel.
How much does Sion spend altogether on food, bills and
E
travel in this month?
Answer
4 parts = $40, so 1 part = 40 ÷ 4 = $10
total number of parts = 4 + 7 + 5 = 15
9
a
b
PL
total spent = 15 × 10 = $150
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Challenge
13 Two numbers are in the ratio 6 : 5. One of the numbers is 0.03.
Work out the two possible values for the other number.
14 The sides of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 : 8. The difference
between the shortest side and the longest side is 7.5 cm.
Work out the perimeter of the quadrilateral.
15 In a right-angled triangle, the difference between two of the angles is 20°.
a Work out the size of the angles in the triangle.
E
b How many solutions are there to part a? Explain why.
c For each solution to part a, write the ratio of the angles from
smallest to biggest in its simplest form.
activity centre.
activity centre.
Activity
Horse riding
PL
16 The table shows the child-to-staff ratios for various activities at an
Child : staff ratio
4 : 1
Number of children
22
Tip
The child : staff
ratios show the
maximum number
of children
allowed in each
activity for one
member of staff.
For example, a
M
Sailing 5 : 1 17 ratio of 4 : 1 shows
Rock climbing 8 : 1 30 there can be no
Canoeing 10 : 1 26 more than four
children for one
a Show that the total number of staff needed to look after the member of staff.
children at the activity centre on this day is 17.
SA
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E
Exercise 11.2
Focus
1
2
b
2 minutes
iii 4 minutes? PL
Sam types 40 words in one minute.
a How many words does he type in
i ii 3 minutes
a When there are more people, does the job take more or less
time?
b When there are fewer people, does the job take more or less
time?
c Copy and complete the working to answer these questions.
i There is one person. How long does it take them to build
the wall?
2 people = 6 days
÷2 ×2
1 person = days
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b When she runs slower, does it take her more or less than 60 seconds?
c Copy and complete the working to answer these questions.
i Jess runs twice as fast. How long does it take her to run
from her house to the bus stop?
d
×2
÷2
PL
normal speed = 60 seconds
2 × speed = seconds
ii Jess runs half as fast. How long does it take her to run
from her house to the bus stop?
normal speed = 60 seconds
1 speed
2
= seconds
÷2
×2
Are the speed she runs and the time it takes her in direct or
M
inverse proportion?
5 It takes 4 people 7 hours to build a shed. Copy and complete the working
to answer these questions.
a How long does it take 2 people to build the shed?
4 people = 7 hours
SA
÷2 ×2
2 people = hours
b How long does it take 8 people to build the shed?
4 people = 7 hours
×2 ÷2
8 people = hours
c How many people are needed to build the shed in 1 hour?
4 people = 7 hours
×7 ÷7
people = 1 hour
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Practice
6 Here is a recipe for honey biscuits.
(makes 25)
a How much butter is needed
for 50 biscuits?
50 g Butter
b How much flour is needed for 75 g Icing sugar
75 biscuits?
75 g Flour
c How much honey is needed 100 ml Honey
for 100 biscuits?
E
7 It takes Hank 6 hours to drive a certain distance at an average
speed of 80 km/h.
a How long does it take Hank to drive the same distance at an
average speed of
b
i 160 km/h
PL ii 40 km/h
It takes Hank 8 hours to drive the same distance.
What is his average speed?
iii 120 km/h?
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Zara says:
E
What do you think? Justify your answer.
Challenge
12 The values of X and Y in the table are in direct proportion. X 9 6 B 21 D
PL
Work out the missing numbers A, B, C and D.
13 Julio reads that the length of an adult’s head and the length of their
body are in direct proportion.
Julio’s dad has a head length of 24 cm and a body length of 156 cm.
Using these measurements, work out
a
b
the body length of an adult with a head length of 26 cm
the total height of an adult with a body length of 143 cm.
Y 21 A 35 C 17.5
M
14 It takes 6 people 20 days to paint 4 houses.
a How many houses can 3 people paint in 20 days?
b How many people does it take to paint 4 houses in 10 days?
c How many days does it take 8 people to paint 4 houses?
d Copy and complete the table.
SA
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E
Will this be true whatever
y Number of days it takes sheep to eat one bag of feed
values of x and y you choose?
40
c i Make a copy of this 35
coordinate grid and 30
Number of days
plot the points from
PL
your table on the grid.
ii Is it possible to draw
a straight line through
all the points?
iii Draw a smooth curve
that goes through all
your points.
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
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12 Probability
12.1 Mutually exclusive events
E
Exercise 12.1 Key word
mutually
Focus exclusive
1 There are 12 balls in a bag. Each ball has a number. Here are
2
the numbers:
c
e
more than 6
an odd number.
PL
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 5 8 8 9
A ball is chosen at random. Find the probability that the number is
a 1 b
d
not 1
an even number
Practice
4 There are 50 cars in a car park. 15 cars are silver, 8 cars are white
and 9 cars are black. A car is chosen at random. Work out the
probability that the car is
a black or white b not silver
c neither silver nor black.
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E
6 There are 12 coloured counters in a bag. The counters are black,
white or grey.
A counter is chosen at random. The probability that the counter is
not black is 3 . The probability that the counter is not white is 2 .
4 3
Ten letters are written on cards.
A A A B
PL
Work out the probability that the counter is grey.
Challenge
C C C D
A card is chosen at random. Work out the probability that the
letter is in the word
S S
M
a ADDITION b SUBTRACTION.
8 There are 100 tickets, numbered from 1 to 100, in a box.
One ticket is chosen at random. Find the probability that the ticket
a is the number 37 b is not 99 or 100
c is an odd number d is not a multiple of 20
SA
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12 Probability
8
P(multiple of 3) = 25
5 , so
and P(multiple of 5) = 25
E
P(multiple of 3 or multiple
8 + 5 = 13
of 5) = 25 25 25
.
Key word
M
Focus independent
events
1 You roll a red fair dice and a blue fair dice.
a Explain why getting an even number on the red dice and
getting an odd number on the blue dice are independent events.
b Are getting an even number on the red dice and getting an
SA
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3 There are 8 balls in a bag. Four balls are white and numbered
4 3 4
1 to 4. Four balls are black and numbered 1 to 4. A ball is 3
chosen at random.
2 1 2
a Find the probability that the ball is 1
E
Explain why these events are independent.
Practice
4 a You roll a fair dice. Work out the probability that the number
5
b
c
you get is
i
i
less than 4
less than 4
ii
more than 2
more than 2
iii
You roll a fair dice and get an even number. Work out the
probability that the number is
iii
You roll a fair dice three times. You get a 2 each time.
a multiple of 3.
a multiple of 3.
Show that getting an even number and getting a multiple of 3
M
Which of these statements is correct? Give a reason for your answer.
A The probability of a 2 next time is more than 1
6
B The probability of a 2 next time is less than 1
6
C The probability of a 2 next time is 1
6
SA
6 The names of 3 boys and 3 girls are put in a hat. One name is
chosen at random. The name is not replaced in the hat. Then a
second name is chosen at random.
Event A is the first person is a girl.
Event B is the second person is a girl.
a Show that the two events are not independent.
b Suppose the first name is replaced before the second name is
taken. Are the events independent this time? Give a reason for
your answer.
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12 Probability
Challenge
7 In a bag, there are 8 cards with the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
One card is chosen at random.
a The letter is in the word FACE. What is the probability that
the letter is in the word HEAD?
b The letter is not in the word FACE. What is the probability
that the letter is in the word HEAD?
c Explain why being in the word FACE and being in the word
E
HEAD are independent events.
d Show that being in the word FACE and being in the word
EACH are not independent events.
8 A blue fair dice and a yellow fair dice are rolled. Here are three events.
9
a
b
PL
X: The blue dice is 6 Y: The two dice have the same number Z: The total is 12
Show that X and Y are independent events.
Show that X and Z are not independent events.
There are 6 red socks, 4 blue socks and 2 yellow socks in a drawer.
One sock is taken out at random and it is red. It is not replaced.
Then a second sock is taken out at random.
a Work out the probability that the second sock is
M
i red ii blue iii yellow.
The second sock is red. It is not replaced. Then a third sock is
taken out at random.
b Find the probability that all 3 socks are the same colour.
SA
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2 Marcus rolls a fair dice twice. Work out the probability that
a the first roll is 6 b both rolls are 6
c the first roll is not 6 d neither roll is 6.
3 Zara is taking a driving test. The test is in two parts: a theory test
and a practical test.
P(Zara passes theory test) = 0.7 and P(Zara passes practical test) = 0.6
Work out the probability that Zara
a passes both tests b fails the theory test
E
c fails the theory test and passes the practical test.
Practice
1
A spinner has three colours, red, white and blue. P(red) = 8 and P(white) = 14 .
4
5
d
red both times
white then blue
PL
The spinner is spun twice. Find the probability of landing on
a b
e
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12 Probability
Challenge
7 Here are two spinners. Each sector on a spinner is equally likely.
First Second
3 2
5 2
5 7
3
E
Each spinner is spun once. You are interested in whether the
numbers are odd or even.
a
b
odd
even
PL
Copy this tree diagram and write in the probabilities.
First Second Outcome
odd
even
odd
even
even, odd
even, even
M
i two odd numbers ii two even numbers
iii at least one odd number iv one odd and one even number.
8 This spinner can show T or F. The spinner is spun twice.
a Draw a tree diagram to show the outcomes. T T
b
SA
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E
Number of heads 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 2 16 23 8 1
Work out these relative frequencies. Give your answers as decimals.
a 2 heads b more than 2 heads c less than 2 heads
2
results of 20 spins:
a
b
PL
A spinner has two colours, red (R) and blue (B). Here are the
B R R R B R B R R B B B B R B B R R B B
Work out the relative frequency of red.
Here are the results of another 20 spins.
B B B B R B B R R R B B B B B B B B B B
Work out the relative frequency of red based on all 40 spins.
M
c Arun says:
The probability
SA
of red is 0.35.
Do the relative frequencies support this conjecture? Explain your answer.
3 A coin is flipped until it shows a head and the number of flips is recorded.
This is repeated 50 times. Here are the results:
Number of flips to get a head 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 29 14 3 1 0 0 2 1
Work out the relative frequency of
a one flip to get a head b 3 or more flips to get a head.
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12 Probability
Practice
4 A spinner is divided into 10 equal sectors. Some of the sectors are
coloured green.
Here are the results of 500 spins. The table shows the frequency of
landing on green after different numbers of spins.
E
a Show that after 25 spins the relative frequency of landing on green is 0.68.
b Find the relative frequency of landing on green after
i 100 spins ii 200 spins iii 500 spins.
5
c
for your answer.
Silver cars
PL
Estimate the number of sectors that are green. Give a reason
Zara looks at the cars passing her school. She counts how many
cars are silver. She writes down the total after every 10 cars.
Here are the results:
Total 10
2
20
7
30
11
40
16
50
19
60
23
70
27
80
31
M
Relative frequency 0.2 0.35 0.367
6 Marcus flips two coins. After every 20 flips he records the frequency
of two heads. Here are his results:
Flips 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency of two heads 5 9 11 17 19
Relative frequency 0.25 0.183
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Arun carries out the same experiment. Here are his results:
Flips 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency of two heads 4 11 16 20 24
Relative frequency 0.2 0.24
E
Challenge
7 a Flip a coin 10 times. Work out the relative frequency of the coin landing on tails.
b Flip your coin another 10 times. Work out the relative frequency of the
8
c
d
e
6 1 3 1 1
4
2
2
6
PL
coin landing on tails for all the throws so far.
Repeat this three more times so you have the results of 50 throws in total.
Draw a graph to show your changing relative frequencies.
Compare your relative frequencies with the probability of a coin landing on a tail.
Here are the results of 150 rolls of a dice.
5 1 5 1 2 3
3
3
6
6
6
2
3
2
1
5
4
5
4
4
3
6
3
2
6
5
6
3
3
1
4
3
4
2
2
3
2
5
4
4
2
M
1 2 4 4 1 5 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 6 3 4 5 5 3 4
4 6 2 2 6 1 6 1 4 1 2 5 6 3 5 2 6 3 6 5 5 5 6 1 6
4 1 1 5 4 1 3 3 6 3 5 5 5 5 1 4 1 1 6 1 6 2 2 2 1
2 3 2 3 2 4 1 6 6 5 6 3 5 5 3 3 4 2 3 5 5 5 1 5 6
Choose one digit.
SA
a Show how the relative frequency of your digit varies for samples of size 10.
b Find the relative frequency of your digit for a sample of size 50.
c Compare your relative frequencies with the probability of your digit.
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13 Position and
transformation
E
13.1 Bearings and scale drawings
Exercise 13.1
Focus
1
a
b
PL
A map has a scale of ‘1 cm represents 8 km’.
Copy and complete the calculations to work out the answers to these
questions.
How far in real life is 4.5 cm on the map?
How far on the map is 18 km in real life?
4.5 × 8 km =
18 ÷ 8 cm =
km
cm
M
2 Follow the steps to draw a scale drawing for each of these journeys.
Use a scale of 1 cm represents 10 km. Start by making a copy of the diagram
shown for each part.
N
a A ship leaves a harbour and sails 60 km on a bearing of 120°.
Step 1: Put the centre of your protractor on the dot for the harbour,
and line up 0° with the north arrow. Make a mark at 120°.
SA
Step 2: Work out the distance the ship sails using the scale.
Harbour
60 ÷ 10 cm = cm
Step 3: Join the dot for the harbour with your mark for 120° with a
straight line that is exactly cm long.
b A ship leaves an island and sails 85 km on a bearing of 035°.
N
Step 1: Put the centre of your protractor on the dot for the island,
and line up 0° with the north arrow. Make a mark at 35°.
Step 2: Work out the distance the ship sails using the scale.
85 ÷ 10 cm = cm
Step 3: Join the dot for the harbour with your mark for 35° with a Island
straight line that is exactly cm long.
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E
Practice
5 Dom and Keri stand by a gate. Dom cycles on a bearing of 085° for
80 m. Keri cycles on a bearing of 145° for 60 m.
a Show both their journeys on the same scale drawing. Use a
7
b
PL
scale of 1 cm represents 10 m.
On your scale drawing, measure the distance between Dom
and Keri at the end of their cycle. How far apart are they in
real life?
A red jeep is 50 km east of a blue jeep. The red jeep travels on a
bearing of 295°. The blue jeep travels on a bearing of 107°.
Could the jeeps meet? Explain your answer.
Two lighthouses are 120 km apart. Lighthouse C is south of
Tip
You could start by
drawing a rough
sketch.
M
lighthouse B.
A ship is on a bearing of 305° from lighthouse C and 210° from
lighthouse B.
a Draw a scale diagram to show the position of the ship. Use a
scale of 1 : 1 500 000.
SA
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E
10 Greg leaves his car and walks 16 km on a bearing of 095°.
He then changes direction and walks 14 km on a bearing of 035°. Tip
a Make a scale drawing of Greg’s walk. Use a scale of
1 cm to represent
b
Challenge PL
How far must Greg now walk in a straight line to return to
his car?
On what bearing must Greg now walk to return to his car?
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E
C
1 : 20 000.
D
You must visit every
marker on the map by
using a bearing from F
one marker to the next.
You can visit the markers
in any order. The winner is
PL
the quickest person to finish.
a
b
WOODLAND
Choose a route from the start to the finish that visits every
marker.
Copy and complete the table. What is the total distance in real
life of your route?
SCALE 1:20 000
M
From To Bearing Distance on map (cm) Distance in real life (m)
Start
SA
Finish
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E
y
points that lie A
( )
6
1
a 1
of the way along OA × 3, 1 × 6 = (3 ÷ 3, 6 ÷ 3) 5
3 3 3
4
= ( , ) 3
2
b 2
3
PL
of the way along OA. ( 2
3 3
= (
× 4, 1 × 12 = (4 ÷ 4, 12 ÷ 4)
)
y
12
11
10
2
1
O 1 2 3 4 x
B
M
4 9
4 4
= ( , )
8
3
2
1
O 1 2 3 4 5 x
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y
3 The diagram shows the line segment OC. Cards H 24
to M show the fraction of the way along OC. C
22
Cards i to vi show coordinates.
20
Match each card H to M with the correct card i to 18
vi. The first one has been done for you: H and iii. 16
14
1 1 3 1 5
H I J K L M 3 12
8 4 4 2 8 8
10
i (12, 12) ii (6, 6) iii (3, 3) 8
6
E
4
iv (9, 9) v (15, 15) vi (18, 18)
2
Letter A
PL
a straight line such that the distance ΩA is equal to the distance AB.
The points continue along the line, equally spaced. Each point is
labelled with a letter of the alphabet, in order from A to Z.
Use the diagram to work out the position of point C.
Write the coordinates of C.
B C D E F
Tip
Ω is the symbol
for the Greek
letter omega.
K R W
M
position in alphabet 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 11th 18th 23rd
x-coordinate 1×3=3 2×3=6
y-coordinate 1×4=4 2×4=8
coordinate pair (3, 4) (6, 8)
y
i The x-coordinates are the numbers in the 12
times table. To work out the x-coordinate of any 11
letter, multiply the position number of the letter in 10
9
the alphabet by .
8
ii The y-coordinates are the numbers in the B
7
times table. To work out the y-coordinate of any 6
letter, multiply the position number of the letter in 5
the alphabet by . 4
A
3
2
1
Ω 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
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Practice
5 O is the point (0, 0), G is (20, 25) and H is (18, 12).
Write whether A, B or C is the correct answer in each case.
1
a of the way along OG is A (5, 4) B (4, 5) C (5, 5)
5
b 3 of the way along OG is A (15, 12) B (16, 20) C (12, 15)
5
c 1 of the way along OH is A (3, 2) B (9, 6) C (2, 3)
6
E
d 5 of the way along OH is A (15, 9) B (9, 10) C (15, 10)
6
6 Ω is the point (0, 0) and A is the point (5, 8). Points A and B are
Tip
equally spaced along the same line such that the distance ΩA is
equal to the distance AB. You could draw a
a
b
d
PL
What are the coordinates of point B?
C is the next point along the same line such that distance BC
is equal to distances ΩA and AB. What are the coordinates of
point C?
The points continue along the line, equally spaced. Each point
is labelled with a letter of the alphabet, in order from A to Z.
Show that point E has coordinates (25, 40).
What are the coordinates of point T? Show how you worked
diagram to help.
E is the 5th letter
in the alphabet.
T is the 20th letter
in the alphabet.
You could write
your expression
as: nth letter is
M
out your answer. ( , ).
e Write an expression for the coordinates of the nth letter of the
alphabet along this same line.
7 O is the point (0, 0) and J is the point (42, 54). Points E, F, G, H
and I are equally spaced along the line OJ. Work out the
SA
coordinates of H.
8 C is the point (1, 1) and D is the point (10, 13). E is the point that
lies 1 of the way along CD. Show that E has coordinates (4, 5).
3
9 F is the point (2, 3) and G is the point (7, 18). H is the point that
lies 2 of the way along FG.
5
a Work out the coordinates of H.
b Check your answer is correct by drawing a diagram.
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Challenge
10 O is the point (0, 0) and A is the point (8, 10). A lies 2 of the way
3
along the line segment OB.
Arun says: Zara says:
E
I think that the ratio
of the length of
OA : AB is 3 : 2.
a
b
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13.3 Transformations
Exercise 13.3 y
6
Focus 5
4 A
1 The diagram shows triangle A. Copy the diagram.
3
a Reflect triangle A in the mirror line x = 3. Label the image B. 2
E
1
2
b Translate triangle B using the column vector . Label the 0
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
image C.
x=3
Tip
2
2
−1
PL
means 2 squares right and 1 square down.
b
Rotate rectangle A 90° clockwise, centre (3, 4). Label the
image B.
Reflect rectangle B in the mirror line y = 3. Label the image C.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
90°
clockwise
y=3
M
3 The diagram shows shape A. Cards a, b and c show three
y
combinations of transformations. Diagrams i, ii and iii show shape 6
A and its image, shape B.
5
Match each card a to c with the correct diagram, i to iii. 4
A
3
a Reflection in b Rotation of 180 °, c Rotation of 90 °
2
SA
i y ii y iii y
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
A A A
3 3 3
B
2 2 2
B B
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
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13.3 Transformations
E
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
f C to F is a translation
Practice
5
c
A translation
−4
1
Label this image B. PL
Copy the diagram. Draw the image of A after each combination
of transformations.
followed by a reflection in the line y = 4.
x
M
centre (5, 3). Label this image D.
6 The diagram shows triangle A on a coordinate grid. y
Copy the grid. 6
5
On your diagram, draw the image of A after each
4
combination of transformations.
SA
3
a A reflection in the y-axis followed by the 2
2 1
translation .
1 0
b A rotation of 180°, centre (−2, −2), followed –6 –5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1
by a reflection in the x-axis. –2
−2 –3
c A translation , followed by a rotation of A
6 –4
90° anticlockwise, centre (−3, 5). –5
–6
6
d A translation , followed by a reflection in
7
the line x = 4.
165
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E
Is Rhian’s homework correct? Explain your answer.
8 The diagram shows shapes G, H, I, J, K, L, M and N.
y
G
4
3
2
1
0
H
I
PL
– 4 –3 J–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
K L
N
–1
–2
–3 M
–4
–5
M
Describe the transformation that transforms
a shape N to shape I b shape G to shape K
c shape H to shape L d shape G to shape J
e shape H to shape G f shape J to shape K
SA
Tips
For a translation you need to give the column vector.
For a reflection you need to give the equation of the
mirror line.
For a rotation you need to give the centre and the angle
and direction of the rotation.
166
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13.3 Transformations
E
b Describe a combined transformation that E F
–3
G
transforms –4
–5
i shape C to shape F
–6
ii shape D to shape B.
Challenge
6
5
4
3
A
PL
10 Zara and Arun are discussing this diagram.
It shows two shapes, A and B.
y
M
2
1 B
0
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Is either of them correct? Draw diagrams to explain how you worked out
your answer.
167
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E
2
d A rotation 90° clockwise, centre (3, 5), followed by a translation .
0
12 The diagram shows shape X. Make a copy of
the diagram. y
4
a
b
3 ,
PL
Draw the image of X after a reflection in the line
x = −2, followed by a rotation of 90° clockwise
about the point (−1, 0), followed by a translation
4
followed by a reflection in the line y = 1,
followed by a rotation of 90° anticlockwise about
the point (5, −1). Label the image Y.
Describe the single transformation that takes Y to X.
X
3
2
1
0
– 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–1
–2
M
13.4 Enlarging shapes
An enlargement of a shape is a copy of the shape that is bigger than the original.
You enlarge a shape using a scale factor and a centre of enlargement.
SA
Exercise 13.4
Focus
1 Copy and complete these enlargements using a scale factor of 2 and
the centre of enlargement marked with an ×. One side of each
triangle has been drawn for you.
Follow these steps:
Step 1: Count the number of squares from the centre of enlargement
to the nearest corner of the triangle. Multiply this number
by 2 to find the new distance from the centre of enlargement.
Plot this point.
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E
1 1
(1, 1)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
a
(–3, 4)
y
5
3
PL
position of the centre of enlargement. The dot shows the position
of one of the corners of the enlarged shape.
b
y
5
3
M
2 2
1 1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
–1 –1
(–3, –1)
SA
3 Copy and complete this enlargement with scale factor 4 and centre
of enlargement shown.
169
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E
5 This is part of Kurt’s homework:
Question
Enlarge this kite using
a scale factor of 3 and
centre of enlargement
shown.
PL Answer
M
SA
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Practice
6 Copy each of these shapes on to squared paper. Enlarge each shape
using the given scale factor and centre of enlargement.
a Scale factor 2 b Scale factor 3 c Scale factor 2
E
7 The diagram shows shape A on a coordinate grid. y
Make three copies of the diagram on squared paper. 7
6
8
a
c
Label the image C. PL
On the first copy, draw an enlargement of the shape
with scale factor 2, centre (2, 6). Label the image B.
On the second copy, draw an enlargement of
the shape with scale factor 3, centre (6, 4).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y
x
M
6
a Copy the diagram on to squared paper. Mark with a dot the 5
centre of enlargement at (3, 3). Enlarge the trapezium with 4
scale factor 2 from the centre of enlargement. 3
b Write the coordinates of the vertices of the image. 2
1
9 A square, M, has perimeter 12 cm and area 9 cm2. The square is
SA
0
enlarged by a scale factor of 4 to become square N. Copy and 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
complete the working to find the perimeter and area of square N.
Perimeter of M = 12 cm → Perimeter of N = 12 × 4 = cm
Area of M = 9 cm2 → Area of N = 9 × 42 = cm2
10 A trapezium, W, has perimeter 18 cm and area 18 cm2. The
trapezium is enlarged by a scale factor of 2 to become trapezium Z.
Work out the perimeter and the area of trapezium Z.
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E
–1
Tip
–2
C
–3 Remember:
–4 to describe an
–5 enlargement, you
Challenge
enlargement.
PL –6
The vertices of shape D are at (−1, −2), (−1, 2), (5, −2) and (5, 8).
Shape D is an enlargement of shape C. Describe the enlargement.
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E
0
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–1
e
PL
Circle F has radius 2 cm. Use the formula C = πd to work out
the circumference of circle F.
Use the scale factor of the enlargement and your answer to b
to work out the circumference of circle G.
Check your answer to c is correct by using the formula C = πd
to work out the circumference of circle G.
Use the formula A = πr2 to work out the area of circle F.
M
f Use the scale factor of the enlargement and your answer to e
to work out the area of circle G.
g Check your answer to f is correct by using the formula A = πr2
to work out the area of circle G.
15 Triangle H is an enlargement of triangle K by a scale factor of 3.
SA
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14 Volume, surface
area and symmetry
E
14.1 Calculating the volume
of prisms
the formula:
Exercise 14.1
Focus
1
PL
You can work out the volume of a prism using
volume = area of cross-section × length
Copy and complete the workings to find the volume of each prism.
Tip
In this exercise when
you need to use π,
use the π button on
your calculator.
M
a b
area of
cross-section area of
= 20cm2 length = 8cm cross-section
SA
= 15cm2
length = 6cm
Volume = area of cross-section × length Volume = area of cross-section × length
= 20 × 8 = cm3 = × = cm3
c d
area of
cross-section area of
= 12cm2 length = 9cm cross-section
= 30cm2
length = 12cm
Volume = area of cross-section × length Volume = area of cross-section × length
= × = cm3 = × = cm3
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2 Copy and complete the workings to find the volume of each prism.
Tip
In these prisms, you need to work out the area of the
cross-section first, then work out the volume.
E
Volume = area of cross-section × length
10cm
= × 10 = cm3 8cm
b Area of cross-section = area of triangle
1
c
= 2 × base × height
= 12 × 6 × 5 =
Volume
=
Area of
cross-section
PL cm2
= area of cross-section × length
×7=
= area of circle
= π × r 2 = π ×
=π×
cm3
=
2
cm2
5 cm
4cm
6cm
7cm
M
Volume = area of cross-section × length
= × 11 = cm3 11cm
Tip
SA
Practice
3 Work out the volume of each prism. The area of the cross-section
is given.
a b
6cm
25cm2 7.2cm
18cm2
c
9.5cm
45cm2
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E
5 Work out the volume of each prism.
a b c 15cm
4 cm 13cm 6 cm
5cm
10cm 9cm
12cm 8cm 12.5cm
12cm
PL
This is part of Timo’s homework:
Question
Work out the volume of this cylinder.
Answer
V = πr 2h = π × 62 × 8 = π × 36 × 8
= 905 cm3 (3 s.f.)
24cm
6cm
8cm
M
Timo has made a mistake in his solution.
Explain the mistake that Timo has made and work out the correct
answer.
SA
7 Work out the volume of each cylinder. Give your answers correct
to one decimal place (1 d.p.).
a 4cm b 2.8cm c 30mm
15cm 15mm
20cm
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Challenge
8 Copy and complete this table. Give your answers correct to two
decimal places (2 d.p.).
E
c 9 cm cm2 cm 1910 cm3
a
4.2cm
mm
xcm
PL
18.6cm
mm2
x cm
22 mm
Each of these prisms has a volume of 335 cm3. Work out the value
of x in each diagram.
Give your answers correct to one decimal place (1 d.p.).
24.5cm
c
1430 mm3
x cm
23.6cm
M
8.4cm
10 The diagram shows a bar of gold.
8cm
a Work out the volume of gold in the bar.
b 1 cm3 of gold has a mass of 19 grams. Work out the
mass of the gold bar in grams. 4.5cm
SA
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E
In this exercise when
you need to use π,
Focus use the π button on
1 Copy and complete the workings to find the surface area of your calculator.
each pyramid.
a
b
PL
Square-based pyramid (all triangles equal in size)
Square base: 10 × 10 =
1
(
Triangular faces: 4 × 2 × 10 × 8 =
Total = + = m2
m2
)
Triangular-based pyramid (all triangles equal in size)
m2
10m
8m
M
Each triangular face: 1 × 20 × 17 = cm2
2 17cm
Total = 4 × = cm2
20cm
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14.2 Calculating the surface area of triangular prisms, pyramids and cylinders
c Triangle ends:
(
2 × 1 × 12 × 9 =
2 ) cm2
Sloping face: 15 cm
15 × 12.5 = cm2
Back face: 9 cm
9 × 12.5 = cm2 12.5 cm
12 cm
Base: 12 × 12.5 = cm2
Total = + + + = cm2
3 Copy and complete the workings to find the surface area of
this cylinder.
E
Area of circle = πr2 3cm
= π × 32
= cm2 (2 d.p.) 8cm
Circumference of circle = πd
= π ×
=
Area of rectangle
=
=
Total area
PL
cm (2 d.p.)
= circumference of circle × 8
cm2 (2 d.p.)
×8
height = 8cm
M
=2× +
= cm2 (3 s.f.)
Practice
SA
4 Work out the surface area of each cylinder. Give your answers correct to one
decimal place (1 d.p.).
a 4cm b 2.8cm c 30mm
15mm
15cm 20cm
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E
24mm 12cm
Challenge
8
9
PL
The diagram shows a cylindrical rice cake. 18 of these rice cakes are
stacked on top of each other in a cardboard tube. The tube has a
cardboard base and a plastic lid.
What is the surface area of the cardboard needed to make the tube?
Give your answer correct to three significant figures (3 s.f.).
The diagram shows a polytunnel which is used to grow
plants. The polytunnel has a semi-circular cross-section,
and is made from plastic.
27m
0.5cm
9.6cm
9m
M
Carlos thinks that 445 m2 of plastic will be enough to make
this polytunnel. Is Carlos correct? Explain your answer.
Show all your working.
10 The diagram shows two prisms, A and B. B
A
The cross-section of prism A is a semicircle. The cross-section
of prism B is a quarter-circle.
SA
15cm 13cm
a Without doing any calculations, which prism do you
think has the greater surface area?
b Work out if your answer to part a was correct. 10cm 8cm
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14.3 Symmetry in
three-dimensional shapes
Exercise 14.3 Key word
plane of
Focus symmetry
E
1 The diagram shows some 3D shapes. Artur has drawn a plane of
symmetry on each shape. He has drawn only two of the planes
of symmetry correctly. Which two planes of symmetry has he
drawn correctly?
a b
PL c d
M
2 Here are six prisms, A to F.
A B C D E F
SA
181
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Practice
3 Each of these shapes has one plane of symmetry.
Copy the diagrams and draw the plane of symmetry on each shape.
a b
E
4
PL
This is a cuboid. It has five planes of symmetry. Draw diagrams to
show the planes of symmetry.
1 cm
M
3 cm 3 cm
5 The diagram shows a 3D shape.
SA
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E
2D regular Number of lines of Number of planes of
3D pyramid
polygon symmetry symmetry
triangle triangular
square square
c
pentagon
hexagon
octagon
PL pentagonal
hexagonal
octagonal
Challenge
7 This is an isometric drawing of half a three-dimensional shape.
SA
183
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15 Interpreting and
discussing results
E
15.1 Interpreting and drawing
frequency polygons
Exercise 15.1
Focus
1
PL
The table shows the time it takes for 45 students to complete a puzzle.
50 < t ⩽ 60 5
a Copy and complete the table.
b Copy and complete the frequency polygon for this data.
Time taken for students to complete puzzle
15
The third point is plotted at
Frequency
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Frequency
6
260 ⩽ h < 280 3 4
280 ⩽ h < 300 7 2
E
320 ⩽ h < 340 1 Height (cm)
Practice
3
cross-country run.
a
b
c
d
PL
The table shows the times taken by the
students in class 9C to complete a
7
5
M
e Zara says:
The frequency
polygon shows that the
fastest student took
SA
11 minutes to complete
the run.
Is Zara correct? Explain your answer.
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4 Twenty people recorded the time, in seconds, it took them to throw a double
six with two dice. Here are the results.
21 6 40 29 32 15 25 37 28 15
12 30 18 35 22 45 30 9 17 23
a Copy and complete this frequency table using the data provided.
E
10 < t ⩽ 20
20 < t ⩽ 30
30 < t ⩽ 40
40 < t ⩽ 50
5
b
Height, h (cm)
Wednesday
PL
Draw a frequency polygon to show the data.
Mia completed a survey on the heights of people going on a
roller-coaster ride at a theme park on two days. The tables show
Frequency Midpoint
Saturday
Height, h (cm) Frequency Midpoint
M
120 ⩽ h < 140 4 120 ⩽ h < 140 25
140 ⩽ h < 160 6 140 ⩽ h < 160 16
160 ⩽ h < 180 22 160 ⩽ h < 180 7
180 ⩽ h < 200 18 180 ⩽ h < 200 2
SA
186
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Hours of training at the Falcons Club Hours of training at the Harriers Club
30 30
Frequency
Frequency
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
E
Number of hours Number of hours
a On the same grid, draw a frequency polygon for each set of data.
b Compare the two frequency polygons. What can you say about
the number of hours that the athletes from the two clubs
7
c
d
PL
spend training each week?
How many athletes from each club were surveyed?
Do you think it is fair to make a comparison using these sets
of data? Explain your answer.
The table shows the masses of 50 girls when they are
6 months old.
a Draw a frequency polygon for the data in the table.
b Lucia wants to draw a frequency table with fewer
Mass, m (kg)
7.0 ⩽ m < 7.1
7.1 ⩽ m < 7.2
7.2 ⩽ m < 7.3
7.3 ⩽ m < 7.4
Frequency
2
12
14
M
9
groups. She regroups the data, and draws the 7.4 ⩽ m < 7.5 7
second frequency table shown here.
7.5 ⩽ m < 7.6 6
i Copy and complete Lucia’s frequency table.
ii Draw a frequency polygon for the data in Mass, m (kg) Frequency
Lucia’s table. 7.0 ⩽ m < 7.2
SA
187
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Challenge
8 The time, in seconds, it took 60 students to solve a maths problem
was recorded. Here are the results.
20 44 34 50 33 41 38 43 53 35 47 40 27 49 24
35 39 21 38 36 23 32 30 40 35 25 32 47 33 48
45 30 41 33 49 37 54 47 34 45 36 56 35 58 40
20 51 31 26 39 30 41 35 54 37 46 22 42 31 29
E
a Copy and complete the grouped frequency table for this data.
Decide on your own group intervals. (You do not need to use Tip
all the rows in the table.)
Find the quickest
Time to solve maths and slowest times
Tally Frequency Midpoint
PL
problem, t (seconds) first. This will help
you to decide
on the group
intervals.
M
b Draw a frequency polygon to show the data. Remember to
include a title and to label the axes.
c Make one comment about what your polygon tells you about
the time it took the students to solve the puzzle.
9 The frequency polygon shows the masses of some cats at a
rescue centre.
SA
0
3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7
Mass (kg)
The heaviest cat has a mass of 4.58 kg. The range in the masses of
the cats is 0.98 kg.
Copy and complete the frequency table.
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E
French result 3 11 18 19 5 20 14 8 9 7 5 16 10 9 16
Spanish result 5 10 18 20 6 18 16 9 11 6 5 15 11 7 16
The first four results have been plotted on this scatter graph.
20
15 PL
French and Spanish test results
Spanish result
French result
a Copy the scatter graph and plot the remaining points from the
table. Mark each point with a cross. Check you have plotted
all the points by counting them. There should be 15 points
altogether.
b Which of these statements correctly describes the data on the
scatter graph? Explain your answer.
A The better learners do in the French test, the better they
do in the Spanish test. Also, the worse learners do in the
French test, the worse they do in the Spanish test.
B The better learners do in the French test, the worse they
do in the Spanish test. Also, the worse learners do in the
French test, the better they do in the Spanish test.
189
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2 The table shows the art and science test results of 15 learners. Each test was
marked out of 20.
Art result 3 10 15 8 10 13 4 16 12 8 17 11 5 20 7
Science result 19 11 7 11 10 9 17 5 10 14 2 9 15 4 13
The first three results have been plotted on this scatter graph.
E
Art and science test results
20
15
PL
Science result
10
5
M
0
0 5 10 15 20
Art result
a Copy the scatter graph and plot the remaining points from the table. Mark
each point with a cross. Check you have plotted all the points by counting
them. There should be 15 points altogether.
b Which of these statements correctly describes the data on the scatter graph?
Explain your answer.
A The better learners do in the art test, the better they do in the science
test. Also, the worse learners do in the art test, the worse they do in the
science test.
B The better learners do in the art test, the worse they do in the science
test. Also, the worse learners do in the art test, the better they do in the
science test.
190
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Practice
3 Maha carries out a survey of 15 learners in her class. She asks the
learners how many hours a week they spend reading, and what they
scored in a recent spelling test (out of 20).
The table shows the results of her survey.
Hours reading 4 13 20 9 18 1 11 8 18 2 15 10 4 14 7
Spelling test score 6 12 20 8 17 2 13 10 19 3 16 12 5 12 7
E
a Draw a scatter graph to show this data. Draw each axis with a
scale from 0 to 25. Take the horizontal axis as ‘Hours reading’
and the vertical axis as ‘Spelling test score’.
b Does the scatter graph show positive or negative correlation?
4
c
e
Explain your answer.
of the correlation.
PL
Draw a line of best fit on your graph and describe the strength
Maha reads for 12 hours a week. Use your line of best fit to
estimate her score in the spelling test.
Sam reads for 25 hours a week. Is it possible to estimate his
score in the spelling test? Explain your answer.
The table shows the number of packets of cookies and the number
M
of packets of oranges sold by a grocery store each day over a
period of 10 days.
191
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E
e Draw a line of best fit on your graph.
f Use your line of best fit to estimate the drama exam result of
a learner who scored 50% in their maths exam.
g Can you use the line of best fit to estimate the maths
6
12 adults, and the length of their hair.
16
12
PL
result of a learner who scored 10% in their drama exam?
Explain your answer.
The scatter graph shows the number of hats bought in one year by
M
8
0
SA
0 10 20 30 40
Length of hair (cm)
This is what Arun and Marcus say:
192
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Challenge
7 The scatter graph shows the algebra and geometry test results of
10 learners. Both tests were marked out of 20.
Algebra and geometry results
20
15
Geometry result
E
10
c
0
0 5
PL 10
Algebra result
15
y
16
station (km)
12
8
4
0
130 150 170 190 210 230 x
Value of house ($ thousand)
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E
Use this equation to work out the value of y, when x = 180.
Check your answer is correct by using the line of best fit on
the graph.
15.3 Back-to-back
stem-and-leaf diagrams
Exercise 15.3
Focus
PL Key word
back-to-back
M
stem-and-leaf
diagram
1 This table shows the results of a Spanish test taken by the learners
in class 9R.
15 14 26 16 5 22 25 10 18 21
is 5 and the
22 27 7 23 9 17 20 19 9 24 highest is 27.
So, the stem must
a Copy and complete this unordered stem-and-leaf diagram. have:
The first six entries from the table have been written on 0 for the results
the diagram. that are below 10
Key: 0 5 means 5 1 for the results
that are between
0 5
10 and 19
1 5 4 6
2 6 2
2 for the results
that are between
20 and 29
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E
Spanish test results for class 9T
18 12 21 6 8 28 4 11 14 21
20 6 17 13 19 28 21 10 12 22
Unordered:
Key: 0 6 means 6
0
1
2
6
8 2
1
PL
Copy and complete the unordered and ordered stem-and-leaf
diagrams.
Ordered:
Key: 0 4 means 4
0
1
2
4 6
M
3 Combine the two ordered stem-and-leaf diagrams from questions
1 and 2 to form a back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram.
The first row has been done for you.
Spanish test results for class 9R Spanish test results for class 9T
9 9 7 5 0 4 6 6 8
SA
1
2
Key for class 9R: 5 0 means 5 Key for class 9T: 0 4 means 4
Tips
For class 9R, copy the leaves from Question 1 part b, but write
them in reverse order.
For class 9T, copy the leaves from the ordered stem-and-leaf
diagram in Question 2.
195
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Practice
4 The owner of a horse-riding school records the numbers of
customers she has each day over a two-week period in June and a
two-week period in August.
The tables show her results.
E
40 60 46 42 46 41 46 54 37 58 40 58 52 56
a Draw a back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram to show this data.
b For each month work out
5
c
d
i the mode
iii the range
PL
ii the median
iv the mean.
Compare and comment on the numbers of customers during
June and August.
The owner of the horse-riding school thinks she has more
customers, on average, in August. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.
This back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram shows the times taken
M
by the learners in a Stage 9 class to complete a word puzzle.
All times are measured to the nearest tenth of a second.
Girls’ times Boys’ times
9 24
SA
6 5 5 4 2 1 25 3
8 4 3 1 0 26 2 5 5 5 8
5 3 3 3 27 1 3 5 6 7 7 9
28 6 8 9
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c Marcus says:
Sofia says:
On average, the
boys complete the
puzzle more quickly On average,
than the girls. the girls complete
the puzzle more
quickly than the
boys.
i Which average do you think Marcus is using?
E
ii Which average do you think Sofia is using?
d Who do you think completes the puzzle more quickly, the girls
or the boys? Explain your answer.
6 The stem-and-leaf diagram shows the mass of potatoes grown per
Location A
80 65 40
90 90 75 55
90 45 25
45 10
5
6
7
8
9
PL
plant for 12 plants in two different locations.
Location B
25 40 55 75 90
30 75 85
45 55
05 20
M
Key: 40 6 means 640 g Key: 5 25 means 525 g
197
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Challenge
7 The tables show the number of boxes of cereal sold in a
supermarket each day over a two-week period, when the cereal was
on display on the top shelf and on the middle shelf.
E
a Draw a back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram to show this data.
b Do you think sales of the cereal were better when the cereal
was on the top shelf or on the middle shelf ? Explain your
answer clearly.
8
her results.
PL
Oditi compares the heights of the learners in classes 9T and 9R.
She draws this back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram to show
Oditi also calculates the mean, median, mode and range for each
class. Unfortunately Oditi has spilt tea on her work!
Heights of class 9T
7 7 6 6 5 3 3 2 1 1 *
9 7 6 5 4 1 0 0
13
14
Heights of class 9R
5 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 1 2 4 5 * 9 9 9
M
7 * 2 2 15 0 0 1 7 8 *
3 3 2 1 0 0 16 0 1 *
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E
1 The table shows the times
Time, t (minutes) Frequency Tips
taken by the 31 students in
class 9G to complete 10 ⩽ t < 12 7 The modal
a cross-country run. 12 ⩽ t < 14 12 class interval is
Tip
a
b
Write down
PL
i the modal class interval
11 7 11 × 7 = 77
13 12 13 × 12 =
10 × 10 =
2 ×2=
Totals: 31
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Practice
2 The table shows the heights of 20 pear trees. Height, h (cm) Frequency
a Write
250 ⩽ h < 270 4
i the modal class interval
270 ⩽ h < 290 5
ii the class interval where the median lies.
290 ⩽ h < 310 8
b Explain why you can only give class intervals for
the mode and median, and not exact values. 310 ⩽ h < 330 3
c Work out an estimate for
E
i the range ii the mean.
3 The table shows the ages of the competitors in a marathon.
a
20 ⩽ a < 30
30 ⩽ a < 40
40 ⩽ a < 50
50 ⩽ a < 60
60 ⩽ a < 70
PL 54
20
38
29
9
How many men and how many women ran in the marathon?
34
35
17
40
14
M
b Copy and complete this table.
Modal class Class interval where Estimate of
interval the median lies mean
Men
Women
SA
200
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4 Fabio records the number of text messages he sends each day for 20 days.
Here are the results.
25 7 18 8 5 17 27 8 19 22
19 12 8 20 16 10 14 12 15 30
a Work out the mean, median and mode for this data.
b Fabio decides to group the data. He is not sure which groups
to use, so he draws two frequency tables.
Table A Table B
E
Number Number
Tally Frequency Tally Frequency
of texts of texts
5 – 11 5 – 13
12 – 18 14 – 22
c
19 – 25
26 – 32
Table A
PL
Modal class
interval
23 – 31
Copy and complete both tables for the data at the start of the question.
Copy and complete this table for each table in part b.
Class interval where
the median lies
Estimate of mean
M
Table B
d i Compare the accurate mean in part a with the estimates
you found in part c. What do you notice?
ii Compare the accurate median in part a with the class
intervals you found in part c. What do you notice?
SA
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E
f Compare your answers to parts a and b with your
answers to parts d and e.
i Do you think the answers to parts a and b or the
answers to parts d and e are more accurate?
Challenge
6
Explain why.
PL
ii Were the answers in parts a and b or the answers
in parts d and e quicker to work out? Explain why.
12
SA
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Number of work emails sent
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8 8
7 7
6 6
Frequency
Frequency
5 5
4 4
E
3 3
2 2
1 1
PL Mass (kg)
Show that the mean mass of the chicks at eight weeks old is more
than 30 times the mean mass of the chicks after hatching.
203
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E
Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Number of
kangaroos 25 27 34 44 45 46
(millions)
PL
In 2019, it was estimated that there were two kangaroos for every person
in Australia!
M
SA
204
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