Element 1: WORK PLACE HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

Welfare and Work Environment Issues

Drinking Water, Washing Facilities, Accommodation for clothing and Changing

Clothing, Facilities for Rest room and to Eating, Sanitary Conveniences, Seating
Ventilation, Heating, Lighting, First aid

Effect of heat on human

Dehydration, Heat stress, Inability to concentrate, Muscle cramps, Heat rash,

severe thrust – late symptom, Fainting, Heat exhaustion - fatigue, giddiness, moist
skin, nausea, head ache, Heat stroke - Hot dry skin , Confusion, Convulsion,
Eventual loss of consciousness, Skin Burn and Cancer

Control measures

Engineering control measures – Insulation, shielding, ventilation, provision of air

movement, maintaining appropriate level of humidity, Provide mechanical aid to
reduce physical work rate, Regulate the length of exposure, Provide adequate rest
breaks in cooler rest areas, Prevent dehydration, PPEs, IITS, Allow workers to
acclimatize, Identification of susceptible workers and health monitoring

Exposure to extreme cold

Hypothermia, Frost bite, Freeze Burn

Factors to consider - Nature of work, Personal factors such as amount and type of
clothe, body activity, working environment

Hypothermia

This occurs when body heat is lost, from being in a cold environment, faster than it
can be replaced. When the body temperature drops below the normal 98.6° F to
around 95° F, the onset of symptoms normally begins.

Early symptoms – Shivering, Fatigue, Loss of coordination, Confusion and

disorientation
Late Symptoms- No shivering, blue skin, Dilated pupils, Slowed pulse and
breathing, Loss of consciousness

Control measures

Engineering Controls

Radiant heaters may be used to warm workers, Shield work areas from wind, Use
insulating material on equipment handles when temperatures drop below 30° F.

Drinking: Drink plenty of liquids, avoiding caffeine and alcohol. It is easy to

become dehydrated in cold weather.

Work Schedule: If possible, heavy work should be scheduled during the warmer
parts of the day. Take breaks out of the cold.

Buddy System: Try to work in pairs to keep an eye on each other and watch for
signs of cold stress
PPE, Training,

Violence at Work

Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances

relating to their work and also an act of non consensual physical violence done to a
person at work. It include verbal abuse or threats as well as physical attack.

Internal: By Fellow employees this can also include bullying.

External: By people outside the organisation

Type of job where workers are more at Risks.

Work activities involving direct contact with members of public

(e.g. Hospital, Shops and Railway and Bar)
Work where money or valuables stored
Working alone (Taxi drivers, security guards)
Representing Authority / Uniform
Dealing with people under stress / Drugs or Alcohol
Control Measures a “Central Office

Zero tolerance policy and prosecution of offenders, Security staff, CCTV cameras,
Security doors between public areas and staff areas, Minimise queues and waiting
times, Clear announcements about waiting times, Training for staff, e.g. Providing
a good quality service, Diffusing aggression, Screens between staff and public
(Avoiding Face to Face Contact), Panic alarms, Pleasant environment.

Control Measures to “workers conducting home visits”

No lone working or no lone working in certain high risk areas, Keeping records of
past incidents and vetting customers, Visit-logging with supervisor, Pre- and post-
visit telephone calls, Training for staff, (e.g. Lone working procedures, Break-
away techniques), Always having a means of communication (e.g. mobile phone),
No visits after dark, Parking in secure areas, Not carrying cash or valuables

MISUSE OF SUBSTANCE : Effects of Drug and Alcohol

Increased Absenteeism, Poor Co-ordination and balance, Perception ability

reduced, Overall state of health including fatigue, Poor concentration and stress
Poor attitude, Violation of rules, Violence to fellow workers

Control Measures

Policy to deal and Properly Communicated, New Applicant will be screened,

restricting access to alcohol and drugs, Legal requirements to prohibiting workers
from working under alcohol or drugs, Testing for Staff, Training for supervision to
recognise the problem, Help should be available to employee (Rehabilitation),
Problem will be treated with confidence, The disciplinary action the employer will
take, Instruction, Information and Training to Employees, Supervisors and
Managers, Awareness Campaigns

Movement of People :Hazards to pedestrians

Slips, trips and falls on the same level, Falls from height, Collisions with moving
vehicles, Being struck by moving, falling or flying objects, Striking against fixed
or stationary objects.
SLIP HAZARDS CAUSES

Wet or dusty floors, Spillage– oil, water, flour, Dust and plastic pellets used in
plastic manufacture, Loose mats on slippery floors, Wet and/or icy weather
conditions, unsuitable footwear or floor coverings or sloping floors

TRIP HAZARDS CAUSES

Loose floorboards or carpets, Obstructions, low walls, low fixtures on the floor,
Cables or trailing leads across walkways, Uneven surfaces, Carpets (particularly
when worn or placed on a polished surface), Poor housekeeping (obstacles left on
walkways, rubbish not removed regularly), Poor lighting levels (particularly near
steps or other changes in level), Sloping or uneven floors (particularly where there
is poor lighting or no handrails), Unsuitable footwear (shoes with a slippery sole or
lack of ankle support).

SLIP,TRIP & FALL HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES

Risk assessment, Provision of non-slip flooring, Quick and effective response to

floor damage and spillages, Clearly defined & unobstructed walk ways, Fencing
and guarding, Use of signs, Wearing of suitable footwear by employees, Good
standard of lighting, Good housekeeping, Highlighting of any floor level changes,
IITS.

FALLS FROM HEIGHT

Most common cause of serious injury or death in the construction industry. Result
in fractured bones, serious head injuries, loss of consciousness and death.

From staircases and stairways, From scaffolds and ladders, From roof edge. From a
machinery, Through fragile surfaces, From vehicles.

FALLS FROM HEIGHT : Causes

Imbalance, Over reaching, Failure to recognize a problem, Lack of fall protection

Lack of IITS
CONTROL STRATEGY

Remove the possibility of falling (by undertaking the work at ground level),
Protect against the hazard of falling (by using handrails), Catch falling person(by
the provision of safety harnesses, safety net)

Control measures

Sound platform, Proper access to platform, Fencing, guardrails, toe boards, Safety
nets and safety harnesses, Holes in floors and pits should always be fenced or
adequately covered.

Control measures: Stairway

Adequate width & depth of the tread, provision of landings ,handrails and
intermediate rails., Uniform treads and risers, non-slip surfaces and reflective
edging, adequate lighting, adequate maintenance, special or alternative provision
for disabled people

Control Measures: Ladders

Suitable for the purpose, Secured against slip and fall, Safe angle, Support of rigid
surface and ground, IITS

Collisions with moving vehicles

Occurs: within the workplace premises, on the access roads around the building.

DUE TO: Proximity of pedestrians and vehicles, Over speed of vehicle, Poor
lighting, Blind corners, Lack of warning signs and barriers at road crossing points.
Control measures
Separate pedestrians and vehicles by physical barriers, Provide well marked,
protected pedestrian walkways, Designated and clearly marked pedestrian
crossings, Separate doorways for pedestrians and vehicles, An indication of the
safe clearance height, if used by vehicles, Enforcement of speed limit, Speed
governing devices, if practical, Mirrors at blind corners, Signage, Alarm, IITS to
vehicle operators and pedestrians
Being struck by moving, falling or flying objects

The second highest cause of fatality in the construction industry

Moving objects: Articles being moved, Moving parts of machinery

Flying objects: Generated by the disintegration of a moving part, Failure of a

system under pressure, Improper or no guard to contain scrap produced

Falling objects: Careless working at height, loose tools and work piece, Careless
stacking of items, Loose materials stacked at a steep angle, Inappropriate lifting
and lowering technique

Moving Objects/Parts of machinery: Control Measures

Keep safe distance, Barricade area, Information

Flying objects

Machine guards, Inspection, PPE

Falling objects: Control Measures

Avoid high-level storage, Storage racking should be strong and stable enough for
the loads, Inspect them regularly and encourage workers to report any problems,
Post notices with maximum permissible loads and never exceed the loading,
Secure articles to prevent items falling, Set limits on the height of stacks, Provide
instruction and training for staff

Striking against fixed or stationary objects

Injuries are caused by colliding with: a part of the building structure, a machine
member, a stationary vehicle, by falling against such objects.

REASONS: Poorly sited machines/furniture, Insufficient space to move around,

Poor illumination, Bad housekeeping
Control Measures

Appropriate placing of machinery and tools, Adequate space for storage, Good
standards of lighting and housekeeping, Defined walkways and ensure they are
used, Signs or distinctive colouring, IITS, PPEs.

Construction hazards and control : Construction include activities such as:

Building, Maintenance, Renovation, Demolition

Key Issues: Stacking & storage of materials/ flammables, Machinery and vehicles,
Site security, Electricity, Work at height, Excavation, Assessment, selection and
control of contractors

Storage : Designate separate area for storage for:

Plant, Material, Waste, Flammable, Hazardous

Storage

Area should be clearly identified, Keep tidy, Do not obstruct access and egress,
Separate area for separate material, Do not allow storage to ‘spread’ in an,
uncontrolled manner on to footpaths and other walkways, Provide guard rails &
access, if materials are stored at height, Adequate ventilation, Adequate lighting,
Adequate arrange for waste removal, Adequate and suitable fire fighting
appliances, Protect stack with barricades, Appropriate Warning Signs

Flammable materials

Store away from other materials, Protect from ignition / source of heat, do not store
near escape routes or under stairways, Store away from incompatible materials
(e.g. Oxidizing agents), Flammable liquids to be stored in closed, approved
containers, Adequate security, Protection from weather, Provision of spill control
Suitable firefighting appliances, No smoking zone
Forklift

Collisions between pedestrians and vehicles, Operator falling from vehicles,

People being struck by objects falling from FLT, People being struck by an
overturning FLT, Overturning

Fork lift accidents are mainly due

Over speed, Over load, Unbalanced load, Raised load, slippery or uneven surface,
Poor visibility or environmental condition, Operating on steep slope, Blind corners
Poor maintenance, Tire pressure, Untrained operator, Lack of warning system,
Reversing

FORK LIFT HAZARDS

Driver: (untrained, over speed, unsafe operation)

Vehicle: (unsuitable, poor maintenance, unserviceable safety devices, tire, audio
visual alarms)
Fuel: (spillage, fire & explosion)
Load:(imbalance, bulky, obstructing vision)
Route: (slippery, wet, steep, uneven)
Mechanical hazards, Non-mechanical hazards (noise, vibration, fumes, heat, cold)

Precautions When Parking Forklift Trucks

Designated Parking Area, Controls in Neutral Position, Applying Breaks, Fork

Resting on Floor, Mast Tilted Slightly Forward, Switch Off Engine, Remove key
and handover to responsible person, Not Obstructing Walkways, Not Obstructing
Fire Exits and Fire Points

BATTERY OPERATED FORK LIFT HAZARDS

Hazards associated with battery and battery charging, Manual handling of battery
Electrical Short circuits, Battery Acids, Production of hydrogen which is prone to
explosion, Near silent operation
Control Measures for Charging Batteries

Well Ventilated Area to prevent accumulation of Hydrogen, No Source of Ignition

near charging point, Suitable PPE (Acid resistant Gloves and Eye Protection),
Insulated tools for connecting charger, Lifting Equipment for removing Batteries

Dumper trucks

Dumper truck accidents are mainly due to: Overloading or uneven loading,
Turning at high speed, Hitting obstructions, Mechanical defects,
Surface conditions, environmental reasons, Poor visibility,
Inexperienced operator, Lack of warning system

Site Security

Perimeter Fencing, Signs, Safe View Points, CCTV and Alarm, Means for securing
Plant, Material and Chemical, Means of Controlling Environmental Dangers on
highway

Precautions for Children: Fencing, Hoardings, Warning signs, Security Patrols,

Visiting Schools, Viewing Panels

If Gained Access: Covering the Facing of Excavations, Removing Ladders,

Immobilising plants and machinery, Locking Chemicals and Tools, Reducing the
height of Material, Isolating Services, Clearing Rubbish and debris

Electricity

Electrical hazards in the construction industry can occur from using unsafe
equipment or contact with underground or overhead power lines

Control Measures

Isolate the Supply, Safe System of Work, Erect Barriers to define clearance
distance, Clearly mark danger zone with signs and or small flags, Ensure safe
access under lines, Use Banks man where applicable, Restrict the use of metal
equipment,
Working At Height : Typical Activities

Steel Erecting, Fixing of cladding, Roof work, Painting and Decorating,

Demolition and Dismantling, Bricklaying, Scaffold Erection, Electrical Installation
and Maintenance

People Who rarely work at Height: Welders, Inspectors and Maintenance Worker

Hazards of working at Height

FALL: Person, Material

Factors to be Considered

Vertical Distance, Roof, Fragile Roofs, Slopping Roofs, Deterioration of Materials,

Unprotected Edges, Unstable or Poor Access, Weather, Falling Materials

Control Measures: AVOID, Evaluate

AVOID WORK AT HEIGHT

Conduct work at ground level, if possible ( Pre-assembly of roof trusses at

ground, use long handled brush for cleaning)

Control Measures to Prevent Falls

Proper Planning and Supervision at work, Avoid working in Adverse Weather,

Guardrail, Fencing and Toe boards, Working Platform, Access Board, Personal
Protection System, Fall Arresting System, Weather Condition, IITS, Emergency
Rescue, Proper Head Protection

Emergency Rescue

Assess the situation before commencing rescue, Request medical assistance,

Identify proper position from which to carry out the operation, Identify proper
anchorage point, Make sure all involved are aware of procedure, Competency of
rescue team, Communication facilities, Monitoring of casualty at all time,
BEWARE OF SUSPENSION TRAUMA
Head Protection

Hard Hats are required where there is a possible risk of injury to head other than
falling (Eg; Stuck by falling material)

Hazards

Loose material falling into an excavation, Material falling from scaffold platform,
dropping a fitting while erection/dismantle of scaffold

Actions to be taken

Identify areas where hat has to be worn, make site rules and inform everyone,
Provide hard hat to all employees, Ensure hats are worn correctly

Main Hazards When Using Ladders

Over-reaching from Ladder, Unsecure or Unstable Ladder, Ladder at wrong Angle,

Ladder not extended above step of point, Using a damaged Ladder, Using Metal
Ladder contact with electric line, Materials being carried up, Vehicle collision,
Manual Handling

Control Measures

Ladder rested on firm level Ground, Use stabilisation devices or otherwise footed,
Secure ladder by correct angle 75o (1:4), Tied off Properly, Ladder should extend
1.05m above platform, Top of the ladder against solid surface, Use wooden ladder
near electricity, Provide equipments to raise materials, Provide holder to carry
tools, Only one person at a Time, Rungs should be clear of grease or other slippery
substances, Barrier off base and display warning sign, Use ladder by trained
employees, Inspection and maintenance of ladder

Step Ladders : Control Measures

Ensure that ladder is inspected for defects before use, Correctly erected on level
ground with its chain or rope fully extended, Suitable for the task to be performed
Does not involve carrying out work from top step, Footed by second person when
necessary, Correctly positioned to avoid over reaching, Not Overloaded, Position
on even ground

Scaffolding

Sole boards: Large pieces of timber put under the base plate
Base plate: Distribute the load from a standard
Standards: Vertical Tube used to support the load
Ledger: A tube fixed horizontally and tying the scaffold longitudinally. It may act
as a support for transoms.
Transoms: A tube spanning across ledgers to tie a scaffold transversely. It may also
support boards.
Brace: A tube fixed diagonally across two or more members in a scaffold for
stability
Work Platform: Fully Boarded
Guard-rail: A member in corporate in the structure to prevent personnel from
falling
Toe Boards: Boards Fixed to standards

Scaffold Hazards

Fall from Height during erection, Fall from the work Platform, Object falling from
Platform, Collapse of structure ,

Scaffold Collapse : Reasons Of Scaffold Collapse

Incorrect erection, Overloading, Uneven distribution of loads, Poor ground

conditions, Adverse weather, Insufficient or inappropriate ties, Interference with
ties, Vehicle collision, In compatible components, Unauthorised alternation

Common Misuse

Removal of bracings and ties, Unsecured or removal of scaffold boards, Removal

of handrails or toe boards, Excavation near the scaffoldings
Guard rails

Top Rail: 950 mm, Mid Rail: 470 mm, Toe Board : 150 mm, Guard Rail should be
fitted with load bearing coupler, Guardrail must go all round the work platform

Mobile Tower Scaffolds : Hazards

Fall from the work platform, Object falling from the platform, Collapse of
Structure, Overturn of the structure, Unintended movement of the wheels, Contact
with power line

Mobile Tower Scaffolds: Controls

Guard-rail fitted to the work platform, Tower must not be overloaded, Wheels
should be locked when in use, Tower must be sited on firm, level ground, People
and materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved, Care should be
taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved, Outriggers should be used
where necessary to ensure stability, People should not climb up the outside of the
tower, Tower must be built by trained workers

Mobile Elevating Work Platform

Operator is fully trained and competent, The work platform is fitted with guard
rails and toe boards, It is used on suitable firm and level ground, Tires are properly
inflated, The work area is cordoned off to prevent access below the work platform
Outriggers are extended and chocked as necessary before raising the platform, All
involved know what to do if the machine fails with the platform in the raised
position.

DO NOT

Operate MEWPs close to overhead cables or dangerous machinery, Move the

equipment with the platform in the raised position unless the equipment is
especially designed to allow this to be done safely (check the manufacturer’s
instructions), Overload or over reach from the platform.

Excavation
One of the important works in construction : Hazards include

Cave-in or collapse of excavation, Fall of people, material, vehicle, Hit by plant or

machinery, Collapse of adjacent structures, Hitting underground services, Flood
Hazardous substances/health hazards, Other atmospheric hazards

Control Measures

Protection against collapse, battering, trench box, shoring/shielding, Protection

against fall, exclusion zones using fencing, barriers, access ladders, ramps,
crossing points, signs and warning lights, Personal protective equipment, BA, fall
protection, boot, hat, gloves, coverall, ear plug, mask, Identifying buried utilities
Restriction of workers and vehicles close to the edge, Back filling, Inspection

Inspections for Excavation

A Competent person should inspect excavations:

At the start of each shift before work begins, After any event likely to have
affected the strength or stability of the excavation, After any accident, fall of rock,
earth or other material, The competent person must, Complete the inspection report
before the end of the working period, Provide the report or a copy to the person for
whom the inspection was carried out within 24 hours

Demolition: The complete destruction of a building or other structure.

Main Hazards

Falling Debris and Masonry, Premature Collapse of Building, Falls From Height or
on Same level, Utility Services (Electricity, Gas and Water), Explosion and Fire
Chemical and Biological Hazards, Asbestos, Manual Handling, Explosives,
Collision with heavy equipment, Overturning of equipment, Noise

Precautions

Identification and Isolation of Utility services, Barriers and Fences, Restricted

Access, Means of Preventing Falls from Height, Use of Elephant trunk, Competent
Staff, Means for suppressing Dust, Identification and correct removal of hazardous
substances, Preventing premature collapse of building, Properly maintained
equipment, Sequence of demolition followed, Responsibilities understood

Confined space: Hazards

Atmospheric hazards, Slip, trip & fall, Poor visibility, Noise, Entrapment,
Engulfment, Drowning, Electrical hazards, Fire / explosion,

Controls

Alternate methods, PTW, Gas test, LOTO, Ventilation, Cleaning, Communication,

Competence, Emergency preparedness

Management controls: Key Parties of the construction Project

Client: The Client is the organisation or individual for whom the construction
project is carried out.

Consultant: Many project client does not have the necessary expertise to manage
the project and may appoint consultant to assist the project.

Designer: Designers prepare the designs for the project and on major projects there
may be many designers involved.

Principal Contractor: Many projects a principal contractor will be appointed with

overall responsibility for the construction phase for the project

Sub-Contractors: Usually defined as a contractor who has been engaged by the

principal contractor rather than the client.

General Site Precautions: The factors to be considered

Impact on nearby housing and roads, Suitable access for vehicles, Overhead power
lines, Arrangement for services e.g. Electricity, Water, Suitable perimeter fencing,
Suitable space for cabins, site and employees vehicles, Suitable storage for fuel,
Planning for vehicle movement on site, Security arrangement, Clearly marked
entrances, Drawing up site rules, Induction Programmes, Procedure for visitors on
site

Selection of contractors

Client need to satisfy themselves as the contractor is competent to do the job

safely, Degree of competence depends on the work to be done, Communicate what
is expected from contractors, Explain your health and safety arrangements to them,
Show them your procedures, permit system, safety policy etc, Ensure that they
understood and act accordingly.

Assessment

Past projects, Experience in the type of work, Health and safety policy and
practices, Recent health and safety performance (accident rate), Qualifications and
skills in the field, Selection procedure for subcontractors, Quality of method
statements, Health and safety training and supervision, Arrangement for consulting
with workers, Membership in relevant trade body or associations
 Element -2: Transport Hazards And Risk Control

Safe Movement of Vehicles in the Workplace

Typical Hazards causing Loss of Control

Overturning of vehicles, Collisions with other vehicles, Collisions with

pedestrians, Collisions with fixed object

Hazards from Workplace Transport Operations

Various circumstances that may cause such a vehicle to overturn are insecure and
unstable loads, manoeuvring with the load elevated, colliding with kerbs and other
obstructions, cornering at speed, breaking harshly, driving on uneven or soft
ground, and mechanical failure.

Driver Error, Environmental Condition, Mechanical Failure

Possible Causes of Dumper truck overturning

Overloading or Uneven loading of the bucket,Cornering at excessive speed, Hitting

Obstructions, Driving too close to the edges of excavations, Mechanical defects,
Inappropriate tyre pressures, Driving across slope.

Possible Causes of a Fork lift truck overturning

Driving Too fast, Sudden Breaking, Driving on Slopes, Inappropriate tyre

pressures, Driving with load elevated, Overloading, Collision with buildings and
other vehicles, Incorrect selection of fork lift

Collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians And with fixed object

Workers may unexpectedly appear from a part of a building structure or workers

intent on the work they are doing may step away into a danger area from where
they are working to collect materials and tools
Conditions and Environments in which each Hazard May Arise

Factors

Inadequate Lighting, Inadequate directional Signs, Inadequate sign or signals to

identify the presence of vehicles, Drivers unfamiliar with site, Need to reverse,
Poor Visibility (Sharp Bend), Poor Identification of fixed objects (Over head
pipes), Lack of separation of pedestrian and vehicles, Lack of safe crossing points
on roads and vehicle routes, Lack of separate entrance / exit for vehicles and
pedestrians, Lack of barriers to prevent pedestrians suddenly stepping from an
exit / entrance into a vehicles path, Poor maintenance of vehicle, Excessive speed,
Lack of vehicle management (use of traffic control, signaller), Environmental
conditions (poor lighting, rain)

Control Measures for safe Workplace transport Operations

General Site Strategies

Design feature of vehicle intended to minimise the consequences of an overturn

include rollover protection and seat belt (e.g. Width of wheel base and position of
centre of gravity of vehicles)

Risk Assessment

Employer need to consider the safe movement of vehicles and their loads as a part
of overall safety policy.

Suitability and sufficiency of Traffic Routes

Clearly marked and signed, Speed limit, One way Systems, Sufficient lighting
including loading and unloading area, Separate route for pedestrian and vehicle
designated crossing points, Clear directional signs and marking of storage area,
Avoid sharp bend and overhead obstructions, Consideration to vehicle restriction
on route (height and Weight)
Management of Vehicle Movements : Safe Operation

Appoint someone responsible for transport, Drivers Properly trained, Ensure

unauthorised person are not driving, Ensure visiting drivers are aware about site
rules, Check vehicles daily and faults should be corrected immediately, Keep the
keys secure when vehicles are not in use, Ensure safe movements (specially when
reversing), Keep roadways properly maintained and well lit, Separate vehicle and
pedestrians where practicable, Use of horns before entering doorways or at blind
corners

Factors to be considered when planning the Traffic routes for Internal Transport

The purpose of the routes, the types of vehicle using the routes, The likely volume
of traffic, the layout of the area, The possible need for one way system, Speed limit
Markings, Crossing points and signs, Separating pedestrians and vehicles by
physical barriers, Suitability of floor and environmental condition, when fuel
powered vehicle is used inside a building

Environmental Considerations: Visibility, Gradients, Changes in Level, Surface

Condition, Maintenance of Vehicle, Driver Protection and Restraint Systems

Segregating Pedestrians and Vehicles

Clearly designated and marked routes, Unobstructed, slip free, well lit route with
signs, Safe Crossing Points, Designated area for parking, Designated area for
material handling and storage, Separation of pedestrians and vehicles, Speed limits
& signage, Separate gates for pedestrians and Vehicles, Warning system at
crossing points & blind corners, Round about, one way, drive through system,
High visibility clothing, Services of banks man, Information, instruction, training
and supervision

Measures to be taken when Segregation is not practicable

Defined traffic routes and one way systems, The provision of designated safe
crossing points and refuges, Fitting vehicles with audible or visual alarms, (give
warning of a reversing operation), The use of a banks man to ensure safe vehicle
movement in areas where pedestrians are likely to be present, Ensuring a good
standard of visibility by the provision of mirrors, transparent doors and CCTV, The
introduction of a speed restriction on vehicles, The use of trained and authorised
drivers particularly for forklift trucks, The provision and use of high visibility
personal protective equipment, The provision of a good standard of lighting which
avoids the possibility of glare.

Protective measures for People and Structure

Barriers, Markings, Signs, Warning on Vehicles

Measures to prevent accident when pedestrians work in vehicles manoeuvring areas

Segregate Pedestrian and Vehicles (Barriers and Separate Door), Maintaining

Good Visibility (Mirrors, Good Lighting and CCTV), Sign boards in operating
areas, Audible warnings on vehicles with flashing lights, Establish and enforcing
site rules, Provision of refuges, Wearing of high visibility clothing, Good House
keeping, Banks man, Designated parking area, Careful design and maintenance of
traffic routes, IITS

Precautionary measure for reversing vehicles

The avoidance of the need for vehicles to reverse, (one way systems or a drive
in/drive out layout), The separation of vehicles and pedestrians by the erection of
barriers and signs. Vehicle design including the provision of good visibility,
audible alarms, mirrors and sensors, Positioning mirrors at blind corners in the
workplace and providing refuges and good standards of lighting and procedural
measures such as driver and pedestrian training, The use of banks men, Site rules
for reversing operations, Use of high visibility clothing by those working in areas
where there is vehicle access.

Site Rules

Traffic management plan will be developed by the organisation and implemented,

Plan will be communicated to employees during the induction, Plan will be
reviewed and updated before traffic route is to be changed, Site rules will be
reinforced by the provision of sign boards
Selection and Training of Drivers

Only authorised persons should be permitted to operate plant and or vehicles after
they have been selected, trained and authorised to do so:

Driver selection test, Legal consideration on age, Medical Examinations

Training

The operator and driver should be trained to a level consistent with efficient
operation and care for the safety of themselves and other persons, On completion
of training they should be issued authority to drive, Record of trainings and
refresher trainings to be maintained, Training to according to the legal
requirements.

Management Systems For Assuring Driver Competence

Trained Operator / Driver, Testing, Refresher Training, Operator / Driver

identification

Risk factors associated with driving at work

Distance, Driving Hours, Work Schedule, Stress due to traffic and Weather

Managing Work Related Road Safety

Work related road safety can only be effectively managed if it is integrated into the
arrangements for managing health and safety at work

The main areas to be addressed are:

Policy, Responsibility, Organisation, Systems, Monitoring, Legal Responsibilities

of Individual on public road

Risk Assessment

Risk assessment for any work related driving activity should follow the same
principles as risk assessment for any other work activity. Failure to properly
manage work related road safety is more likely to endanger other people than a
failure to properly manage risks in the workplace.

The aim is to make the risk of someone being injured or killed as low as possible.

Five Steps of Risk Assessment

Step 1 - Identify the Hazard

Step 2 - Decide who might be harmed and how
Step 3 - Evaluate the risk and decide whether existing precautions are adequate or
more should be done
Step 4 - Record the findings
Step 5 - Review the assessment and revise it, if necessary

Evaluating the Risks

Whether you are managing work related road safety effectively.

The Driver : Competency, Fitness and Health, Training

The Vehicle : Suitability , Condition, Safety Equipment, and Ergonomic
considerations
The Journey: Routes, scheduling, sufficient time and weather conditions

Control Measures to reduce the work related Driving risks

All drivers must have a current and valid driving licence, All vehicles must carry
comprehensive insurance for use at work, Plan the journey in advance to avoid
where possible dangerous roads or traffic delays, Use headlights in poor weather
conditions and fog lights in foggy conditions, Use hazard warning lights if an
accident or severe traffic congestion is approached (particularly on motorways),
All speed limits must be observed but speeds should always be safe for the
conditions encountered

Control Measures to reduce the work related Driving risks

Drivers must not drive continuously for more than 2 hours without a break of at
least 15 minutes, Mobile phones, including hands-free equipment must not be used
whilst driving they must be turned off during the journey and only used during the
rest periods or when the vehicle is safely parked and the handbrake on, No alcohol
must be consumed during the day of the journey until the journey is completed.
Only minimal amounts of alcohol should be consumed on the day before a journey
is to be made, No recreational drugs should be taken on the day of a journey. Some
prescribed and over the counter drugs and medicines can also affect driver
awareness and speed of reaction. Always check with a doctor or pharmacist to
ensure that it is safe to drive.
 Element – 3- Musculoskeletal Hazards And Risk Control

Ergonomics: The study of the relationship between a worker and the working
environment. Or The design of a task around the requirements of individual
human capability.

Factors to be considered in Ergonomic Assessment

Organisation :Supervision, Communication, Monitoring, Procedures, Break and

Shift patterns.
Equipment: Design around human limitations, Analyse the task, Information,
Access and correct tools and Equipment.
Individual: Physical and Human capability, Knowledge, Attitude, Experience,
Training, Skills and Confidence.
Environment: Temperature, Noise, Space, Lighting and Humidity

Ill Health effects of poorly designed Task and Workstations

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD), Work Related Upper Limb Disorders

(WRULD) and Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVs)

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD):

Can affect the body’s muscles, Joints, Ligaments and Nerves.

MSD can develop because of poorly designed Work or Environment.

MSD affect Back, Neck, Shoulders and Upper Limb. Discomfort or minor pain to
serious medical condition.

MSDs are most common in task involve Manual handling, Long periods in the
same posture

Work Related Upper Limb Disorders(WRULD)

Caused by Bending, Reaching, Forceful, Twisting, Repetitive movements and Poor

posture.
Common WRULDs: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tenosynovitis, Tendinitis,
Peritendinitis and Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow).

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Ligaments in wrist become enlarged.

Symptoms: Burning, Numbness in fingers and difficulty in gripping.

Tenosynovitis: Repetitive activity become excessive and tendon sheath can no

longer lubricate the tendon, so the tendon sheath thickens and become aggravated.

Tendinitis: Involve inflammation of a tendon.

Peritendinitis: Inflammation of area where tendon joins.

Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow): When the outer part of elbow becomes painful and
tender usually because of specific strain, overuse or direct bang.

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome(HAV’s) or Vibration White Finger

Prolonged intense vibration transmitted to the hands and arms by vibrating tools
and equipment. Long term damage to the circulatory systems, nerves, soft tissues,
bones and joints.

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome(HAV’s) or Vibration White Finger Risk Factors

The Frequency of the Vibration Equipment, Magnitude of the Energy, and Strength
of Grip required hold tools, length of Exposure, Frequency of Exposure, Individual
Factors (Health, Age)

Control Measures

Eliminate the use of Vibrating Tools, Select Low Vibration Tools, Select
Ergonomically designed Tools, Maintenance, Reduce Grip Force, Reduce
Exposure Time, Introduce Health Surveillance, Provision of PPE (Gloves), IITS
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs) Or Visual Display Unit:

Covers a range of electrical display equipment that is most often part of computer
system includes laptops.

Major Health Effects

(i) MSDs
(ii) Eye and Eye sight
(iii) Fatigue and Stress

Requirement for DSE Work Station

Good Lighting, Adequate Contrast, No glare or distracting Reflections, Window

covering if necessary to minimise glare, Distracting Noise minimised, Legroom
and clearance to allow postural changes, Suitable Software appropriate to task,
Screen: Stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free, Keyboard- usable,
adjustable, detachable and legible, Work Surface- Sufficient space for other
equipment and documents, Chair- Stable and Adjustable, Suitable environment

Manual Handling: Any transporting or supporting of a load by hand or by body

force. It includes lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing and carrying any load.

Load Inanimate Live

Bag, Parcel box People, animal

Injuries due to manual handling may be classified under two main headings

Injuries : External Internal

Cut, Bruises, Crush, (MSD)Muscle and Ligament tears,
Lacerations to finger hernias, Slipped disc, back and Sciatic
pain ,WRULD

Factors to Consider

Load- Heavy, Bulky or Unwieldy, difficult to grasp, Unstable or contents likely to

move, Sharp, Hot
Individual- Require unusual strength, Create Health Hazard, Require Special
knowledge or Training

Task- Holding load at distance, Unsatisfactory bodily movement, Twisting or

Stooping, Excessive lifting or lowering distance, Excessive pulling or Pushing,
Risk of sudden movement, Frequent or prolonged physical effort,
Insufficient Rest

Environment - Space constraints, Uneven, Slippery or unstable floor, Variations in

level of floor, Obstacles, Extremes of temperature, Humidity, Poor lighting,
Ventilation

Minimising the Manual Handling Risks

Avoid

Load: Reduce the load, size, provide handles and eliminating sharp edges.

Individual: Selection, Information, Training and PPE

Task: Mechanisation, Team lifting and job rotation.

Environment: Floor condition, Work space, Lighting changing floor level.

Mechanical Assistance

Fork Lift Trucks, Lifts, Conveyors, Hoists, Trolley, Sack Truck, Cranes

Techniques for Manually Lifting

1. Stop and think

2. Place the feet
3. Adopt a good posture
4. Get a firm grip
5. Don’t jerk
6. Move the feet
7. Keep close to the load
8. Put down,then adjust
Manually Operated Load Moving Equipment Hazard

Sack Truck: Mechanical hazards restricted to wheels. Tripping and falling.

Control Measures: Safe working load of equipment, information and instruction

in the safe use of equipment for the operator.

Pallet Truck: Pallet truck can be driven both manually or quiet running electric
motor. Hazards are crush from moving loads or momentum of equipment when
stopping, crush, and trap in the fork of the equipment. Manual handling injuries
and electricity hazards from battery.

Lifts and Hoists

General hazards associated with lifts and hoist are the same as with any other
lifting equipments.

Overturn or Collapse, Strike persons, Supporting Rope may fail, Load may fall
Lift or Hoist may fail in a high position

Control Measure:

Holdback Gears (for rope failure), Guards on hoist machinery, Landing Gate
Lifts and Hoists: Safe Use and Maintenance

Passenger hoists require

Operating control inside the cage, Electromagnetic interlocks on the cage door; the
enclosing shafts must be of fire proof construction, if within building.

Safe use of lifts and hoist depends on : Adequate design, Competent Operation,
Suitable strength, Regular Inspection, Maintenance and Correct installation.

Conveyors

Belt, Roller, Screw,

Belt: Materials are transported on a moving belt. Trapping points are created
between the belt and the rotating drum.

Guards can be fitted enclosing the sides or at each drawing in point.

Roller:

Guards are required in running nips, Powered free running rollers.

Screw: Materials are pushed forward by rotating screw. Guarded or covered at all
times.

Fixed guards on drums, Enclosure of conveyed items by side guards, Trip wire, if
necessary, along the full length of the conveyor, Emergency Stop buttons, Safe
access at regular intervals, Avoid loose clothing, Restrict access, Wearing bump
caps, Regular maintenance by competent workers

Conveyors: Hazards

Trapping : Limbs can drawn in to running nips.

Contact : Moving Parts
Entanglement: Roller or drive mechanism
Striking: Materials Falling from height
Impact: Striking Head
Slips, Manual Handling, Noise
Control measures

Fixed Guards, Side Guards, Trip Wires, Emergency Stop Buttons, Safe Access,
Avoid Loose clothing, Restrict access, Wear Head Protection, Regular
Maintenance

Crane

Overhead - Mainly used in factories.

Mobile - Can move from place to place under its own power.
Tower - Mainly used on construction sites.

Crane Hazards

Overturning, Overloading, Collision, Failure of load bearing parts, Loss of load

Factors Affecting the Crane

Ground Condition, Load, Position of the Crane, Adverse Weather

Precautions for Mobile Crane

Suitability of Crane (Capacity, Reach), Suitable Ground Condition, Use of Out

Riggers, Avoiding Obstruction, Overhead Power lines, Designated and Protected
Area, Suitable and tested lifting tackle, Correct Slinging Techniques, Competence
of Personnel, Good visibility and Communication, Environment

Rules for Safe Operation of Crane : ALWAYS

Ensure operators and slingers are trained and competent

Select the tackles
Positioned o firm and level ground , and all out riggers are fully extended
Correct Slinging technique and protect the sling from sharp edges
Load is lifted to correct height and moved at an appropriate speed
Use Standard Signals (Local or National Legislation)

Rules for Safe Operation of Crane : Never

Drag the Load
Use Damaged equipment
Exceed SWL
Lift load over workers

Requirements for lifting Persons

Prevent the person being using crushed, trapped, or struck or falling from carrier.
Suitable device to protect the falling
Person trapped in any carrier is not exposed to any danger and can be freed.
The carrier has an enhanced coefficient suspension rope or chain.
Rope or chain is inspected by a competent person every working day.

Inspection

All lifting equipment is periodically inspected by competent person .

Examinations and inspections must ensure that good condition of equipment is
maintained and any deterioration can be detected and repaired in time.
 Element 4: Work Equipment HazardsAnd Risk Control

General Principles for selection, use and maintenance of work equipment

Types of Work Equipments

Work equipment may be defined as any machinery, appliances, apparatus, tool or

assembly of components which are arranged so that they function as a whole.
(Hand tools, Power tools and machinery)

Suitability for the Task

Suitable for the Purpose (Integrity, Place and Use), Properly Maintained,
Inspected, Used by the people who have received IITS, Accompanied by Suitable
Safety Measures, Conformity with relevant standard “CE” , “BS”

Specific Risks to Appropriate Person

Restrict the use of certain type of equipment's to competent and authorised person
only. e.g. Nail gun, MEWP etc.

Maintenance of equipment with specific risk be restricted to those who have

appropriate skill and expertise.

Information, Instruction and Training

Employer should ensure that all operators are given adequate information and
instruction in order they can use the equipment safely.

e.g. Safe operation of equipment, Capacity and limitations of equipment,

Particular hazards of equipment, instruction and training given on how to
implement, use and maintain control measures correctly.

Training

Training may be needed for existing workers as well as inexperienced workers or

new starters and temporary workers.

Grater the danger, the better the training needs to be.

High risk work such as driving forklift truck, using a chain saw and operating a
crane, training should be carried by specialist instructors.

The need for equipment to be maintained and maintenance to be conducted safely

Maintenance to be conducted safely

No one should be exposed to undue risk during the maintenance operations.

Equipment should be stopped and isolated as appropriate before work starts. If it
is necessary to keep equipment running then the risks must be adequately
controlled. (Speed control, temporary guard etc.)

Maintenance Hazards

Mechanical : Entanglement, trap etc.

Electrical : Electrocution, Shock
Pressure : Explosion, unexpected pressure release
Physical : Noise, Vibration, extremes of temperature
Chemical : Gas, Vapour etc.
Structural : Obstructions, floor opening
Access : Work at height, Confined Space

Control Measures

Safe System of Work, Isolation, LOTO, Signboards, PPE, IITS (Competence)

Precautions when undertaking Machinery Maintenance

Isolate All energy source, PTW (SSW), Allow Machine to cool, Release load or
pressure, Segregation by providing Barriers and Warning Sign, Provision of safe
access, Adequate lighting, Suitable PPE, Ventilation

Hazards and Controls for Hand held tools

Hand Tools are tools powered manually. e.g. Hammer, screw drivers etc.

The biggest hazard would arise from errors made by the user.
e.g. Striking a finger whilst using a hammer, Misuse or use of incorrect tool, Can
be hazardous to operator and others can cause serious injuries
Examples of unsafe acts/ conditions

Using screwdriver as chisel, Using spanner as hammer, Alteration or modification

to tools, Use of home made tools, Mushroomed chisel head, File Using as lever

Requirements for Safe use

Hammers: Avoid Split, broken or loose handles and worn or chipped heads.

Files: Proper handle, Never use them as levers

Chisels: The cutting edge should be sharpened to the correct angle. Do not allow
the head of chisels to spread to a mushroom shape(grind off sides regularly). Use
hand guard on the chisel.

Screwdrivers: never use them as chisels, never use hammers on them. Use the
correct size and type of screwdriver for the screw, split handles are dangerous.

Spanners: Avoid splayed jaws. Scrap any which show sign of slipping. Have
enough spanners of the right size. Do not improvise by using pipes (as extensions
to the handle)

Suitability for purpose and Location: Use of alloy or bronze hammers or spanners
to prevent sparks, and damping with water in areas where there is a flammable
atmosphere.

Hazards of Portable Power Tools and Means of Control Hazards

Power source (Electricity, Petrol, Pneumatic, Hydraulic)

Mechanical hazards, Non-mechanical hazards, Work environment, Ergonomic
hazards, Operator

Hazards of Portable Power Tools and Means of Control: Electrical Drill

Electrical, Spark, Rotating sharp parts of machine: entanglement, puncture,

Trailing cable causes trip, Dust, heat, noise, vibration, Absence of safety devices,
Ergonomic hazards, Competency experience and age of worker, Hazards of the
location, Wet surface, elevated work area, confined space, Lack of IITS
Hazards of Portable Power Tools and Means of Control Sander : Hazards

Hazards of power, Contact with sharp/abrasive parts of machinery, Dust, noise and
vibration, Slip on wet surface, trip caused by cables

Control measures

Safe system of work, Proper selection of equipment, competent operator, LEV if

possible, IITS, Proper PPE (Respiratory Protective Equipment, special gloves),
Adequate break to operator

Machinery Hazards Main Mechanical Hazards: Mechanical Hazards:

Friction, Impact, Shearing, High Pressure, Drawing In, Entanglement, Cut, Crush,
Stabbing

FISH DECCS – Acronym For Mechanical Hazards

Machinery Hazards: Mechanical Hazards - Friction

Friction burns encountering rough surfaces moving at high speed.

e.g. Grinder

Impact

Injuries are caused when parts of machinery in motion hit a body but do not cause
any penetrating Injury. e.g. Robot Arm

Shearing

When one or more machine parts move towards / past, one another a trap is
created. This can result in crush and amputation.

e.g. Office Guillotine

High Pressure

e.g. Air Compressor

Drawing In or Trapping

Shearing or Crushing Injuries can occur when apart of body drawn into an in-
running nip.

e.g. Drum of cement mixer, Conveyors

Entanglement

Entanglement involves hair, clothing and limbs etc. becoming entangled in

revolving shafts. e.g. Drills

Cut

Created by all kind of cutting tools such as milling cutter, circular saw.

e.g. Cutting disc, Slicing machine

Crush

Occurs when a part of the body is caught between a moving part of a machine and
a static part or nearby solid structure.

Stabbing / Puncture

The body may be penetrated with sharp pieces of equipment.

e.g. Sewing machine, Nail Gun

Contact

Part of the body coming into contact with the machine, e.g. Burns from Exposed
surface, Laceration from sharp edges, Friction and abrasion from abrasive wheels,
Puncture from drill and sewing machine, Cutting by contact with circular saw

Ejection

Being struck by particles ejected from the material being worked on or a part of
machine itself. e.g. Pedestal Drill
Hazards Presented by Equipment's : Photo Copier

Electrical hazard, Contact / Drawing in during checking of paper jam, Fumes and
chemical from tonners, Hot surfaces, Manual handling, Exposure to intense light,
glare, Hitting the corners, trip on Cable (obstruction)

Document Shredder

Electrical, Drawing in, Cutting, Crushing, (Rotating Cutter while feeding the Paper
/ Emptying waste container), Paper Dust, Noise, Manual handling, Trip on Cable

Bench Top Grinder

Electricity, Contact with rotating Wheel causing Friction, Drawing in between the
Wheel and Tool Rest, Bursting of Wheel / Flying objects / Ejecting fragments,
Hot work piece & Spark, Position of Machinery (Ergonomics), Dust, Noise,
Vibration and Fumes

Pedestal Drill

Electricity, Contact, Entanglement, Stabbing / Puncture, Ejection, Noise,

Vibration, Dust, Ergonomic, Cutting Fluid, Environment

Cylinder Mower (Lawn Mower)

Fuel , Fire and Fumes, Cut / Shear from Sharp revolving blades, Entanglement and
Contact with moving parts of drive motor, Drawing in between chain and sprocket
drive, Burns from hot parts of Machinery, Machine Imbalance / Overturn,
Collision with others / Traffic, Ejected stones, Weather condition, Noise, Vibration
Dust, Insects, Manual handling (Fuel or Machine)

Strimmer Petrol Driven

Fuel / Fire / Explosion / Fumes, Entanglement (Rotating parts of motor and shaft)
Cut / Contact with Sharp Blade, Burns (Hot parts of the engine), Flying Stones
Noise, Vibration, Slip, trip and fall, Manual Handling, Weather condition, Insect
bite
Chain Saw

Fuel / Fire / Fume (CO/CO2), Electrical, Cut from moving sharp parts, Kick back,
Breakage of chain, Burns (Hot parts),Flying debris / Dust, Vibration / Noise, Fall
from height, Contact with Power line, Falling trees / Saw Dust, Insects,
Environment

Retail Compactor

Electrical (Faulty Wiring / Maintenance), Crush (Ram & Machine), Shear (Ram &
Machine Frame), Entanglement (Moving parts & Pump), High Pressure (Failure of
hydraulic hoses with liquid released under pressure causing puncture to eyes or
other parts of body), Manual Handling (Loading / Unloading)

Checkout Conveyor

Electrical (Faulty Wiring / Maintenance), Entanglement (Roller or Drive

Mechanism), Drawing In (Between belt & pulley), Contact with Moving Parts,
Striking (Materials Falling From height), Impact (Striking Head), Noise, Slips /
Trips and Fall, Manual Handling (Loading / Unloading)

Cement Mixer

Electrical hazards / Fuel (Fire & Explosion), Contact and Entanglement with
moving parts of the drive motor, Drawing-in between chain and sprocket drives,
Hot parts (Burn) , Manual handling of materials, Slip, trip and fall (material
accumulated near to machine, trailing cable), Eye Injury (Splashes of Cement),
Dust, Noise, weather conditions, Ergonomic hazards

Bench Mounted Circular Saw

Electrical hazards, Contact (Blade above / Below), Entanglement (Drive Motor)

Ejection (Timber), Drawing-in (Chain and sprocket or Belt drives), Manual
handling of materials, Saw Dust, Noise, Ergonomic hazards
Control Measures to Reduce Machinery Hazards

Since the mechanical hazard of machinery arises principally from someone coming
into contact with dangerous components, risk reduction is based on preventing this
contact occurring.
A physical barrier between the individual and the Component, (Fixed enclosing
guarding)

A device which only allows access when the component is in a safe state
(Interlocked guards)

A device which detects that the individual is entering a risk area and then stops the
machine (Pressure sensitive mats)

Protection appliances, such as jigs, holders and push-sticks

Provision of information, instruction, training and supervision.

Control Measures to Reduce Machinery Hazards : Guards

FIAT

Fixed Guard, Interlocking, Adjustable / Self Adjusting, Trip Devices

Control Measures to Reduce Machinery Hazards : Fixed Guards
A fixed guard has no moving parts and should, by its design, prevent access to the
dangerous parts of the machinery. It must be of robust construction and sufficient
to withstand the stresses of the process and environmental conditions. If visibility
or free air flow are necessary, this must be allowed for in the design and
construction of the guard. Another type of fixed guard is distance fixed guard.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Acts As Barrier To Dangerous Parts Do Not Disconnect Power

Physical Barrier Can Build Up Heat
Cannot Be Removed Easily Obstruct Vision For Inspection
Easy To Inspect Maintenance Of Machine Require Removal
 Of Guard (Chances Of Loose Fitting)
Requires Very Little Maintenance Tools Required
Interlocking Guards
This is a guard which is movable whose movement is connected with the power or
control system of the machine.
A passenger lift or hoist is a good illustration of these principles, the lift will not
move unless the doors are closed, and the doors remain closed and locked until the
lift is stationary and in such a position that it is safe for the doors to open.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Connected To Power Supply Does Not Stop Machine Instantly

Cut Off Power Can Be Over Ridden
Movable: Provide Easy Access Movable Parts Require Maintenance
Difficult To Maintain

Adjustable Guards / Self Adjustable Guard

These are fixed or movable guards, which are adjustable for a particular operation
during which they remain fixed.
A self-adjusting guard is one which adjusts itself to accommodate, for example,
the passage of material.

ADVANTAGE
Can Be Adjusted As Required
DISADVANTAGES
Relay On Operator
May Obstruct Vision

Trip Devices
A trip device does not physically keep people away but detects when a person
approaches close to a danger point. It should be designed to stop the machine
before injury occurs. A trip device depends on the ability of the machine to stop
quickly and in some cases a brake may need to be fitted. Mechanical in the form of
a bar or Wire, Pressure Sensitive Mat
Other Control Measures
Two-handed control devices, Hold-to-run control, Emergency Stop, PPE, Jigs,
Holders, Push Stick and IITS
Guard construction
The design and construction of guards must be appropriate to the risks identified
and the mode of operation of the machinery.
Strength: Guards should be adequate for the purpose, able to resist the forces and
vibration involved, and able to withstand impact (where applicable)
Weight and size: In relation to the need to remove and replace the guard during
maintenance
Compatible: With materials being processed and lubricants etc.
Hygiene and the need to comply with food safety regulations

Visibility: It may be necessary to see through the guard for both operational and
safety reasons
Noise attenuation – guards can often be used to reduce the noise levels produced
by a machine.
Enabling a free flow of air – where necessary (e.g. for ventilation)
Avoidance of additional hazards – for example, free of sharp edges
 Element – 5 Electrical Safety
Principles of Electricity
Electricity is a facility that we have all come to take for granted, whether for
lighting, heating as a source of movie power or as the driving force behind a
computer. Used properly it can be of great benefit to us, but misused it can be
very dangerous and often fatal.
Basic Circuitry
The flow of electrons through a conductor is known as current.
Electrical current flows due to differences in electrical pressure (Potential
difference). Differences in electrical potentials are measured in volts.

The current which flows continually in the same direction , is known as direct
current “DC”. However the current may also constantly reverse it direction of
flow, this is known as alternating current “AC”.
Relationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance OHMS Law is the
relationship between
Voltage (V) - Measured in Volts (V)
Current (I) - Measured in Amps (A)
Resistance (R) - Measured in Ohms (W)

Voltage is Electrical Pressure measured in Volts

Current is the Electrical Flow measured in Amps (Current flows due to the
potential difference in electrical pressure)
The resistance within an electrical circuit, to flow of electricity, is measured in
Ohms (W).
Hazards of Electricity : Primary / Direct
“BSAFE”
Burns Resulting from the heating effect of the current which burns the body
tissues

Shock Resulting from the current flowing through the body interfering with
muscle and central nervous system functions.
Arcing Occurs electricity of sufficient pressure (Voltage) can jump through air
causing shock effects to persons not actually in contact with conductor.
Fire Caused by overheating apparatus in contact with fuel
Explosion From sparks in a flammable atmosphere
s

Electrical Shock and its Effects on Human Body

Cramps, Breathing Difficulty, Unconsciousness due to restricted breathing,
Fibrillation, Burn marks, Cardiac Arrest
Factors Influencing the Severity
Voltage, Frequency, Duration, Resistance, Current Path
In case of Electrical Shock
Do not touch the casualty, Break contact by switching off the power, removing the
plug, Check there is no remaining current and the system is discharged and dead,
Assess the situation and any remaining danger to yourself and casualty, Call for
qualified support , including medical assistance, If safe check casualties response.
Check:
A- Airway: Is it open
B- Breathing : Is the casualty breathing normally
C- Circulation: Does the casualty have normal pulse
Electrical Burn : Direct
Resulting from the heating effect of the current which burns the body tissues
Indirect
This happens when the live equipment is short circuited.
e.g. un insulated spanner contacts with live and neutral, this will result in large and
sudden current flow through the spanner. The current will cause the spanner to
melt and may throw the molten metal .
Electrical Fire : Common Causes
“Almost all electrical equipment generates heat or produces sparks and this
equipment's should not be placed where this could lead to the uncontrolled ignition
of any substances”, Damage to the insulation (Age or Poor Maintenance),
Overloading with currents above their capacity, Incorrect fuse, Poor Connection
(Lack of maintenance or Unskilled Person)

Portable Electrical Equipment Conditions and Practices likely to lead to accidents

Unsuitable Equipment, Inadequate Maintenance, Use of Defective apparatus
Secondary Hazards
Fall from height, Tools may be dropped causing impact injuries to others near by.
Protection of conductors
Means of insulation, Encasing live components of a machine, Ensure access door
are closed or controlled where applicable Eg. For maintenance

Control Measures: Selection and suitability of equipment

Ensure that all electrical equipment’s are suitable for the work and working
environment.
Ensure that the electrical installation is safe, Provide safe and suitable equipment,
Fuse, Earthing, Isolation, Reduce the voltage, Provide a safety device (RCD),
Double insulation, Carryout preventative maintenance, Work Safely (IITS)
Ensure that the electrical installation is safe
Install new electrical systems to a suitable standard (BS, CE), Maintain in a safe
condition, Existing installations should also be properly maintained, Provide
enough socket-outlets, Overloading socket-outlets by using adaptors can cause fire
Provide safe and suitable equipment
Choose equipment that is suitable for its working environment.
Electrical risks can sometimes be eliminated by using air, hydraulic or hand-
powered tools. These are especially useful in harsh conditions.
Ensure that equipment is safe when supplied and then maintain it in a safe
condition.
Provide an accessible and clearly identified switch near each fixed machine to cut
off power in an emergency. For portable equipment, use socket-outlets which are
close by, so that equipment can be easily disconnected in an emergency.
Advantages and Limitations of protective systems

Fuse: This is a device designed to automatically cut off the power supply to a
circuit within a given time when the current flow in that circuit exceeds given
value.

A weak link in the circuit that melts slowly when heat is created by a fault
condition. However this usually happens too slowly to protect people.

Easy to replace with wrong one.

Need tools to replace.
Can replace with an improvised fuse such as nail.

Earthing: A conductor called an earth wire is fitted to the system, it is connected at

one end to a plate buried in the ground and other end connected to the metal casing
of the equipment.

If a live line touches the casing so that the equipment casing becomes live and the
current will flow to the point of lowest potential (earth).
Isolation: Isolation refers to shutting of the electrical supply to an item of
equipment or part of an electrical system and preventing inadvertent reconnection.
Reduced Low Voltages System: One of the best ways of reducing the risk of injury
when using electrical equipment is to limit the supply voltage to the lowest needed
to get the job done, such as:
Temporary lighting can be run at lower voltages,
e.g. 12, 25, 50 or 110 volts.
Where electrically powered tools are used, battery operated is safest.
Provide a safety device (RCD): If equipment operating at 230 volts or higher is
used, an RCD (residual current device) can provide additional safety. An RCD is a
device which detects some, but not all, faults in the electrical system and rapidly
switches off the supply. The best place for an RCD is built into the main
switchboard or the socket-outlet, as this means that the supply cables are
permanently protected
RCD is a valuable safety device.
If the RCD trips, it is a sign there is a fault, Check the system before using it again.
If the RCD trips frequently and no fault can be found in the system, consult the
manufacturer of the RCD.
Double insulation: This is a common protection, device consist of a layer of
insulation around the live electrical part of the equipment and second layer of
insulated material around this.
Carryout Preventative Maintenance: All electrical equipment and installations
should be maintained to prevent danger.
Visual inspection and Necessary, testing.
It is recommended that fixed installations are inspected and tested periodically by a
competent person.
The frequency of inspections and any necessary testing will depend on the type of
equipment, how often it is used, and the environment in which it is used. Records
of the results of inspection and testing can be useful in assessing the effectiveness
of the system.
Work Safely: Make sure that people who are working with electricity are
competent to do the job.
Check that:
Suspect or faulty equipment is taken out of use, labelled ‘DO NOT USE’ and kept
secure until examined by a competent person.
Where possible, tools and power socket-outlets are switched off before plugging in
or unplugging.
Equipment is switched off and/or unplugged before cleaning or making
adjustments.
Competent Person
Work on live electrical system must be restricted only to competent person
Knowledge of electricity
Experience of electrical work
Understanding of the system to be worked
Understanding of hazard and precautions
SKET
Control Measures
No work on live system unless no other option, Safe system of work, PTW,
competent person, Insulated tools & PPEs, Earth-free zones, Isolation, Breaking
the circuit, Physical securing and Tag (LOTO)
Locating buried cables
Protection against overhead cables
Inspection
User check
Does not require dismantling, Routine inspection before use, Confirmation of
suitability and CE marking, Damaged or loose cables, Missing, broken or
inadequately secured cover, Loose or faulty joints, Moisture, corrosion or
contamination, Burn marks or discolouration, Open or inadequately secured panel
doors, Easy access to switches and isolators, Presence of temporary wiring
Formal inspection

Less frequent, Involve dismantling of parts (Plugs) or fuse, Done by competent

person
Combined inspection and testing
Portable Appliance Test, Various factors are considered (frequency of use,
working environment), Involve use of test equipments, Record to be maintained
Portable Appliance Test: Advantages
Detection of faults not visible to the eye, Early removal/repair of unsafe
equipment, Demonstration of legal compliance, Trends or patterns of faults may be
spotted
Limitations:
Provides proof of safety at one moment in time only, Does not ensure safe use or
prevent misuse, Items may be missed and then remain untested, Cannot be applied
to all equipment (e.g. computers).
Inspections of Electrical Equipment : Factors to be consider
Type of Equipment, Whether it is hand held, Manufacturers recommendation,
Integrity and Soundness, Age, Who uses it, Working Environment, Likelihood of
Mechanical damage, Frequency of use, Duration of use, Modifications or repair
Past Experience,
Practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using
portable electrical tools on a construction site

Use of reduced voltage, Use of double-insulated or battery operated, Use of tools

with RCD, Ensuring earth continuity, Ensuring frequent and regular testing,
Avoiding use in wet conditions/weather, Carrying out regular visual inspections
and user checks, Used by Trained Employee
 Element – 6 Fire Safety
Principles of Fire
Fire is the product of chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel in the presence of
heat at requisite temperature
Fire Prevention: The concept of preventing outbreaks of fire or reducing the risk of
fire spread and avoiding danger from fire to people or property. (Prevent a fire
Starting)
Fire Protection: Design features, systems or equipment in a building provided to
reduce the danger to persons and property by detecting. (Prevent the spreading)
Fire Precautions: Measures taken and the fire protection provided in a building to
minimize the risk to occupants, contents and structure from an outbreak of fire.
LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) : The concentration of a compound in air below
which the mixture will not catch on fire. Also known as Lower Flammable Limit.
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit): The maximum percentage of fuel that will allow
combustion. Also known as Upper Flammable Limit.
Flammable Range: The range between LEL and UEL.
Flash point: Lowest temperature at which a liquid will give off sufficient vapor that
can be ignited by the application of a flash.
Fire point: The lowest temperature at which the heat from the combustion of a
burning vapor is capable of producing sufficient vapor to enable combustion to
continue.
Spontaneous Ignition Temperature (Auto Ignition Temperature)
It the lowest temperature at which a substance will burn without the application of
flame or any other ignition source.
Fire Triangle
In order for combustion to take place the three essential elements of a fire have to
be brought together ; Fuel, Oxygen and Heat. This is called the fire triangle.
The critical aspects of this combustion principles is that if one or more of these
elements of the fire is removed the fire will be extinguished.
Methods Of Extinguishing
PRINCIPLE METHOD

Removal of HEAT Cooling

Removal of OXYGEN Smothering
Removal of FUEL Starvation

Sources of Ignition
Smoking material, Naked flames, Fixed or Portable Heaters, Hot processes,
Chemical Reactions, Electrical equipment or Machinery, Static electricity, Arson
Sources of Fuel
Solids Liquids Gases

Paper Gasoline Propane

Wood Kerosene Butane
Cotton Paint Acetylene
Coal Thinner Hydrogen
Sources of Oxygen
Oxygen Suppliers : Cylinders, Pipe line, Ventilation Systems : Windows
Chemicals : Oxidising Agents (Hydrogen Peroxide)
Classification of Fire
American European Australian/Asian Fuel/Heat source

Class A Class A Class A Ordinary combustibles

Class B Class B Class B Flammable liquids
Class C Class C Flammable gases
UNCLASSIFIE
Class C Class E Electrical equipment
D
Class D Class D Class D Combustible metals
Class K Class F Class F Cooking oil or fat
Methods of Heat Transmission and Fire Spread
Conduction: Movement of Heat through Solid
Convection: Movement of hotter gases rising up through an open door
Radiation: Transfer of heat as invisible waves through the air
Direct Burning: Combustible materials in direct contact with naked flame
Common Causes and Consequences of Fire in Workplaces

Careless action and Accident Misusing Equipment

Hot Works Overloading
Discarded Cigarettes / Match In Correct Fuses (High)
Unattended Burning Failure to follow instructions
Poor Electrical Connection Failure to repair Equipment’s

Defective Machinery or Equipment Deliberate Ignition

Short Circuit Insurance Fraud
Electrical Insulation damage Arson

Consequences:
Human Harm
Economic Effect

Hazards and Risk of Fire

HAZARDS RISK

Heat & flame Heat stress, burn, coma & death Property Damage
Smoke Restriction in breathing, poor visibility
Toxic gases Asphyxiation, environmental damage

Reason for Fire Spread

Failure of early detection, Absence of compartmentalization, Compartments
undermined, Inappropriate storage of material
Fire Risk Assessment
Step 1 Identify the fire hazards
• Source of Ignition
• Source of fuel
• Source of oxygen
Step 2 Identify people at Risk (Who and How)
• Workers, Visitors, Contractors, Public, Old, young & disabled people.
• Fire Spread – Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Direct contact
Step 3 Evaluate, Remove, or reduce and protect from Risk

Risk Reduction by Prevention

Reduce sources of ignition
Minimise Potential for a fire
Reduce source of Oxygen
Risk Reduction by Protection

Reducing unsatisfactory structural features

Fire Detection and Warning
Means of Escape
Means of fighting Fire
Maintenance and Testing
Fire Procedures and Training
Building Material, Detection system, Alarm system, Fire fighting appliance, Means
of Escape, Emergency lighting, Emergency plan, Information, Instruction,
Training, Practice
Step 4 Record, Plan, inform, instruct and train
The findings, Plan according to requirement, Develop control measures,
Implement
Step 5 Review
At regular interval
OR
When there is a change in
• The work process
• Material
• Work place
• People & their nature
• After any incident
Temporary workplace
Fire risk assessment to be carried out for temporary workplaces and workplace that
have been changed
Fire Prevention and Prevention of Fire Spread Control of Ignition Sources
HOT WORK
Work permit system, Removal of combustible material from scene, Appropriate
equipment, Competent worker, Securing the cylinder, Adequate supervision,
Adequate Information, Instruction and Training, Fire extinguishers and fire watch,
Emergency action plan
SMOKING
Enforcement of No Smoking Policy in hazardous area, Smoking shelters & bin/
ashtray at appropriate places, IITS
Arson
External Security
Control of people having access to the building/site, Use of patrol guards, Lighting
the premises at night, Structural protection, Sitting of rubbish bins/skips at least 8m
from buildings, Safety of keys
Internal Security
Good housekeeping, Inspections, Clear access routes, Visitor supervision, Control
of sub-contractors
Fire Prevention and Prevention of Fire Spread Safe Systems Of Work
Safe Systems of work combine people, equipment, materials and the environment
to produce the safest possible climate in which to work.
Safe place, Safe person, Safe material, Safe equipment
Fire Prevention and Prevention of Fire Spread
Good Housekeeping: General tidiness and order of building.
Bad Housekeeping: Blocked Fire Exits, Obstructed exit routes, Difficult to access
fire alarm call points / Extinguishers / hose reels, Obstruction of vital sign and
notices
Safe storage and use of Flammable Liquids
Work place, Storage place, Open Place
Structural Measures to Prevent the Spread of Fire and Smoke

Common Building Materials: Brick Work / Block Work, Steel Work, Timber,
Glass

Fire Alarm System and Fire Fighting Equipment, Fire detection, fire warning and
fire fighting equipment :Common Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
Detection
Heat Detection: Sensors operates by the melting of a metal (fusion detector) or
expansion of a solid, liquid or gas ( Thermal expansion).
Radiation Detection: Photo electric cell detect the emission of infra red or ultra
violet radiation from the fire.
Smoke Detection: Light scatter (smoke scatters the beams of light, obscuration
(smoke entering a detector prevent light from reaching a photo electric cell).
Flammable Gas Detection: Measures the amount of flammable gas in the
atmosphere.
Alarm Systems
Type of Fire Alarm
Voice: Simplest and most effective type but limited because it is dependent upon
the size of the workplace and background noise level.
Manual Alarm: Hand Bell, Horn
Call Points: Operation of one call point sounds alarm throughout workplace
Automatic System: Fire detection to initiate the alarm.
Fire Alarm System and Fire Fighting Equipment
Fire Extinguisher
SITING
On line of escape route, Near to danger point, Near to exit inside/outside according
to occupancy, Near stair or corners of corridor in high rise building, At designated
fire points, Within 30 Mtr or travel distance, Raised from ground (Approximate 1
Mtr), Away from excess environmental conditions
Fire Alarm System and Fire Fighting Equipment
Inspection and Maintenance

Frequent Routine inspection

To ensure fire extinguisher is available in its position
On regular basis

Planned Preventive Maintenance

To ensure serviceability of extinguishers
Done by certified engineer
Done annually
 Records must be maintained
Training
For all those who are likely to use fire extinguishers
Theoretical and practical
As per work place requirements
Certificate to be issued

Extinguishing media : Water

ADVANTAGES: Refill facilities usually readily available, Excellent cooling

properties, Best choice for class A

DISADVANTAGES: Not to be used on Electrical Fires, Can spread class B fires

Damages/destroys equipment, Must not be used on liquid fires or in the vicinity of
live electrical equipment.
Foam
ADVANTAGES
Forms air-tight blanket over burning liquids, Minimal chance of re-flash (fire
restarting), Can be used from distance – around corners and from elevated areas.
DISADVANTAGES
Not to be used on Electrical Fires, Damages/destroys equipment, Must not be used
in the vicinity of live electrical equipment.
Dry Chemical Powder
ADVANTAGES
Knocks down flames, Fast and effective, Enables a large coverage range, Rated for
class A,B and C fires
DISADVANTAGES
Minimal protection against re-flash (fire restarting), Can form a crust when applied
which can smoulder and allow the fire to break back through the crust, Highly
corrosive to electronic equipment, Agent can harden and solidify in container
Carbon dioxide
ADVANTAGES
Safe for class C, Non – corrosive, non – damaging to equipment, Minimal chance
of re-flash in sealed space, Effective on small class A&B fires in open spaces, with
little air movement

DISADVANTAGES
Displaces oxygen – can kill firefighters, Non re-flash protection in open spaces,
Can get frost burn if the nozzle is not an insulated type and the user holds the
nozzle whilst discharging
HOSE REELS
Advantages
Continuous & greater quantity of water, No need of going near fire, Protection
from radiant heat can be achieved
Disadvantages
Considerable effort required, Tripping hazard, Constant water supply is required

Evacuation - Means of Escape

Travel distance
Distance to be kept minimum, Adequate width & head room, Obstruction free,
Emergency lighting, Directional signs
Passage & doors
Unobstructed, Leading to safe place, Doors to open outward, Fire resistant, Prevent
spread of fire
Stairs
Fire resistant, Fitted with fire doors, Wide enough for the no. of people, Lead to
fresh air / safe route, Well lit, Maintained & unobstructed
Evacuation
Fire exits, Emergency lighting, Proper signs, Assembly points

Assembly Points
Safe distance from building, Sited in a safe position, Not sited so that people will
be in the way of the Fire service/fire fighting team, Must be able to walk away
from assembly point and back to a public road, Clearly signed, More than one
provided to suit numbers and groups of people, Communications should be
provided between assembly points, Measures provided to decide if evacuation
successful, Person must be in charge of assembly point and identified, Person to
meet/brief the fire service/fire fighting team clear and identified

Emergency plan and procedure

Depending on the type, material, occupants of the building, Appointment of Fire
marshals, Fire Instruction Notices & action plan, Provision disabled people,
Training, Conducting fire drill, Provision for head count, Rescue
Fire Marshals
Competent persons who implement fire safety measures and give effect to
appropriate procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger
to employees, Can be called fire wardens or fire stewards, Need excellent
organisational skills, a level of confidence and a calm head, Should receive
training
Day-to-day role of Fire wardens/Marshals
Monitor general fire safety, Report unsafe practices/conditions, Report faults,
incidents and near misses, Discuss evacuation arrangements with staff
and offer guidance on procedure, Remain familiar with escape routes and check
accessible, Take a lead role during fire drills, Provide feedback on success of fire
drills
Role of Fire wardens/Marshals when the fire alarm sounds continuously
Instruct people to leave via the nearest escape route, Ensure that all persons have
left their designated area , Help people to leave the premises, Shut down vital or
dangerous equipment, Be the last person to leave their area and report to any
person in charge that it is clear or that they are waiting in a refuge for assistance,
Report to a central assembly point, Communicate with other wardens/senior
warden/ incident controller, Liaise with fire and rescue service on arrival, if
required
Fire Drill
A fire drill is intended to ensure, by means of training and rehearsal, that in the
event of fire:
The people who may be in danger act in a calm, orderly and efficient manner,
Those designated with specific duties carry them out in an organized and effective
manner, The means of escape are used in accordance with a predetermined and
practiced plan, An opportunity for management leadership
 Element – 7 Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Forms of, classification of, and health risks from hazardous substances
A Chemical substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical process
into a different substances is called an element. Two or more elements combined
into one substance form a chemical agents.
Forms of Chemical Agents: Dust, Fumes, Gases, Mist, Vapours, Liquids, Smoke,
Solids
Forms of Biological Agents: Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
Main Classification of Chemical Substances hazardous to health
Irritant: A non corrosive substance which through immediate prolonged or
repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane can cause inflammation.
e.g. Detergent,
Harmful: If inhaled or ingested or it penetrates the skin, has an adverse effect on
health. e.g. Some solvents causing narcosis or central nervous system failure.
Corrosive: May destroy living tissues on contact. e.g. Caustic Soda
Toxic: Poisonous substance which attacks one or more of the body organs. If
inhaled, ingested or it penetrates the skin, may involve serious acute or chronic
health risks and even death. e.g. Arsenic, lead
Carcinogenic: Chemicals that may cause cancer or increase its incidence.
e.g. Asbestos
The difference between Acute and Chronic Health Effects
The effect of exposure could be: Acute or Chronic
Acute Effect: An immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect, following a
single or short term exposure to a hazardous substance usually with a rapid or
immediate response, which is normally reversible
The Effects could be: Headaches, Dizziness, Nausea, Inflammation, Eye irritation,
Unconsciousness and Death
Chronic Effect: Adverse health effect resulting from prolonged, repeated
exposure to a hazardous substance, the response is being gradual, may get worse
with no further exposure and is often irreversible.
Routes of entry of hazardous substances into the body
Inhalation: Most common route, 90% of hazardous substances enter through
inhalation. e.g. Silicosis
Ingestion: Any significant quantity of harmful substance (Solid or Liquid) may
enter through swallowing. e.g. Vomiting, Tissue damage
Absorption: Substances can enter through skin, cut or through eyes
e.g. Dermatitis
Injection: Forceful breach of skin. e.g. Result of injury, substances can enter
through cut
Body response to agents and protective mechanisms
The body’s response the invasion of substances likely to cause damage can be
divided into external or superficial defences and internal or cellular defences.
Internal Defence Mechanisms Respiratory (Inhalation)
Nose: Nasal Hairs
Respiratory Tract: A series of reflexes activate the coughing and sneezing
mechanisms to forcibly expel the triggering substances
Ciliary Escalator: The passages of the respiratory system are also lined with
mucus and well supplied with fine hair cells which sweep rhythmically towards the
outside and pass along large particles.
The smallest particles reach alveoli .
Gastrointestinal (Ingestion)
Mouth: Saliva in the mouth provides a useful defence to substance , which are not
excessively acid or alkaline or large quantities.
Gastrointestinal Tract: Vomiting or diarrhoea are additional reflex mechanisms
which acts to remove substances.
Skin (Absorption)
Skin : Body’s largest organ provides a useful barrier against the absorption of
many foreign organisms and chemicals (but not against all).
The skin which attacked by substances, may blister in order to protect the layers
beneath.
Sources of Information
Product Labels
All Chemicals, both substances and preparations should have a clear marking to
indicate their identity. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each
hazard category.
Workplace exposure limits (WELs)
WELs are British occupational exposure limits and are set in order to help protect
the health of workers.
WELs are concentrations of hazardous substances in the air, averaged over a
specified period of time, referred to as a time-weighted average (TWA). Two time
periods are used
long-term (8 hours) used to help, protect against chronic ill health effects.
short-term (15 minutes) are to protect against acute ill health effects.
Substance LTEL 8 hr STEL 15 min
Ammonia 25 ppm 35 ppm
CO2 5000 ppm 15000 ppm
CO 30 ppm 200 ppm

Manufaturers health and Safety Data Sheets and Responsibility for their provision
Manufacturers, importers and suppliers should provide information on substances
for use at work, this is usually provided in the form of a “Material Safety Data
Sheet”. The content of MSDS for substances should include:

1. Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

2. Hazards identification
3. Composition/information on ingredients
4. First-aid measures;
5. Fire-fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information.
Role and Limitations of hazardous substance monitoring: Basic Surveys
The health effects of exposure to toxic substances can be acute or chronic. It will
therefore necessary to distinguish appropriate methods of measurement.
Factors to be considered while monitoring: What to Sample, On whom, How long
do we sample for and How do we monitor
Short Term Samplers: Stain Tube Detectors (Multi gas / Vapour)
Uses indicator tubes with an absorbent material. A small hand pump is used to
pump a known volume of air through the absorbent material. Presence of
hazardous material causes the absorbent to change colour.
Advantage: Quick and Easy to use, Instant reading, Does not require much
expertise to use, Relatively inexpensive,
Disadvantage: Sensitive to other contaminant, Accuracy varies, Is only a grab
sample, Relies on operator (manual pump), Suitable for gases and vapour

Advantages of Direct Reading Dust Samplers

Instant Reading, Continuous Monitoring, Can record Electronically, Can be linked
to an alarm, Suitable for clean room environment
Disadvantages of direct Reading Dust Samplers
Some direct reading instruments can be expensive, Does not differentiates between
dusts of different types, Most Effective on dusts of spherical nature
Personnel Samplers
Passive Personnel Samplers: e.g. Gas badges fitted to the lapel and change colour
to indicate contamination .
Active Personnel Samplers: Filtration device are used for dusts, mists and fumes.
A known volume of air is pumped through a sampling head and the contaminant
filtered out. The filter is either weighed or an actual count of particles is done to
establish the amount. The type of dust can be determined by further laboratory
analysis.
Static Samplers : These devices are stationed in the working area. They sample
continuously over the length of shift, or longer period if necessary. Mains or
battery operated pumps are used. Very small quantities of contaminant may be
detected. The techniques employed include absorption, bubblers, and filtration,
they are similar in principle to personal samplers, but the equipment is tailored to
suit static use.
Advantages: Will Monitor the workplace over a long period of time, Will
accurately identify 8 hour time weighted average
Disadvantages: Will not generally identify a specific type of contaminant, Does
not identify personnel exposure, Unless very sophisticated, will not read peak
Threshold Limit Values (TLV): TLV are the maximum concentration of a
chemical recommended the American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists for repeated exposure without adverse health effects on works.
Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL): Are the concentrations of airborne
substances averaged over a period of time known as Time Weighted Average
(TWA). STEL and LTEL.
Maximum Allowable Concentrations: The maximum allowable concentration of a
gas or vapour is the concentration in the air at the place of work which in general
remains without harmful effects on the health of workers even after repeated
exposure during a longer period of time up to an entire working life.
Common Measures
Elimination or Substitution of hazardous substances or form of substance, Process
change, Reduced time exposure (Significance of TWA), Enclosure of hazard
segregation of process and people, LEV and Dilution ventilation, Respiratory
protective equipment, Other protective equipment's, Personal hygiene, Health
surveillance and biological monitoring, Further control of substances that can
cause cancer, asthma or damage to gens that can be passed from one generation to
another.
Common Measures: When considering the prevention and control of hazardous
substances the hierarchy of control should be used.
Eliminate Process Change
Reduce Substitution
Isolate Enclose the Hazards, Process or workers
Control LEV, Dilution Ventilation
reduced time exposure
PPE Respiratory or Other
Discipline Personal hygiene, Health Surveillance
Local Exhaust Ventilation: This removes airborne contamination at the point of
emission. Hood, Duct, Filter, Fan and Exhaust
Advantages: Stops workers coming into contact with contaminants, Extract
contaminants from course before they reach worker.
Disadvantages: Expensive, Regular maintenance, Continuous monitoring
Factors that reduce a LEV systems effectiveness: Damaged Ducting, Unauthorised
alterations, Incorrect hood location, Fan strength or incorrect adjustment of fan,
Too many bends in ducts, Blocked or defective filters
Dilution Ventilation: Designed to induce a flow of air through a room so that
contaminated air is sufficiently diluted by incoming air. This is achieved by the
use of extractor fan in walls, sometimes combined with inlet fans.
Advantages: Cheap, Easy to maintain
Disadvantages: Can use only in low toxicity, Not suitable for dust
Respiratory Protective Equipments
Respirators: Filtering Face Piece, Half Mask, Full Face, Powered Air Purifying
Advantages: Unrestricted Movement, Light Weight and Comfortable, Can worn
for long period
Disadvantages: Not useful in Oxygen Deficient atmosphere, Selected by competent
person, Regular Maintenance, Limited life period of cartridge, Require correct
storage, Claustrophobic Feeling, Incompatible with other PPE, Beards and Long
hair, Interfere with other smell
Breathing Apparatus: Fresh Air Hose, Self Contained, Compressed Air Line
Advantages: Useful in Oxygen Deficient atmosphere, High level of protection
Can worn for long period if connected to Permanent air supply
Disadvantages: Heavy and Restricted movement, Special Training, Regular
Maintenance, Require correct storage, Claustrophobic Feeling, Relies on correct fit
of user, Incompatible with other PPE, Beards and Long hair, Interfere with other
senses e.g. smell
Other Protective Equipment And Clothing
Eye Protection, Protective Clothing, Gloves, Foot Wear, Ear Protection, Personnel
Hygiene and protection Regimes, Vaccination, Health and Medical Surveillance
Specific Agents
Asbestos: it is a general term used to describe a range of mineral fibre. Asbestos
was mainly used as an insulating and fire resistance material. It readily become
airborne when disturbed and may enter the lungs, where they can cause fibrosis of
lung tissue. This can lead to asbestosis and mesothelioma ( it takes 10 years to
develop).
Types of Asbestos
White : Chrysotile
Brown: Amosite
Blue : Crocidolite
White asbestos has been used in asbestos cement products and brake linings. It is
difficult to identify an asbestos product by its colour alone – laboratory
identification is usually required.
The blue and brown asbestos are considered to be the most dangerous and may be
found in older buildings where they were used as heat insulators around boilers and
hot water pipes and as fire protection of structure.
Typical sites of asbestos include ceiling tiles, asbestos cement roof and wall sheets,
sprayed asbestos coatings on structural members, loft insulation and asbestos
gaskets.
Hepatitis: Disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and
jaundice. It can be caused by a virus. The virus can be transmitted from infected
faeces (hepatitis A) or by infected blood (hepatitis B and C).
The normal precautions include good personal hygiene particularly when handling
food and in the use of blood products. Hospital workers who come into contact
with blood products are at risk of hepatitis as are drug addicts who share needles. It
is also important that workers at risk regularly wash their hands and wear
protective disposable gloves.
Symtoms: Flu like illness with aches and pains in the joints, general tiredness,
anorexia (lack of appetite), nausea, and high fever, jaundice and liver enlarged and
tender (Painful).
Carbon Monoxide: Is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas which makes it
impossible to detect without special measuring equipment.
Carbon monoxide enters the blood (red cells) more readily than oxygen and
restricts the supply of oxygen to vital organs. At low concentrations in the blood
(less than 5%), headaches and breathlessness will occur, while at higher
concentrations unconsciousness and death will result. The most common
occurrence of carbon monoxide is as an exhaust gas either from a vehicle or a
heating system. In either case, it results from inefficient combustion and, possibly,
poor maintenance.
Cement: Cement is widely used in construction. Anyone who uses is responsible
for managing its use and should be aware that it presents a hazard to health.
Health effects : Skin contact, Inhalation of dust and Manual handling.
Skin contact : Contact with wet cement can cause both dermatitis and burns.
Inhalation of dust :Exposure to high levels of cement dust irritates the nose and
throat.
Manual handling: Working with cement also poses risks such as sprains and
strains, particularly to the back, arms and shoulders from lifting and carrying
cement bags. More serious damage to the back can be caused in the long term if
workers are continually lifting heavy weights.
Silica

Silica occurs as a natural component of many materials used or encountered in

construction activities. Crystalline silica is present in substantial quantities in
sand, sandstone and granite, and often forms a significant proportion of clay and
slate. It can also be found in chalk, limestone and other rock and soil.
Exposure to silica
The health hazards of silica come from breathing in the dust. Activities which can
expose workers or members of the public to the dust include:
Stone masonry
Blast cleaning of buildings, especially using sand
Demolition processes
Concrete cutting or drilling
Tunnelling.
Wood Dust
Wood dust consists of tiny particles of wood produced during the processing and
handling of wood, chipboard, hardboard and other composite boards.
Activities likely to produce high dust levels include:
Machining operations, particularly sawing, Sanding, by machine and by hand,
Using compressed airlines to blow dust off furniture and other articles before
spraying, Factory cleaning, especially if compressed airlines are used for blowing
dust from surfaces etc.

Wood Dust : Hazards

Health effects: skin disorders, Obstruction in the nose, Asthma , Nasal cancer

Fire/explosion
Safety: Wood dust on the floor can cause tripping or slipping. Vision can be
impaired by airborne chips and dust generated during sanding operations.
Legionella
Legionella are a range of bacteria widespread in natural fresh water which can if
they proliferate cause Legionnaires' disease or Legionellosis - potentially fatal
forms of pneumonia.
Legionella will grow optimally in stagnant nutrient rich water in the temperature
range 20°C to 45°C. Water contaminated by Legionella only presents a risk when
it is dispersed in air in the form of an aerosol (very fine water droplets / spray) such
as that from a shower. Legionnaires' disease can therefore be contracted where
there are opportunities to inhale infected water droplets. (Can be found 6 to 60oC)
The sources include, but are not limited to: Cooling Towers, Hot Water Calorifiers
(primary heating coil, electric immersion heater) Air conditioning, Water Storage
Tanks, Domestic or emergency showers or eye wash stations, Water features or
fountains, Sprinkler Systems, hose reels, Car Washes, Hot and Cold Water
systems.
Legionellosis (Legionnaires )Symptoms
The symptoms of Legionnaires' disease are similar to the symptoms of the flu:
High temperature, fever and chills, cough, muscle pains, headache, and leading on
to pneumonia, very occasionally diarrhoea and signs of mental confusion, and
Death.
Leptospira
The bacteria can get into your body through cuts and scratches and through the
lining of the mouth, throat and eyes after contact with infected urine or
contaminated water, such as in sewers, ditches, ponds and slow-flowing rivers.
People working in dairy parlours are often in contact with cattle urine. Rat urine
may also contaminate animal feed stuffs on farms. The bacteria leptospira
penetrates the skin and causes leptospirosis (weil’s disease).
What are the symptoms?
Flu-like illness, conjunctivitis with a persistent and severe headache, which can
lead to vomiting and muscle pains and ultimately to jaundice, meningitis and
kidney failure. In rare cases the diseases can be fatal.
Waste Disposal and Control of Pollution
Pollution: Pollution is the release of any substance into air, water or land, which is
capable of causing harm to human , any living organisms and environment.
AIR: Sulphur Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons,
Ozone, Carbon Dioxide
WATER: Domestic Waste, Waste From Factories, Agricultural Waste, LAND
Illegal dumping, Waste Disposal, Old Industrial Site
Land: Illegal dumping, Waste disposal, Old industrial site
Pollution Control Strategy
Prevention: By having a good system
Reduce: By changing the process
Respond: Ensure the rapid response in case of spill
Recover: Review the system where problem have occurred
Emergency Planning and Procedures
To be effective emergency plan must, Identify potential accident or emergency
situation, Introduce Control measures, Procedures to minimise the environmental
impacts, Documented plan and procedure for responding emergency, Periodically
reviewed and revised, Periodically tested if possible
Waste Management
Waste can be described as the materials or substances that no longer needed.
Non Hazardous Waste: Biodegradable or Chemically Decomposable Waste.
e.g. paper, wood
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous wastes are classified as those, which constitute a high degree of hazard
for public health and the environment.
e.g. Used Battery
Controlled Waste
Household, Commercial and Industrial
Waste Hierarchy
Eliminate (Prevent Production of Waste)
Reduce
Re-Use
Recycle / Recover
Dispose ( Incineration / Landfill)
Segregation of Waste: Hazardous and non hazardous waste are safely managed
and segregated. Never mix non hazardous waste with hazardous waste.
Storing Waste
Sufficient Area, Individual containers clearly labelled, Suitably Located, Different
waste stored separately, Clearly Labelled, Appropriate container, Kept to
minimum, Protect the area with bund, Secure storage area

Do not dispose hazardous waste in general waste skips

Practices to be followed in construction site while removing the Waste
Ensuring the integrity of the skip, Locating the skip on firm, level ground away
from excavations Ensuring clear access for filling and for removing from site by
vehicle Filling by chute or by mechanical means unless items are to be placed in
the skip by hand, Introducing controls to prevent overfilling and the tipping of
incompatible wastes and netting or sheeting the skip when full, If combustible
wastes are collected then need to site away from buildings and to protect against
arson, Waste and must be carried by a licensed waste carrier under a waste transfer
note system to a disposal site capable of accepting the waste.
Transport
The hazardous waste will be transported in the in designated vehicles to the proper
disposal locations.
The driver will be provided with training and copies of the MSDS relevant to the
material he is transporting in the vehicle.
The driver shall also have a copy of the waste log which will indicate source of
waste, type of waste, quantity, disposal method and location and date and time.
Element – 8 Physical and Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Noise
The physical and Physiological Effects on hearing of exposure to noise
The ear senses the sound, which is transmitted in the form of pressure waves
travelling through a substances. (Air, Water, Metals)
Unwanted noise is generally known as “Noise”.
Human Auditory System
Outer Ear : Channels the sound pressure through the ear drum.
Middle Ear: The vibrations of eardrum are transmitted through three small bone
to inner ear.
Inner Ear: Cochlea Filled with Fluids and tiny hairs (nerves) which responds to
sound, signals are then send to brain via acoustic nerve.
Ill-health effects of Noise : Hearing Loss
Conductive : May occur in either outer or middle ear this is a loss of ability to
conduct vibrations.
Sensory – neural: Loss occurs in the inner ear and is generally not correctable.
Noise can lead to ear damage on a temporary (acute) or permanent (chronic) basis.
Principal acute effects

Temporary threshold shift – Caused by short excessive noise exposures and affects
the cochlea by reducing the flow of nerve impulses to the brain. The result is a
slight deafness, which is reversible when the noise is removed
Tinnitus – Is a ringing in the ears caused by an intense and sustained high noise
level. It is caused by the over-stimulation of the hair cells. The ringing sensation
continues for up to 24 hours after the noise has ceased
Acute acoustic trauma – Caused by a very loud noise such as an explosion. It
affects either the eardrum or the bones in the middle ear and is usually reversible.
Severe explosive sounds can permanently damage the eardrum.
“Stress and lack of concentration are the secondary effect of noise”.
Ill-health effects of Noise
Occupational noise can also lead to one of the following three chronic hearing
effects
Noise Induced hearing loss – Results from permanent damage to the cochlea hair
cells. It affects the ability to hear speech clearly but the ability to hear is not lost
completely
Permanent threshold shift – This results from prolonged exposure to loud noise
and is irreversible due to the permanent reduction in nerve impulses to the brain.
Tinnitus – Is the same as the acute form but becomes permanent. It is a very
unpleasant condition, which can develop without warning.
Acceptable and Unacceptable levels of Noise and Assessment
Standard concerning noise exposure limits are usually based on an 8 hour work
shift and also provide exposure limits for shorter and longer working days.
Many regulatory agencies recommended a time weighted average (TWA) sound
level of 85 dB(A) to 90 dB(A) as a noise exposure limit for 8 hour work day.
Lower Exposure Upper exposure action Exposure limit
action Values values values

Daily or weekly 80 dB 85 dB 87 dB
personnel noise
exposure (dB(A))
Peak sound Pressure 135 dB 137 dB 140 dB
(dB(C))

Noise Control Techniques: There are three main ways noise can be transmitted.
Direct: Air
Reflected: From walls, Ceilings and other structures
Ground and Structure: Through walls and floor

Noise Control Techniques

 Noise can be controlled at different points in the following chain:
The Source (Machine)
The Path (Air, Wall, ceiling and structure)
The Receiver (Operator)
Tighten the loose guards and panels, Maintenance with regular lubrication,
Machinery properly adjusted to manufactures instruction, Switch off plant not in
use, Isolation, Absorption, Insulation, Damping, Silencing, Reducing the exposure,
PPE, Health Surveillance
Personal Hearing Protection: Should carry relevant standard
Purpose
Personnel hearing protection is to protect workers from adverse effects hearing
caused by exposure to high level of noise. All the hearing protection must be
capable of reducing exposure to below lower exposure action value.
Application and Limitations of Personal Hearing Protection

Earmuffs Advantages Disadvantages

Banded Worn on outside of Can be uncomfortable when worn for long
Helmet the ear so less periods.
Mounted chance of
Communica infection. Incompatibility with other form of PPE.
tion Muffs Clearly visible, easy Effectiveness may be compromised. e.g. long
to monitor. hair, Spectacles.
Can be integrated Requires correct storage facilities and regular
into other forms of maintenance.
PPE, e.g. Head
Protection.

Application and Limitations of Personal Hearing Protection

Earplugs Advantages Disadvantages
Pre moulded, Easy to use and store, They are subject to hygiene problems unless
User formable, must be inserted care is taken to keep them clean.
Custom correctly. Correct size may be required, should be
Moulded, Available in many determined by competent person.
Banded Plugs materials and designs, Interferes with communication.
disposable .
Relatively light
weight
Cost Effective

Vibration Effects of exposure to vibration

Vibration can cause long-term painful damage to hands and fingers (HAV) and
that shocks and jolts from driving certain types of vehicles can cause severe back
pain (WBV).
Hand Arm Vibration (HAV)
Hand arm vibration can be a significant health risk wherever powered hand tools
are used for significant lengths of time. This is especially so in construction and
heavy fabrication including ship building. Hand-arm vibration comes from the
use of hand-held power tools and is the cause of significant ill health (painful and
disabling disorders of the blood vessels, nerves and joints
Prolonged intense vibration transmitted to the hands and arms by vibrating tools
and equipment can lead to a condition known as hand arm vibration syndrome
(HAVs)
Hand Arm Vibration (HAV)
These are ranges of conditions relating to long term damage to the “Circulatory
system, Nerves, Soft tissues, Bones and Joints”. The best known condition is
known as “Vibration White Finger (VWF)”. The fingers go white and numb
(known as Raynaud’s Phenomenon).
Typical Symptoms
Loss of feeling, numbness, tingling and loss of dexterity in the tips of the fingers.
Blanching (white finger), an increase in the severity of the symptoms during cold
weather and the progressive nature of the condition, affecting more fingers or parts
of fingers and leading possibly to gangrene.
Whole Body Vibration (WBV)
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is transmitted through the seat or feet of employees
who drive mobile machines, or other work vehicles, over rough and uneven
surfaces as a main part of their job. Large shocks and jolts may cause health risks
including back-pain.
Prolonged exposure can lead to considerable pain and time off work and may result
in permanent injury having to give up work.
Whole Body Vibration (WBV)
The health effects of WBV include fatigue and insomnia, headache, shakiness
shortly after and/or during exposure, stomach problems such as motion sickness
and muscular or back disorders.
Vibration Assessment
The aim of the risk assessment is to help to decide what an employer need to do to
ensure the health and safety of employees who are exposed to vibration.
Daily Exposure Value Daily Exposure Limit

Hand Arm Vibration 2.5m/s2 5m/s2

Whole body Vibration 0.5m/s2 1.15m/s2
The exposure action value (EAV) is a daily amount of vibration exposure above
which employers are required to take action to control exposure. The greater the
exposure level, the greater the risk and the more action employers will need to take
to reduce the risk.
The exposure limit value (ELV) is the maximum amount of vibration an employee
may be exposed to on any single day. It represents a high risk above which
employees should not be exposed.
Basic Vibration Control Measures: Hand Arm Vibration
Alternative work methods
Equipment selection
Purchasing policy for replacing old equipment and tools
Workstation design
Maintenance
Work schedules
Clothing
Elimination by mechanisation or automation, substituting the tools with lower
vibration equipment, reducing the time of exposure of the operatives by providing
frequent breaks and/or job rotation, modifying the equipment to improve the grip
on the tools, introducing a planned maintenance programme for the tools together
with pre-use inspection, providing appropriate personal protective equipment such
as gloves to keep the hands warm, introducing a programme of health surveillance
and providing the workers with information, instruction and training on the hazards
associated with the use of the tools and the control measures that should be taken.
Basic Vibration Control Measures Whole Body Vibration
Train and instruct operators and drivers
Choose machinery suitable for the job
Maintain machinery and roadways
Other measures
Introduce work schedules to avoid long periods of exposure in a single day
and allow for breaks where possible.
Avoid high levels of vibration and/or prolonged exposure for older employees,
people with back problems, young people and pregnant women.

Radiation
Radiation is all around us. We cannot smell, touch or taste it. We can see it and,
with the help of mechanical devices such as radios, televisions and mobile
telephones, we can hear it. Radiation is classified into two main types: ionising and
non-ionising.
The process of emitting energy as waves or particles, and it is also a naturally
occurring part of environment.
“Dose rate is directly proportional to exposure time”.
Ionising Radiation
Some atoms are unstable, their nuclei rearrange to form more stable atoms and at
the same time give out radiation. These atoms are radioactive and are called
radioisotope.
Ionising radiation is that radiation which has sufficient energy to produce ions by
interacting with matter.
e.g. Alpha, Beta particles, Gama and X-rays.
Typical Occupational Sources of Ionising Radiation
Hospital: Dentists, Surgeries and Veterinary Surgeries uses X-Rays
Baggage Handling In Air Port : X-Rays
Radiography for Weld Joints (NDT/NDE): Gamma Rays
Measuring the thickness of Paper in paper Industry: Beta
Potential Health Effects Ionising Radiation
The effects on the body of exposure to ionising radiation will depend on
Type of radiation, Frequency and Duration of exposure.
Acute Effects
Skin reddening, blistering and ulceration, radiation sickness (typically nausea,
vomiting and diarrhea).
Chronic Effects
Cataracts, loss of hair, sterility, cell damage (including genetic mutation) and
cancer affecting the skin, other body organs and white blood cells (leukaemia).

Preventive Measures
Reduced Time, Increased Distance, Shielding, PPE, Personal Monitoring, IITS
Correct Disposal of Radioactive Substances
Shielding, for example with lead, segregation by increasing the distance between
the source and the person, reducing the duration of exposure by worker rotation,
reducing the strength of the source, the use of appropriate personal protective
equipment such as an apron, and the introduction of procedures for monitoring and
health surveillance.
Non Ionising Radiation
Non-ionising radiation (NIR) is the term used to describe the part of the
electromagnetic spectrum covering two main regions, namely optical radiation
(ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) (power
frequencies, microwaves and radio frequencies).
Do not possess sufficient energy to produce ions.
e.g. UV, IR, Laser ,Visible, Radio Frequency and Microwave
Typical Occupational Sources of Non Ionising Radiation
UV: Sun, Arc Welding and Cutting, Water Treatment
IR: Furness, Fire, Molten Metal/Glass, Lasers, Sun, Heat Lamp
Microwave: Telecommunication, Cooking Equipment
Visible: Lasers (Surveying equipment), Photocopier, printer
Radio Frequency: High Power Transmitters, Radar
Potential Health Effects Non Ionising Radiation
The effects on the body of exposure to ionising radiation will depend on Type of
radiation, Frequency and Duration of exposure.
Acute Effect
Skin Burns, Arc Eye, Loss of Body Fluids, Tissue damage (Microwave Cooking)
Head Ache, Eye Fatigue

Chronic Effects
Skin thickening and eventually cancer, retinal Damage, Cataracts
Controls For Non Ionising Radiation
Physical Barrier between source and individual
Distance between Source and person
Reducing the Exposure
PPE (Goggles or Protective Glass (near snow) and Protective Clothing)
Protective Creams
IITS
Stress
When individuals experience too much work load without the opportunity to
recover they start to experience stress. Employees have a duty to assess the risk to
their workers from work related stress to protect their health, safety and welfare.
Causes, Effects and Prevention Strategies
Six key risk factors that can be the causes of work related stress, those are:

Demand, Control, Support, Relationship, Role, Change.

Demand
Work load and work patterns, where individual cannot cope with demands of the
job, and work environment itself.
Typical environmental stressors:
Noise, Extremes of temperature and Poor lighting.
Control
If an individual worker has little control over the pace and manner of their work
stress may result as a consequence off anxiety from perceived poor performance.

Support
If an individual worker perceives a lack of encouragement or resources provided
by the organisation, line management and colleagues a feeling of remoteness and
low esteem can be created.

Relationship
Issues with conflict and unacceptable behaviour between individuals, such as
bullying at work or harassment.
Role
If individuals do not understand their role within the organisation or have been
allocated conflicting roles then this can increase the potential for stress.
Change
If the management of organisational change in an organisation is not conducted or
communicated well individuals can be confused and concerned for their future
employment.
Effects of Stress
Exposed to stressful situations brings about changes in behaviour and also physical
well being.
Behavioural Effect
Increased Anxiety, Irritability, Drink or Smoke, Difficulty sleeping, Poor
concentration, Inability to deal with task
Physical Effect
Increased heart rate, Sweating, Headache, Dizziness, Blurred vision, Aching neck
and shoulders, Skin rashes, Lowered Resistance to infection
Stress can result in: Lack of Motivation and Commitment, Poor timekeeping,
Increasing Mistakes, Increase in sickness absence, Poor planning, Poor decision
making

Prevention Strategies : General Management and Culture

Workers are provided with adequate and achievable demands in relation to the
work and breaks, Workers are consulted over work pattern, Workers concern about
their working environments are addressed, Where deficient, workers are
encouraged to develop their skills, Policies and procedures to adequately support
workers, Workers are aware of the probable impact of any changes to their jobs
and if necessary, workers are given training to support any changes in their job.

Job Design
Jobs are designed to be with the capabilities of workers, Individual skills, abilities
and capabilities are matched to the job demands, Workers know how to access the
required resources to do the job
Relationship at work
Positive behaviour at work is promoted to avoid conflict and ensure fairness,
Workers share information relevant to their work, Policies and procedures to
prevent or resolve unacceptable behaviour are in place, Different requirements it
places upon workers are compatible.