UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, JOHOR BRANCH, KAMPUS SEGAMAT

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

FINAL PROJECT
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

SOLAR ENERGY

NAME NURIN SYAZWANI BINTI AZMI

MATRIX NUMBER 2021842438

CLASS JIM1101B

COURSE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (IM110)

LECTURER NAME SIR NOR EZAN BIN OMAR

DUE DATE OF SUBMISSION 2ND JANUARY 2022

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1 Acknowledgement 4

2 Abstract 5

3 Introduction 6

Citation:
- Book 9
- Reference Work 10
- Magazine 11
4
- Newspaper 12
- Film 13
- Website 14
- Online Database 15

6 Appendix 16

3
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

First and foremost, I want to express my thankfulness to God Almighty for His bounty and
blessings, which have enabled me to complete this assignment quickly and take benefit of
the knowledge I am acquiring. I could not have gotten this far without His help. Therefore, I
would like to acknowledge with thanks to my lecture, Sir Nor Ezan bin Omar because without
his guide our assignment cannot be done properly like this. He always gives us supports and
guide on how to do our assignment more detailed and specific in purpose to produce a good
outcome. He inspired us greatly to work in this assignment. I also want to thank him for
teaching us in this course. His instruction provided my classmates with a wealth of valuable
and beneficial information. Last but not least, I would like to express my thankful to
University Technology Mara (UiTM) Campus Segamat, Johor for giving opportunity to
provide this writing report assignment. Finally, an honourable mention goes to my friends
and my family for the support and willingness to spend some times with me to fill in the
questionnaires.

4
ABSTRACT

The sun generates ability to provide quality for the rest of the world, and it will never run
out. Solar energy is one of the things that is closely linked to the sun. Electrical energy, for
example, will be generated from the sun's energy, which is related to solar energy, solar
radiation, solar heating, and other factors. Solar thermal energy is created when the sun's
warmth is converted into electricity or heat. Furthermore, this energy is renewable because it
comes from the Sun and solar energy is captured using panels and mirrors. The photovoltaic
effect, which allows certain materials to absorb photons, which means the light particles and
release electrons, resulting in an electric current, is used in photovoltaic solar cells. Solar
heat collectors, on the other hand, use panels or mirrors to capture and concentrate the
Sun's heat, which is then transferred to fluids and transported through pipes for use in
buildings and installations, as well as for solar thermoelectric power generation.

Keyword: Sun, Solar, Electricity, Heating, Renewable

5
INTRODUCTION

The sun has the ability to change shape and become more related to the earth's
surroundings. Aside from that, solar refers to everything that originates from or is formed by
the sun. It can be in the form of light, heat, or electricity, among other things. The sun is a
magnificent and renewable resource that has the power to sustain life on Earth by giving all
of its inhabitants with clean, renewable energy. The sun, in fact, sends more energy to our
planet in an hour than the entire world's population consumes in a year.

The sun produces more than enough energy to meet the world's energy demands, and it
will never run out, unlike fossil fuels. Something that having to do with the sun is referred to
as solar. The ability to transform sunlight into electricity in an efficient and cost-effective
manner is solar power's fundamental restriction as a renewable energy source. It will
become electrical energy, for example, which is linked to solar energy, solar radiation, solar
heating, and other elements.

As we all know, solar power works by converting sunlight into electricity. When not in use,
the electricity generated can be used in each residence or exported to the grid. When
sunlight strikes each solar panel, the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell absorbs the light and uses
the Photovoltaic Effect to generate energy. The electricity generated by the panels is known
as Direct Current (DC) electricity, which is incompatible with most household products.
Instead, DC electricity is delivered to a central inverter.

Every home has an inverter that can convert DC electricity to AC electricity for usage in
the home. From here, AC electricity is delivered to the switchboard. The switchboard is in
charge of providing usable AC electricity to the appliances in each home. Solar energy will
always be used first to provide household power, with grid energy being used only when
solar energy is insufficient.

A responsible electricity supplier must install a two-way metre, also known as a utility
metre, in every solar-powered home. The two-way metre can track not only how much
electricity is used in the house, but also how much solar energy is exported to the grid. Net-
metering is the term for this. Any unused solar energy is fed back into the grid. Individuals
will receive credits on their electricity bills if they export solar power back to the grid, known
as feed tariffs (FiT). Their electricity bill will reflect the grid-purchased electricity as well as a
credit for the electricity generated by their solar energy system that they do not use.

With solar electricity, you don't have to turn on the light in the morning or turn it off at
night because the system does it for you. Because there are no moving parts in a solar

6
system, it requires very little maintenance. We won't even notice it's there. This also means
that a good solar power system will last for a long time.

Then there are the financial benefits of solar, such as cost savings from lower electricity
expenses at home. Aside from that, there are a variety of other advantages and benefits,
such as the fact that, in reality, only a small percentage of people embrace the idea of
making the environment greener and more energy-free. One of the most tempting
characteristics of solar energy, however, is its environmental impact.

First of all, solar energy is environmentally friendly and does not produce greenhouse
gases that contribute to climate change. On the other hand, fossil fuels pollute the air,
contaminate the water, and cause millions of early deaths, especially in areas where they
are produced, processed, and burned. This issue is already having a big impact on people's
lives, especially among farmers and vulnerable populations. Solar energy, not fossil fuels, is
one of the most effective ways to reduce carbon emissions and build long-term energy
infrastructure for future generations.

Solar energy has the potential to be renewable, which is an advantage. Solar energy is
infinite and plentiful, far more so than wind and hydropower. The sun provides more energy
to the Earth in an hour than humans use in a year. Authorities enhance their ability to use
this force more effectively every year. Solar and wind energy have recently risen to the top of
the cost-effectiveness rankings. Then, if the fossil fuel industry were held accountable for the
true cost of production, renewable energy would emerge as the cheapest source of energy
by a long shot, meaning that solar energy has a third advantage.

On the other hand, solar energy can be inferred to have natural energy and a wide range
of applications. One of them is the ability for users to create electricity (photovoltaics) or heat
(solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to create power in locations where there is no
access to the grid, to distil water in areas where there is a scarcity of clean water, and to
move satellites in space. After that, solar energy can be incorporated into the construction
components. For additional, Sharp just released a transparent solar energy window.

One way humanity might try to reduce the effects of climate change is to use solar
energy. By reducing CO2 emissions and releasing fewer poisons into the air, everyone can
help to prevent climate change.

7
CITATION

8
Printed Book

APA
Smets, A., Jager, K., Isabella, O., Swaaij, R. V. & Zeman, M. (2016). Solar Energy: The
Physics and Engineering of Photovoltaic Conversion, Technologies, and System. UIT
Cambridge LTD

MLA
Smets, Arno, et al. Solar Energy: The Physics and Engineering of Photovoltaic Conversion,
Technologies, and System. UIT Cambridge LTD, 2016.

Description
Solar radiation can be found almost anywhere on the planet, and it is abundant. The
amount of solar energy incident on Earth is approximately 10,000 times greater than
humanity's overall energy use. Hydroelectricity is a secondary form of solar energy since it is
generated by water that is evaporated by the sun and falls to the ground as rain. Wind is
also a secondary form of solar energy because it is caused by temperature and pressure
changes in the atmosphere. As a result, solar energy is by far the most abundant renewable
energy source. Next, the majority of solar cell designs are predicated on a 1 sun incident
irradiance level. Higher irradiance, on the other hand, means more current generation and
higher voltage levels, resulting in increased overall efficiency. In the conduction band, each
photon excites only one electron, resulting in only one electron-hole pair. Highly powerful
photons' energy may be effectively utilised if they produced more than one excited electron
in the conduction band. PV designs with conversion efficiencies exceeding the Shockley-
Queisser limit may be developed if these fundamental limits could be overcome.

9
Printed Reference Works

APA Citation

Boxwell, M. (2019). A Simple Practical Guide to Solar Energy: Designing and Installing Solar
PV Systems. Solar Electricity Handbook 2019 Edition (13th ed, pp. 51, 83-84)

MLA Citation

Boxwell, Micheal. Solar Electricity Handbook 2019 Edition. 13th ed. 2019.

Description
Although solar panels generate a tiny quantity of electricity in the shade, as the sun's
energy increases, more power will be gained. Ordinary solar cells produce roughly half a
volt, therefore putting them in series within the panel results in a higher useable voltage.
Most small solar panels for 150Wp or less, are classified as 12-volt panels, whereas bigger
solar panels are classified as 24-volt panels. When a 12-volt solar panel is loaded, it
produces 14–18 volts. A single solar panel may charge a 12-volt battery in this way. Solar
energy is also referred to as a combination of solar clocks found on construction sites and
the power of the sun. This element varies based on the season and where you live. To make
a more powerful solar array, many solar panels can be connected together. We can capture
even more solar energy and convert it to electrical energy if we tilt our solar panels towards
the sun. However, there are optimal corners to put solar arrays in the housing for each
position in order to capture as much solar energy as possible.

10
Printed Periodical

Magazine

APA

Lojuntin, S. A., & Roslan Ali (Eds). (2021, November). Fast-track energy transitions to win
the race to zero. Sustainable Energy Malaysia, 4(10), 38-37.

MLA

Lojuntin, Steve A., and Roslan Ali, editors. “Fast-track energy tramsitions to win the race to
zero.” Sustainable Energy Malaysia, November. 2021, pp. 38-37.

Description
The Net Offset Virtual Aggregation (NOVA) programme, one of three under the Net Energy
Metering (NEM 3.0), has attracted a lot of interest since its assigned quota was announced
for application on April 1. Three programmes are included in NEM 3.0, one of which is called
NOVA. The other two projects are NEM Rakyat and NEM GoMEn. During the ten-year
NOVA contract length, a user can install solar PV systems for self-consumption in their own
residences and export the excess energy through the supply system via two categories. Any
excess energy generated by a customer in a month that is not required by NOVA can be
exported to the Distribution Licensee via the Supply System under category A. The quantity
of energy exported will be credited to the NOVA User account and applied to the next Billing
Period's bill payments. Consumers in Category B can use the supply system to send excess
energy to up to three different sites. Consumers in Category B can use the supply system to
send excess energy to up to three different sites. If the user has another subsidiary firm, they
can export the excess energy to three additional companies, lowering the location's
electricity bills. The NOVA initiative imposed a restriction on a PV system's maximum
capacity to ensure that more people may join the renewable energy bandwagon.

11
Printed Periodical

Newspaper

APA

Cleaner Future with Renewable Energy. (2021, November 1). The Star, p. 5.

MLA

“Cleaner Future with Renewable Energy”. The Star. 1 November 2021, p.5.

Description

People probably thought former US President Jimmy Carter was mad when he installed
solar panels to heat water at the White House in 1979. Ronald Reagen, his successor,
eventually removed the solar panels. Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, was ahead of his
time; in 2017, he leased land for a solar farm near his home in Plains, Georgia, which now
provides 50 percent of the little town's energy. Solar power is a source of hope for everything
from heating water in a home to solar transportation and even powering a whole city.
Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, which is used to
power some of our residential and commercial buildings. Meanwhile, solar farms that use
mirrors generate more supplies. Solar energy systems do not produce greenhouse gases or
other pollutants into the atmosphere but making them clean energy sources.

12
Non-Printed Materials

Audio-visual Media (Film)

APA

Elaine, B. & Saul, B. (Directors). (1979). The Solar Film [Film]. Wildwood Enterprises,
Consumer Action Now, Warner Communications Inc. & Norton Simon Inc.

MLA

The Solar Film. Directed by Elaine Bass and Saul Bass, Pyramid Media, 1979.

Description

This short film or storey depicts the history of fossil fuels and why clean solar energy
should be prioritised in the future. It also discusses the significance of the sun in our life as
one of the oldest forms of energy known to humankind, and it promotes the usage of solar
power. This is due to the fact that the energy obtained in a community house is excellent
because it reduces the use of all wasted energy resources and its natural. People continued
to waste abundant natural resources underneath, such as water and electricity, polluting the
environment without considering the losses and issues that humans would face while
attempting to acquire more and more goods in order to maintain life. There are also
animated sections, presented in small drawings and dialogues, concerning a chronology that
transitions from the sun's power as Earth's basic energy to people, who frequently waste all
resources, causing evolution to become chaotic. However, half of that resource could be
preserved if people looked up and recognised how amazing natural beauty could be utilized
to generate clean energy and help shape a cleaner future.

13
Electronic Sources

Website

APA

Emily, K. (2019, March 21). The Future of Solar is Bright. Science In the News.
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/future-solar-bright/

MLA

Emily, Kerr. “The Future of Solar is Bright.” Science In the News,

Description

Over the last two decades, advances in new technologies have led to a greater reliance
on solar by lowering costs and enabling the development of new technologies that promise
to enhance the usage of solar by boosting the efficiency of solar panels. Solar cells must be
made of a good material to capture energy from light since they are used to turn light into
electricity. This material can be sandwiched between two metal plates and used to transport
electrical energy acquired from light energy to a location where it is needed, such as a
household lamp or a manufacturing equipment. The solar cell may be connected with
electronics that allow it to monitor the sun as it travels across the sky during the day. If the
solar cell is always facing the sun, it will be bombarded with many more photons than if it is
just facing the light during midday. Designing electronics that can correctly and consistently
track the location of the sun for several decades at a reasonable cost is currently a problem,
but progress is being made. Using mirrors to focus light on a smaller, and thus cheaper,
solar cell is an alternative to moving the solar cell itself.

14
Online Database

APA

Dash, P.K., Gupta, N.C., Rawat, R. & Pant, P.C. (2017). A novel climate classification
criterion based on the performance of solar photovoltaic technologies. Solar Energy,
144(3), 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.046

MLA

Dash, Pramod Kumar, et al. “A novel climate classification criterion based on the
performance of solar photovoltaic technologies.” Solar Energy, vol.144, no.3, 2017,
pp. 392-398. ScienceDirect, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.046 .
Accessed 1 December 2021.

Description

Among renewable energy systems, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the most
extensively utilised clean energy generating strategies. Environmental characteristics such
as radiation, ambient temperature, air mass, and humidity, as well as technical aspects of
PV modules such as efficiency, temperature coefficient, and degradation, all influence the
amount of energy generated by PV technology. Several researchers have analysed the long-
and short-term performance of various PV technologies in a variety of environments. For
examples, the performance of crystalline silicon, HIT, multi-crystalline silicon, and
amorphous silicon, as well as the various technologies in ten places around Mexico and
more. On the basis of daytime irradiance distribution, ambient temperature, and performance
assessment of m-Si, a-Si, CdTe, and HIT PV technologies in different environmental
situations, a novel classification of climatic zones and decision-making method for PV
technology selection have been developed.

15
Appendix

16