Anatomy & Physiology: The Immune System

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Anatomy & Physiology:

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM


 The immune system protects the body from natural killer lymphocytes: respond to virus-infected cells; can
recognize damaged cells with the presence of antibodies; part of early
infection by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. defense against bacterial infection
neutrophils: leukocytes that destroy invaders
Terms
pathogens: any foreign substances that cause disease or infection;
adaptive immune system: specifically targets include viruses, bacteria, and fungi
pathogens and attacks them based on their specific
properties phagocytes: specialized white blood cells that can engulf portions of
or entire pathogens
antibodies: proteins that bind to the antigen to
neutralize it and stimulate phagocytes to ingest the plasma cells: a type of B cell that produces antibodies
entire structure skin: organ that surrounds the entire body, leaving few openings for an
antigens: substances unrecognized by the immune infection-causing agent to enter
system that exist on the surface of pathogenic cells T cells: antigen-detecting lymphocytes
antimicrobial peptides: interfere with membrane and white blood cells: specialized blood cells that attack pathogens
DNA function of bacteria, destroying it
B cells: stimulated by helper T cells; produce antibodies Lines of Defense in the Immune System
for an antibody-mediated response
1. external barriers skin, enzymes, mucus, earwax, native
cell-mediated response: destruction of infected cells by bacteria
cytotoxic T cells
2. the innate response inflammation, eukocytes (white blood
cytotoxic T cells: actively destroy infected cells by cells), antimicrobial peptides, natural killer
binding to the targeted cell’s surface lymphocytes, interferon
earwax: bars pathogens from entry at the ears 3. the adaptive response helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells,
helper T cells: a type of T cell that binds to the antigen memory B cells
under attack by the immune system
immune response: series of events triggered when Types of White Blood Cells
antigens are detected by the immune system Bone Marrow Stem Cells
immunity: resistance to a pathogen following an
antibody-mediated response
inflammation response: release of histamines around
Lymphocytic Cells
injured body tissue to raise the temperature and increase
blood flow into the area, bringing more white blood cells Myelocytic Cells
to the tissue for repair
innate immune system: nonspecific defenses including Neutrophils Natural T Cells
physical barriers as well as specific cells that attack Eosinophils killer cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
invaders that penetrate these barriers Basophils
B Cells Helper T Cells
interferon: released by infected cells; causes nearby cells Monocytes/Macrophages
Plasma cells Suppressor T Cells
to increase their defenses
leukocytes: white blood cells Antibodies
lymphocytes: two distinct kinds of white blood cells (T
and B cells)
memory cells: a type of B cell that stores information
for producing the antibody; activated when the same
antigen appears in the body
mucus: traps pathogens before they can replicate and
infect

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