Contents

Before you begin vii

Topic 1: Plan document 1

1A Determine audience and purpose for the document 2
1B Determine the format and structure 6
1C Establish key points for inclusion 22
1D Identify organisational requirements 24
1E Establish method of communication 26
1F Establish means of communication 29
Summary 32
Learning checkpoint 1:Plan document 33

Topic 2: Draft document 37

2A Develop draft document to communicate key points 38
2B Obtain and include any additional information that is required 44
Summary 46
Learning checkpoint 2: Draft document 47

Topic 3: Review document 53

3A Check draft for suitability of tone for audience, purpose, format and
communication style 54
3B Check draft for readability, grammar, spelling, and sentence and
paragraph construction 57
3C Check draft for sequencing and structure 63
3D Check draft to ensure it meets organisational requirements 65
3E Ensure draft is proofread, where appropriate, by supervisor or colleague 67
Summary 69
Learning checkpoint 3: Review document 70

Topic 4: Write final document 73

4A Make and proofread necessary changes 74
4B Ensure document is sent to intended recipient 76
4C File copy of document in accordance with organisational policies
and procedures 78
Summary 79
Learning checkpoint 4: Write final document 80

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1A Determine audience and

purpose for the document
When preparing a business document, it is important to have a clear idea of
who the document is for and what the document is about. This ensures that
your communication is professional and represents the organisation in the best
possible way.

Understand the document’s purpose

Business documents are used for many purposes. The following chart outlines a
range of situations when a simple business document needs to be prepared, with
examples of what the document might be about. Such documents may be for
external customers (such as clients or suppliers) or internal customers (such as staff
within an organisation). The role of many of the documents is to communicate
information. Other documents may be prepared to store data or keep a permanent
record of information.

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Provides statistical or factual information

7
Provides data such as:
•• monthly sales figures
•• meeting agendas
•• minutes of meetings
•• meeting outcomes
•• new products.

Provides database information

8
Provides information such as:
•• lists of clients
•• addresses
•• personnel details.

Provides evidence of the organisation’s activities

9
Provides evidence of:
•• telephone calls
•• copies of letters sent.

Keeps a permanent record of decisions made

10
Keeps records such as:
•• minutes of meetings.

Who is the document for?

Once you know the purpose of your document, the next step is to be clear about
who you are writing it for. Who is your audience? Understanding the purpose of
your document and the audience you are writing for affects what you write, how
you write it and in what format you present it. You must be clear about these topics
before you start preparing your draft.
Business documents can be for internal customers – all staff members,
a department or the management team. Alternatively, they can be
for external customers – buyers, service providers or government
departments.
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1B Determine the format and structure

After you have established the document’s audience, content and reason or
purpose, you also need to think about the best way to present your document,
in terms of its format and structure. Broadly, there are two types of documents:
documents that communicate information and documents that store information.
When you are asked to produce a document, you should be very clear about what
the document is for. This helps you decide how much you need to write and what
format the document should take. You need to be aware of the communication
protocols that determine the format and structure of your communication.

Types of business documents

Documents that store information include reports from databases, responses to
questionnaires and product records.
Documents that communicate information include:
• business letters and faxes
• memos and emails
• briefing papers
• meeting documents
• reports; for example, financial reports, research reports, progress reports
• tables; for example, schedules, financial spreadsheets
• forms; for example, questionnaires, surveys.

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… continued

Company name here

Memo
Date: 1/07/2016
To: [ Click here and type names ]
Cc: [ Click here and type names ]
From: [ Click here and type names ]
Re: [ Click here and type subject ]

[ Click here and type your memo text ]

Business letters
Letters are used to pass on a wide range of business information. They are used
when evidence or a record of business activities is required. They also provide a
personal point of contact between your organisation and its clients. Letters that are
well-written and well-presented give a good impression of an organisation. Here
are some common types of letters.

Acknowledgments

For example:
To confirm that your organisation has received something or to
acknowledge a job application

Complaints and claims

For example:
To let a branch of your organisation know of a customer complaint or
to inform a supplier they have delivered faulty goods

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Here are the parts of a business letter.

Date

└└ The convention in Australia is to write the day, month and year;

for example, 12 May 2016.

Sender’s address

└└ This is not necessary if your organisation uses letterhead paper.

The name, title and address of who you are sending the letter to

└└ If you do not know the title of the person, you should try to find
out; if you are unsure how a woman prefers to be addressed,
use Ms.

The greeting

└└ This is sometimes called the salutation. This is usually ‘Dear’,

followed by the same title and name as used in the inside
address. If you are not sure of the person’s gender, write their full
name; for example, ‘Dear Pat Smith’. If you do not know the name
of the person, you may have to write ‘Dear Sir/Madam’.

Body

└└ This is the main content of the letter. You should consider a

friendly opening and then state the main point of the letter.

Close

└└ In a business letter, the formal close is ‘Yours sincerely’ if

you know the name of the person you are writing to, or ‘Yours
faithfully’ if you do not.

Signature and identification

└└ This is usually about six spaces below the close. After the
signature is the sender’s name and position in the organisation
(the position is usually in bold).

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Example: completed fax

East Asian Artefacts

Facsimile
To: Oriental Boutique
Attention: Mr Chau
Fax: (04) 3688 1234
From: Bernie Periera
Date: 5 June 2016
Subject: Price list
No. of pages: 3 (incl. cover page)

The following pages provide details of the prices and sizes of the desks, as per
your request.
Delivery would take about three to four weeks.
Thank you for your inquiry.
Regards
Bernie

Ph: 8544 1255

Business memos
A memo is a popular format for sending information in an office. Memos are
usually sent when information needs to be forwarded to a number of people or if a
record of correspondence is required for future reference.
The subjects of memos might be:
• general announcements about staff policies, safety procedures or social events
• correspondence between a manager and staff about leave applications or
performance appraisals
• correspondence between teams or departments about time lines and new
projects
• short reports to staff about decisions made by team leaders or managers.

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Business emails
Emails are sent when you want to relay a message quickly. In some
organisations, emails are more common now than memos or faxes.
They can be sent within the organisation or to external clients. Like
faxes, they must be addressed accurately.
There are communication protocols for business emails. Usually
emails should be formal, even though you may know the person you
are emailing very well. In business, your email could be forwarded to

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someone else, such as the recipient’s manager, so an informal style may
not be acceptable.

Example: the language of emails

Look at the following email message. Although it gets the message across, it is too informal
for a business email. Joe may need to pass this on to the marketing manager. This type of
language is more appropriate for your personal emails.

[email protected]

Hi Joe. How are things with you these days? Could you let your marketing branch know
that we received their information? It was spot on. Cheers. Costa

The following email message would be more suitable, even if Costa knows Joe quite well.

[email protected]

Dear Joe
Please let your marketing branch know that we received their information. It was very
helpful and included exactly the information required about prices, deadlines and
ordering procedures.
Regards
Costa

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Agendas
An agenda contains details of where and when a meeting is to be held and a list of
the items to be discussed at the meeting. Some agendas list the names of the people
who will speak to each item. The agenda is given to all those invited to the meeting
in advance, so they can prepare any papers or thoughts they may have on any
items that will be discussed at the meeting.
Most organisations have a preference for how their agendas are to be set out. If you
are new to an organisation, ask if there is a template you should use or you could
copy an agenda from a previous meeting.

Example: agenda for a staff meeting

Reynard Real Estate

Staff meeting
Date: Tuesday 2 April 2016
Time: 2 pm
Location: Board room
Agenda
Chair: Doug Kosovitch
Minutes: Shelley Andersen
• Apologies
• Minutes of the previous meeting
• Business arising
• Correspondence – Darren
• Financial report – Craig
• Sales report – Wendy
• Forthcoming auctions – Joseph
• Promotional activities – Erica
• Other business
Next meeting: Tuesday 9 April 2016

Minutes
Minutes formally record what happens at a meeting. Minutes are generally set out
in the order of items as outlined in the agenda. They must be a clear and accurate
account of what was said at the meeting, who reported each item and of decisions
that were made about any action to be taken and who would be responsible. They
can be an important record for the organisation.

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Presentation documents
Presentation documents can include brochures, notices, advertisements and screen
display presentations such as Microsoft PowerPoint presentations. Such documents
need a great deal of thought because they must be attractive, clear and concise.
Many software programs are available that make producing such presentation
documents easier.
The structure of presentation documents will vary but there are some features you
need to remember:
• If the document is to be presented on screen, you should use a sans serif font
(for example, Arial) and the smallest font size should be 28 points.
• Don’t have too much text on one slide and use plenty of space.
• Each slide should only contain the main points, not the full text, of what the
person presenting wants to say.

Intranet and internet documents

In your organisation, you may need to access on-screen documents. This may
be via the intranet (internal internet), which can only be accessed by employees
and other authorised people, as well as the internet. Here are the main things to
remember about on-screen document requirements.

On-screen document requirements

•• Any on-screen text should be in a sans serif font; for example, Arial,
Tahoma
•• Writing style should be clear, concise and in plain English
•• Screen readers are software applications that identify and interpret
what is being displayed onscreen, so ensure your message is clear
•• Avoid long pages of text that the reader has to scroll down
•• Provide useful, hyperlinked navigation icons, such as links to
headings and back buttons

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 Topic 1
Plan document

Passive and active language

Documents such as reports are always formal, even if you know the people you
are writing for. Formal language does not mean passive language. Wherever
possible, you should choose to write in active language, which means you mention
the person who is doing the action first. The meaning is then much clearer to
the reader. The examples below clearly show the difference between passive and
active language.

Passive and active language

Passive: The report was written by John Smith.

Active: John Smith wrote the report.

Passive: The material you ordered was sent to you by our city branch.
Active: Our city branch sent the material you ordered.

Passive: The annual report was discussed by the Board.

Active: The Board discussed the annual report.

Inclusive language
Your language must also be inclusive. This means writing for all types of people.
No-one must feel that you are excluding them in what you have written. For
example, don’t make assumptions about the gender of people in specific jobs. If
you are writing to a manager, don’t assume it is a man or that a receptionist is
a woman.
Don’t assume the people reading your document will be of the same gender,
ethnicity or ability as you. Instead of using ‘he’ or ‘him’, use ‘he or she’ or the
plural pronoun ‘they’. Most places prefer the plural use, but you will need to find
out what style your organisation prefers.
Be careful not to use discriminatory language such as demeaning terms like ‘girls’
for ‘women’ or unnecessarily imply gender to roles such as ‘chairman’ instead of
‘chairperson’ or ‘chair’.

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Choose software
Sometimes you have to choose between word processing and spreadsheet
software if you are producing a table in your document. Here are examples of the
appropriate software to use for various documents.

Reports containing mainly text

└└ Word processing software

Reports containing mainly figures

└└ Spreadsheet software

└└ Accounting software

Letters and memos

└└ Word processing software

└└ Desktop publishing software

└└ Digital image editing software

Reports containing mainly text

└└ Word processing software

Client and product details

└└ Database software

└└ Spreadsheet software

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2A Develop draft document to

communicate key points
Although this is only a first draft, you should think about how you will
structure the document so the information is presented logically. Most
documents, even short ones, should include:
• an introduction describing what the document or message is about
• the main text, which has the sentences and paragraphs describing
the details of the information
• a conclusion summarising the key points and indicating any

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outcomes, recommendations and actions to be taken.

Start writing
A good way to start writing is to put your key points into sentences and
paragraphs straightaway. At this point, don’t worry too much about whether or
not you have used exactly the right wording or punctuation. Remember this first
writing attempt is only a draft – you have a long way to go. It is not the finished
product. Put everything you think you need to include down on paper. Don’t try
to make it sound perfect as you do this or you will lose the flow of your thoughts.
Perfecting the draft comes later.
As you write, remember who your audience is. Remember the purpose of the
document. When people receive information, they need to be able to understand
the information and know what they are supposed to do with it.
Then check that you have included all your key points and not omitted anything
important.

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 Topic 2
Draft document

Check the number of times you have used ‘that’.

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Many of these can be deleted. For example, they can be deleted in this
sentence:
‘The manager found that he could not contact the client by phone, so he
thought that it would be a good idea to write a letter instead.’

Do an initial spelling and grammar check, using your software’s

11 spellcheck function.
In the following sentence, three errors were highlighted.
‘The manager aksed the receptioist to gave the report to her.’
Mistakes in spelling will be underlined in red (for example, ‘aksed’ and
‘receptioist’). Any grammar mistakes will be underlined in green (for
example, ‘gave’).

Checklist for a draft document

Use the checklist below when you need to check a document you have drafted.

Draft document checklist

‰‰ Does the document have a clear beginning, middle and end?

‰‰ Have I remembered to write using active language?
‰‰ Are the points in a sensible order?
‰‰ Have I written in plain English?
‰‰ Is the length of my sentences varied?
‰‰ Do the sentences have only one main point?
‰‰ Have I used alternative words instead of repeating words over
and over again?
‰‰ Have I used an appropriate number of adjectives and adverbs?
‰‰ Have I written something only once and not repeated it?
‰‰ Have I only used the word ‘that’ when necessary?
‰‰ Have I done an initial spelling and grammar check, using my
software’s spellchecker?

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Draft document

Identify the tasks to be completed.

1

Assess the time and resources needed to complete

2 the tasks in line with organisational parameters, such
as work procedures and quality manuals.

Prioritise tasks in order of importance.

3

Estimate and continually update your time lines.

4

Communicate issues relating to your workload clearly

5 and effectively with other team members as needed.

Practice task 7
1. Think about anything you have written at work or when studying. Did you try to write it
slowly in the belief that this was going to be the first and only copy? How successful was
this approach?

2. Why do you think the advice to just write down everything straightaway could be a good
strategy?

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Topic 3
Review document
Reviewing your document involves reading over your draft to check it for
accuracy, appropriate tone, good presentation and correct use of plain English.
Any written business document should follow the four C’s, which means they
should be clear, concise, correct and courteous. In other words, it should be
written so it is easy for the reader to understand the information.
In this topic you will learn how to:
3A Check draft for suitability of tone for audience, purpose, format and
communication style
3B Check draft for readability, grammar, spelling, and sentence and paragraph
construction
3C Check draft for sequencing and structure
3D Check draft to ensure it meets organisational requirements
3E Ensure draft is proofread, where appropriate, by supervisor or colleague

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 Topic 3
Review document

Have you used the right tone for your readers? Ask yourself whether the tone you
have used will maintain good relations between your organisation and its clients
or between you and your colleagues.
Here are examples of tactless and tactful tone.

Tactless tone Tactful tone

‘Obviously, if you had read the ‘I’m sorry to learn that you had
instruction manual carefully you trouble installing the equipment.
would not have had any trouble I think the information on page
installing the equipment. Just look 32 of the manual may help. If you
at page 32.’ have further trouble, please don’t
hesitate to call me.’

The purpose and format

Does the tone of your document match the purpose and format you are using? If
it is conveying an instruction, is the tone polite? Will the readers understand the
message because of your tone?
If the readers need to do something after reading your document, the action
should be clear to them. A confident tone is suitable if your purpose is to convince
someone of a course of action; for example, to:
• attend a meeting
• read a report and review it for management
• make business decisions based on financial spreadsheets
• sign a letter
• follow an instruction.
You would use an appreciative tone when thanking a colleague or client.

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Grammar
Your software program may pick up grammatical errors, but don’t just assume the
changes suggested are what you want or that all the errors have been picked up.
Check through your work to find errors such as the ones listed below:

Checking for grammatical errors

Mixed up tenses – past, present, future mixed in a sentence

1
For example: Jake went to the office and gets the document. He
thought it will be sent by courier.

2 Verbs that don’t agree with their subjects

For example:
The Board think …
This should be:
The Board thinks …
That is because ‘Board’ is a collective noun. A collective noun is made
up of a number of people or things. Other examples are team, group,
herd and council.

3 Use of ‘a’ instead of ‘an’ and vice versa

For example:
He took a apple.
She went to an meeting.
This error sounds obvious, but the problem is that the software
spellchecker does not know the difference because both ‘a’ and ‘an’
are spelt correctly – so you need to manually check your work for
such errors.

Words that are misused

4
If you are not sure whether you have used the correct word, look it up
in a dictionary. Examples are affect and effect.
Affect is always a verb.
Sally’s bad attitude affects her work.
Effect can be a noun.
The effect of Sally’s bad attitude on her work is astounding.
Effect can also be a verb. (This is a very formal use of effect.)
Sally’s manager will try to effect a better working attitude.

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Sentences
There are four kinds of sentences. Look at the examples for each kind of sentence
below. For readability and conciseness, try to use mainly simple and complex
sentences; these sentences have one main idea. Compound sentences can
become confusing and harder to read. Vary your sentence length but aim for
short sentences.

Simple Simple sentences have one main idea:

The book was sent via Express Post.

Compound Compound sentences have two main ideas.

These are joined by a comma or semicolon and
a conjunction such as ‘and’ or ‘but’. Here is an
example:
The book was sent via Express Post,
(First idea)
but the parcel was sent by courier.
(Second idea)

Complex Complex sentences have one main idea and a

second part that explains the idea:
The book was sent via Express Post
(The idea)
because it was urgent.
(The explanation)

Compound-complex Compound-complex sentences have at least

two main ideas and at least a second part
explaining one of the ideas:
The book was sent via Express Post,
(The first idea)
but the parcel was sent by courier
(The second idea)
because it was so heavy.
(Explanation)

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Review document

Summary

1. When you review your document you must check that you have used a suitable
tone for your audience.
2. Check that any document has a clear introduction, middle and conclusion,
even in short documents such as emails.
3. Check that you have used the essential elements of language correctly. This
includes using:
• active language
• correct grammatical structures and punctuation
• accurate spelling
• concise sentences and paragraphs.
4. When you are writing for on screen, make sure you:
• use fewer words than you would for print, because most people scan on-
screen documents
• put important information at the top of the page and at the beginning of
paragraphs
• use bulleted lists for easy reading of points.
5. Make sure all your documents comply with organisational requirements such
as style guides and templates.
6. Get someone to proofread your documents, because it is difficult to proofread
your own writing.

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