String class in java

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Strings
• Java string is a sequence of characters. They are objects of
type String.
• Once a String object is created it cannot be changed. Stings
are Immutable.
• To perform changes in original strings use the class called
StringBuffer.
• String and StringBuffer classes are declared final, so there
cannot be subclasses of these classes.
• The default constructor creates an empty string.
String s = new String();

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Creating Strings
⦿ String str = "abc"; is equivalent to:
char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
String str = new String(data);
⦿ Construct a string object by passing another string object.
String str2 = new String(str);

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String METHODS
⦿ The length() method returns the length of the string.
Eg: System.out.println(“Hello”.length()); // prints 5
⦿ The + operator is used to concatenate two or more strings.
Eg: String myname = “Harry”
String str = “My name is” + myname+ “.”;
⦿ For string concatenation the Java compiler converts an
operand to a String whenever the other operand of the + is a
String object.

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• public char charAt(int index)
• Returns the character at the specified index. An index
ranges from 0 to length() - 1. The first character of the
sequence is at index 0, the next at index 1, and so on, as
for array indexing.
char ch;
ch = “abc”.charAt(1); // ch = “b”

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⦿ equals() - Compares the invoking string to the specified object. The
result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a String
object that represents the same sequence of characters as the invoking
object.

public boolean equals(Object anObject)

⦿ equalsIgnoreCase()- Compares this String to another String, ignoring

case considerations. Two strings are considered equal ignoring case if
they are of the same length, and corresponding characters in the two
strings are equal ignoring case.

public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)

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• startsWith() – Tests if this string starts with the
specified prefix.
public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
“Figure”.startsWith(“Fig”); // true

• endsWith() - Tests if this string ends with the specified

suffix.
public boolean endsWith(String suffix)
“Figure”.endsWith(“re”); // true

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• compareTo() - Compares two strings.
• The result is a negative integer if this String object
lexicographically precedes the argument string.
• The result is a positive integer if this String object lexicographically
follows the argument string.
• The result is zero if the strings are equal.
• compareTo returns 0 exactly when the equals(Object) method
would return true.
public int compareTo(String anotherString)
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)

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• indexOf – Searches for the first occurrence of a character or
substring. Returns -1 if the character does not occur.

public int indexOf(String str) - Returns the index within this

string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.
String str = “How was your day today?”;
str.indexof(‘t’);
str(“was”);
• lastIndexOf() –Searches for the last occurrence of a character or
substring. The methods are similar to indexOf().

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• substring() - Returns a new string that is a substring of
this string. The substring begins with the character at
the specified index and extends to the end of this string.
public String substring(int beginIndex)
Eg: "unhappy".substring(2) returns "happy"
• public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
Eg: "smiles".substring(1, 5) returns "mile“

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String METHODS
Method call Meaning
S2=s1.toLowerCase() Convert string s1 to lowercase
S2=s1.toUpperCase() Convert string s1 to uppercase
S2=s1.repalce(‘x’, ‘y’) Replace occurrence x with y
S2=s1.trim() Remove whitespaces at the beginning and end
of the string s1
S1.equals(s2) If s1 equals to s2 return true
S1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2) If s1==s2 then return true with irrespective of
case of charecters
S1.length() Give length of s1
S1.CharAt(n) Give nth character of s1 string
S1.compareTo(s2) If s1<s2 –ve no
If s1>s2 +ve no
If s1==s2 then 0
S1.concat(s2) Concatenate s1 and s2
S1.substring(n) Give substring staring from nth character
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String Operations

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String Operations
concat() - Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
If the length of the argument string is 0, then this String object is
returned.
Otherwise, a new String object is created, containing the
invoking string with the contents of the str appended to it.

public String concat(String str)

"to".concat("get").concat("her")

returns "together"

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String Operations
• replace()- Returns a new string resulting from replacing all
occurrences of oldChar in this string with newChar.

public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

“iam aq iqdiaq ” . replace(‘q', ‘n')

returns “I am an indian"

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String Operations
• trim() - Returns a copy of the string, with leading and
trailing whitespace omitted.
public String trim()
String s = “ Hi Mom! “
s.trim();
S = “Hi Mom!”
• valueOf() – Returns the string representation of the char
array argument.

public static String valueOf(char[] data)

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String Operations
• toLowerCase(): Converts all of the characters in a String to
lower case.
• toUpperCase(): Converts all of the characters in this String
to upper case.

public String toLowerCase()

public String toUpperCase()

Eg: “HELLO THERE”.toLowerCase();

“hello there”.toUpperCase();

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StringBuffer
• A StringBuffer is like a String, but can be modified.
• The length and content of the StringBuffer sequence can be
changed through certain method calls.
• StringBuffer defines three constructors:

• StringBuffer()
• StringBuffer(int size)
• StringBuffer(String str)

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StringBuffer Operations
• The principal operations on a StringBuffer are the append
and insert methods, which are overloaded so as to accept
data of any type.

Here are few append methods:

StringBuffer append(String str)
StringBuffer append(int num)

• The append method always adds these characters at the end

of the buffer.

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StringBuffer Operations
• Insert method adds the characters at a specified point.

Here are few insert methods:

StringBuffer insert(int index, String str)
StringBuffer append(int index, char ch)

Index specifies at which point the string will be inserted into

the invoking StringBuffer object.

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StringBuffer Operations
• delete() - Removes the characters in a substring of this
StringBuffer. The substring begins at the specified start and
extends to the character at index end - 1 or to the end of
the StringBuffer if no such character exists. If start is equal
to end, no changes are made.

public StringBuffer delete(int start, int end)

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StringBuffer Operations
• replace() - Replaces the characters in a substring of this
StringBuffer with characters in the specified String.
public StringBuffer replace(int start, int end,
String str)

• substring() - Returns a new String that contains a

subsequence of characters currently contained in this
StringBuffer. The substring begins at the specified index and
extends to the end of the StringBuffer.
public String substring(int start)

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StringBuffer Operations
• reverse() - The character sequence contained in this string
buffer is replaced by the reverse of the sequence.
public StringBuffer reverse()
• length() - Returns the length of this string buffer.
public int length()
• setLength() - Sets the length of the StringBuffer.
public void setLength(int newLength)

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StringBuffer Operations
• capacity() - Returns the current capacity of the String buffer.
The capacity is the amount of storage available for newly
inserted characters.
public int capacity()

• charAt() - The specified character of the sequence

currently represented by the string buffer, as indicated by
the index argument, is returned.
public char charAt(int index)

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 StringBuffer Methods
Methods Meaning
S1.setCharAt(n, ‘x’) Modify the nth character to x
S1.appen(s2) Append s2 string at the end of s1
S1.insert(n,s2) Insert string s2 in s1 at position n
S1.setLength(n) Set length of string s1 to n

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 Examples: StringBuffer
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(“Hello”);

sb.length(); // 5

sb.capacity(); // 21 (16 characters room is added if no size is

specified)

sb.charAt(1); // e

sb.setCharAt(1,’i’); // Hillo

sb.setLength(2); // Hi

sb.append(“l”).append(“l”); // Hill

sb.insert(0, “Big “); // Big Hill

sb.replace(3, 11, “ ”); // Big
sb.reverse(); // gib
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vectors
• Vector class is present in java.util language package.
• It Creates generic dynamic array which hold object
of any type any number.
• The object do not have to be homogeneous
• In vector class only objects are stored no type is
stored.
• Vector a = new Vector();
• Vector a = new Vector(3);

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Vector methods
Method Meaning
a.addElement(item) Add item specified to list at the end
a.elementAt(10) Give name of 10 object
a.Size() Number objects present
a.removeElement(item) Remove specified item form list a
a.removeEelementAt(n) Remove item stored in n position
a.reomveAllElements() Remove all elements from list
a.insertElementAt(item,n) Insert item at n position

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 Difference between arraylist and
vector
ArrayList Vector
1) ArrayList is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.
2) ArrayList increments 50% of current array Vector increments 100% means doubles the
size if number of element exceeds from its array size if total number of element exceeds
capacity. than its capacity.
3) ArrayList is not a inheritance class, it is
Vector is a legacy class.
introduced in JDK 1.2.
Vector is slow because it is synchronized i.e.
in multithreading environment, it will hold
4) ArrayList is fast because it is
the other threads in runnable or
non-synchronized.
non-runnable state until current thread
releases the lock of object.

5) ArrayList uses Iterator interface to Vector uses Enumeration interface to traverse

traverse the elements. the elements. But it can use Iterator also.

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Wrapper class
• To handle primitive data types java support it by
using wrapper class.
• java provides the mechanism to convert primitive
into object and object into primitive.
• autoboxing and unboxing feature converts
primitive into object and object into primitive
automatically.
• The automatic conversion of primitive into object is
known and autoboxing and vice-versa unboxing.

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Example of wrapper class
public class WrapperExample1{
public static void main(String args[]){
//Converting int into Integer
int a=20;
Integer i=Integer.valueOf(a);//converting int into Integer
Integer j=a;//autoboxing, now compiler will write Integer.valueOf(a) internally

System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);

}}
Output:
20 20 20

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Enumerated type
• Java allows enumerated type with help of enum
keyword
Public class days
{
Public static final int day_Sunday=0;
Public static final int day_monday=0;
Public static final int day_tuesday=0;
Public static final int day_wednesday=0;
Public static final int day_thursday=0;
Public static final int day_friday=0;
Public static final int day_Satarday=0;
}

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example

Public class enum Private weekend(day d)

{ {
Enum day { If(d.equals(day.Sunday)
Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednes System.out.println(“holiday+d);
day,Thursday,Friday,satarday} Else
Public static void main(String System.out.println(“working
args[]) days+d);
{ }
for(day d:day.values()) }
{
Weekend(d);
} }

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