ENGLISH

Keys to Effective Listening
Communication – the act of transferring information from one place to another
Rhetoric – The study of uses or written, spoken, and visual language
- Investigates how language is used to organize and maintain social groups, construct meanings
and identities, coordinate behavior, mediate power, produce change, and create knowledge
Rhetorical – identifies the relationship among the elements of any communication—audience, speaker,
purpose, medium, context, and content
Rhetorical triangle
Logos; logic/reason/proof/realistic
- The means of persuasion by demonstration of the truth, real or apparent, the reasons or
supporting information used to support a claim, the use of logic or reason to make an argument
- Can include citing facts and statistics, historical events, and other forms of fact based evidence
- Structure of the speech (opening/body/conclusion)
- References to studies, statistics, case studies
- Comparisons, analogies, and metaphors
Pathos; emotions/values/bond with audience
- Emotional appeals to the audience to evoke feelings of pity, sympathy, tenderness, or sorrow
- The speaker may also want the audience to feel anger, fear, courage, love, happiness, sadness,
etc
- Stories, inspirational quotes, vivid language
Ethos; credibility/trust/authority
- Personal branding, confidence in delivery, credible stories

- Speakers must convince the audience of their credibility through the language they use
- Why are they qualified to speak? Their moral character? Design or appearance of the speech, is
it professional?
Our body can be used to communicate

Doing public speaking can benefit oneself
There are ethics to be observed when delivering a speech in public
claiming a fact is a form of persuasive speech
In AMTOBUL, A stands for ATTENTION
Visual media can be incorporated in public speaking
Consonant sounds are different from vowel sounds
IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet
Communication is the act of transferring information from one place to another
Logos - Are the claims the speaker is making realistic
Logos - How does the speaker back up their argument?
The meaning of words and expressions is universal; thus, it CANNOT be applied across cultures
Words and expressions can be played around, and meaning can be varied to listeners
Words and expressions used between peers CANNOT be uttered to people with authority
Rhetoric creates knowledge.
Logos requires studies and statistics.
Rhetorical includes audience & speaker as rhetorical elements
An example of ethos is asking why the speaker is qualified
An example of LOGOS is asking if the claims the speaker is making are realistic
An example of LOGOS is asking if the speaker accepts alternative arguments
An example of pathos is asking if the speaker establishes a bond with his audience
Hearing vs. Listening

Hearing – physical process: you can hear the snap of a finger, screeching of tires; these have no meaning
by themselves
The moment you think that there’s an accident outside, or that the driver suddenly stepped on the
brakes, that is when listening comes in.
Listening – active mental process; attempt to make meaning of what we hear
3 TYPES OF LISTENING (IEE)

Informational – used when dealing with facts
Gather as much accurate data as possible, and focus on factual details rather than criticism or
judgement
Evaluative – is for evaluation & decision-making; informational listening MUST come before evaluative
This type is based on speaker’s credibility, use of evidence, and emotional appeal
Empathic – focuses on speaker’s emotions (I can feel the speaker, I can relate to the speaker)
To provide emotional support in order to help speaker solve a problem or come to terms with a
situation
SEVEN BAD HABITS THAT INTERFERE EFFECTIVE LISTENING

1. Pseudo-listening – acting like you are listening when your mind is elsewhere
2. Self-centered – rehearsing what you will say while speaker is speaking
3. Selective – listen only to those parts of message that are of particular interest or immediate
relevance
4. Fill-in – gaps left in understanding by selective listening filled by what we expect to hear
5. Defensive – focuses on ideas not even there and interpret as personal attacks when they were
not intended that way
6. Insulated – choose not to listen to what we don’t want to hear
7. Reconstructive – take a new message and rebuild it so it’s like a previous message; is that really
the message of the speaker?
WHY LISTENING IS DIFFICULT
Noise, attention span, receiver biases, listening or receiver apprehension
BENEFITS OF LISTENING
Become a Better Student
Become a Better Friend
People Will Perceive You as Intelligent and Perceptive
Good Listening Can Help Your Public Speaking
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LISTENING AND HEARING
STAGES OF LISTENING
Receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, feedback
THE LISTENING PROCESS (RAURR)
What are the Listening Processes?
(get)Receiving – refers to the response caused by sound waves stimulating the sensory receptors of the
ear; it is physical response (screeching of tires, dog barking)
(focus)Attending – our brain cells stimuli and permits only a select few to come into focus- this selective
perception is known as attention, an important requirement for effective listening
Understanding – to understand symbols we have seen and heard, we must analyze the meaning of the
stimuli we have perceived; symbolic stimuli are not only words but also sounds like applause, screeching
of tires, scream, blast, etc.
Responding – requires that the receiver completes the process through verbal and/or nonverbal
feedback
Remembering – important listening process because it means that an individual has not only received
and interpreted a message but has also added it to the mind’s storage bank.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Find areas of interest. Look beyond the speaker’s style by asking yourself what the speaker knows that
you don’t
Judge content, not delivery. Evaluate and criticize the content, not the speaker. Do they make sense?
Are the concepts supported by facts?
Don’t interrupt. Depersonalize your listening so that you decrease the emotional impact of what is
being said and are better able to hold your rebuttal (opposite idea) until you have heard the total
message
Listen for ideas. Listen for concepts and key ideas as well as for facts, and know the difference between
fact and principle, idea and example, evidence and argument.

ENGLISH

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ENGLISH

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Keys to Effective Listening

Communication – the act of transferring information from one place to another

Rhetoric – The study of uses or written, spoken, and visual language

Pathos; emotions/values/bond with audience

- Personal branding, confidence in delivery, credible stories

Our body can be used to communicate

Hearing vs. Listening

3 TYPES OF LISTENING (IEE)

SEVEN BAD HABITS THAT INTERFERE EFFECTIVE LISTENING

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LISTENING AND HEARING

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