,~~l~ Designation: D 412 - 87

Standard Test Methods for

Rubber Properties in Tension 1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 412: the number immediate!\" fOUov.in2the desiiUJation indicates the vear of
original adoption or. in the case of revision. the yea: oflast revision. A number in p~entheses indicates ;he year oflast reappr;,·al. A
superscript epsilon I,) indicates an editorial change since tile last revision or reapproval.

These /es/ methods hare been approvedfor use bya?encles Q(/he Depanmem q( Defense 10 replace me/hods 4001.4116.4121. and
4411 Q(Federal Tesl Me/hod Scandard No. 601 and .lor !isring in lhe DoD 1ndex Q(Spec(ficalions and Scandards.

1. Scope 2.3 ISO Slandard:

1.1 These test methods cbver tension testing of rubber at ISO 37-Rubber, Vulcanized-DeterminaTion of Tensile
various temperatures. Thes~ test methods are not applicable Stress-Strain Properties6
to the testing of ebonite, and similar hard, low elongation
materials. These test methods appear as follows:
3. Summary of Test l'vIethods
Method A-Dumbbell and Straight Specimens 9 to 13 3.1 The determination of tensile properties starts v,ith a
Method B-Cu: Ring Specimen" 14 to 18 piece taken from the sample and includes: (1) the prepara-
1.2 The values stated in either SI or non-Sl units shall be tion of the specimen and (2) testing of the specimen.
regarded separately as standard. The values in each system Specimens may be in the shape of a dumbbell. ring, or
may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be straight piece of uniform cross section.
used independently of the other, without combining values 3.2 Measurements for tensile stress. tensile strength and
in any way. ultimate elongation are made on specimens that have not
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous maierials. oper- been prestressed. Tensile stress and tensile Strength are based
ations, and equipment. This standard does not purpon to on the original cross sectional area of a uniform section of
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the specimen.
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish 3.3 Measurement of tensile set is made after a pre\iously
, appropriate safety and health practices and determine the unstressed snecimen has been extended and allowed to
T-cijiplicabllity'o! reg-ultiiorv Hiiz.itatwili prior to use. . ~etractbyaprescribed procedure: Measuremen'!'of set after ..
~ .
i 2. Referenced Documents break is also described.

2.1 ASTM Standards:

D 1349 Practice for Rubber-Standard Temperatures for 4. Significance and Use
Testing3 4.1 Rubber and rubber products must v.-ithstand tensile
D 3040 Practice for Preparing Precision Statements for
forces for adequate performance in certain applications. This
Standards Related to Rubber and Rubber Testing'
test method allows the measurement of such tensile proper-
D 3182 Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and
ties. Tensile properties mayor may not directly relate to the
Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Pre-
end use performance of the product because of the wide
paring Standard Vulcanized Sheets4
D 3183 Practice for Rubber-Preparation of Pieces for range of performance requirements in a,ctual use.
Test Purposes from Products4 4.2 The tensile properties of rubber depend both on the
D 3767 Practice for Rubber-Measurement of Dimen- material and the conditions of test, such as extension rate.
sions4 temperature, humidity, specimen geometry, and emiron-
D 4483 Practice for Determining Precisi on for Test mental or mechanical preconditioning; therefore, rubbers
Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black should be compared only when tested under the same
Industries3 conditions.
E 4 PractiCes for Load Verification of Testing Machines5 4.3 Temperature and rate of extension may have signifi-
2.2 ASTM Adjunct: cant effects on tensile properties and therefore should be
Cut Ring Specimen, Method B CD412)2 controlled. These effects will vary depending on' the type of
rubber being teste<r
4.4 Tensile set represents residual deformation which is
I These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comminee 0.11 on
partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and
Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee DI I. 10 on Physical
~~ . retraction. For this reason, the periods of extension and
Current edition approved March 27, J987. Published May 198~. Originally recovery and other conditions of test must be controlled to
published as D412- 35T:Last pr~;ous edition D412- 83.
" Detailed drawinis are available from ASTM Headquaners. 1916 Race St..
obtain comparable results.
Philadelphia. PA 19I03. Order Acj,met ;-;0. PC]': 12-404121·20.
) Annual Book oIAST.\! SlGndara:<.Vols 09.01 and 09.02.
4 .4.nnual Bonk of ASTtf STandards. Vol 09.0!. • Available from American National Standards Institute. 1430 Broad"'3y. New
S Annual Book ;[ ASTM SlGndards. Vol 03.01. York. NY 10018.
 ~ID 412

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5. Apparatus sufficiently rapid that the applied force is measured with the
5.1 Testing Machine-Tension tests shall be made on a requisite accuracy during the extension of the specimen to
power driven machine equipped to produce a unifor;n rate rupture. If the tester is not equipped with a recorder, a device
of grip Separation\of 500 ± 50 mm/min (20 ± 2 in.froin) for shall be provided that indicates, after rupture, the maximum
a distance orat least 750 mm (30 in.) (Note 1). The testing force applied during extension. Testers shall be capable of
machine shall have both a suitable dynamometer and an measurement of elongation in at least increments of 10 %.
indicating or recording device for measuring the applied NOTE I-A rate of separation of 1000 ± 100 mm/min (40 ± 4
force within ±2 %. If the capacity range cannot be changed in.fmin) may be used and notation of the speed made in the report. In
for a test, as in the case of pendulum dynamometers, the case of dispute, the test shall be repeated and the rate shall be 500 ± 50
applied force at break shall be measured within ±2 % of the mm/min (20 ± 2 in./min).
full scale value, and the smallest tensile force measured shall 5.2 Test Chamber for Elevated and Low Tempera-
be accurate to within 10 %. If the dynamometer is of the ture- The test chamber shall conform with the following
compensating type' for measuring tensile stress directly, requirements:
means shall be provided to adjust for the cross sectional area 5.2.1 Air shall be circulated through the chamber at a
of the specimen. The response of the recorder shall be velocity of 1 to 2 m/s (3.3 to 6.6 ft/s) at the location of the
 ~ffi}l D 412
£rips or spindles and specimens. and maintained within 2°e used during test. use them during the calibration. Check for
(3.6°f) of the specified temperature. friction in the head by calibrating with the pawls up.
5.2.2 A calibrated sensing device shall be located near the
1"0TE 2-1t is advisible to provide a means for preventing the masses
r" grips or spindles for measuring the actual temperature.
from falling to the floor in case the dumbbell should break.
5.2.3 The chamber shall be vented to an exhaust system
i or the outside atmosphere to remove fumes liberated at high 6.2 A rapid approximate calibration of the tensile tester
l::---teroperatures. ,-' may be obtained by using a spring calibration device.
~. 5.2.4 Provision shall be made for suspending specimens
I vertically near the grips or spindles for conditioning prior to
t•
teSt. The specimens should not touch each other or the sides
of the chamber except for momentary contact when agitated
i. Test Temperature
7.1 Unless otherwise specified. the standard temperature
~ bv the circulating air. for testing shall be 23 ± 2°C (73.4 ± 3.6°F). Specimens shall
y . 5.2.5 Fast-acting grip~ suitable for manipulation at high or be conditioned for at least 3 h when the test temperature is
~ low·temperatur~ shall be provided to permit placing dumb- 23 ± rc (73.4 ± 3.6°F). If the material is affected by
i bell or straight test specimens in the grips in the shortest time moisture. maintain the relative humidity at 50 ± 5 % and
I possible to minimize any change in the temperature of the condition the specimen for at least 24 h prior to testing.
; chamber.
r 5.2.6 The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the
When testing at any other temperature is required, use one of
the temperatures specified in Recommended Practice
f temperature of test or it shall be thermally insulated from the D 1349.
.~ chamber.
7.2 For testing at temperatures above 23°e (73.4cF),
l 5.2.7 Provision shall be made for measuring elongation of preheat Test Method A specimens for 10 ± 2 min and Test
f specimens in the chamber. If a scale is used to measure the Method B specimens for 6 ± 2 min (Note 3). Place each
t extension between bench marks, the scale shall be located
i parallel and close to the grip path during extension and shall
specimen in the test chamber at intervals ahead of testing so
that all specimens of a series \\Jill be in the test chamber the
be controlled from outside the chamber. same length of time, that is, if 30 s is required to run the test
1~ 5.3 Dial Microrneter- The dial micrometer shall conform for Test Method A specimens, the first specimen placed in
i to the requirements ofPraetice D 3767 (Test Method A). For the test chamber 10 min prior to testing. would be followed
t ring specimens, see 14.10. by other specimens at 30-s intervals. The preheat time at
· 5.4 Apparatus for Tensile Set Test-The testing machine elevated temperature must be limited to avoid additional
f described in 5.1 or an apparatus similar to that shown in vulcanization or heat aging.
~ Figure 1 may be used. A stop watch or other suitable timing --7.3 For -testing -at-temperatures below 23°C (73AOF),
+---ctevice Which will register the time -in--min-utesTor at least 30
condition the specimen at least 10 min prior to testing.
! min sha11 be provided. A scale or other device shall be
· provided for measuring tensile set to within 1 %. NOTE 3: Caution.-Suitable heat- or cold-resistant gloves should be
worn for hand and arm protection when testing at high or low
temperatures. At high temperatures, an air mask is very desirable when
6. Calibration of Testing l'vlachine
the door of the chamber is opened to insen specimens: toxic fumes may
6.1 Calibrate the testing machine in accordance \vith be present and should not be inhaled.
Procedure A of Practice E 4. If the dynamometer is of the
· strain-gage type, calibrate the tester daily at one or more
t-- forces, in addition to the requirements in Section 7 and 18 of 8. Selection of Test Specimens
Practice,E 4. Testers having pendulum dynamometers may 8.1 Consider the following information in making a
be calibrated as follows: place one end of a dumbbell selection:
; specimen in the upper grip of the testing machine. Remove 8.1.1 Since anisotropy or "grain ~ introduced during spec-
~ the lower grip from the machine and attach it to the
t imen preparation may have a bearing on tension properties,
r specimen. To this lower grip, attach a hook suitable for dumbbell or straight specimens should be cut so the length-
,; holding masses. Suspend a known mass from the hook on ",ise portion of the specimen is parallel to the grain direction
I the specimen in such a way (Note 2) as to permit the mass when known. Ring specimens average the tensile stress with
t assemblv to rest on the machine grip holder. If the machine and across the grain.
has a dy~amo.meter head of the compensating type, calibrate 8.1.2 Ring specimens enable elongation to be measured
it at two or more settings of the compensator. Start the motor by grip separation, but the elongation across the radial v..idth
and run as in normal testing until the mass assembly is freely of ring specimens is not uniform. To minimize this effect,
SUSpendedby the specimen. If the dial or scale (whichever is the
~. ",idth of ring specimens
. ,. must be small compared to the
norma11y used in testing) does not indicate the force applied OJameter.
(or its equivalent in stress for compensating tester) within the 8.1.3 Straight specimens tend to break in the grips and are
specified tolerance, thoroughly check'the machine for excess used only when it is not feasible to prepare another type of
friction in the bearings and all other mtJving parts. After specimen.
eliminating as nearly as possible all the excess friction, 8.104 The size of the specimen wi11be influenced by the
recalibrate the machine at a minimum of three points, using material, test equipment, and the piece available for test. A
known masses to produce forces of approximately 10, 20, longer specimen may be used for rubbers having low
and 50 % of capacity. Include the mass of the lower grip and ultimate elongation to improve the precision of measure-
hook as pan of the calibration mass_ If pawls and ratchets are ment.
 ~~~D412

TEST METHOD A-DUMBBELL AND STRAIGHT SPECIMENS testing machine, pile these specimens and note if there is any tendency
to break at or near the same portion of each specimen. Rup~e points
9. ,Apparatus consistently occurring at the same place may be an indication that the
9.1 Die-The shape and dimensions of the die for pre- die is dull, nicked, or bent at that particular position.
paring the dumbbell specimen shall conform with those
shown in Fig. 2. The inside faces in the reduced section shall
9.2 Bench Marker-The two marks placed on the test
, specimen and used to measure elongation or strain are called
be perpenaicular to 'the plane -formed by the cutting edges
and polished for a distance of at least 5 mm (0.2 in.) from the bench marks (Note 5). The bench marker shall have two
cutting edge. The die shall be sharp and free of nicks (Note parallel straight marking surfaces ground smooth in the same
plane. The surfaces shall be between 0.05 and 0.08 mm
4).
(0.002 and 0.003 in.)wide and at least 15 mm (0.6 in.) long.
NOTE 4-Careful maintenance of die cutting edges is of extreme
The angles between the marking surfaces and the sides shall
importance and can be obtained by light daily touching up of the cutting
edges with a jewelers' hard honing stone. The condition of the die may be at least 75". The distance between the centers of the
be judged by investigating the rupture point on any series of broken marking surfaces shall be within I % of the required dis-
specimens. When broken specimens are removed from the clamps of the tance.

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FIG. 2 Standard Dies for Cutting Dumbbell Specimens (continUed)

 ~~ 0412
Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell Dies"

Dimension Units Tolerance Die ~, Die B Die C Die D Die E DIe F

A mm :::1 25 25 25 16 16 16
in. :::0.04 1 1 1 0.62 0.62 0.62
B mm max 40 40 40 30 30 30
in. max 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2
C mm min 140 140 115 '100 125 125
in. min 5.5 5.5 4.5 4 5 5
D mm :::6B 32 32 32 32 32 32
in. :::0.25B 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
D-E mm :::1 13 13 13 13 13 13
in. :::0.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
F mm ±2 38 38 1° 19 38 38
in. :::0.08 1.5 1.5 0.75 0.75 1.5 1.5
G mm :::1 14 14 14 14 14 14
in. :::0.04 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
H mm :::2 25 25 25 16 16 16
in. ±0.08 1 1 1 0.63 0.63 0.63
L mm ±2 59 59 33 33 59 59
in. :::0.08 2.32 2.32 1.31 1.31 2.32 2.32
W mm +0.05. -0.00 12 6 6 3 3 6
in. +0.002, -0.000 0.500 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.125 0.250
Z mm ±1 13 13 13 13 13 13
.~ in. ±0.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

.• Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensoons are expressed in U.S. customary units. However. equivalent
results may be expected from either die. Dies dimensioned in metric units are intended for usa with apparatus calibrated in metric units.
B For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance be ±0.5 mm or ±0.02 in.

NOTE 5-If an automatic extensometer is used to measure elonga- specimen shall be 2.0 ± 0.2 mm (0.080 ± 0.008 in.) thick
tion, bench marks are not necessary. died out in the direction of the grain. Unless otherwise
9.3 Ink Applicator-A flat unyielding surface (hardwood, specified, Die C, Fig. 2, shall be used to prepare the
metal, or hard plastic) shall be used to apply either ink or specimens. Specimens shall be cut with a single stroke of the
powder to the bench marker. The ink or powder must have die to get smooth surfaces.
--no-deteriorating effects -on -the specimen -and be of'con~ ... '10.1.-1- M arkingDumbbell -Specimens-Dumbbell speci-
trasting color to that of the specimen. mens shall be marked with the bench marker described in
9.4 Grips-The tester shall have two grips, one of which 9.2. The specimen shall be under no tension at the time it is
shall be connected to the dynamometer. marked. Marks shall be placed on the reduced section of the
9.4.1 Grips for testing dumbbell specimens shall tighten specimen equidistant from its center and perpendicular to its
automatically and exert a uniform pressure across the longitudinal axis. The distance between centers of the marks
gripping surfaces, increasing as the tension increases in order shall be 25.00 ± 0.25 mm or 1.00 ± 0.0 I in. on the
to prevent slippage and to favor failure of the specimen in its specimens cut with Die C or Die D, and either 50.0 ± 0.5
constricted section. Constant pressure pneumatic type grips mm or 2.00 ± 0.02 in. on specimens cut with the other dies
---....also are satisfactory. At the end of each grip a positioning shown in Fig. 2.
device is recommended for inserting specimens to the same I0.1.2 Measuring Thickness of Dumbbell Sped-
depth in the grip and aligning them with the direction of mens-Three measurements shall be made for thickness, one
pull. at the center and one at each end of the reduced section of
9.4.2 Grips for testing straight specimens shall be either the specimen. The median of the three measurements shall
constant pressure pneumatic, wedged, or toggle type de- be used as tbe thickness in calculating the cross sectional
signed to transmit the applied force evenly over the entire area. Specimens with differences between the maximum and
width of the specimen. minimum thickness exceeding 0.08 mm (0.003 in.) shall be
discarded. The width of the specimen shall be taken as the
10. Specime~ distance between the cutting edges of the die in the restricted
10.1 Dumbbell Specimens-Whenever possible the test section.
specimen shall be cut from a flat sheet not less than 1.3 mm 10.2 Straight Specimens-Straight specimens may be pre-
(0.05 in.) nor more than 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) thick and of a size pared if it is not practical to cut either a dumbbell or a ring
Which will permit cutting a specimen by one of the standard specimen, as in the case of a narrow rubber strip or small
methods. Sheets may be prepared directly by processing or tubing, and narrow electrical insulation. These specimens
from finished articles by cutting and buffing. If obtained shall be of sufficient length to permit their installation in the
from a manufactured article, the piece of rubber shall be free grips used in the test. Bench marks shall be placed on the
of surface-roughness, fabric layers, etc., in accordance with specimens as described for dumbbell specimens in 10.1.1. To
the procedure described in Practice D 3183. All specimens determine the cross sectional area of straight specimens in
shall be cut so that the lengthwise portion of the specimen is the form of tubes, the mass, length, and density of the
parallel to the grain unless otherwise specified. In the case of specimen may be required. The cross sectional area must
sheets prepared in accordance with Practice D 3182, the then be calculated from the measurements as follows:
 ~~~ D 412

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TYPICAL RING
( SEE SECTION 15 )

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NOTE-Dimension C to be 2 mm (0.08 in.) less than the inside diameter of the ring,
FIG. 3 Typical Ring Cutter Assembly

determined preferably through the use of an extensometer.

where: or an autographic or spark recorder. At rupture, measure and
A = cross-sectional area, record the elongation to the nearest 10 %.
M= mass, NOTE 6-For materials having a yield point under 20 % elongation
D = density, and when tested at 500 ± 50 mm/min (20 ± :: in./min). the rate shall be
L = length. reduced to 50 ± 5 mm/min (2.0 ± 0.2 in./min). lithe material still has
a yield point under 20 % elongation, the rate shall be reduced to 5 ± 0.5
11. Procedure mm/min (0.2 ± 0.02 in./min). The rate of separation shall be reported.

11.1 Determination of Tensile Strength, Tensile Stress 11.2 Determination a/Tensile Set-Place the specimen in
and Ultimate Elongation-Place dumbbell or straight speci- the grips of the testing machine described in 5.1 or the
mens in the grips of the testing machine, using care to adjust apparatus shown in Fig. 1, and adjust symmetrically so as to
the specimen symmetrically to distribute the tension uni- distribute the ten~on uniformly over the cross section.
formly over the cross section. If tension is greater on one'side Separate the grips at a rate of speed as uniformly as
of the specimen than on the other, the bench marks will not practicable, requiring about 15 s to reach the specified
remain parallel and maximum strength of the rubber may elongation. Hold the specimen at the specified elongation for
not be developed. Unless otherwise specified, the rate of grip 10 min, release quickly without allov.ing it to snap back, and
separation shall be 500 ± 50 mm/min (20 ± 2 in.jmin) (Note allow to rest for 10 min. At the end ofthe 10-min rest period.
6). ' measure the distance between the bench marks to the nearest
11.1 Stan the machine and note the distance between the 1 % of the original distance between bench, marks. In
two bench marks, taking care to avoid parallax. Record the stretching the specimen, it is convenient to use a rod of a
force at the elongation specified and at the time of rupture, length equal to the distance required between the two bench
 ~~ 0412

A 178 19 0.75
B 152 23 0.90
C 89 1.5 0.062
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f
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ti- marks. Holding the rod behind the test specimen while it is where:
f being stretched simplifies the operation and reduces the L = observed distance between the bench marks on the
chance of stretching the specimen more than the required stretched specimen, and
~ Lo = original distance between the bench marks.
[ amount. Use a stop watch or equivalent timer for recording
12.4 Calculate the ultimate elongation using Eq 3 where L
l
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the time required for the various operations.
11.3 Determination oj Set After Break-Ten minutes after
the specimen is broken, fit the two pieces carefully together
is equal 10 the distance between the bench marks at the time
of rupture.
so that they .are in contact over the full area of the break. 12.5 Calculate the tensile set by substituting the distance
Measure the distance between the bench marks. between the bench marks after the 10-min retraction period
for L in Eq 3.
12,6 The median of the test measurement values for three
12. Calculation specimens shall be taken as a test result for the rubber tested,
. 12.1 Calculate the tensile stress at specified elongation as except that under the following conditions, the median of the
follows: . values for five specimens shall be used:
12.6. I If one or two values do not meet the specified
requirements when testing for compliance with specifica-
where: tions.
F = observed force at specified elongation, and 12.6.2 If referee "tests are being made.
A = cross-sectional area of the unstretched specimen.
12.2 Calculate the tensile strength using Eq 2 where F is
equal to the force required to break the specimen. Tensile 13. Precision (Test Method A)
.stress and tensile strength are expressed in either megapascaJs I3.1 Precision statements are 'in the process of being
or pounds-forceper.square inch. prepared in accordance with Practice D 3040. They will be
12.3 Calculate the elongation, E, in percent, as follows: added to these test methods when they are completed.
E = JOO(L - Lo)JLo (3)
 ~ffi~D 412

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ature a suitable lubricant shall be used to lubricate the

spindle bearings.
~ 14.9.2 The dvnamometer shall be suitable for use at the
~. Apparatus temperature or'test or else thermally insulated from the
14.1 Cutter-Fig. 3 illustrates a typical ring cutter as- chamber.
sembly for preparing ring specimens from flat sheets. 14.10 Dial Micrometer, conforming with the requirement
14.1.2 Blade Depth Gage-Cylindrical disk having a of Practice D 3767. The base used to measure the radial
thickness at least 0.5 mm greater than the thickness of the width shall be a cylindrical surface at least 11 mm (0.5 in.)
rubber to be cut and a diameter less than the inside diameter long and 15.5 ± 0.5 mm (0.61 ± 0.01 in.) in diameter.
of the specimen used for adjusting the protrusion of the Curved feet to fit the curvature of the ring may be used.
blades from the body of the cutter (see Fig. 3).
14.2 Rubber Holding Plale-The apparatus for holding 15. Ring Specimens
the rubber sheet during cutting shall have plane parallel
upper and lower surfaces and shall be a rigid polymeric 15.1 ASTM Cut Rings-Two types of cut ring specimens
-matenaJ-{SiiCli-as--hard-rilboe('-hard--pdlyurethane '-or' - are permitted. Unless-otherwise Wecified,.the Type Jring
polymethylmethacrylate) with holes approximately 1.5 mm specimen shall be used.
in diameter spaced 6 or 7 mm apart. The holes shall connect 15.1.1 Dimensions:
to an internal cavity which can be maintained at a reduced Type 1: mm in.
pressure for holding the sheet fmnly. Figure 4 shows the Circumference 50.0 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.004
design of an apparatus for holding standard rubber sheets Radial width 1.0±0.01 0.04 ± 0.0004
Thickness:
(app:oximately 150 by 150 by 2 mm) during cutting of the min. 1.0 0.04
speCImens. max. 3.3 0.13
14.3 Source ofReduced Pressure-Any device, such as a Type 2: mm in.
~'acuum pump, that can maintain an absolute pressure below
Circumference JOO.O ± 0.2 4.0 ± 0.0008
10 kPa (0: 1 atm) in the holder during cutting. Radial width 2.0 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.0008
14.4 Soap Solution-A mild soap solution shall be used Thickness:
on the sample to lubricate the cutting blades when cutting min. 0.04
max. 3.3 0.13
ring specimens.
14.5 Cutter ROlawr-A precision drill press or other Type 1 ring specimen with an inside circumference of 50
machine capable of rotating the cutter at an angular speed of mm (2 in.) is so designed that every 25 mm (1 in.) of spindle
at least 30 rad/s (approx. 300 r/min) during cutting. separation equals 100 % of elongation. Type 2 ring specimen
14.5.1 Mounting-A horizontal base and a vertical sup- has a mean circumference of 100 mm so every 50 mm of
port for the spi'ndle. The run-out of the rotating spindle shall grip separation equals 100 % elongation.
not exceed 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.). 15.2 ISO Rings-The normal size and small size ring
14.6 Indexing Table-A milling table or other device with specimens in ISO 37 have the follov.'ing dimensions:
x-y motions for positioning the rubber sheet and holder with normal small
respect to the spindle of the cutter rotator. Inside diameter 44.6 ± 0.2 mm 8.0 ± 0.1 mm
14.7 Testing Machine-As specified in 5.1. Outside diameter 52.6 ± 0.2 mm 10.0 ± 0.1 mm
Thickness 4.0 ± 0.2 mm 1.0 ± O.l mm
14.8 Test Fixtures, for testing the ring specimen shall
conform to those shown in Fig. 5. The testing machine shall 15.3 Rings CUifrom Tubing-The dimensions of the ring
be calibrated as described in Section 6. specimen depend on the diameter and wall thickness of the
14.9 Test Chamber, for elevated and low temperature, as tubing and should be specified in the product specification.
specified in 5.2. 15.4 Preparation oj Cut Ring Specimens-Place the
14.9.1 The fixtures specified in 14.8 are satisfactory for blades in the slots in the cutter and adjust the blade depth
testing at other than room temperature. At extreme temper- using the blade depth gage. Place the cutter in the drill press
 ~~nD 412

NoTE:
Sf = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatabilrry variance.
,_ ..,--.(f), = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility =
2.83 times the square root of the reprodudlility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).

Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:

Material Average Wftrlin Laboratories Between Laboratories

Sr (r) SR R (R)

1. N18081 9.88 0.2008 0.5683 5.754 0.2932 0.8296 8.400

3. E17074 • 15.38 0.4675 1.3231 8.603 0.4829 1.3665 8.885

I
2. R19160 25.70 0.4367 1.2358 4.809 1.8908 5.3510 20.820
Pooled Values A 16.99 0.3853 1.0904 6.420 1,1028 3,1209 18.374

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

I
Material Average Wftrlin Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr (r) SR R (R)

3. E17074 156.35 6.3048 17.8425 11.412 11.4814 32.4924 20.782

~. 2. R19160 510.40 11.4717 32.4649 6.361 21.2438 60.1200 11.779
I>
1. N18081 591.60 17.8101 50.4026 8.520 27.1987 76.9722 13.011
Pooled ValuesA 419.45 12.7613 36.1144 8.610 20.9991 59.4275 14.168
I Par! 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation. MPa:
Material Average Wftrlin Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr (r) SR R (R)
1. N18081 1.17 0.0535 0.1515 12.963 0.0616 0.1744 14.929
2. R19160 2.01 0.0504 0.1426 7.103 0.2740 0.7755 38.622
3. E17074 9.08 0.4896 1.3854 15.253 0.7389 2.0910 23.021
Pooled Values A 4.09 0.2858 0.8088 19.793 0.4584 1.2915 31.604

" No values omitted.

anaaaju.sCllie'·spindJe-or--tiibJeso thai tbioottom of tb'e '. -r5:6:TThickness=""Fo(cut 'rings; thethicKu-ess onIle diSK
blade holder is about 13 mm (0.5 in.) above the surface of cut from the inside of the ring is measured with a micrometer
the holding plate. Set the stop on the vertical travel of the described in Practice D 3767.
spindle so that the tips of the cutting blades just penetrate the 15.6.4 Area-'- The cross-sectional area is calculated from
surface of the plate. Place the rubber sheet on the holding the medians of three measurements of radial width and of
plate and reduce the pressure in lhe e<avityto 10 kPa (0.1 thickness. For thin wall tubing, the area is calculated from
atm) or less. Lubricate the rubber sheet 'With a mild soap the axial length and wall thickness.
solution to facilitate cutting. Lower the cutter at a steady rate
until it reaches the stop. Be sure that the blade holder does 16. Procedure
not contact the rubber sheet. If necessary, readjust the blade
depth. Return the spindle to its original position. Move the 16.1 Determination of Tensile Stress, Tensile Strength
and Ultimate Elongation-In testing ring specimens, lubri-
holder to a new position to cut another specimen and repeat
cate the surface of the spindle with a suitable lubricant such
the operation.
as, mineral or silicone oil, being sure that these oils do not
15.5 Prepararion of Ring Specimens from 'tubing-Place
affect the test piece. The initial setting between spindle
the tubing on a mandrel preferably slightly larger than the
centers may be calculated and adjusted according to the
inner diameter of the tubing to hold it firmly while cutting. following equation:
Rotate the mandrel and tubing in a lathe. Cut rin,g specimens
to the desir~d axial length by means of a knife or razor blade
held in the tool post of the lathe. Lay thin wall tubing flat where:
and cut ring specimens with a die having two parallel blades. A initial separation of spindle centers,
. 15.6 Measurements: B = circumference of specimen (inside for Type 1; mean
_ 15.6.1 Circumference-The inside circumference can be for Type 2),.oand
determined by a stepped cone or go-no go gages employing C == circumference of one spindle
Unless otherwise specified the rate of spindle separation shall
no stress in excess of that needed to overcome any ellipticity
be 500 ± 50 mm/min (20 ± 2 in./min) (Note 6) (Note 7).
of the ring specimen. The mean circumference is obtained by
Start the test machine and record the force and the corre-
adding to the inside circumference the product of the radial
sponding distance between the spindles. At rupture. measure
width and pi (3.14).
and record the ultimate elongation and the tensile force. .
15.6.2 Radial lVidth- The radial width is measured at
three locations distributed around the circumference using NOTE 7- When using the small ISO ring, the rate of separation shall
the micrometer described in 14.10. be 100 ± 10 mm/min or (4 ± 0.4 in./min).
 4~~ D 412

NOTE 1:
Sr .= reoeatability standard deviation.
= repeatability =
2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) =
repeatabiiity (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviatJon.
R =
reproducibility =
2.83 times tne square root of the reproducibility vanance.
(R) =
reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
NOTE 2:
N18081 - highly extended. low durometer CR (Neoprene).
R19160 - high tensile NR.
E17047 - moderately filled EPDM.

Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories

Sr (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 26.05 0.6138 1.7372 6.668 1.7497 4.9516 19.006

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

Material Average Within Latxxatories Between Latxxatories

Sr (r) SR A (R)
1. R19160 526.93 13.3229 37.7038 7.155 19.6840 55.7056 10.572

~art 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation, MPa:

Material Average Within Latxxatories Between Laboratories

Sr (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 1.83 0.0727 0.2056 11.214 0.2266 0.6414 34.982

16.2 Tests at a Temperature above or below Standard Test 17.4 Calculate the tensile stress at a specified elongation
Temperature-Use the test chamber described in 5.2 and from the force at the following increase in grip separation:
observe the Caution in Note 3. For tests at temperatures L = ECml200 (7)
above 23°C (73.4°F), preheat the specimen for 6 ± 2 min at
where:
the test temperature prior to test. For tests below room
."'temperature:-cooftile specllJi-en 'attest' temperature for -at '..L _..=increase iugrip separation at specified elongation,
1e&.110 min prior to test. Use a test temperature prescribed
E specified elongation in percent, and T
in Recommended Practice D 1349. Place each specimen in
em
= mean circumference of specimen.
the test chamber at intervals ahead of testing so that each
NOTE 8-Equations 6 and 7 are applicable only if the initial setting
specimen is conditioned at the test temperature for the same of the spindle centers is adjusted in accordance v,.ith Eq 4.
length oftime. For example, if 15 s is required to complete a
test, place the first specimen in the chamber 6 min prior to 18. Precision and Bias
testing and place succeeding specimens in the chamber at
15-5 intervals. The conditioning time at elevated temperature 18.1 Two separate interlaboratory test programs were
~ must be limited to avoid additional vulcanization or deteri- conducted to obtain precision data. One for Test Method A
oration of the rubber by heat or oxidation. (dumbbells) and one for Test Method B (cut rings). Both
precision and bias sections were prepared in accordance with
Practice D 4483. .
17. Calculation 18.2 Test Method A (Dumbbells):
18.2.1 For the main interlaboratory program a Type 1
17.1 Calculate the tensile stress as follows:
precision was evaluated in 1986. Both repeatability and
Tensile stress = FI2A reproducibility are short term, a period of a few days
where: separates replicate test results. A test result is the median
F = observed force, and value, as specified by this test method, obtained on 3
A = cross-sectional area. determination(s) or measurement(s) of the property or pa-
17.2 Calculate the tensile strength by letting F in Eq 5 be rameter in question.
the force required to break the specimen. Tensile stress and 18.2.2 Three different materials were used in this interlab-
tensile strength are expressed in either megapascals or oratory program, tnese were tested in 10 laboratories on 2
pounds force per square inch. different days.
17.3 Calculate the ultimate elongation as follows: 18.2.3 For the main interlaboratory program cured sheets
of each of the three compounds were circulated to each
E = 200 LIC; (6) laboratory and stress-strain (dumbbell) specimens were cut,
where: gaged, and tested. A secondary interlaboratory test was
E = ultimate elongation in percent, conducted for one of the compounds (R 19160). For this
L increase in grip separation at rupture, and testing, uncured compound was circulated and sheets were
Ci inside circumference of specimen (See Note 8). cured at a specified time and temperature (10 min at 15J"O
 ~~~ D 412

NOTE:
.s; = repeatability standard deVlatior;
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
Ir) =
repeatability (as percentage of matenai average).
, SA = reproducibility standard oeviation.
I A =
reproducibility =
2.83 times the square root of the reprodudbility vanance.
1.__ -{R\ = reproducibility (as percemage of malerial average).

I Material Average

t
t
Sr (r) SR A (R)
1 5. MATl5 11.51 0.6663 1.8856 16.378 1.4365 4.0652 35.310
6. MATL 6 12.72 0.2741 0.7757 6.097 0.8330 2.3573 18.528
1. MATll 14.63 0.3677 1.0407 ·7.112 0.4089 1.1571 7.907
4. MATl4 15.01 0.5533 1.5659 10.434 3.0367 8.5940 57.266
2. MATl2 20.30 1.2935 3.6606 18.033 2.4711 6.9931 34.449
3. MATl3 22.38 1.5565 4.4050 19.683 1.5565 4.4050 19.683
Pooled ValuesA 15.94 0.9423 2.6667 16.730 1.8772 5.3126 33.330

in each laboratory. From these individually cured sheets, test 18.2.7 Reproducibility-The reproducibility, R, of this
specimens were cut and tested on each of two days one week test method has been established as the appropriate value
apart as in the main program. The main program results are tabulated in Tables I through 4. Two single test results
referred to as "Test Only" and the secondary program results obtained in n",o different laboratories, under normal test
are referred to as "Cure and Test." method procedures, that differ by more than the tabulated R
18.2.4 The results of the precision calculations for repeat- (for any given level) must be considered to have come from
ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 1 and 2, in different or nonidentical sample populations.
ascending order of material average or level, for each of the 18.2.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a
materials evaluated and for each of the three properties percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
evaluated. application statements as above for rand R. For the (r) and
18.2.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed (R) statements, the difference in the two single test results is
in the format of the following statements that use what is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean ofthe two
_~C4~JJed..an .'~appropriate_value':"oLr, R,. (r), or. (R),Jhat is, .that. test results.
I value to be used in decisions about test results (obtained with "_. 18.2.9-Bi~s=i~ test ~~thod' t~~i;;olo'gy, bias is the
the test method). The appropriate value is that value of r or difference between an average test value and the reference (or
R associated with a mean level in Tables 1 through 4 closest true) test property value. Reference values do not exist for
to the mean level under consideration at any given time, for this test method since the value (of the test propeny) is
any given material in routine testing operations. exclusively depned by the test method. Bias, therefore,
18.2.6 Repeatability-The repeatability, r, of this test cannot be determined.
method has been established as the appropriate value tabu- 18.3 Test Method B (Rings):
lated in Tables 1 through 4. Two single test results, obtained 18.3.1 A Type 1 precision was evaluated in 1985. Both
under normal test method procedures, that differ by more repeatability and reproducibility are shon term, a period of a
than this tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered few days separates replicate test results. A test result is the
as derived from different or nonidentical sample popula- mean value, as specified by this test method, obtained on 3
tions. determinations or measurements of the property or param-
eter in question.

Sr = repeatability standard oeviation.

r =
repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) =
repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR =
reproducibility standard deviation.
R =
reprCl,ducibility =
2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reprodUCibility (as percentage of material average).

Material Average Between Laboratories

Sr (r)
,. SR R (R)
1. MATll 322.14 15.2589 43.1826 13.405 33.4934 94.7864 29.424
2. MATl2 445.43 11.3505 32.1218 7.211 34.1603 96.6736 21.703
4. MATl4 509.43 27.4408 77.6576 15.244 51.1784 144.8349 28.431
5. MATl5 5A5.00 2.9155 82508 1.514 56.3827 159.5632 29.278
6. MATl6 599.71 12.9164 36.5534 6.095 14.0035 39.6298 6.608
3. MATl3 815.86 16.2532 45.9966 5.638 90.6618 256.5730 31.U,S
Pooled ValuesA 539.60 16.5458 46.8247 8.678 48.2153 136.4493 25.287

A No values omitted.
 ~~nD 412
18.3.2 Six different materials were used in the interlabo- method procedures. that differ by more than the tabuluted R
rator)' program, these were tested in 4 laboratories on 2 (for any given level) must be considered to have come from
different days. different or nonidentical sample populations.
18.3.3 The results of the precision calculations for repeat- 18.3.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a
ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 3 and 4, in .percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
ascending order of material average or level, for each of the application statements as 18.3.6 and 18.3.7 for rand R. For
-materials evaluated. . the (r) and (R) statementS; the' difference in the' two single
18.3.4 Repeatability, r, varies over the range of material test results is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic
levels as evaluated. Reproducibility, R, varies over the range mean of the two test results.
of material levels as evaluated. 18.3.9 Bias-In test method terminolO£:v. bias is the
18.3.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed difference between an average test value and reference (or th~
in the format of the fol1o\\~ng statements that use what is true) test property value. Reference values do not exist for
called an "appropriate value" of r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that this test method since the value (of the test property) is
value to be used in decisions about test results (obtained with exclusively defined by the test method. Bias, therefore,
the test method). The appropriate value is that value of r or cannot be determined.
R associated with a mean level in Tables I through 4 closest
to the mean level under consideration at any given time, for
any given material in routine testing operations. 19. Report
18.3.6 Repeatability-The repeatability, r, of this test 19.1 The report shall include the following:
method has been established as the appropriate value tabu- 19.1.1 Results calculated in accordance with Section 12 or
lated in Tables 1 through 4. Two single test results, obtained 17 whichever is applicable,
under normal test method procedures, that differ by more 19.1.2 Type or description of test specimen,
than this tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered 19.1.3 Date of test,
as derived from different or nonidentical sample popula- 19.1.4 Rate of extension if not as specified,
tions. 19.1.5 Temperature and humidity of test room if not as
18.3.7 Reproducibility-The reproducibility, R, of this specified,
test method has been established as the appropriate value 19.1.6 Temperature of test if at other than 23 ± 2°C, and
tabulated in Tables 1 through 4. Two single test results 19.1.7 Date of vulcanization, preparation of the rubber,
obtained in two different laboratories, under normal test or both, if known.

--- .. - •.. ------ The'American Society for-Testing and Materiais-takes'no'position respecting the va/idiry-ot-any pa:tent'rigtrtsasserted in connection· - ..
with any item mentkJned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly adVised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, ale entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsibie technical committee and must be reviewed every five yeals and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting ot the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a faH hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standalds, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.