 Face-To-Face Communication

What is face-to-face communication?

Face-to-face communication is the distinction of being able to see the other party or parties in a
conversation. It allows for a better exchange of information since both speaker and listener are
able to see and interpret body language and facial expressions. Face-to-face communication
doesn’t have to be done by people in the same physical space; the benefits can also be achieved
over a video conference call or a more informal video chat.

Importance of Face-to-Face Communication

The importance of face-to-face communication is as follows –

 Keep employees in the loop

Face-to-face communication is one of the best ways to keep every employee in the loop
irrespective of his demographics. If an employee is in the same building then you can easily
video call and connect without travelling to and from one office space to another. Work culture
has changed considerably in recent years and an organization might have employees working
from different locations.

 Stronger working relationships

When employees can communicate their thoughts through face communications it creates a bond
between them. The importance of direct dealing is that there is a sense of togetherness and this
sets a foundation for trust. It becomes easy to interact and communicate and ultimately paves the
way for a better and stronger working relationship.

 Employee engagement and innovation

The importance of face communications is that it creates a highly productive and collaborative
environment. It encourages employees to participate in meetings and brainstorming sessions.
Employees become engaged and their morale and satisfaction levels also increase. When
employees are happy in their workspace it leads to innovation in an organization.
  Enhance productivity

The importance of Face-to-face communication is that it can inject an extra dose of energy
amongst the participants. Take the help of video conferencing to schedule virtual meetings and
connect with in-office and remote workers through it. Participation in meetings have become
very easy and this collaborative environment has proved a boon for the organizations as
employees can clear doubts and exchange information quickly and easily. The benefits of face
interaction are that it boosts overall productivity and helps the company to grow in leaps and
bounds.

Disadvantages of face-to-face communication

Business Size and Feedback Time

Of course, there are some disadvantages of face-to-face communication that companies find hard
to get around, especially if it’s a large company. In a bigger organization, finding time to meet
people physically can be tricky, particularly if the company has multiple offices across a city or
country, and inevitably things like an intermittent internet signal can make communicating via
computer screens a little frustrating.

Another disadvantage is that it’s a task to get a message across to a large amount of people in
one go. That personal touch that makes face-to-face communication so valuable isn’t there, and
you can’t guarantee that all of your audience are listening. This is the other disadvantage; if the
person you’re trying to speak to isn’t that engaged with what you’re talking about, then you
won’t get very far.

In busy environments it’s sometimes better to give people time to get back to you. Rather than
expecting someone to give you an answer to a decision immediately, putting it in an email and
giving them time to consider what you are asking can be far more effective than standing in front
of them waiting.
2 Dialogue and dialogue notation
Dialog is the communication between the computer and a person. Well-designed dialog makes it
easier for people to use a computer and lessens their frustration with the computer system. Recall
the elements of the TAM (technology acceptance model) indicating that perceived usefulness
and perceived ease of use will lead first to an intention to use the system and eventually to using
it. There are several key points for designing good dialog. They include the following:

 Meaningful Communication The system should present information clearly to the user.
This means having an appropriate title for each display, minimizing the use of abbreviations, and
providing clear user feedback. Inquiry programs should display code meanings as well as data in
an edited format, such as displaying slashes between the month, day, and year in a date field or
commas and decimal points in an amount field. User instructions should be supplied regarding
details, such as available function key assignments. In a graphical user interface, the cursor may
change shape depending on the work being performed.

Users with less skill in using the computer or doing their tasks with a computer require
more communication. Web sites must display more text and instructions to guide the user
through the site.

 Standard Operation and Consistency The system should be consistent throughout its set of
different displays and in the mechanisms for controlling the operation of the displays throughout
different applications. Consistency makes it easier for users to learn how to use new portions of
the system once they are familiar with one component. You can achieve consistency by:

 Locating titles, date, time, and operator and feedback messages in the same places on all
displays.

 Exiting each program by the same key or menu option.

 Canceling a transaction in a consistent way, such as using the esc key.

 Obtaining help in a standardized way, such as using a function key.

 Standardizing the colors used for all displays or Web pages.

  Standardizing the use of icons for similar operations when using a graphical user
interface.

 Using consistent terminology in a display screen or Web site.

 Providing a consistent way to navigate through the dialog.

 Using consistent font alignment, size, and color on Web pages.

In HCI, a dialog is considered at three levels

 Lexical − Shape of icons, actual keys pressed, etc., are dealt at this level.
 Syntactic − the order of inputs and outputs in an interaction are described at this level.
 Semantic − at this level, the effect of dialog on the internal application/data is taken
care of.

Dialogue design notation

There are so many technique of dialogue design notation those are

 The state transition networks (STN)

 The state charts
 The classical Petri nets

State Transition Network (STN)

STNs are known as that that a dialog fundamentally presents to a progression from one state of the
system to the next.

The syntax of an STN consists of the following two entities −

 Circles − a circle is known as the state of the system, which is branded by giving a name to the state.
 Arcs − the circles are connected with arcs that refers to the action/event resulting in the transition from
the state where the arc initiates, to the state where it ends.
 State chart

State Charts are performed with complex reactive systems that continue as Finite State Machines
(FSM), handle concurrency, and add memory to FSM. It also performs complex system
representations. State Charts include following states −

 Active state − the present state of the underlying FSM.

 Basic states − these are individual states and are not composed of other states.
 Super states − these states are composed of other states.

Petri Nets

A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph that has two types of elements, places and transitions,
depicted as white circles and rectangles, respectively. A place can contain any number of tokens,
depicted as black circles. A transition is enabled if all places connected to it as inputs contain at
least one token.

Petri Net is a basic model of dynamic conduct, which has four conduct components those are places,
changes, curves and tokens. Petri Nets give a graphical clarification to simple comprehension.

 Place − this element is used to symbolize passive elements of the reactive system. A place is
represented by a circle.
 Transition − this element is used to symbolize active elements of the reactive system. Transitions are
represented by rectangles.
 Arc − this element is used to represent causal relations. Arc is represented by arrows.
 Token − this element is subject to change. Tokens are represented by small filled circles.

P: Stands for Place and

T: Stands for Transition
3. Textual dialog notation

Textual based dialog notation include the following three main points

 Grammars

 Production rules

 CSP and event algebras

Textual - Grammars

• Regular expressions – used in editors to describe complex search criteria and lexical analysis.

Sel-line click click* dble-click

• compare with JSD

• Same computational model

• Different notation

• BNF
 expr::= empty

| atom expr

| '(' expr ')' expr

• More powerful than regular exp. or STNs

• Still NO concurrent dialogue

Production rules

Unordered list of rules:

if condition then action

 Condition based on state or pending events

 Every rule always potentially active

 Good for concurrency

 Bad for sequence

Event based production rules

Sel-line → first

C-point first → rest

C-point rest → rest

D-point rest → < draw line >

Note:

– Events added to list of pending events

– ‘first’ and ‘rest’ are internally generated events

• Bad at state!

Types of events
User event-(select line, C-point, D-point)

 Represent user single and double clicking on drawing surface.

Internal Events-(rest-line).

 Used to keep track of the dialog state.

System response events <draw line>

 The visible or audible effect of the system

CSP and process algebras

 Used in Alexander's SPI, and Agent notation

 Good for sequential dialogues

Bold-tog = select-bold? → bold-on → select-bold? → bold-off → Bold-tog Italic-tog = . . . Under-

tog = . . .

 And concurrent dialogue

Dialogue-box = Bold-tog || Italic-tog || Under-tog

But causality unclear

4444…What Is Hypertext?

Hypertext is a method of organizing information in a digital format that uses traditional text
structures (words, sentences, pages, articles or chapters, books, and libraries) as enhanced by the
numerous linkages (words to words, words to sentences, sentences to pages, pages to pages,
pages to chapters, and so on) that are possible in cyberspace.

When hypertexts are supplemented with graphics, images, audio, and video, they are referred to
as hypermedia or multimedia.
 Hypertexts expand and create ethical issues related to access, the implications of linking choices,
and more by both enhancing and subverting traditional assumptions about the linear reading of a
text (i.e., word after word, sentence after sentence, page after page).

Why Is Hypertext Important?

The ability of search engine operating systems is greatly influenced by hypertext. This is used by
search engines to scan websites for keywords or search engine optimization.

Hypertext is the result of technological advances in hardware and software, as well as the
inventiveness of authors who experimented with various structures. Hypertext necessitates
communication networks, computers, authoring tools, and browsers that allow readers to see and
interact with the hypertext on the computer screen. Hypertext also necessitates ongoing
exploration of the possibilities offered by this new information framework.

Advantages of Hypertext:

 Presents material at the appropriate level

 Many appropriate readings of a document

 Links to references, definitions, etc.

 Interactive pictures

 Reader response

 Tracking of readers

The Disadvantages Of Hypertext:

 Getting lost

The learner can get lost through the ocean of information and misinformation

 Problems with concentration  

The learner can have problems with concentration as they move through the hypertext.
  Unfamiliarity

Icons and graphic images that represent a specific function could be unfamiliar to a new
user.

 Little knowledge

The learner may lack the skill required when using the hypertext.

555555…What is text-based communication?

Text-based communication means a communication using text-based information, including, but not
limited to, a text message, an SMS message, an instant message, or an electronic mail message. ... Text-
based communication means a message sent, stored, or received via a mobile communications device.

The benefits of texting

1. Texting is accessible

Another of the many advantages of texting is its accessibility. Everyone has access to a text messaging
app if they own a mobile phone; it comes pre-built into our devices. And texting is available without a
WIFI connection, making it a more available medium than email no matter where someone may be.

Texting’s accessibility leads to the medium’s heavy usage. It’s worth noting that if you’re trying to get a
hold of someone, a text may be the most effective way to get their attention, especially during the
COVID-19 era. According to Zip whip’s State of Texting report, 64% of consumers have spent more time
on their personal cell each day during the pandemic and 50% say they’re sending more texts than they
normally would.

2. Texting is concise

SMS has a text character limit of 160, so it forces us to say more with less room. The lack of space isn’t
necessarily a bad thing, however. Communicating with fewer words can help get your message across
more clearly and efficiently. This is especially beneficial with customers – a shorter message not only
gets your point across faster, but it shows you respect their time.

3. Texting is conversational

Where email tends to be formal, texting is more personal and conversational. The back-and-forth nature
of the medium feels like a real-time conversation and allows us to communicate just like we would in
person or on the phone. Texting also has a reputation for being more fun than email: we can use emojis,
GIFs, stickers and other elements to make our messages stand out.

4. Texting is a trusted medium

Due to the saturation of spam messages in our email inboxes, texting has remained a standout medium
among consumers. Only 7% of consumers say they receive spam texts. The low volume of spam is likely
why consumers regard texting as a reliable communication tool: over half (51%) say they trust texts over
emails when it comes to receiving important messages.

The disadvantages of texting

1. It’s not meant for long-form communication

One of the disadvantages of texting communication is that it’s not meant to convey long
messages. Its nature for concise communication is even in its name: SMS stands for short
message service. Consider your first reaction when you receive a long iMessage or receive
multiple texts that are part of the same message. You may initially be a little thrown off when
you’re faced with a wall of text.

If you find yourself writing a long text message, it might be a signal that the message would be a
better fit for an email (or even a phone call).
 2. It can be hard to discern emotions in a text

One of the common disadvantages of text messaging in communication is that it’s not always
easy to discern emotions in a conversation. While texting is a conversational and personal
medium, it can be hard to determine the context of a message without seeing the other person’s
facial expressions or hearing the tone of their voice. It’s much easier to have misunderstandings
over text message without these important cues.

3. Texting conveys messages fast

One of the biggest benefits of texting is its immediacy. Composing and sending a text is quick
and replying to a text is just as fast. Unlike email, texting doesn’t require a formal greeting or
signature—a simple “yes” or “no” will suffice. And with the rollout of Rich Communication
Services (RCS), responses will be even faster; recipients won’t even need to type because they’ll
be able to just tap a button.

Texting is also a great way to get a conversation started quickly and segue into a phone call if
needed. In a text communication, if either party realizes that a conversation is better suited for a
phone call, they don’t have to go digging through their contact list to find the number. They can
navigate seamlessly from text to voice call without missing a beat.

666666…What Is Computer-Mediated Communication?

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a process in which human data interaction occurs

through one or more networked telecommunication systems. A CMC interaction occurs through
various types of networking technology and software, including email, Internet Relay Chat
(IRC), instant messaging (IM), Usenet and mailing list servers.

CMC technology saves time and money in IT organizations by facilitating the use of all
communication formats.

Types of CMC

there are several types of computer-mediated communications. We can divide these all up by two
different criteria.
Those are synchronous and asynchronous communication

 Synchronous communication

Synchronous communication occurs when communication happens between two

actively communicating parties. Video conferencing and instant messaging are

both forms of synchronous communication. Of course, sometimes circumstances
could disrupt the connection, but most of the time, it's pretty reliable.

 2.Asynchronous communication

asynchronous communication refers to those instances where a conversation does not

depend on an immediate answer. Email, video messages, and text messages are
examples of asynchronous communication. Of course, you could respond rapidly,
as people are prone to do with texts, but the design is not dependent on an
immediate response.

Advantages:

 CMC disregards time and place dependence. Compared to face-to-

face communication, CMC is not restricted in terms of time and place.
This means that communication can happen anytime, anywhere. Two
communicating people do not need to be available at the same time in
order to communicate. They do not need to be at the same place either. A
very good example would be communication between lecturers and
students.
 CMC ensures superiority in reach. Compared to face-to-face
communication, CMC enables users to reach out to a vast number of
 receivers simultaneously. This is particularly useful when it comes to
informing a large group of people about the same thing.
 CMC facilitates the archive of information. Previous conversations
can be kept for future reference. A good example that I personally
experience would be when doing group assignments. When passing out
instructions, or receiving instructions from someone else, it is always
better to use a written medium so that we could always refer back to the
instruction when needed to (especially when we forget).
 CMC breaks down the barriers of communication. It helps one to
overcome the relationship initiation barriers that are caused by reasons
such as shyness, appearance or physical limitations.
Disadvantages:
 CMC limits the richness of communication. Communication is not all about
text and words. CMC is long noted to be lacking in terms of socio-emotional
and non-verbal cues. Misunderstandings might happen due to wrong
interpretations of the tone and meaning of words.
 The issue of confidentiality and trust. When we communicate via CMC, we
are really putting ourselves out there. Phone and video calls can be taped,
messages can be screen shot or copy pasted. 
 There is also limitations in technology. Computers might get spoilt, Internet
servers might be down, smartphones might be out of battery, the possibilities
are endless. There are a lot of things that could happen to cause a setback in
CMC.

777777…… Multimedia

What is Multimedia?
The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word “multi”
signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily
transferred from one location to another.

Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that allow
the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a computer.

Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text, drawings, still and moving
images(videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other media in which any type of
information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and processed digitally.

To begin, a computer must be present to coordinate what you see and hear, as well as to interact
with. Second, there must be interconnections between the various pieces of information. Third,
you’ll need navigational tools to get around the web of interconnected data.

Multimedia is being employed in a variety of disciplines, including education, training, and

business.

Applications of Multimedia

Multimedia indicates that, in addition to text, graphics/drawings, and photographs, computer

information can be represented using audio, video, and animation. Multimedia is used in:

Education

In the subject of education, multimedia is becoming increasingly popular. It is often used to

produce study materials for pupils and to ensure that they have a thorough comprehension of
various disciplines. Edutainment, which combines education and entertainment, has become
highly popular in recent years. This system gives learning in the form of enjoyment to the user.

Entertainment

The usage of multimedia in films creates a unique auditory and video impression. Today,
multimedia has completely transformed the art of filmmaking around the world. Multimedia is
the only way to achieve difficult effects and actions.
The entertainment sector makes extensive use of multimedia. It’s particularly useful for creating
special effects in films and video games. The most visible illustration of the emergence of
multimedia in entertainment is music and video apps. Interactive games become possible thanks
to the use of multimedia in the gaming business. Video games are more interesting because of
the integrated audio and visual effects.

Business

Marketing, advertising, product demos, presentation, training, networked communication, etc.

are applications of multimedia that are helpful in many businesses. The audience can quickly
understand an idea when multimedia presentations are used. It gives a simple and effective
technique to attract visitors’ attention and effectively conveys information about numerous
products. It’s also utilized to encourage clients to buy things in business marketing.

ADVANTAGES

Creativity

It brings more life to discussions.

Variety

It caters all types of learners.

Cost-effective

Multimedia mostly requires only a one-time purchase of devices and software, which can be
used unlimited times thereafter.

Evaluation

It offers ideal learning assessment tools which are also entertaining for the students.

Realistic Approach

It provides approaches which make learning more realistic.

Wide Variety of Support

Multiple media formats are available for use, with different models being able to create
multimedia.

Trendy

The current trend of culture leans toward technology, and a great number of resources are being
made available for different media formats.

DISADVANTAGES

Accessibility

Multimedia requires electricity to be operated, which may not be available in some rural areas or
may not be consistently available due to shortages and blackouts.

Distracting

Multimedia may take away the focus from the lesson due to its attention-grabbing formats.

Costly

Production of multimedia is more expensive than others because it is made up of more than one
medium.

Production of multimedia requires an electronic device, which may be relatively expensive.

Multimedia requires electricity to run, which adds to the cost of its use.

Time Consuming

Creating multimedia requires more time.

Requires Mastery

Multimedia requires consistent and long practice to master, which may take a lot of time and
energy from the user.

Limited Support/Compatibility
There is a wide variety of gadget models which arouses incompatibilities of media formats.

Fragile

The device used for multimedia must be used with care; exposure to moisture or other elements
could cause expensive, irreparable damage which would require another purchase of a device.

88888……Stakeholder Requirements

Stakeholder Requirements, often referred to as user needs or user requirements, describe what
users do with the system, such as the activities that users must be able to perform. User
requirements are generally documented using narrative text, use cases, scenarios, user stories, or
event-response tables. User requirements are generally documented in a User Requirements
Document (URD). User requirements are generally signed off by the user community and
employed as the primary input for creating system requirements.

An important and difficult step of designing a software product is determining what the user
actually wants it to do. This is because users often are unable to communicate the entirety of
their needs and wants, and the information they provide may also be incomplete, inaccurate and
self-conflicting. The responsibility of completely understanding what the customer wants falls on
the business analyst. This is why user requirements are generally considered separate from the
solution or system requirements. The business analyst carefully analyzes the user requirements
and carefully constructs high quality system requirements ensuring that that the requirements
meet certain quality characteristics.

Not properly defining stakeholder requirements often results in building functionality that is not
helpful and consequently never used by users. Lack of user input is the number one cause of
project failure, according to Standish Group research.

Advantages of Stakeholders
Businesses tend to value stakeholders because of the unique benefits they can bring to the way a
company is managed, by the expertise their workforce provides or the ability of individuals to
generate capital investments to secure the long-term growth of the business.

The two most common advantages include:

 Business experience. 

Stakeholders are often individuals that a company hopes to attract who have displayed an
ability to successfully manage other businesses or have developed important relationships

 Business acumen. 

Companies want to attract individuals who can provide guidance when matters get a little
sticky. Whereas board members are looking ahead three or five years down the road,
sometimes a company needs someone who knows how to deal with a situation happening
in the here and now.

Disadvantages of Stakeholders

 Looking out for number one. Perhaps it’s only human nature for people to often place
their own interests above those of the business they claim to support. Whenever the
issues of money and power intersect, even the best-intentioned individuals can make or
force decisions that protect their own pocketbooks or their standing with their own
constituents.

 Standing in the way of progress. People are often wary of change, and in today’s
business climate, change is happening at a breathtaking pace. Communication and
technological advances are radically affecting relationships between individuals,
companies and even countries.

 Fearing Failure. Factors that can contribute to a party interfering with a business’

operation out of a fear that things will not work out is an issue. This is caused by a lack of
effective communication in which parties are not kept abreast of developments, creating a
lack of control over key decisions, or limiting the responsibilities and power of interests
used in exerting a large amount of influence.