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Activity 2: Separation processes present in the industry

Graded assignment #1

Choose an industry that you have taken an interest to, then identify 5 separation processes that
are used in that industry. Briefly discuss how they use each separation process. Limit your
discussion to at most 5 sentences per process. Include references in your paper.

The petroleum refining industry uses the same traditional chemical


engineering separation technologies as the chemical industry, including distillation, crystallization,
adsorption, membrane processes, and extraction.
Crude oil is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the distillation process aims to
separate this crude oil into broad categories of its component hydrocarbons, or "fractions." Crude oil
is first heated and then put into a distillation column, also known as a still, where different products
boil off and are recovered at different temperatures.
Petroleum or crude oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and other chemicals, like
paraffin, naphthene, asphaltenes, and resins. Responsible for the problems that occur during
production and transportation of crude oils in pipeline systems are typically the high molecular weight
paraffin and asphaltenes. At high temperatures, the paraffin molecules are dissolved in the crude oil.
If during the transportation through pipelines, the temperature of oil decreases below its wax
appearance temperature (cloud point) followed by the pour point at a lower temperature, the solubility
of wax decreases, and wax molecules start to precipitate out of the crude oil. It will be shown that the
crystallization process when cooling crude oils, can be observed by means of rheological
measurements combined with microscopy.
Adsorption is very important operation in petroleum sector. It can be used for recovery or
removal of sulphur from oil. Also, in catalytic reactions, adsorption is involved. Removal of many
pollutants from wastewater can be carried out by adsorption. Waste gas treatment can also be carried
out by adsorption. Many of these applications are practically carried out in many industries. There is
also scope for economizing these operations by using new low-cost adsorbent and using efficient
regeneration method
Membrane filtration processes used in the gas and oil production for wastewater treatment,
with focus on microfiltration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis,
membrane distillation, and electrodialysis.
Today, petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were located.
Petroleum reservoirs can be found beneath land or the ocean floor. Their crude oil is extracted with
giant drilling machines. Pumps are used to extract oil. Most oil rigs have two sets of pumps: mud
pumps and extraction pumps, “mud” is the drilling fluid used to create boreholes for extracting oil and
natural gas
REFERENCES:

https://www.nap.edu/read/6388/chapter/5#29

https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=6970#:~:text=Crude%20oil%20is%20made
%20up,products%20boil%20off%20and%20are

https://www.anton-paar.com/corp-en/services-support/document-finder/application-reports/
crystallization-of-crude-oils/#:~:text=Petroleum%20or%20crude%20oils%20are,%2C%20naphthenes
%2C%20asphaltenes%20and%20resins.&text=It%20will%20be%20shown%20that,rheological
%20measurements%20combined%20with%20microscopy.

https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijppe/v2-i1/4.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-017-0693-4

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/petroleum/

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