Ansi Cema 402 Review 2019

ANSI / CEMA 402-2003 (R-2015)
Reaffirmation of ANSI/CEMA 402-2003
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Approved: January, 2015
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CEMA Standard No. 402
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Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 402-2003 (R‐2015) –Belt Conveyor – Unit Handling Conveyors
DISCLAIMER
The information provided herein in advisory only.
These recommendations provided by CEMA are general in nature and are not intended as a
substitute for professional advice. Users should seek the advice, supervision and/or consultation
of qualified engineers, safety consultants, and other qualified professionals.
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Any use of this publication, or any information contained herein, or any other CEMA publication
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is made with agreement and understanding that the user and the user’s company assume full
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responsibility for the designs, safety, specifications, suitability and adequacy of any conveyor
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system, system component, mechanical or electrical device designed or manufactured using this
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information.
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The user and user’s company understand and agree that CEMA, its member companies, its
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officers, agents and employees are not and shall not be liable in any manner under any theory of
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liability to anyone for reliance on or use of these recommendations. The user and the user’s
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companies agree to release, hold harmless and indemnify and defend CEMA, its member
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companies, successors, assigns, officers, agents and employees from any and all claims of
liability, costs, fees (including attorney’s fees), or damages arising in any way out of the use of
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this information.
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CEMA and its member companies, successors, assigns, officers, agents and employees make
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no representations or warranties whatsoever, either expressed or implied, about the information

contained herein, including, but not limited to, representations or warranties that the information
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and recommendations contained herein conform to any federal, state or local laws, regulations,
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guidelines or ordinances.
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Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

5672 Strand Ct., Suite 2
Naples, Florida 34110-3314
www.cemanet.org
Copyright © 2015
II
FOREWORD
Belt conveyors -- conveyors which use a belt as a carrying medium--are used for the controlled
movement of a great variety of regular or irregular shaped loads, from light and fragile to heavy
and rugged unit loads.
The path may be horizontal, inclined or declined, limited only by the stability of the load and the
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strength of the conveyor components.
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Belt conveyors can be operated at the speed best suited for the work being performed. They can
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be used as a pacesetter for assembly operations, for transportation, or as a timing medium for
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integrated handling systems.
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The purpose of this work is to establish certain minimum standards for use in the design and
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application of unit handling belt conveyors. For additional information relating to definitions and
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selection of common components, see current edition of ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 102,
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Conveyor Terms and Definitions and ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 401, Roller Conveyors - Non-
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Powered.
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The illustrations throughout this book are schematic in nature and represent the general nature
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of a particular device. The illustrations are not intended to represent the recommended safety
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configurations since guarding has been omitted to permit clarity in showing the operational
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characteristics of the device. Refer to the current editions of ANSI/ASME B20.1, Safety Standard
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for Conveyors and Related Equipment; ANSI/ASME B15.1, Safety Standard for Mechanical
Power Transmission Apparatus; and ANSI Z244.1, American National Safety Standards for Lock-
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out/Tag-out of Energy Sources - Minimum Safety Requirements; Title 29, Code of Federal
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Regulations (29 C.F.R.) Part 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (lock-out/tag-out); Title
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29, Code of Federal Regulations (29 C.F.R.) Part 1910 Subpart O, Machinery and Machine
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Guarding. Consult ASME or ANSI for the latest editions.

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In 2003 edition, Terms and Definitions have been, expanded, regrouped for ease of
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understanding, and revised to conform with those in ANSI/CEMA standard No.102 “Conveyor
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Terms and Definitions”. A new section on Pulley Terms and Definitions has been added.
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Shaft Calculations have been removed from this standard and replaced with reference to
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ANSI/CEMA Standard B105.1 “Specifications for Welded Steel Conveyor Pulleys with
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Compression Type Hubs”. This will insure that the standard remains current even if there are
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changes to B105.1. As a result, the section on shaft size determination and its associated charts
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have been removed. The previous 15 formulas are now 11.

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A “G” term was added to account for an Acceleration Factor in the Roller and Slider Bed formulas.
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Friction Factors (Fr and Fs) for Roller and Slider Bed formulas have also been added. The formulas
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have been rewritten to include the Acceleration and Friction Factors.

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Four Examples of the application of the data in the Standard are presented to the reader. These
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examples walk the reader though the entire measurement, analysis, and calculation process.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Sections
1 Definitions 1
Mechanical elements 1
Belting 2
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Splice 3
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Type of belt 3
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Pulleys 4
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Typical Cross Sections 6
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Horizontal Belt Conveyors 8
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Inclined Belt Conveyors 10
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Transfers 13
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Intermediate unloading transfer with intersecting gravity or
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powered section 13
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Right angle Transfer 14
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2 Applications 15
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Conveyor width 15
Speed and load 15
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Conveyor bed 15
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Inclined conveyors 15
Slope R 16
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Nose-overs 16
Power feeders 16
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Gravity feeders 17
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Return rollers 17
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Pulley arrangements 17
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Take-ups 17
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Drive Arrangements 18
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Supports 18
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Deflectors 18
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Push-off 19
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Transfers 19
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Horizontal curves belts 19

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Belting selection 19
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3 Technical Data 20
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Symbols 20
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Effective belt pull 21

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Special consideration for acceleration 21

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Descending Conveyors 22
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Operational Modes – Descending Belt Conveyors 23

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Drive Horsepower 24
Belt Tension 24
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Examples 26
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IV
SAFETY NOTICE
The Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association has developed Industry Standard Safety
Labels for use on the conveying equipment of its member companies.
The purpose of the labels is to identify common and uncommon hazards, conditions, and unsafe
practices which can injure, or cause the death of, the unwary or inattentive person who is working
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at or around conveying equipment.
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The labels are available for sale to member companies and non-member companies.
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A full description of the labels, their purpose, and guidelines on where to place the labels on
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typical equipment, has been published in CEMA’s Safety Label Brochure No. 201. The Brochure
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is available for purchase by members and non-members of the Association. Safety Labels and
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Safety Label Placement Guidelines, originally published in the Brochure, are also available free
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on the CEMA Web Site at http://www.cemanet.org/safety-labels-2/
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Please Note: Should any of the safety labels supplied by the equipment manufacturer become
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unreadable for any reason, the equipment USER is then responsible for replacement and location
of these safety labels.
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Replacement labels and placement guidelines can be obtained by contacting your equipment
supplier or CEMA. R
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SECTION 1 - DEFINITIONS
For general definitions see also ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 102, Conveyor Terms and Definitions.
Mechanical Elements
• Anti-Backup Protective Device - A device to prevent reversal of a loaded inclined belt
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when power is shut off. Some types which may be employed are as follows:
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1) Eccentric pinch roller or rollers on the return run
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2) Brake motor
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3) Ratchet and pawl, or overrunning clutch, on a shaft of the drive
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4) Self-locking worm gear reducer
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5) Roller clutch backstop in gear reducer
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• Anti-Overrunning Device - A brake or other device used to prevent a loaded declined
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belt from running when power is shut off.
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• Bed, Conveyor - That part of a conveyor upon which the load or carrying medium rests
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or slides while being conveyed (see Figure 1 trough 6).
− Bed, Roller - A bed utilizing a series of rollers and channels used to support a
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conveying medium.
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− Bed, Slider - A bed utilizing a stationary surface to support a conveying medium.
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• Conveyor Width - (a) Roller Bed: The dimension inside to inside (BF) of frame rails (see
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dimension A, Figures 1 and 2); (b) Slider Bed: The dimension inside to inside (BF) of frame
rails (see dimension B, Figures 3, 4, and 6). Overall width (OAW) of the bed (see
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dimension C, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6; dimension B, Figure 5).

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• Curve, Horizontal Belt - A curved conveyor section equipped with a curved belt to change
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the direction of travel. The curved radius is measured to the inside face of the inside frame
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rail. The hand of the curve is determined when facing in the direction of travel.
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• Drive - An assembly of the necessary structural, mechanical, and electrical parts which
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provide the motive power for a conveyor.

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• Gravity Feeder - Conveyor bed of closely spaced wheels or rollers used to transfer unit
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loads from gravity flow to incline belt conveyor or from decline belt conveyor to gravity
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flow.
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• Guide Rails - Members paralleling the path of a conveyor and limiting the product on the
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conveyor to movement in a defined path.

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• Metering Conveyor - A short powered conveyor whose speed and motion are controlled
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to release unit loads at a predetermined rate.

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• Nose-Over - Curved or segmented frame sections having rollers properly spaced to

provide a transition from incline to horizontal or from horizontal to decline.
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• Pop-out Roller - A special load carrying roller mounted in such a manner as to pop out
when foreign objects are introduced between the belt and the roller; usually located
adjacent to the drive or tail pulleys.
• Powered Feeder - Short power conveyor generally used for in-line transfer of unit loads
from horizontal to incline or from decline to horizontal (see Figure 13).
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• Roller, Carrier, Return, and Gravity - A cylindrical member with internal bearings
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mounted on a non-rotating shaft.
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a) Carrying Rollers - A series of rollers used to support a conveyed load.
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b) Return Rollers - A series of rollers supporting the return run of the conveyor drive
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belt.
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c) Gravity Rollers - A series of rollers use to carry a live load but not driven.
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• Snub Roller - Any roller used to increase the arc of contact between a belt and drive or
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tail pulley.
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• Tracking training - The process of adjusting idlers, pulleys, and loading conditions in a
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manner which will correct any tendency of the belt to run other than centrally.
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Belting
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• Carcass - The fabric tension carrying portion of a belt, as distinguished from the cover.
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• Covers - Material applied to the outer surfaces of a conveyor belt for protection of the
carcass and, where required, to provide special load carrying frictional characteristics.
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• Duck - A term applied to a wide range of medium and heavy weight fabrics, commonly
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made of cotton or synthetic material, used to construct a conveyor belt carcass.

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• Edge
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− Cemented - An application of rubber cement or other sealant over the raw or cut
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edge of a belt.
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− Folded - A belt construction wherein an outer ply is folded around a carcass to

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cover the edges.

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− Raw - The uncovered square edge of a belt created by cutting after vulcanization.
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• Friction Surface - A rubber adhesive compound applied to and impregnating a conveyor

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belt fabric, to provide greater than normal traction.

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• PIW - Belt rating, Pounds (load) per Inch Width of a conveyor belt.
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• Ply - A layer of duck or cords used in constructing the carcass of a conveyor belt
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• Skim or Skim Coat - A layer of material applied to the belt fabric but not forced into the
weave
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Splice
• Mechanical - A joint made by fastening two ends of belting together by means of metal
hooks or plates
• Vulcanized - A joint made endless by means of vulcanizing two properly prepared ends
of the belt.
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− Step - Each ply is cut back further than the previous on each end to allow
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overlapping and bonding of the plys.
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− Finger - Each end is cut in a long finger pattern and bonded to allow maximum
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flexibility.
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Types of Belt
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1. Bare Back - A belt in which one side has an exposed fabric surface free of any covering.
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Generally supplied on the non-carrying side to reduce sliding friction.
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2. Cleated - A belt having raised sections spaced uniformly to stabilize flow of material on
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belts operating on inclines. Cleats may be part of belt or fastened on.
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3. Monofilament - A belt utilizing many single strands of untwisted synthetic fiber, such as
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nylon, to reduce belt stretch.
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4. Rough Top - Cover intentionally made with ridges or projections to produce an irregular
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surface for carrying ability when required.

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5. Solid Woven Cotton - Layers of warp threads are woven with layers of filler threads and
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bound together in the loom with binder threads. There are no distinct plies, but the layers
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of warp threads are often counted as plies. They may be used with or without treatment
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or impregnation.
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6. Solid Woven PVC - Single-ply, solid woven carcass made from nylon, polyester, or
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combinations thereof, impregnated and coated with PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) plastic.

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7. Stitched Canvas - Several plies of the fabrics (usually cotton duck) are stitched together
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and normally treated by immersion in special compounds.

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8. Multiple Ply - Carcass is usually made with three or more plies of fabric bonded together
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by elastomeric material. May be furnished smooth covers top and bottom, rough-top,
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friction-surface, bareback, or combinations using one type of surface for one side of the
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belt and another type of surface for the other side.

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9. Reduced-Ply--The necessary carcass characteristics are obtained using fewer plies than
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comparable multiple-ply belts. The carcass may be made as a single unit or from plies,
usually two, of nylon, polyester, or combinations of these synthetics. When more than one
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ply is used, they are bonded together as in multiple-ply belts but with heavier skim coats
between the plies. Covers available are similar to those for multiple-ply belts.
10. Metal
a) Woven Wire
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b) Flat Wire
c) Flat Steel Band
Specifications and testing methods for various belting materials can be found in one of the
following references:
− ASTM D 413 Method for Testing Rubber Property Adhesive to Flexible Substrates
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− ASTM D 378 Method for Testing Rubber Belting, Flat Type
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− ASTM D 430 Methods of Dynamic Testing for Ply Separation and Cracking of Rubber
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Products
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Pulleys
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See also latest edition of ANSI/CEMA Standard B105.1, Welded Steel Conveyor Pulleys
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• Balanced - Wobbling and tracking problems suggest that the drive and tail pulley may
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need to be spin balanced.
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− Static - The manipulation of the center of gravity of a pulley to fall along the axis
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of rotation from rest (usually requested from 150 to 299 fpm).
− Dynamic - The manipulation of the center of gravity of a pulley to fall along the
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axis of rotation at high speed (usually requested at 300 fpm and above).
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• Hub
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− Compression - A removable hub for shaft replacement that wedges around the
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shaft when installed.

− Bearing - Internal bearings in the pulley shell which are used on a non-rotating
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shaft.
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− Disk - Round plates with a hole in the center for welding the pulley shell to the
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shaft, non-removable.
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• Key - A square metal stock that transmits torque at the shaft to hub connection.
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• Lagging - A smooth or embossed covering or coating applied to a pulley to reduce belt

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slippage and wear. Typical thickness are 1/4" to 3/8" with a durometer hardness of 55 to
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65 shore A scale. Higher hardness is available by the manufacturer.

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• Pulley --A cylindrical member with or without a crown face mounted on a revolving or fixed
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shaft (See also Pulley; Drive, Tail, etc.).

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• Pulley, Crown - A pulley with differential diameters used for belt centering.
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• Pulley, Drive - A pulley mounted on the drive shaft that transmits power to the belt with
which it is in contact.
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• Pulley, Powered Drive - A pulley mounted with internal motor and reducer that transmits
power to the belt with which it is in contact.
• Pulley, Shell - A cylindrical member with or without a crown that is attached to hubs and
a shaft
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• Pulley, Tail - A pulley mounted at the tail end of a conveyor
• Pulley, Take Up - An adjustable pulley or roller arrangement to compensate for change

in belt length due to wear, climate conditions, and stretch. Tail pulleys may be used as
take-up. Adjustment may be one of the following types:
1) Screw—manual
2) Counterweight—automatic
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3) Springs—automatic
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4) Pneumatic—automatic
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5) Hydraulic—automatic
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• Shaft - A cylindrical bar used to support rotating pieces or to transmit power by rotation.
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• Taper or crowning - The amount, expressed in inches per foot of total face width, by
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which the diameter at the center of the face exceeds the diameter at the edge.
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− Formed - A process that utilizes forming processes to push out or in the diameter
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difference.
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− Machined - A process of removing the outer shell material to the diameter
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difference
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TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS (Overall Length)
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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Figure 4
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
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HORIZONTAL BELT CONVEYORS (Typical Side Elevations)
Key:
= Return Roller
= Snub Roller
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Figure 7
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Figure 8
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Figure 9
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Figure 10
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INCLINED BELT CONVEYORS (Typical Side Elevations)
Key:
= Return Roller
= Snub Roller
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Figure 11
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Figure 12
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Figure 13
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Figure 14
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Figure 15A
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Figure 15B
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TRANSFERS
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Figure 16
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Intermediate Unloading Transfer with Intersecting Gravity or Powered Section

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Used for discharge from main line to spur line conveyor. Suitable for individual or closely spaced
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line of loads. Also for unusually long or odd shapes not suitable for Figure 17 transfer.
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The spur shown is left hand. (Looking in direction of travel, load is diverted from main line to the
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left.) When loading from spur line, both conveyors are reversed travel direction and deflector is
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omitted. The resulting conveyor is right hand. (Looking in direction of travel, load enters main line
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from the right side.)

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Figure 17
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Right Angle Transfer
Requires separation of loads on incoming conveyor. Unusually long or odd shaped packages
generally require Figure 16 Transfer. When articles are too small to transfer over the pulley, the
belts may be interlaced and a deflector used to turn the load, Figure 18.
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Figure 18
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14
SECTION 2 - APPLICATIONS
The following are some of the basic considerations governing the selection of belt conveyors and
components:
Conveyor Width
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Normally the conveyor bed is 2" to 3" wider than the widest unit load, with the belt being
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approximately the width of the unit load. The belt widths most generally used are in "even" inches.
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The conveyed item may require a greater width for clearance around horizontal curves.
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On certain types of installations, usually low, floor-mounted, the loads are allowed to overhang
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the conveyor bed. Guide rails should be provided where required.
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Occasionally the belt is made less than the width of the load when the loads are light.
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Speed and Load
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The number of unit loads a belt conveyor will handle is determined by its speed and the load
spacing. The size and weight of the load govern the frame and bed construction. (See
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ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 401. Roller Conveyors--Non Powered.) For a given delivery rate, the
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speed should be as high as practical so that the loads are spaced further apart, thus reducing the
working tension of the belt. R
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For heavy loads and at high speeds, belt wear and power consumption may become excessive
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using slider bed conveyors. At lower speeds or long lengths, pulsation or surge may result.
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Conveyor Bed
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The belt and loads are supported by one of the following types of construction, illustrated in
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Figures 1 through 6.
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− Roller - The belt runs on rollers mounted in channel or angle frames. As a rule, horizontal
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conveyors require at least two rollers under the load at all times and inclined conveyors
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three or more, as detailed in Technical Data Section. Roller beds are preferred because
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of minimum power requirements and longer belt life.

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− Slider - The belt and loads are carried by sliding on either bare metal, galvanized metal,
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or hardwood bed. This construction is used for loads with small irregular bases where
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smooth travel is required. Slider beds are used where bar-type deflectors divert loads,
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where servo controlled belts are used to create or optimize gaps between loads, in areas
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of impact loading, and when reading bar codes. Because of higher friction and higher
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power requirements, this construction is generally confined to handling light to medium

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weight loads at moderate speeds.

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Typical side elevation assemblies of horizontal belt conveyors are shown in figures 7 through 10
and inclined belt conveyors in Figures 11 through 15B.
Inclined Conveyors
Inclined belt conveyors are used to raise or lower unit loads on various slopes
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Slope
The maximum angle of elevation is governed by the configuration and surface of the load, the
type of belt used, and the method of feeding the incline.
Unit loads up to approximately 24" long can be successfully transferred from roller or wheel
conveyors to straight inclines without feeders with slopes up to 10 degrees and some up to 15
9
degrees. Some load surfaces may require a special belt in order to be handled on the 15 degree
01
slope.
/21
/1
The relationship of the height of the unit load to its base length is important in determining the
-6
N
maximum slope. A safe rule to follow is to make the slope such that a vertical (perpendicular to
O
the horizontal) line drawn through the center of gravity of the unit load will fall within the middle
TI
one third of its base length (see Figure 19, below)
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ED
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T
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Figure 19
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Note: Special consideration should be given to the angle of slope if starting and stopping will
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occur with unit loads on the incline or decline. The use of soft start controls on the motor also is
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helpful at steeper angles.

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g
The maximum slope of 25 degrees with the horizontal has been found to be good practice for the
in
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handling of most of the conventional load sizes. Some unit loads may be handled at slopes greater
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than 25 degrees, but these are special applications and must be given careful consideration.
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Nose-Overs
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Nose-overs or vertical bends, are suggested for slopes over 10 degrees and are considered a
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"must" for slopes over 15 degrees.

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Power Feeders
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Feeders are generally required for transferring unit loads from horizontal or pitched gravity lines
Fo
to inclined conveyors with slopes in excess of 15 degrees. These may consist of a short belt
conveyor, slave driven from the tail shaft to the main conveyor (Figure 13) or of the integral type
(Figures 14 and 15A) where the main conveyor belt is snubbed down over an arrangement of
either two or three pulleys, using one continuous belt.
16
The latter arrangement requires slightly more horsepower, however it is a little easier to track the
belt than on the separate feeder section, where feeder length is limited. The use of the separate
feeder unit with slave drive from the main conveyor is probably the most prevalent in light to
medium duty load handling and also makes it possible to vary the speed for carton separation
when required.
Gravity Feeders
9
01
These are used on incline conveyors for delivering the unit load from pitched roller or wheel
/21
conveyors to the belt. They are also used on decline conveyors for delivering the unit load from
/1
the belt to pitched roller or wheel conveyors. They consist of flat or vertically curved frames with
-6
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closely spaced rollers or wheels projecting slightly above the surface of the frame so the unit load
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can roll freely toward or away from the belt.
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Return Rollers
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The return rollers used for supporting the return run of the belt are usually mounted to or within
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the conveyor section. For heavier belts over 24" wide, it is generally desirable to space the return
R
rollers at not more than 5 ft centers.
FO
ED
Pulley Arrangements
IZ
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The simplest form is to have a drive pulley at one end and an adjustable take-up pulley at the
O
TH
other (Figures 7, 11 and 12; and Figures 15A and 15 B). Removable rollers (pop-out) are used
for bridging the gap between the connecting conveyor and take-up pulley. This arrangement is
AU
satisfactory for handling most unit loads 16" long and longer, or shorter items where the
T
movement of the take-up pulley is reasonably short.

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ee
Fixed tail pulleys (Figures 8, 9 10, 13 and 14) with small diameters are generally used to connect
itt
to other conveyors when handling wide variations in load sizes. This is particularly true with short
m
or narrow unit loads which may possibly turn sufficiently to travel sidewise.
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Take-ups
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in
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Take-ups are required on all belt conveyors to compensate for changes in belt length and to
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maintain belt tension. Take-up devices may be located at any point along the return run of the
H
belt after the drive or at the tail pulley. The most desirable take-up location is immediately adjacent
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to the drive on the slack belt side. See Figures 7 through 15B, for typical side elevation.
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Take-ups should be designed to provide a movement of at least one percent of the conveyor
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length measured between end pulleys with a travel of 2" as a minimum. Thus, if a conveyor is 100
R
feet long, center to center of terminal pulleys, the take-up should have a minimum travel of one
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foot.
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Additional movement is generally required for belts constructed from stitched canvas or solid
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woven cotton. Less movement is required for pvc belts with solid woven polyester carcass. Metal
belts require special consideration.
On all automatic take-ups except vertical type, some mechanical device is desirable to keep the
take-up pulley square with the axis of the belt. A device frequently employed is a squaring shaft,
which forces both take-up shaft bearings to travel an equal amount.
17
A short piece of belt, called a "Dutchman", can be spliced into the main belt to be conveniently
removed after all mechanical take-up has been used. The removal of the "Dutchman" allows
mechanical take-up to return to starting position.
Drive Arrangement
There are many variations in drive arrangement. A gear motor is the most common type. The
9
output shaft of this unit is connected to the head or drive shaft by a chain drive or flexible coupling.
01
High strength timing belts maybe used in place of chain. Another type of drive is a speed reducer
/21
with hollow output shaft to fit over the conveyor head shaft. The motor may be either directly
/1
coupled or connected by a V-belt to the reducer input shaft. The shaft mounted reducer must be
-6
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held stationary by a torque arm.
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When variable speed is required, a mechanical speed changer between the motor and reducer
U
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may be used. Electrically, the speed may be changed using SCR or variable frequency drives.
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IS
Important considerations in the design of belt conveyors are pulley lagging and the angle of belt
D
wrap. Lagging increases the life of the belt and the machinery by requiring less belt tension. Snub
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idlers or pulleys are used to increase the angle of wrap beyond 180 degrees (see Table II, in
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Section 3).
ED
IZ
The drives are normally located at the high end of inclined and in the center for declined
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conveyors, using a pulley diameter compatible with the thickness and type of belt being used.
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(See belting manufacturer's recommendation for minimum pulley diameters.) Typical end and
intermediate drive arrangements are shown in Figures 7 through 15B.
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T
Supports
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Floor supports should be provided with vertical adjustment for leveling the conveyor. Adjustable
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hangers, such as rods with threaded ends, are generally used with conveyors at elevations over
m
the distance specified in ASME B20.1 (Guarded by Location).

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Support spacing is dependent on the loading, and in some cases, on the building construction.
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in
Supports must be spaced to limit frame deflection as detailed in ANSI/CEMA Standard No. 401,
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Roller Conveyors--Non Powered.

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Deflectors
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There are a number of different types of deflectors in use, the simplest being straight or curved
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bars set at an angle to the direction of travel to move the unit load to one side as it slides along
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the bar, these bars may be faced with special friction reducing materials. They are sometimes
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lined with closely spaced ball bearing wheels.

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Another type employs a motor driven flat or V-belt set in a vertical plane and backed up by a
rC
supporting structure. The moving belt causes the load to discharge positively from the conveyor.
Fo
The deflector may be made removable by mounting on vertical pins or may be hinged on vertical
shafts. Control may be provided by hand levers or remotely by means of air cylinders, gears,
motors or other devices.
18
Push-Off
A device used to physically push unit loads off to other lines (usually at 90 degrees). Push-offs
are normally air powered or motor driven and controlled electrically by photo eyes or limit
switches.
When using a push-off on a belt conveyor, consideration should be given to the type of load to be
9
handled and type of belt to be used. Belt surfaces with a high friction factor should be avoided.
01
/21
Transfers
/1
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Probably the most universally used transfer between belt conveyors is the gravity curve, either
O
roller or wheel type. For intermediate receiving or feeding, a spur section of roller or wheel
TI
conveyor is used at a variable angle to the direction of travel of the through conveyor (see Figure
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IB
16). The tapered portion of the transfer is fitted with varying length rollers or with a series of wheels
TR
or casters. The rollers in this section may also be power driven.
IS
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Another form of power transfer is the right angle one, where the feed line is brought in at a right
R
angle to the main line and a turning wheel or roller is used to assist the load in negotiating the
FO
turn (see Figure 17). Such an arrangement works very well if there is always sufficient space
ED
between unit loads to permit one to negotiate the turn before the next one arrives.
IZ
Horizontal Curves Belts R
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Special belt curves are available which will negotiate horizontal, inclined, or declining turns.
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T
These generally have built-in edges or chains which are used in guiding the belt. Their application
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is for handling the types of loads which will not travel properly over rollers and for which controlled
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travel is desirable.
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Belting Selection
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A wide variety of belting types and material is available for unit handling conveyor application (see
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Definitions Section). Some of the considerations given to belt selection are cost, strength, surface
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friction, abrasion, resistance, flexibility, dimensional stability, resistance to humidity conditions,

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oils, greases, acids, noise generated by the belt, and chemicals. The conveyor manufacturer or
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belting manufacturer should be consulted to select the proper type of belt to suit the application.
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19
SECTION 3 – TECHNICAL DATA
Symbols
Note: Units involved in the following terms are listed both in English and metric systems.
BOR Belt On Roller
9
BW Belt Width, [in (cm)]
01
Ci Number of return rollers, [per ft (per m)]
/21
Ct Number of carrying rollers, [per ft (per m)]
/1
-6
D1 Pitch diameter of driven sprocket or gear on drive shaft, [in (cm)] Drive
N
D2 Pulley diameter, [in (cm)]
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D3 Pitch diameter of drive sprocket or gear on reducer, [in (cm)] Overall
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Eo Drive Efficiency
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Fr Friction factor for rollers
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Fs Friction factor for slider bed supporting belt
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Ft Terminal loss and contingencies factor
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g Acceleration factor *
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h Net change of elevation, [ft (m)]
hp Horsepower
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K1 A factor such that K1 x Te = T1
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K2 A factor such that K2 x Te = Minimum T2 tension to drive without slippage
L Conveyor length, [ft (m)] R
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PIW Belt rating, [pounds per inch of belt width (kilograms per centimeter of belt width)]
psi Pressure, [lb/in2 (kg/cm2)]
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Ri Unit weight of return roller less shaft, [lbs (kg)]

T
Rt Unit weight of carrier roller less shaft, [lbs (kg)]

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SL Slider Bed
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T1 The larger belt tension at the drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

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T2 The smaller belt tension at the drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

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T3 The belt tension at the non-drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

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Te Effective belt pull required to move the load, Te = T1 - T2, [lbs (kg)]
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v Conveyor or belt speed, [fpm (m/min)]

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W Total moving weight, [lbs/ft (kg/m)]

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Wb Weight of belt, [lbs/ft (kg/m)]

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Wm Weight of conveyed material, [lbs/ft (kg/m)]

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( )
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Estimated Acceleration ft / s 2
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*g =
( )
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2
32.2 ft / s
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Effective Belt Pull
• Roller Bed
Te =
( F × L × (W + ( 2 × W ) + ( R × C ) + ( R × C ) ) ) + (W
r m b t t i i m × h ) + (W × L × G )
(1)
Ft
9
01
Slider Bed
/2
•
1
/1
(F × L × (W ( ))
+ Wb ) + Fr × L × (Wb + ( Ri × Ci ) ) + (Wm × h ) + (W × L × G )
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s m
Te = (2)
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Ft
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Special consideration for acceleration
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A term for acceleration (G) has been added to the effective pull calculation to help avoid incorrect
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sizing of units because the effects of starting/stopping a loaded conveyor were not considered.
R
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This is a critical component that if left out of the equation, could cause the power unit or other
drive components (drive pulley, bearings, chain and sprockets, etc.) to be under sized causing
ED
failure.
IZ
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One situation when the acceleration of a loaded unit needs to be considered is when a unit is
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calculated to have a standard horsepower unit; but after various service factors are considered,
the unit is bumped to the next higher hp. The resulting higher horsepower motor has the potential
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of producing a much higher torque than originally required during start-up. This higher
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accelerating torque needs to be considered when sizing drive components. An instance of higher
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belt pull caused by acceleration is shown in this example.

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Example:
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A conveyor has a calculated belt pull that requires a 2.75 hp motor. Service factors are applied
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bring the horsepower requirement up to 3.25. The engineer selects a 5 hp motor and appropriate
g
in
reducer. However the drive pulley was selected based on the original belt pull calculations.
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Because the conveyor is frequently started with product on the belt the lagging on the drive pulley
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wears away quickly. When the belt pull is recalculated taking into account the acceleration force
H
the engineer realizes the belt pull is almost twice his original calculations. The engineer is faced
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with either installing a larger drive pulley or installing a soft start to reduce the drive’s acceleration
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rate.
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One other application when acceleration is a critical component of the equation, and needs to be
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considered is the use of a servo-motor on a belt unit to accelerate or decelerate a loaded unit to
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match the speed of an adjoining conveyor. When a belt conveyor is used in this application,
usually a pre-determined acceleration rate (based on the servo) needs to be added to the
rC
calculation in order to properly size the drive components (typical acceleration rates range from
Fo
0.3G to 0.45G).
Special considerations must also be made for calculating the effective pull for descending
conveyors. The following section goes into these special considerations.
21
Descending Conveyors
The effective pull calculations for descending conveyors consist of the following basic elements:
1) Tea - the (optional) upper horizontal feeding element.
2) Teb - the declining element.
3) Tec - the (optional) lower horizontal runout element.
9
The effective pull requirement of each element must be calculated separately and then added to
01
that of the other elements to determine the conveyor's total effective pull requirement (Tet) (See
/21
Figure 20).
/1
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Tet = Tea + Teb + Tec
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Because the descending conveyor is lowering product, (h) is treated as a negative value so the
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calculated pull for the decline element subtracts from the sum of the horizontal element effective
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pulls. The negative net lift helps to power the belt; however there are two points to be considered
IS
when making this statement:
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1) Normally, when calculating the effective pull for a decline unit, the acceleration factor is
typically ignored; it is assumed that the conveyor is already running. This being the case,
ED
if the negative pull for the decline is close to the positive pull for the horizontal elements,
IZ
it could appear the unit requires little or no power to run. In this case, the
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acceleration/deceleration of the load needs to be looked at to make sure the power unit is
TH
not undersized. (See Mode 4 below)

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2) Normally, the decline element is a slider pan unit. Belt manufacturers usually define a
T
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range for a sliding friction factor of their belt against the slider pan. The effective pull should
-N
be calculated using each extreme to determine which is the worst case and the power unit
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should be sized based on the higher resulting pull.

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Tet is then used as the basis for selecting the conveyor's drive series and determining the
horsepower requirement for the power unit(s).
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g
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Note: The use of BCS (slider bed) sections for the declined portion of the conveyor is
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recommended.
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Figure 20
22
While ascending and descending conveyors consist of the same basic elements, the procedure
for determining the conveyor’s actual Total Effective Pull (Tet) differs.
Because of the many possible combinations of live load, bed-type(s), decline length, horizontal
length(s), angles of incline, etc., a descending belt conveyor’s Tet requirement must be calculated
four times based on different operating conditions (modes). The first three modes deal with the
loaded/empty condition of the inclined and horizontal elements.
9
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Operational Modes – Descending Belt Conveyor
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Mode Tea Teb Tec
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1 Loaded Empty Loaded
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2 Loaded Loaded Loaded
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3 Empty Loaded Empty
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4 (See below)
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Mode 4 represents the starting and stopping of the conveyor’s “total moving weight”. The power
FO
unit must have the capacity to handle this force. G can be assumed to be 0.11 for calculating Tet
ED
in this mode.
IZ
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G × ( Total Live Load + Total Dead Load )
Tet =
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Total Live
= Load Live Load × Length (of upper feeder element)
Weight of belt, return rollers & carrier rollers [ 2 Wb + Ct Rt + Ci Ri ]
T
Dead Load ( DL )
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Total Dead Load = ( DLa + DLb + DLc )

ee
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m
=DLa Dead Load × Length (of upper feeder element)

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=DLb Dead Load × Length (of decline element)

C
=DLc Dead Load × Length (of lower runout element)

g
in
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Use the "highest" of the four (4) calculated Tet ratings as the basis for determining the power
H
unit's horsepower requirement.

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Table 1. Friction Factors

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(Actual values are a function of the conveyor components and the design. Consult the Conveyor
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Manufacturer for actual values)

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Belt
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Type of Belt Supporting Fr Ft

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Surface Surface SL/BOR Transport

Fo
Fs
Bare Duck 0.3
Friction Surface 0.35 0.05 0.85
Rubber Covered 0.45*
23
With constant water lubrication in wet slider beds, Fs = 0.25 may be used with rubber cover. The
above values may be higher or lower, depending upon the belt used and the slider surface.
Drive Horsepower
Te × v Te × v
(3)
9
Driveshaft Horsepower
= = hp...English or = w ...Metric
01
33,000 4500
/21
/1
Driveshaft Horsepower hp
Motor Horsepower
= = (4)
-6
Overall Drive Efficiency Eo
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Chain drive efficiency can be assumed at 95%.
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Gear Reducer efficiency should be obtained from the manufacturer's literature. Motors are rated
IS
at the following: 1/3, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1-1/2, 2, 3, 5, 7-1/2, 10, etc. hp
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Belt Tension
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Table 2. Factors
R
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Degree Bare Pulley Lagged Pulley

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Wrap K1 K2 K1 K2
180 deg 1.85 0.85 1.50 0.50
T
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200 deg 1.72 0.72 1.42 0.42

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210 deg 1.67 0.67 1.38 0.38

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215 deg 1.64 0.64 1.36 0.36

m
220 deg 1.62 0.62 1.35 0.35

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240 deg 1.54 0.54 1.30 0.30

C
g
in
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Note: The factors in Table 2 are compatible with normal conveyor applications using either
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automatic or manual take-up. For long, heavily loaded conveyors where manual take-up is used,
H
it is acceptable practice, where experience dictates, to increase the K2 factor by 20% (K1 = 1 +
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K2).
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Based on Table 2, belt tensions are computed by the following equations (Refer to ANSI / CEMA
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Standard B105.1 for graphical representation of the tension conditions):

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T1 = K1 × Te = (1 + K 2 ) × Te (5)
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Fo
T2 or T=
3 K 2 × Te (6)
T1
=C (7)
T2
24
The factors K1 and K2 in Table 2 have been derived from the following equations to determine the
required force between the belt and the drive pulley:
C
K1 = (8)
C −1
9
K2 = (9)
01
C −1
/21
/1
Where C is constant equal to 100.00758×f ×a
-6
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100.00758 = e(
π /180 )
where 2.7183
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f = coefficient of friction between conveying belt and drive pulley
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0.25 for bare steel pulley
IS
0.35 for lagged pulley
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a = arc of contact between belt and pulley (degree of wrap)
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ED
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Example #1: Horizontal Slider Bed
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/1
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Known:
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− Load = 25 lbs/ft
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− Belt Speed = 60 fpm constant
IB
− Belt Weight = 0.56 lbs/ft
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− Return Roller = weight of roller shell and bearings = 2.55 lbs per roller
IS
− Conveyor Length = 30’ – 0”
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− Overall Drive Efficiency = 69% = Eo
FO
− Belt Wrap = 220 deg at drive (lagged)
ED
(F ( )
× L × (Wm + Wb ) ) + Fr × L × (Wb + ( Ri × Ci ) ) + (Wm × h ) + (W × L × G )
IZ
s
Using equation (2): Te = R
O
Ft
TH
AU
Since, G = 0 and h = 0, the above equation reduces to the following:

T
O
(F (
× L × (Wm + Wb ) ) + Fr × L × (Wb + ( Ri × Ci ) ) )
-N
s
Te =
ee
Ft
itt
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Using the following known values:

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g
Wm = 25 lbs/ft Ri = 2.55 pounds per roller

in
Wb = 0.56 lbs/ft Ci = 0.10 rollers per foot

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L = 30 ft
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From Table 1
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Fs = 0.35
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Fr = 0.05
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Ft = 0.85
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( 0.35 × 30 × ( 25 + 0.56 ) ) + ( 0.05 × 30 × ( 0.56 + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) )

EM
Te = 317.17 lbs
rC
0.85
Fo
Using equations (3) and (4):
Te × v 317.17 × 60
Motor Horsepower
= = = 0.84 hp = Rounded to 1 hp
Eo × 33,000 0.69 × 33,000
26
Using equations (5), (6), and Table 2:
T=
1 K1 × Te - Table 2, lagged drive pulley, belt wrap 220 deg
T=
2 K 2 × Te K1 = 1.35 and K2 = 0.35
1.35 × 317.17............ T1 =
T1 = 428.18 lbs
9
0.35 × 317.17........... T2 =
111.01 lbs
01
T2 =
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/1
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27
Example #2: Inclined Slider Bed
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/2
1
/1
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Known:
IB
TR
IS
D
R
FO
− Conveyor Length = 30’ – 0”
ED
IZ
− Lift = 5 ft
− Belt Wrap = 220 deg at drive (lagged) R
O
TH
(F ( )
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s
Using equation (2): Te =
T
Ft
O
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ee
Since, G = 0 and h = 0, the above equation reduces to the following:

itt
m
(F ( )
× L × (Wm + Wb ) ) + Fr × L × (Wb + ( Ri × Ci ) ) + (Wm × h )
om
s
Te =
C
Ft
g
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Wm = 25 lbs/ft Ri = 2.55 pounds per roller

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L = 30 ft h = 5 ft
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From Table 1
R
Fs = 0.35
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Fr = 0.05
Ft = 0.85
rC
Fo
( 0.35 × 30 × ( 25 + 0.56 ) ) + ( 0.05 × 30 × ( 0.56 + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) ) + ( 25 × 5 )

Te = 464.25 lbs
0.85
28
Using equations (3) and (4):
Te × v 464.25 × 60
Motor Horsepower
= = = 1.22 hp = Rounded to 1 1/2 hp
Eo × 33,000 0.69 × 33,000
Using equations (5), (6), and Table 2:
9
01
T= K1 × Te - Table 2, lagged drive pulley, belt wrap 220 deg
/2
1
K1 = 1.35 and K2 = 0.35
1
T= K 2 × Te
/1
2
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1.35 × 464.25............ T1 =
T1 = 626.73 lbs
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0.35 × 464.25........... T2 =
T2 = 162.49 lbs
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ED
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T
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29
Example #3: Inclined Roller Bed with Slider Power Feeder
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01
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/1
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Known:
IS
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− Belt Speed = 60 fpm at discharge end from rest at infeed end
R
− Belt Weight = 2.16 lbs/ft for Roller Bed
FO
3.96 lbs/ft for Slider Bed
ED
− Carrier Roller = weight of roller shell and bearings = 4.64 lbs per roller
IZ
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− Conveyor Length = 30’ – 0” for Roller Bed and 4’ – 0” for Slider Bed
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TH

AU
− Lift = 5 ft
T
O
-N
Power Feeder
ee
itt
(F ( )
m
s
om

Ft
C
g
in
Since, Ri = 0 and h = 0, the above equation reduces to the following:

dl
an
(F × L × (Wm + Wb ) ) + (W × L × G )
H
s
t
Te =
ni
Ft
-U
w
ie

ev
R
Wm = 25 lbs/ft G = 0.11
A
EM
Wb = 3.96 lbs/ft W = Wm + 2 W b
L = 4 ft
rC
Fo
From Table 1
Fs = 0.35
Ft = 0.85
30
Te
(=
0.35 × 4 ( 25 + 3.96 ) ) + ( 32.92 × 4 × 0.11)
64.74 lbs for the Power Feeder
0.85
Inclined Roller Bed
( F × L × (W + ( 2 × W ) + ( R × C ) + ( R × C ) ) ) + (W
m b t t i i m × h ) + (W × L × G )
9
01
Ft
1/2
/1
-6
N
O
Wm = 25 lbs/ft Ct = 2 roller per foot G = 0.11
TI
U
L = 30 ft Ri = Rt = 4.64 pound per roller
IB
TR
From Table 1
IS
D
Fr = 0.05
R
Ft = 0.85
FO
ED
Wm + 2 Wb + Rt Ct + Ri Ci =
W = 39.06 lbs
IZ
R
( 0.05 × 30 ( 25 + ( 2 × 2.16 ) + ( 4.64 × 2) + ( 4.64 × 0.10 ) )) + ( 25 × 5 ) + (39.06 × 30 × 0.11)
O
TH
Te =
0.85
AU
Te = 367.6 for the Roller Bed

T
O
-N
ee
The total Te = Power Feeder Te + Roller Bed Te = 64.74 + 367.6 = 432.34 lbs
itt
m
om
Using Equation (3) and (4):

C
Te × v 432.34 × 60
g
Motor Horsepower = 1.14 hp = Rounded to 1 1/2 hp

in
= =
Eo × 33,000 0.69 × 33,000
dl
an
H
Using Equation (5) and (6), and Table 2:

t
ni
-U

w
1
ie
T= K 2 × Te K1 = 1.35 and K2 = 0.35

ev
2
R
A
1.35 × 432.34............ T1 =
T1 = 583.67 lbs
EM
0.35 × 432.34........... T2 =
T2 = 151.32 lbs
rC
Fo
31
Example #4: Decline Slider Bed
9
01
/21
/1
-6
N
O
TI
U
IB
TR
IS
D
Known:
R
FO
ED
IZ
− Carrier Roller = weight of roller shell and bearings = 2.55 lbs per roller
R
O
TH
− Conveyor Length: Upper feeder = 4’ - 0” of roller bed

Decline unit = 30’ – 0” of slider bed
AU
Lower runout = 4’ – 0” of roller bed

T

O
-N
− Lift = 12 ft
ee

itt
m
Using equation (1) and (2):

om
C
( F × L × (W + ( 2 × W ) + ( R × C ) + ( R × C ) ) ) + (W × h ) + (W × L × G )
g
in
r m b t t i i m
Te =
dl
Ft
an
tH
(F ( )
ni
-U
s
Te =
w
Ft
ie
ev
R

A
EM
Wm = 20 lbs/ft h = (-) 5 ft Ci = 0.10 roller per foot

rC
Wb = 0.56 lbs/ft Ri = 2.55 lbs per roller Ct = 3 roller per foot

Fo
L = 30 ft Rt = 2.55 lbs per roller
From Table 1
Fs = 0.35
Fr = 0.05
Ft = 0.85
32
For horizontal roller beds: h=0 and G = 0; therefore, the above equation reduces to the following:
Te =
( F × L × (W + ( 2 × W ) + ( R × C ) + ( R × C ) ) )
r m b t t i i
Ft
(=
0.05 × 4 × ( 20 + ( 2 × 0.56 ) + ( 2.55 × 4 ) + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) )
9
01
Bed Empty: Te 7.43 lbs
0.85
/2
1
/1
(=
0.05 × 4 × ( 0 + ( 2 × 0.56 ) + ( 2.55 × 4 ) + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) )
-6
N
Bed Loaded: Te 2.72 lbs
O
0.85
TI
U
IB
TR
For decline slider bed: G = 0; therefore, the above equation reduces to the following
IS
D
(F ( )
× L × (Wm + Wb ) ) + Fr × L × (Wb + ( Ri × Ci ) ) + (Wm × h )
R
s
Te =
FO
Ft
ED
Bed Loaded:
IZ
R
O
( 0.35 × 30 × ( 20 + 0.56 ) ) + ( 0.05 × 30 × ( 0.56 + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) ) + ( 20 × ( −12 ) )
TH
Te = = −26.94 lbs
AU
0.85
T
O
Bed Empty:
-N
ee
( 0.35 × 30 × ( 0 + 0.56 ) ) + ( 0.05 × 30 × ( 0.56 + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) ) + (0 × ( −12 ) )

itt
m
Te = 8.36 lbs
om
0.85
C
g
in
Using the 4 modes described earlier, find the worst case condition to size the power unit by:
dl
an
H
• Mode 1:
t
ni
-U
Tet = Loaded Tea + Empty Teb + Loaded Tec

w
ie
Tet = 7.43 + 8.36 + 7.43

ev
R
Tet = 23.22 lbs

A
EM
• Mode 2:
rC
Fo
Tet = Loaded Tea + Loaded Teb + Loaded Tec

T=
et 7.43 + ( −26.14 ) + 7.43
Tet = −12.08 lbs
33
• Mode 3:
Tet =Empty Tea + Loaded Teb + Empty Tec

T=
et 2.72 + ( −26.14 ) + 2.72
Tet = −21.5 lbs
9
01
• Mode 4:
/21
G × (Total Live load + Total Dead Load )
/1
Tet =
-6
N
O
Total Live Load = Live Load x Total Length of Conveyor = 20 × 38 = 760 lbs
TI
U
IB
Total Dead Load =L × ( ( 2 × Wb ) + ( Rt × Ct ) + ( Ri × Ci ) )
TR
IS
4 × ( ( 2 × 0.56 ) + ( 2.55 × 4 ) + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) =
D
For Horizontal Lengths = 46.3 lbs
R
30 × ( ( 2 × 0.56 ) + ( 2.55 × 0.10 ) ) =
FO
For Decline Lengths = 41.25 lbs
ED
( 0.11) × ( 760 + ( 2 × 46.3 ) + 41.25=)
IZ
T=
et 98.32 lbs
R
O
TH
Mode 4 creates the highest effective pull and is used to size the power unit.
AU
Using Equations (3) and (4):

T
O
-N
Te × v 98.32 × 60
Motor Horsepower = 0.26 hp = Rounded to 1/2 hp
ee
= =
Eo × 33,000 0.69 × 33,000
itt
m
om
Using Equation (5) and (6), and Table 2:

C
g

in
1
dl
T= K 2 × Te K1 = 1.35 and K2 = 0.35

an
2
tH
1.35 × 98.32............ T1 =
132.73 lbs
ni
T1 =
-U
0.35 × 98.32........... T2 =
T2 = 34.41 lbs
w
ie
ev
R
A
EM
rC
Fo
34

Ansi Cema 402 Review 2019

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ANSI / CEMA 402-2003 (R-2015)

Reaffirmation of ANSI/CEMA 402-2003

Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

The information provided herein in advisory only.

no representations or warranties whatsoever, either expressed or implied, about the information

Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

Guarding. Consult ASME or ANSI for the latest editions.

have been removed. The previous 15 formulas are now 11.

have been rewritten to include the Acceleration and Friction Factors.

Horizontal curves belts 19

Effective belt pull 21

Special consideration for acceleration 21

Operational Modes – Descending Belt Conveyors 23

• Anti-Backup Protective Device - A device to prevent reversal of a loaded inclined belt

dimension C, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6; dimension B, Figure 5).

provide the motive power for a conveyor.

conveyor to movement in a defined path.

to release unit loads at a predetermined rate.

• Nose-Over - Curved or segmented frame sections having rollers properly spaced to

made of cotton or synthetic material, used to construct a conveyor belt carcass.

− Folded - A belt construction wherein an outer ply is folded around a carcass to

cover the edges.

• Friction Surface - A rubber adhesive compound applied to and impregnating a conveyor

belt fabric, to provide greater than normal traction.

surface for carrying ability when required.

combinations thereof, impregnated and coated with PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) plastic.

and normally treated by immersion in special compounds.

belt and another type of surface for the other side.

shaft when installed.

• Lagging - A smooth or embossed covering or coating applied to a pulley to reduce belt

65 shore A scale. Higher hardness is available by the manufacturer.

shaft (See also Pulley; Drive, Tail, etc.).

• Pulley, Tail - A pulley mounted at the tail end of a conveyor

• Pulley, Take Up - An adjustable pulley or roller arrangement to compensate for change

TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS (Overall Length)

HORIZONTAL BELT CONVEYORS (Typical Side Elevations)

INCLINED BELT CONVEYORS (Typical Side Elevations)

Intermediate Unloading Transfer with Intersecting Gravity or Powered Section

from the right side.)

Right Angle Transfer

of minimum power requirements and longer belt life.

power requirements, this construction is generally confined to handling light to medium

weight loads at moderate speeds.

helpful at steeper angles.

"must" for slopes over 15 degrees.

movement of the take-up pulley is reasonably short.

the distance specified in ASME B20.1 (Guarded by Location).

Roller Conveyors--Non Powered.

lined with closely spaced ball bearing wheels.

friction, abrasion, resistance, flexibility, dimensional stability, resistance to humidity conditions,

SECTION 3 – TECHNICAL DATA

BOR Belt On Roller

Ri Unit weight of return roller less shaft, [lbs (kg)]

Rt Unit weight of carrier roller less shaft, [lbs (kg)]

T1 The larger belt tension at the drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

T2 The smaller belt tension at the drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

T3 The belt tension at the non-drive pulley, [lbs (kg)]

v Conveyor or belt speed, [fpm (m/min)]

W Total moving weight, [lbs/ft (kg/m)]

Wb Weight of belt, [lbs/ft (kg/m)]