Rakshit Project
Rakshit Project
Rakshit Project
1 Certificate
2 Acknowledgement
3 Introduction
4 Stages involved
5 Eukaryotic DNA
10 Conclusion
11 Bibliography
This is to clarify that “Rakshit Sukhpal”
student of class 12th science with Roll no.
__________has successfully completed his
chemistry project on “DNA fingerprinting”
under the guidelines of “Mrs. Rashmi Ohja”.
Signature: Date:
Satellite DNA
Short (< 100 bp) repeats in tandem arrays
Millions of bp in length
Example: centromeric DNA from humans
contains a 171 bp AT-rich repeat called alpha-
satellite DNA.
• Most of the DNA in a chromosome does
not code for a gene.
• These regions contain sequences that
repeat from 20-100 times (ex-
GTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA)
• There are several known variations of the
Short Tandem Repeats (STR).
• Ex- HUMTH01 (repeating AATG) has
seen different variations.
• Scientists can look at 4-6 different STR’s
in the same person.
• The more STR’s identified the higher the
probability of a match.
• VNTR is more commonly used than
RFLP.
Advantages of VNTR
• Less complex patterns in gel
• Can be used on stains that old or have been
exposed to decomposition.
• STR’s are less likely to degrade
➢ Less than 400 bp
➢ In the middle of the chromosome.
Steps in making an RFLP:
1. Add a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA
into fragments – Exact number and size of
fragments produced varies from person to
person.
2. Fragments are separated by
electrophoresis.
3.The smaller fragments travel further than
the large fragments.
4.This creates a DNA fingerprint.
The DNA is amplified by PCR which contains
three vital steps:
• The solution is heated to 95°C to unzip the
double helix DNA structure.
• The solution is cooled to 55°C to allow the
primers to bind to the ends of the DNA.
• The solution is then reheated to 75°C
which is the optimal temperature for the
Taq polymerase to create new copies of
each DNA strand.