Transmission

Line Models &

Performance
Lecture 8
 Transmission Line Models
Unlike the electric machines, transmission lines are characterized by their
distributed parameters: distributed resistance, inductance, and capacitance.

The distributed series and shunt elements of the transmission line make it
harder to model. Such parameters may be approximated by many small
discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

However, this approach is not very practical, since it would require to solve
for voltages and currents at all nodes along the line. We could also solve the
exact differential equations for a line but this is also not very practical for
large power systems with many lines.
Transmission Line Modeling
 Classification of Transmission Lines
 The classification of the transmission lines depends on
its voltage and the length of the conductor. The
transmission line is the medium of transferring the power
from the generating station to the load centre. It is mainly
classified into two types. They are the
 AC Transmission Line
 Short-Transmission Line
 Medium Transmission Line
 Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line

 T Model of a Medium Transmission Line

 Long Transmission Line

 DC Transmission Line
 Short Transmission Line
 If the line is not more than 80 Km or if the voltage is not
over than 66 KV then the line is known as the short
transmission line.
 While studying the performance of the short transmission
line only resistance and the inductance of the line is
calculated.
 Short Transmission Line
 The inductive reactance at 50 Hz for over head lines is
typically much larger than the resistance of the line.
 Medium Transmission Line
 The line which is ranging from 80 to 240 km is termed as a
medium transmission line. The capacitance of the medium
transmission line cannot be ignored.
 Medium Transmission Line
 The line which is ranging from 80 to 240 km is termed as a
medium transmission line. The capacitance of the medium
transmission line cannot be ignore. It can be modeled by
two methods:
Nominal T:
 In this method, the whole line capacitance is assumed to be
concentrated at the middle point of the line and half the line
resistance and reactance are lumped on its either side.
 Therefore, in this arrangement, full charging current flows
over half the line.
 Medium Transmission Line
Nominal π:
 In this method, capacitance of each conductor
(i.e., line to neutral) is divided into two halves;
one half being lumped at the sending end and
the other half at the receiving end.
 It is obvious that capacitance at the sending end
has no effect on the line drop.
 Long Transmission Line
 The line having a length more than 240 km is considered
a long transmission line.
 All the four parameters (resistance, inductance,
capacitance, and leakage conductance) are found to be
equally distributed along the entire length of the line.
 DC Transmission Line
 The DC transmission is mainly used for the bulk power
transmission.
 For long distance transmission, the DC is less expensive
and have low electrical losses.
 The cost of the DC transmission systems is higher for
short distance transmission line because it requires more
convertible equipment as compared to an AC system.
 Important Terms
(i) Line Regulation
The voltage or line regulation is defined as the variation in the voltage
at the receiving end of the line when the full load at a given power
factor is removed and the voltage at the sending end being kept
constant. In other words, it is defined as the percentage variation in
voltage at the load end of the line in going from no load to full load. It is
expressed as the fraction of a percentage of the receiving end voltage.
The line regulation is given by the equation:

where |Vrnl | = magnitude of receiving end voltage at no load.

|Vrfl| = magnitude of receiving end voltage at no load.
The voltage VS at the sending end is kept constant. It is given
by
When the load is removed,

Therefore,
(ii) Transmission Efficiency:
The power obtained at the receiving end of
a transmission line is generally less than
the sending end power due to losses in
the line resistance.
• The ratio of receiving end power to the
sending end power of a transmission line
is known as the transmission efficiency
of the line i.e.
2-Port Networks and ABCD Models
A transmission line can be represented by a 2-
port network – a network that can be isolated
from the outside world by two connections
(ports) as shown.

If the network is linear, an elementary circuits theorem (analogous to Thevenin’s

theorem) establishes the relationship between the sending and receiving end
voltages and currents as

Here constants A and D are dimensionless, a constant B has units of , and a

constant C is measured in siemens. These constants are sometimes referred to as
generalized circuit constants, or ABCD constants.
2-Port Networks and ABCD Models
 The following points may be kept in mind :
 (i) The constants A, B,C and D are
generally complex numbers.
 (ii) The constants A and D are
dimensionless whereas the dimensions of B
and C are ohms and siemen respectively.
 (iii) For a given transmission line,
A=D
 (iv) For a given transmission line,
AD−BC = 1
 Short Transmission Line
 A transmission line having its length less than 80 km is considered as a
short transmission line. In short transmission line capacitance is
neglected because of small leakage current and other parameters
(resistance and inductance) are lumped in the transmission line.
 The single phase line and equivalent circuit model of the short
transmission line are shown below in the figure. The resistance R and the
inductive reactance X represent the loop resistance and the loop
inductance of the short transmission line. Thus,
The series impedance of the lines is given as,

In short transmission lines the shunt conductance and

shunt capacitance of the line are neglected; hence, the
current remains the same at all point of the line.
Practically, we say that,
The phasor diagram is shown below
Short Transmission Line: Phasor Diagram
AC voltages are usually expressed as phasors.

Load with lagging power factor.

Load with unity power factor.

Load with leading power factor.

For a given source voltage VS and magnitude
of the line current, the received voltage is
lower for lagging loads and higher for
leading loads.
 Nominal Pi Model of a Medium
Transmission Line
 In the nominal pi model of a medium transmission line, the
series impedance of the line is concentrated at the center
and half of each capacitance is placed at the center of the
line.
 The nominal Pi model of the line is shown in the diagram
below.
In this circuit,

By Ohm”s law

By KCL at node a

Voltage at the sending end

By Ohms law
Sending-end current is found by applying KCL at node c

Equations can be written in matrix form as

Also,

Hence, the ABCD constants for nominal pi-circuit model of

a medium line are
The phasor diagram of a nominal pi-circuit is shown in the figure below.
Nominal T Model of a Transmission Line
 In a nominal T model of a medium transmission line, the
series impedance is divided into two equal parts, while
the shunt admittance is concentrated at the centre of the
line.
 The nominal T model of a medium transmission line is
shown in the figure.
Sending end voltage and current can be obtained by
application of KVL and KCL. to the circuit shown

Current in the capacitor can be given as,

By Kirchoff’s current law at node a,

By Kirchoff’s voltage law

Equation of Sending end voltage Vs and current Is can be written in the matrix
form as

Hence, the ABCD constant of the nominal T-circuit model of a medium line are
The phasor diagram of the nominal T-circuit is shown
below. It is drawn for a lagging power factor.
Charging Current in Transmission Line
 In a transmission line, air acts as a dielectric medium
between the conductors.
 When the voltage is applied across the sending end of
the transmission line, current starts flowing between the
conductors (due to imperfections of the dielectric
medium).
 This current is called the charging current in the
transmission line.

For a single-phase line, the charging current

Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line Model
Long Transmission Line:
π- Model
 Example
A balanced 3-phase load of 30 MW is
supplied at 132 kV, 50 Hz and 0·85 p.f.
lagging by means of a transmission line. The
series impedance of a single conductor is (20
+ j52) ohms and the total phase-neutral
admittance is 315 × 10−6 siemen. Using
nominal T method, determine:
(i) the A, B, C and D constants of the line (ii)
sending end voltage (iii) regulation of the line.
 Solution
(i) Generalised constants of line:
For nominal T method, various
constants have the values as under :
 Solution
(ii) Sending end voltage:
 Solution
(iii) Regulation:
Regulation is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end
when full load is thrown off.