Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile

A large percentage of urban

land has been devoted to the

these vehicles
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Outline
City functions-
socio-cultural, economic,
and political functions that
affect urban form

Economic models-
economic factors that
define urban form

Urban ecological
processes- NEW YORK
natural processes that
influence urban form

Lost space-
poor planning practices that
affect urban form
SAN FRANCISCO
 f .jllj-

Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban
Form and
Function

LONDON NEW YORK PARIS

Arch 231

City Functions
WORSHIP and
GOVERNMENT

The prime functions of the

city throughout history

Cities were built around

temples, shrines, and
pyramids in ancient Egypt,
Greece, and Rome

The medieval cathedral

was the center of the city,
as were renaissance palaces
and castles
City Functio
WORSHIP and
GOVERNMENT

The prime functions of the

city throughout history

Cities were built around

temples, shrines, and
pyramids in ancient Egypt,
Greece, and Rome

The medieval cathedral

was the center of the city,
JF 3

as were renaissance palaces

and castles
Arch 23!

City Functions
WORSHIP and
GOVERNMENT

The prime functions of the

city throughout history

Cities were built around

temples, shrines, and
pyramids in ancient Egypt,
Greece, and Rome

The medieval cathedral

^Jll
was the center of the city, wwniii _________

as were renaissance palaces

and castles
Arch 231

City Functions
CULTURAL

In Ancient Greece and

Rome, theater performances
and education were the vital
functions of each city.

Ancient theaters, religious

festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural
pride.
Arch 231

City Functions
CULTURAL

In Ancient Greece and

Rome, theater performances
and education were the vital
functions of each city.

Ancient theaters, religious

festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural
pride.
Arch 231

City Functions
CULTURAL

In Ancient Greece and

Rome, theater performances
and education were the vital
functions of each city.

Ancient theaters, religious

festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural
pride.
Arch 231

City Functions
CULTURAL

In Ancient Greece and

Rome, theater performances
and education were the vital
functions of each city.

Ancient theaters, religious

festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural
pride

Too often sacrificed in favor

of temporary economic
concerns.
Arch 231

City Functions
EDUCATION

Cities have always been the 9 7** Ww

seat of academy and
scholarship and is a
continuing function

Due to the diversity of

people, ideas, jobs, etc., the
city is seen as an educator.

J
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

City Functions
TRANSPORTATION
Greatly influences the size
and location of cities

New means of transportation

have enabled people to
live in much larger more
spread out cities

1
Arch 231

City Functions
TRANSPORTATION
Greatly influences the size
and location of cities

New means of transportation

have enabled people to
live in much larger more
spread out cities

Although transportation has

made great contributions to
the development of the city,
it has also done serious
damage to the physical and
social fabric.
Arch 231 999999999998

City Functions
HOUSING
The largest and simplest
function of a city
Industrialization and
modern transportation has
completely changed housing
patterns

During the industrial

revolution housing functions
were built to satisfy
economic demands
Through the years, housing
functions of the inner city
have shifted to outlying areas
 I 1-3

Arch 231

City Functions
ECONOMIC’

A basic and continuing

function. The city acts as
producers and marketplaces

Historically, cities were

located at strategic points for
the exchange of goods

w Goner al Tinio

The location of airports in MatwitoraJJP" Angeles Mtguei

POrdC
relation to city centers has Lubao,
San Frrr^ndo
Norzagaray
1 ■ AiiLcjiwj

become an important Olnnqapn

• Malolos
, San Jose del Mom
^CUINO
WLF.
QuezonCCity
C aloocan Quezon ity
economic factor B-l-nff*

Manila^iakati
Mandies
Las Pinas .Muntirtlup.
* © Xyj?ihU'«on Corps'
I DawnariAM ~
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Economic 1. CBD
2. Transition zone
Models 3. Low income
residential
CONCENTRIC ZONE 4. Middle income
residential
MODEL 5. High income
residential /
commuting
formulated by E.W. Burgess

includes transition zone for

eventual CBD expansion

city grows outward in all

directions from the CBD

has some deficiencies but

simplicity has stood the test
of time
 I X k L_< 1 L 1 X_- J ■ IT

Economic CBD
Models Wholesale, light
manufacturing
Low income
SECTOR MODEL residential
Middle income
residential
Conceptualized by High income
I lomcr Hoyt residential

developed under the premise

that other uses grow with
the CBD

consistent with the

observation that most
cities grow in the direction
of the higher income
Arch 23 J

Economic
Models
SECTOR MODEL

High rent areas tend to grow

from a given point along

lines of transportation

towards the high ground

free from flooding

towards the open country

towards the homes of

community leaders
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Economic
Models
SECTOR MODEL

High rent areas tend to..,.

pull office buildings,

banks, and stores along
with them

continue to grow in the

same direction for a long
period
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Economic
Models
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL

by Chauncy Harris &

Edward Pullman

uses do not evolve around a

single core but at several
nodes and focal points

1 Central business district

2 Wholesale, light manufacturing
3 Low-class residential
4 Medium-class residential
5 High-class residential
6 Heavy manufacturing
7 Outlying business district
8 Residential suburb
Arch 231

Economic
Models
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL
4 Factors that give rise to
separate nuclei:
- certain activities have
special requirements
(CBD=accessibility;
warehousing/docks
=waterfront;
Low density housing=land)
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Economic
Models
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL
4 Factors that give rise to
separate nuclei:
- certain activities have
special requirements
(CBD=accessibility;
warehousing/docks
=waterfront;
Low density housing=land)
- some activities group
together because they profit
from cohesion
(financial/ office district;
medical; retail districts)
Arch 231

Economic
Models

rwJ
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL
4 Factors that give rise to
separate nuclei:

- other activities are

detrimental to each other
(heavy industry and high rent
residential; meat packing plants
and funeral homes)

- certain activities can not

afford high rents
(forced together in the low rent
areas)
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION
Arch 231

Urban Ecological
Processes

Invasion-
a type of urban ecological
process defined as the
entrance of a new
population and / or facilities
in an already occupied area
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Centralization-
an urban ecological process
in city land use patterning
referring to an increase in
population at a certain
geographic center
Originally caused by such
urban functions as:
centralized governmental
power, security, amusement,
trade and industry,
education, transportation,
finance and banking, and
utilities
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological

■fl.
Processes

Decentralization-
an urban ecological process
that represents an exodus of
the residential population
from central areas to the
periphery

Suburbanization-
moving to the outskirts /
hinterlands to escape the
“ills” of the inner citv
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Block-boosting-
“forcing” the old population
out of the area because of
social or racial differences
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Block-boosting-
“forcing” the old population
out of the area because of
social or racial differences
HS®S FORM AND FUNCTION

“forcing” the old population

out of the area because of
social or racial differences
II
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Block-boosting-
“forcing” the old population
out of the area because of
social or racial differences
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrification-
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrification^
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrification-
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
Arch 23 ] FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrificat ion­
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
- -

a in i
Arch 231

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrification-
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Urban Ecological
Processes

Gentrification-
improving the physical set­
up and consequently
affecting the market for
previously run-down areas
Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile

A large percentage of urban

land has been devoted to the
storage and movement of
these vehicles
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile

A large percentage of urban

land has been devoted to the
storage and movement of
these vehicles
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile

A large percentage of urban

land has been devoted to the
storage and movement of
these vehicles
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile
1
-IBI
-* fc”

A large percentage of urban

land has been devoted to the

these vehicles
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• The Automobile
Arch 231 FORM AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Modem Movement

Founded on abstract ideals

for the design of free
standing buildings
Arch 23 1 FORM AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Modern Movement

Founded on abstract ideals

for the design of free
standing buildings
Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Modem Movement

Founded on abstract ideals

for the design of free
standing buildings
Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE: r ” M,
»- 'w'** **-« • nf s B m
-
Pi4 Li- « ■!
r- S" • "1 >■ /■ v L.J ■ «i
■■ ffl !■ Fl hl
■ ra u -
■■« ill iwrt
13

• Modern Movement iW* ■

■■

Founded on abstract ideals

for the design of free
standing buildings

Malls and high-rise towers V Mfcj i

create a disconnect of space 1 -rA C

* /I

rl *FjI* »a

Ljrm j

rij
ii1
A 1 r"i ■> i
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Urban renewal, Zoning

and Land Use Policies

Zoning legislations separates

functions that used to be
integrated. As a result, the
city is subdivided into
homogeneous districts
subdivided by traffic arteries,
and areas between districts
are usually lost spaces in
the urban fabric. \
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Urban renewal, Zoning

and Land Use Policies

Cluster Zoning
Creating special zoning
policies and regulations
for medium to large sized
controlled developments
Arch 231 FORA! AND FUNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Urban renewal. Zoning

and Land Use Policies

Incentive Zoning
Allowing more space if
certain desirable features
and amenities such as
plazas, arcades, and other -J- ■
incoInCew
■

open spaces, are provided

k Ti
«■

to the public
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:
Arch 231

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Privatization of
Public Space

Traditional social spaces

have been converted to
private recreation areas

City of collective spaces

has been transformed to a
city of private icons
Arch 231 UNCTION

Lost Spaces
Factors that cause LOST
SPACE:

• Changing Land Use

Changing patterns in Land

Use have redefined inner
city spaces