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    Chapter 3-Introduction To Control System

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    Laily Edaris
    1. A control system is a group of components that maintain a process at a desired level. It consists of a controller that regulates the process variable within acceptable limits of a set point. 2. A control system can be open loop or closed loop. An open loop system's output is independent of feedback, while a closed loop system measures its output and uses feedback to compensate for disturbances. 3. Key aspects of a control system include the input, output, controller, disturbance, feedback, and error signal. The interaction of these components is often represented using a block diagram.

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    Chapter 3-Introduction To Control System

    Uploaded by

    Laily Edaris
    517 views7 pages
    1. A control system is a group of components that maintain a process at a desired level. It consists of a controller that regulates the process variable within acceptable limits of a set point. 2. A control system can be open loop or closed loop. An open loop system's output is independent of feedback, while a closed loop system measures its output and uses feedback to compensate for disturbances. 3. Key aspects of a control system include the input, output, controller, disturbance, feedback, and error signal. The interaction of these components is often represented using a block diagram.

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    Chapter 3-Introduction to Control System

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    1. A control system is a group of components that maintain a process at a desired level. It consists of a controller that regulates the process variable within acceptable limits of a set point. 2. A control system can be open loop or closed loop. An open loop system's output is independent of feedback, while a closed loop system measures its output and uses feedback to compensate for disturbances. 3. Key aspects of a control system include the input, output, controller, disturbance, feedback, and error signal. The interaction of these components is often represented using a block diagram.

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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    517 views7 pages

    Chapter 3-Introduction To Control System

    Uploaded by

    Laily Edaris
    1. A control system is a group of components that maintain a process at a desired level. It consists of a controller that regulates the process variable within acceptable limits of a set point. 2. A control system can be open loop or closed loop. An open loop system's output is independent of feedback, while a closed loop system measures its output and uses feedback to compensate for disturbances. 3. Key aspects of a control system include the input, output, controller, disturbance, feedback, and error signal. The interaction of these components is often represented using a block diagram.

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    of 7

    1.

    0 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM

    1.1 What is control system?

    1. Can be defined as a designed system that can produce desired output.

    2. Is a group of properly arranged devices and components that maintain a


    certain process at a desired level

    1.2 Terms in control system

    i. Input

    a. Flows of energy and / or material that cause the process to react or


    respond

    b. Manipulated inputs (subject to our control)

    c. Disturbance inputs ( undesirable and unavoidable effect beyond our


    control , generated from outside process-environment, and from
    within)

    d. The presence of the disturbance is one of the main reason of using


    control

    ii. Control system / process – consists of subsystems or plants that are


    assembled together for the purpose of controlling the desired output of the
    system

    iii. Output - Response variables which we require to behave in some specified


    fashion.

    iv. Controller – maintains the process variable within acceptable limit of set point

    v. Disturbance signal

    a. An unwanted input or signal, that can effect the output of a system

    b. Is an uncontrollable signal that tends to affect the value of the output


    of the system
    vi. Feedback signal – is a measure of the output of the system used as feedback
    to control the system.

    vii. Measurement – device(s) that use to measure the output signal

    viii. Error signal – the difference between input signal and output / feedback
    signal.

    1.3 Block diagram

    Error
    Output
    signal
    signal
    Input signal
    Controller Process

    Feedback
    signal
    Measureme
    nt

    - Control system is represented by block diagram

    - System / component is represented by block and variable by arrow


    - Arrow heading towards block shows input variable

    - Arrow heading out from block shows the output variable

    1.4 System configuration

    1.4.1 Open loop system

    - A system where the control system is independent of the output. For an open
    loop system, the system’s output has no effect on the control action. The
    output is not measured and no feedback is provided

    - Since there is no feedback, open loop system cannot compensate for


    disturbance. The element of an open loop control system is shown below

    Output
    signal
    Input signal Controller Process

    - In the figure above, the controller receives information about the desired
    value of the controlled output and uses this information as a means of control
    manipulated variables.

    - Examples

    o Electric kettle

    o Toaster

    o Electric iron

    o Lamp

    1.4.2 Closed loop system


    - In closed loop control system, the output is measured and the difference
    between the output and the reference input is used as a means of control.
    Therefore, the system can compensate for any disturbance.

    - Characteristics of closed loop control system:

    o The output of the system is measured

    o The output of the system has an effect on the control action.

    o The system has feedback

    o The system can compensate for disturbance

    Error
    Outp
    sign
    ut
    Input al
    signal
    signal Controller Process

    Feedback
    signal
    Measureme
    nt
    - From the figure above, the control system utilized measurement of the
    controlled output in order to compare the actual output with the desired
    response.

    - The controller then uses this difference as a means of control manipulated


    variables.

    Example: bathroom toilet tank Inflowing water


    stream

    Floa
    t Valv
    e
    A
    B C

    Linkage / out
    flowing water
    stream
    - It is a regulator system that maintains the water level h at a preset height H.

    - Water level is thus the controlled variable of interest and is clearly affected
    by the main disturbance input – the out flowing water stream.

    - The task of the controller can be defined as the automatic cancelling of the
    error (H - h) due to disturbance.

    - The principle of operation of the system involves making the manipulated


    variable dependent on the error, and hence on the feedback of the controlled
    variable.

    - If because of disturbance, the water level H has decreased, then the float and
    the point A and B of the lever move down

    - The inlet valve allows the inflow of water, thus bringing about a gradual
    growth in the water level h

    - The inflow of water is stopped automatically whenever the water level


    reaches the preset height H

    - The float and linkage perform the function of error detection and generation
    of correcting signal

    - Although a toilet tank is very simple mechanism, it has all the ingredients of
    closed loop system.

    1.4.3 Comparison between open loop and closed loop system

    Open loop Closed loop

    Output is not measured Output is measured

    There is no feedback There is feedback

    Cannot compensate for disturbance. No Can compensate for disturbance. Highly


    longer accurate when the system is accurate due to corrective actions
    disturbed

    Simple Complicated

    - Since there is no feedback, the - More complicated to build as


    system is easier to built there is feedback

    - Cheaper - Expensive

    - Less reliable - Highly reliable

    - Easier to maintain - Hard to maintain

    Stability is not a major problem Stability is a major problem (happen


    when the system demand more
    accuracy)

    Generally, open loop system is good for system where the relationship between the
    input and output of the system is known and there are no internal and external
    disturbances. System that operates on time basis is open loop system; e.g. traffic
    light. Critical systems mostly use the closed loop system configuration as it is
    important to compensate for disturbances.

    1.5 Quality of control system

    1.5.1 Quality of control system is determined by:

    i. Stability

    - A system is said stable if the system is being able to follow the input
    command.

    - A system is said to be unstable if its output is out of control or increase


    without bound / limit.

    ii. Minimum error

    - The value of minimum error after a disturbance applied

    iii. Minimum duration

    - The minimum duration taken by the parameter to reach its’ reference


    value after disturbance applied.
    1.5.2 Unstable system

    - Based on system response

    - 3 types of system response

    Ø(t) angular
    displacement
    Underdamped 0 < ξ <1

    K
    System
    Critical damped ξ =1
    gain

    Overdamped ξ >1

    Ø(t) angular
    displacement

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