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    Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Jalahalli East: Chemistry Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    Gautam Paul
    This document appears to be a chemistry investigatory project submitted by a student named Gautam Paul. It includes a certificate signed by external and internal examiners, an acknowledgement section thanking teachers for their guidance, and an introduction about soap, detergents, and their cleansing action. Specifically, it explains that soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base, while detergent is created by combining chemical compounds. It also describes how soap and detergents are able to emulsify oils and lower surface tension through their structure which allows part of the molecule to dissolve in water and part in oils or grease.

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    Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Jalahalli East: Chemistry Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    Gautam Paul
    56 views8 pages
    This document appears to be a chemistry investigatory project submitted by a student named Gautam Paul. It includes a certificate signed by external and internal examiners, an acknowledgement section thanking teachers for their guidance, and an introduction about soap, detergents, and their cleansing action. Specifically, it explains that soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base, while detergent is created by combining chemical compounds. It also describes how soap and detergents are able to emulsify oils and lower surface tension through their structure which allows part of the molecule to dissolve in water and part in oils or grease.

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    This document appears to be a chemistry investigatory project submitted by a student named Gautam Paul. It includes a certificate signed by external and internal examiners, an acknowledgement section thanking teachers for their guidance, and an introduction about soap, detergents, and their cleansing action. Specifically, it explains that soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base, while detergent is created by combining chemical compounds. It also describes how soap and detergents are able to emulsify oils and lower surface tension through their structure which allows part of the molecule to dissolve in water and part in oils or grease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    56 views8 pages

    Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Jalahalli East: Chemistry Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    Gautam Paul
    This document appears to be a chemistry investigatory project submitted by a student named Gautam Paul. It includes a certificate signed by external and internal examiners, an acknowledgement section thanking teachers for their guidance, and an introduction about soap, detergents, and their cleansing action. Specifically, it explains that soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base, while detergent is created by combining chemical compounds. It also describes how soap and detergents are able to emulsify oils and lower surface tension through their structure which allows part of the molecule to dissolve in water and part in oils or grease.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2


    JALAHALLI EAST

    CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

    PROJECT

    SUBMITTED BY :
    Gautam Paul
    ………………………….
    CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that Master/Miss Gautam Paul


    of Class XII A, roll number ………….. has
    successfully completed the investigatory project
    titled QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COCONUT
    WATER for the academic year 2020-21 in partial
    fulfilment of credit for the Chemistry Practical
    Evaluation of AISSCE.

    …………………….. …………………….
    Signature of external Signature of internal
    examiner examiner

    ………………………
    Principal
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The successful completion of any task would be


    incomplete without mentioning the name of those
    persons who helped to make it possible. I take
    this opportunity to express my gratitude in a few
    words and respect to all those who helped me in
    the completion of this project.

    It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep


    sense of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, Mrs.
    P.Mangeshwari for her valuable support, constant
    help and guidance at each and every stage,
    without which this project would not have come
    forth.

    I also register my sense of gratitude to our


    principal, Mr. Sunil Kumar VS for his immense
    encouragement that has made this project
    successful.
    INTRODUCTION

    SOAP

    Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of


    cleansing and lubricating products. In a domestic
    setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for
    washing, bathing, and other types of
    housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are
    used as thickeners, components of some
    lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.

    When used for cleaning, soap solubilizes particles


    and grime, which can then be separated from the
    article being cleaned. In hand washing, as a
    surfactant, when lathered with a little water, soap
    kills microorganisms by disorganizing their
    membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their
    proteins. It also emulsifies oils, enabling them to
    be carried away by running water.

    Soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a


    base, as opposed to detergent which is created by
    combining chemical compounds in a mixer.
    DETERGENTS

    A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of


    surfactants with cleansing properties in dilute
    solutions. These substances are usually
    alkylbenzene sulfonates, a family of compounds that
    are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard
    water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is
    less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to
    bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
     CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP & DETERGENTS

     The cleansing action of both soaps and detergents results


    from their ability to lower the surface tension of water, to
    emulsify oil or grease and to hold them in a suspension in
     This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergents.
     In water, a sodium soap dissolves to form soap anions and
    sodium cations. For example, the following chemical
    equation shows

    Sodium Palmitate
    (Soap)

     A soap anion consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a


    carboxylate group on one end. The hydrocarbon chain,
    which is hydrophobic, is soluble in oils or grease.
     The ionic part is the carboxylate group, which is hydrophilic,
    is soluble in water.
    CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 C( )Na^ + CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14
    COO+Na^ *

    Sodium palmitate

    (soap)

    (soap anion)

    ion

    Palmitate ion Sodium

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