Astm D4692 - 1 (En)
Astm D4692 - 1 (En)
Astm D4692 - 1 (En)
Designation: D 4692 – 01
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 4692 – 01
7. Calculation where:
7.1 Calculate the calcium concentration in the concentrate Ic = ionic strength of concentrate stream,
stream from the calcium concentration in the feed solution, m̄ i = molal concentration of ion, i (moles/1000 g of
from the recovery of the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration water) in the concentrate stream, and
system, and from the calcium ion passage as follows: Zi = ionic charge of ion, i.
1 2 Y ~SPCa! NOTE 3—The molal concentration is calculated as follows:
Cac 5 Caf 3 12Y Ci 1000 C i
F G
mi 5 6 5
where: 10 2 TDS MWi ~10 6 2 TDS!
1000 MWi 6
Cac = calcium ion concentration in concentrate, mg/L, 10
Caf = calcium ion concentration in feed, mg/L,
where:
Y = recovery of the reverse osmosis system, expressed Ci = concentration of ion, i, in concentrate stream, mg/L,
as a decimal, and MWi = molecular weight of ion, i, and
SPCa = calcium ion passage, expressed as a decimal. TDS = total dissolved solids in concentrate stream, mg/L.
NOTE 2—SPCa can be obtained from the supplier of the reverse osmosis 7.5 Calculate the ion product (IPc) for CaSO4 in the
or nanofiltration system. For most reverse osmosis and nanofiltration concentrate stream as follows:
devices, SPCa can be considered to be zero, in which case the equation
simplifies to: IPc 5 ~mCa11! c ~mSO5
4 !c
1 where:
Ca c 5 Caf 3 1 2 Y
( mCa++)c = M Ca++ in concentrate, mol/L and
This assumption will introduce only a small error. m 5
= M SO 5
~ SO4 )c 4 in concentrate, mol/L.
7.2 Calculate the SO5 4 concentration in the concentrate 7.6 Compare IP c for CaSO4 with the solubility product (
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stream from the SO4 concentration in the feed solution, from Ksp) of CaSO4 at the ionic strength of the concentrate stream
the recovery of the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system, (Fig. 1).4 If IPc > Ksp, CaSO 4 scaling will occur and
and from the sulfate ion passage by using the appropriate adjustment is required.
substitutions in the equation given in 7.1. The simplified
NOTE 4—Some suppliers use a safety factor. Check with the supplier of
equation can be used. the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration device to determine if some fraction
7.3 Calculate the concentration of the major ions in the of the Ksp, for example 0.8 Ksp, should be used to compare with IPc.
concentrate stream using the appropriate substitutions in the
equation given in 7.1. The simplified equation can be used.
7.4 Calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream as
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follows: Marshall, W. L. and Slusher, R., “Solubility to 200°C of Sulfate and its
Hydrates in Sea Water and Saline Water Concentrates and Temperature, Concen-
1 tration Limits,” Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol 13, No. 1, 1968, p.
Ic 5 2 ( m̄i Zi2 83.
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D 4692 – 01
7.7 Determine the scaling potential for SrSO4 using the higher recovery of the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system
appropriate substitution in steps 7.1 to 7.4. Compare IP c for with respect to scaling by the various salts.
SrSO4 with the Ksp of SrSO 4 at the ionic strength of the 8.4 Lime softening with lime or lime plus soda ash will
concentrate stream (Fig. 2).5 decrease the Ca++ concentration and thus permit higher con-
7.8 Determine the scaling potential for BaSO4 using the version with respect to scaling by CaSO4.
appropriate substitutions in steps 7.1-7.4. Compare IPc for 8.5 Addition of a scale inhibitor to the feed stream permits
BaSO 4 with the Ksp of BaSO4 at the ionic strength of the operation of the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system above
concentrate stream (Fig. 3).5 the Ksp value. Check with supplier of the reverse osmosis or
nanofiltration system to determine compatibility of inhibitors,
8. Adjustments for Scale Control
concentration of the inhibitor needed, and amount by which the
8.1 If the IP c for CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 is less than the Ksp can be exceeded when a scale inhibitor is used.
Ksp or the recommended fraction of Ksp, a higher recovery can
be used with respect to scaling by the various salts. Reiteration 9. Reverse Osmosis or Nanofiltration in Operation
of the calculations at higher recovery can be used to determine
the maximum conversion with respect to scaling by the various 9.1 Once a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system is
salts. operating, the scaling potential of CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4
8.2 If the IP c for CaSO4, SrSO4, or BaSO4 is greater than can be directly calculated from the analyses of the concentrate
the Ksp of the recommended fraction of Ksp, a lower recovery stream and compared with the projected scaling potential
must be used to prevent scaling. Reiteration of the calculations calculated above.
at lower recovery can be used to determine the allowable
recovery with respect to scaling by the various salts. 10. Use of Computers for the Determination of Scaling
8.3 If the maximum allowable recovery is lower than Potential
desired, sodium cycle ion exchange (softening) can be used to 10.1 The preceding calculations are adaptable to simple
remove all or part of the Ca++, Sr++, and Ba ++. This will permit computer analysis.
11. Keywords
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Davis, J. W. and Collins, A. G., “Solubility of Barium and Strontium Sulfates
in Strong Electrolyte Solutions,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 5, No. 11.1 barium; calcium; membrane fouling; membrane scal-
10, 1971, p. 1039. ing; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; strontium; sulfate scaling
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D 4692 – 01
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