Introduction to Example: - In roman times if you borrow

money you need to have a contract then you

BLAW have obligation to pay that on due date

kapag hindi mo nagawa ibig sabihin non-
Rights Vs. Obligation performance of duty you are violating your
- can one exist without the other? obligation you will be cut-off (because
-What is right? obligation is a juridical necessity). Ang
-What is Obligation? ginagawa ng mga roman creditor kapag
Story: hindi ginawa ung onligation ng mga debtor
- there was a boy who born to country that mag fifile sila ng case sa mady state kapag
have no freedom he joins to the refugees and napatunayan na hind inga nagbayad si
then they land in America wherein he goes debtor ngayon the debtor will be cut-off
to Freedom park and he started to swing his (literally)
hands and stomped his feet unfortunately he Icucut ung body parts di debtor at ibebenta
hit a policeman the nose of the policeman ng mady state ang proceeds of sale ay syang
and he said what are you doing boy? The ipambabayad ng utang ni debtor kauy
boy replied im just exercising my right to creditor.
freedom because im in the land of a free. Present setting: kapag nangutang ka tapos
Police man said o look what you have done hindi ka nagbabayad I susue ka ni creditor
to me you hit my nose and then dinala niya ngayon kukunin yung property mo tapos
sa police station. In the police station ibebenta the proceeds of sale ay mapupunta
tinanong siya what happen tapos sinagot sa creditor pambayad utang ni debtor. What
niya ung sinagot niya kanina sa policeman. if sobra yung proceeds of sale then
- Right is not absolute mapupunta sayo kapag kulang naman then
- Right comes together with obligation hindi pa din mawawala ung utang mo meron
Because if you have right you have also at meron ka paring remaining balance kay
obligation creditor.
-Right ends where the rights other begins 2 kinds of Obligation
Limitations to our Rights 1. Real Obligation – to give or to deliver
1. law – when the law say it is prohibited 2. Personal Obligation- to do or not to do
then it is prohibited. Other kinds of Obligation
2. Rights of others 1. Civil or Perfect Obligation- based on
-the story of the boy. positive law (said kapag may utang ka
Article 1156: an obligation is a juridical bayaran mo) and legally enforceable.
necessity to give, to do or not to do 2. Natural Obligation – based on equity
Ob- to bind or tie together It is the juridical and cannot legally enforced.
necessity Example: Article 1956
Ligare- to cut-off
- pag nangutang si debtor kay creditor at
Obligation- is to bind or tie together if you sabi niya papautangin kita pero ang
did not do your obligation you will be cut- agreement yung 100K ang interest niya is
off 10% per month yung 100K na utang sa
contract ay valid while yung 10% na interest
per month is invalid kasi masyadong malaki.
-payment of interest is not demandable pamabayad ko sa kanya sa utang ko then no
meaning from the due date ang babayaran need na din na bayaran niya yung car.
lang ni debtor kay creditor ay yung 100K Requisites (requirements pag wala yung
only. isa except kay form then walang
-if sisingilin ni creditor si debtor sa interest obligation duon) of Obligations
tapos ayaw ni debtor wala ng magagawa si 1. Subject-parties must be determinate or
creditor. atleast determinable (kung sino yung
-creditor now cannot sue debtor for not umutang sayo ayun lang yung sisingilin mo
paying the interest because law said it was kapag namatay then pwedeng yung mga ari-
not demanded. arian niya yung pambayad utang niya)
-therefore, law is cannot legally enforce. a. Active- creditor/ oblige (right to demand)
3. Moral Obligation- sactioned by b. Passive- debtor/ obligor (right to fulfill)
conscience and morality (to do good and 2. Prestation (object of obligation) –
avoid evil) conduct to be observed, like to give, to do or
Example: si debtor ngayon nakonsensya sya not to do.
ngayon binayaran niya ung 10% na interest Object of prestation is different from
kasi alam din naman sa sarili niya (morality) object of obligation.
na may napagusapan naman talaga silang Example: ang prestation is to give a car and
ganun and then mas pinili niya ung to do object of obligation is to give while object of
good rather than maging evil (selfish) prestation the car pero hindi requirement ang
4. Unilateral Obligation – only one party object of prestation only object of
has an obligation obligation.
Example: donations or gifts 3. Juridical Tie or Vinculum Juris –
- yung lolo mo mag reregalo sayo ng parcel enforceability of the obligation they are the
of land dahil yon sa love and generosity niya sources of Obligation (Art. 1157).
towards you ngayon yung lolo mol ang yung - an obligation can exist only if there is
may obligation to give or deliver sayo yung juridical tie or vinculum juris. If walang
gift niya na land ikaw na pagbibigyan wala juridical tie meaning no obligation.
since its his generosity and love for you. 4. Cause- why the obligation owed?
5. Bilateral Obligation- both parties have -why the seller needs to deliver the goods to
Obligations. the buyer CAUSE the buyer will pay.
Example: pagbibili ka ng coke sa canteen si -ano yung cause bat ka nag bebenta
seller obligation niya na ideliver ibigay sayo 5. Form- manifestation of intent to create
yung coke ikaw naman obligation mon a the obligation which may be verbal or
bayaran yung binili mo. writing of other forms.
a. Simultaneous – kaliwaan, bibilhin mo -special requirement kasi kapag wala
ibibigay sayo at babayaran mo at the same namang sinabi ang law na need ng ganitong
time. form okay lang na wala but kapag may
- Non-simultaneous bibilhin mo pero utang inallow ang law dapat kunin mo yun.
muna tapos babayaran nalang bukas. GR: no specific form is required for validity
b. Reciprocal- yung inutangan ko ng 100K or enforceability
ngayon bibili siya ng car ko with a price of EXC: the law requires a specific form.
100K din ngayon pwedeng yun nalang yung
 na andun sa contract niyo is shabu then that
will be void kasi contrary yun sa law.
Article 1157- THE SOURCES of Sale of Contract- purchase price is always a
OBLIGATIONS money.
1. Law -not presumed. There must be a law Obligatory Force – agreement shall be the
demanding the Obligation (Art. 1158) law between the parties amd they must
-hindi pwedeng pumunta ang BIR sa school comply with the contract in Good Faith (GF)
then sabihin na yung 10% ng allowance ng -meaning kung ano yung agreement niyo
students ay kukunin for their contribution sa gawin niyo kasi obligation niyo.
National revenue dahil wala namang ganun - when it comes to GF naman kahit wala sa
sa law natin. contract but you know nayun yung tamang
Example: Obligation to pay taxes because gawin then you have to do it.
nasa law natin to na we need to pay taxes. Example: habang hindi pa nadedeliver yung
-obligation arising from law is not consented product you have the obligation to take care
but it is imposed. kahit wala sa contract kasi alam mong ayun
2. Contracts- meeting of minds of 2 more dapat ang gawin that is GF
persons where one party binds himself with - seller should always comply to his
respect to the other party to give something obligations with GF
or to render some service (Art. 1305) 3. Quasi-contract (Art. 1160,2142,2194)
Essentials Elements: -para syang contract pero hindi because
Consent walang consent.
All present to
Object - a juridical relation from a LAWFUL,
have a contract
Causes VOLUNTARY and UNILATERAL ACT.
Two types of Causes: - relation is created by operation by law
a. with pecuniary value (consideration) unlike contracts. The purpose of which is the
b. without pecuniary value (real cause) payment of indemnity to the end that no one
Example: yung giving of land na gift sayo should be unjustly encircled at the expense
the cause of that is because of love or of another.
gratitude yung feelings na involve. 2 types
Autonomy of Contracts – parties are free 1. Negotiorum Gestio- a person voluntarily
to stipulate (Art. 1306) takes charge of the abandoned or neglected
-kapag nag enter ka ng contract you are free business/property of another without
to stipulate see all the details na nadun sa authority.
contract if it is convenient for the both of Example: bumabaha tapos na iaanod yung
you. aso ni cy at napunta kay sam kung titignan
- you can see the price, saan ba ihuhulog, hindi naman talaga abandoned or neglected
saan idedeliver, dollar ba or ph peso, kalian pero parang ganun nalang ngayon inalagaan
delivery basta you are free to stipulate yun ni sam binilhan ng mga pagkain.
basahin ng maigi lahat ng asa contract. Pinacheck up binilhan ng mga damit
-but if ang maiistipulate mo sa contract is syempre gumastos sis sam duon ngayon
contrary to the law hindi yun valid nalaman ni cy na nasa kanya then kukunin
EXAMPLE bibili ka ng fone ang payment na niya ngayon may obligation si cy na
bayaran lahat ng nagastos ni sam duon sa
aso.
2. Solutio Indebiti- an undue payment is
made by mistake to one who has no right to
demand nor receive payment has an
obligation to return the payment.
Example: si sevi may utang siya kay luna
pero ang napagbayadan niya is kay Yanna
ngayon si yanna waal siyang right na mag
demand nor receive the payment kasi hindi
naman sa kanya nag kautang si sevi ngayon
may obligation siya na ibalik yung
natanggap na payment.
Natural Obligation -payment cannot be
recovered anymore because the recipient has
the the right to receive although he has the
right to make a legal demand.
Example: yung sa may interest kanina
walang karapatan si creditor na mag make
ng legal demand sa interest pero kung
magbibigay naman si debtor ng pera or
babayadan niya yung interest pwede yun
kunin ni creditor kasi pwede siya mag
receive but not to make a legal demand for
debtor because of not paying the interest.
4. Delict or Crime – commission of an act
or omission to act with malicious or criminal
intent and which is punishable by
imprisonment (criminal liability). A
violation that involves public interest.
- paano mo mlalaman pag nakacommit ka
ng crime kapag nakapatay ka yes as long as
a Penal Code of the Philippines at naviolate
mo that is considered a crime.
GR: criminal is both criminally and civilly
liable (imprisonment, indemnification for
loss, damage, injury of the victim/ offended
party).
EXC: No provitate offended party.