– Decision-making is constantly tested

during the climb in calculating risks and

ensuring safety. Mental skills are also
Mount Pulag – is one of the highest mountains in needed in making sound judgments as
the Philippines. It is the highest peak in Luzon, well as in being resourceful and creative
with an elevation of 2 922 meters above sea level. to survive the challenges of a climb.

Mount Apo – also known locally as Apo

Sandawa, is a large solfataric, dormant
stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao,
Philippines. With an elevation of 2 954 meters
above sea level.
Ever since the beginning of time, people have
Mount Dulang-dulang – dubbed by Filipino always climbed mountains, especially since
mountaineers as "D2," is the highest elevation many of these landforms are naturally
peak (2 938 meters) in the Kitanglad Mountain accessible.
Range, located in the north central portion of the
province of Bukidnon in the island of Mindanao. People climbed mountains for economic gain
and survival, and sometimes, to fulfill some
Mountaineering is a physical activity where spiritual activities.
participants try to reach the summit of a
mountain. 18th century – people began climbing mountain
for scientific studies.
– It refers to the sport of mountain climbing.
– A mountain is a large landform that rises 1786 – earliest recorded mountaineering sports
more than 500 meters above the activity.
surrounding plains.
Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard and his porter,
– Mountaineering is also called alpinism
Jacques Balmat, climbed Mont Blanc – the tallest
which refers to climbing the mountains in
peak in Western Europe; 4 808m (15 774ft) above
the Alps in Europe.
sea level.
– People who engage in this sport are called
mountaineers. 1953 – it became even more popular when Sir
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay conquered
Mt. Everest – considered the highest peak (8
849m) in the world.

– Mountaineering is physical and mental

activity that requires skills, experience,
common sense, and guts in ascending
and descending mountains.
Romi Garduce – became the first Filipino to top
– Mountaineering as an activity requires out an 8 000m peak on September 26, 2005. On
physical strength as one needs to trek May 19, 2006, he climbed the summit of Mount
kilometers of terrain to reach the Everest.
mountain peak.
Early Filipinos had been traversing mountains
– Aside from physical skills, mental skills centuries before European colonizers set foot in
are also required to climb mountains. the archipelago.
One proof is the discovery of the Tabon Man in 2. Natural hazards
the caves of Tabon in a mountain in Palawan. – Caused by natural occurrences.
Another proof is the civilization established in the – They are also called objective hazards.
mountains by the indigenous people of the – They are caused by the natural
Cordillera region. environment in the mountain and by the
1852 – earliest record of mountaineering in the weather. Some natural hazards include
country. weather hazards, altitude, strong winds,
rock falls, and visibility. Dangerous
Don Jose Oyanguren – then governor of Davao, animals, plants, and other organisms are
aimed to climb Mt. Apo. He organized a group of also natural hazards.
people and climbed the mountain, but they failed
because of the difficulty in the ascent. They
retreated, with 20 members dying in the failed
endeavor.

1880 – Don Joaquin Rajal, together with Father

Mateo Gisbert and Dr. Joseph Montano. The Early mountaineers classify mountains as level I,
three were able to successfully reach the summit II, or III.
of Mt. Apo with the help of the Bagobos, the I. Level I mountains are those whose height
indigenous people in the area. are 1 000 meters above sea level and
below.
1990s – golden age of mountaineering.
II. Level II mountains, 1 000–2 000 meters
– Formal training and courses.
above sea level.
– Different clubs and societies opened. III. Level III mountains, over 2 000 meters
above sea level.

This early classification system, which used

height as the sole criterion, but there are some
examples of level I mountains that is hard to
climb compared to a level III mountain.
Mountaineering is a dangerous physical activity.
To make the classification more relevant:
Exploring the wilderness of the mountains poses
– Minor Climb - requires a maximum of a
hazards that can cause injuries or serious
one-day hike to climb the summit.
consequences such as death.
– Major Climb - requires an overnight stay
1. Man-made hazards or camping for several days.
– Also called subjective hazards.
– Caused by lack of preparation and
carelessness. Poor judgment and
unsound decisions can also put one's
health and life in danger.
– Dehydration, falling, and overexertion are
some common consequences of man-
made hazards. Careful preparation and
planning are the antidotes to the
subjective hazards in the mountains.
 6. Fire starter, i.e. matches or lighters
7. Utility knife
8. Trail food
Trekking – is a series of hiking activities minus 9. Water
the pre-charted trails; it is a longer journey on an
uncharted path within a challenging Extras:
environment. 1. Insect repellant
– Normally, people trek in places where 2. Tissue
means of transportation are absent. They
walk through paths that people don’t
normally cross.

Hiking – is walking in a natural environment

through pre-charted paths and man-made trail
roads. 1. Physical preparation – you must prepare your
– Hiking is usually longer than walking on body physically before your scheduled hike. You
city streets or similar pathways. can do so by engaging in other physical activities
– Tramping is another term for hiking and to develop necessary physical skills.
is being used in New Zealand. – You can do regular brisk walking, running,
jogging, biking, swimming, & stairs
Hiking Trekking climbing.

2. Psychological preparation – determination to

Refers to making a
Refers to going on finish the hike is important. A half-hearted hiker
long journey across
long walk, especially would most likely come down the mountain
difficult destinations
for pleasure or halfway the trail because of discouragement and
on foot. Usually for
exercise. pressure.
pleasure.
– You may engage your fellow climbers so
Half-day or full-day. Many days. that each of you can set goals & objectives
for the climb. For newbies in mountain
Involves pre-made Involves a wide range
trails and roads. of terrains. climbing, joining a support group is
highly recommended.
Does not involve too Requires many 3. Organizing the climbing team – regardless of
much necessities. equipment.
the size of the climbing group, it is important that
there is an organized setup for the roles of each
member.
A step up in difficulty
Great for beginners. a. Leader – she or he should be in charge in
from hiking.
making decisions, emergencies, and
when there are second thoughts on the
decisions of the group, especially during
difficult times.
b. Pacer – she or he ensures that all
members of the group walk in the correct
1. Headlamp trails and in the right pacing.
2. First aid kit & duct tape
3. Poncho or rain jacket
4. Cellphone
5. Sunblock
Follow the Mountaineer’s Creed: “Take nothing
but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, kill
nothing but time.”

1. Do not throw your trash anywhere, instead

place it in your trash bag and bring it down the
mountain, then dispose it accordingly.
2. Be considerate of other visitors and
mountaineers.
3. Leave what you find.
4. If you see something that is beautiful, by all
means just leave it there and do not bring it home
with you.
5. Follow the “leave no trace” principles.

1. Protein Bars
2. Food that will make you feel comfortable
3. Nuts
4. Meat
 – Then he wrote a book titled Cycle and
Camp in Connemara based on his
experience. The book included an open
invitation for other outdoor enthusiasts to
Camping is an essential component of
contact him.
mountaineering as in some cases, it may take
someone a few days to climb a mountain and This event led to the formation of the first
reach the summit. camping group: The Association of Cycle
– It is not only a component of Campers in 1901.
mountaineering but can also be a ↑ Camping and Caravanning Club
separate outdoor recreational activity that
1910 – the association merged with the National
people can enjoy.
Camping Club.
– Participants are called campers.
– Spend a few days out of the urban life, Robert Baden-Powell – president of the National
away from civilization & enjoy nature by Camping Club.
living a few nights at a campsite.
1932 – the International Federation of Camping
– The term camping has no universal
Clubs was established.
definition. It is comprised of a range of
outdoor activities, often involving hiking, 1960s – camping had become a regular holiday
backpacking, mountain climbing, and activity among families in European and North
fishing, among many others. American countries.

For shelter, campers may use:

– Tent
– Caravan
– Primitive shelter made out of wood and
leaves
1. Tent – a water-proof tent serves as the primary
Two variations for camping are: temporary shelter for campers in campsites. A
1. Survivalist camping – rely completely on caravan is occasionally used for large family
resources found in nature. camping trips.
2. Recreational camping – bring their own
2. Sleeping bag – provides insulation for warmth
sources of electricity and heat, and other
and comfort for campers during the cold night.
equipment to spend their nights comfortably in a
campsite. 3. Sleeping mats or pads – are often placed
underneath the sleeping bag to serve as
cushioning from grass, twigs, and stones on the
ground.

4. Portable stove – is used to cook meals and

prepare hot drinks when campfire is restricted in
19th century – hiking became popular. the campsite or is impractical.
Thomas Hiram Holding – the Father of Modern 5. Safe food and water – are primary needs of
Camping, is a British traveling tailor wrote the campers to keep their bodies nourished and
Camper Handbook in 1908. hydrated.
– Was also responsible for developing a
different form of camping which became
popular in the early 20th century.
– He went cycling and camping with four
friends across Ireland.
6. Extra clothing – camping can be done in any
season of the year. Depending on the season and
the campsite's living conditions, appropriate
clothing must be able to sufficiently protect a
camper from cold or hot temperatures and other
environmental elements.

7. Flashlight – is the most convenient light source

for campers when electricity is not readily
available in campsites.

8. Duct tape, matches, and a knife – are tools that

can come in certain situations.

9. Trash bags – are used to keep the camp clean.

1. Look for a suitable campsite

2. Make a list of things you need to bring
3. Practice creating fire and pitching a tent
4. Be ready for the unexpected

1. Stay away from wild animals and be wary of

poisonous plants
2. Be careful with fire
3. Adapt and extend yourself
4. Enjoy the experience

1. Make an inventory
2. Leave nothing but footprints
3. Revisit your list