Genchem q2 m8 Polymers Final Layout
Genchem q2 m8 Polymers Final Layout
Genchem q2 m8 Polymers Final Layout
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Polymers
General Chemistry 1 – 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 8: Polymers
First Edition, 2020
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the (Polymers). The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
● Lesson 1 – Polymers
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. There are two main types of polymerization, the first being addition. Which of
these is a requirement of monomers in order to undergo addition polymerization?
a. The presence of a carbon to carbon double bond
b. The presence of a carbon to carbon triple bond
c. The presence of a lone pair
d. The presence of an oxygen atom
3. Which of the following polymer types is not classified on the basis of its
application and properties?
a. rubbers
b. plastics
c. fibres
d. synthetic
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6. Which of the following is true for the resultant polymer product formed, when
molecules of phthalic acid react with molecules of glycerol?
a. branch polymer
b. cross-link polymer
c. linear polymer
d. none of the above
a. wool
b. silk
c. vulcanized rubber
d. polystyrene
9. Which of the following kind of polymers are known for their high crystallinity?
a. isotactic
b. syndiotactic
c. atactic
d. none of the above
10. The polymer in which steric placements of the substituent are arranged in
such a way to give alternate d and l configurations, is known as _________.
a. isotactic polymer
b. atactic polymer
c. syndio-tactic polymer
d. none of the above
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Lesson
5 Polymers
What’s In
Plastics are one of the severe causes of global pollution. The Economist, 2018 stated
that as of 2018, there are about 380 million tons of plastics manufactured in that
same year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tons of plastic has
been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another
12% has been burned (The Economist, 2018). Plastics, shoes, pipes, DNA, the meat
that you eat and us are all composed of monomeric units that undergo
polymerization. That’s how complex we are. Plastics, pipes and shoes are polymeric
materials that we use in daily life and our DNA, as well as our body are complex
biological polymers. In this module, we will discuss the structures of every polymer,
their usage and their formation.
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What’s New
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What is It
Polymers
(from two Greek words poly- which means many and -mer which means parts) are
long chains of organic compounds which have high molecular mass, ranging from
kilograms to megagrams derived from resting monomeric units. Their names are
mostly derived from their monomeric subunits.
Polymers
Natural Synthetic
Polyethylene,
Starch, Cellulose,
nylon, plexiglass.
Proteins, Rubber
lucite
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B. Propagation (Step 2) - The radical will react with another ethylene
molecule monomer. This is repeated many times over and a long chain is
formed.
MONOMER POLYMER
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON)
Tetrafluoroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Polystyrene
Styrene
Propene
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In the examples given above, ethylene (CH 2=CH2) and tetrafluoroethylene
(CF2=CF2) are symmetric monomers (the carbons have the same
substituents) while vinyl chloride, styrene, and propene are asymmetric
monomers (the carbons in the monomer have different substituents). The
examples (polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, and Teflon) are synthetic
polymers.
Recall that when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol, an ester is formed.
Now when a monomer which has two carboxylic acid groups, one at each end,
is made to react with a second monomer containing two –OH groups, one at
each end, then many ester linkages are formed resulting in a polyester.
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The reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine to produce a polyamide.
a. Linear
b. Branched
c. Crosslinked
d. Network
Linear - are polymers in which the monomeric subunits are connected in a linear
orientation in the chain. These polymers are flexible in nature due to the presence of
van der waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Examples are: PVC, polyethylene,
polypropylene and teflon. Take a look at the structure of PVC
Source: https://www.chemtube3d.com/_pvcf/
Poly Vinyl chloride (PVC) is from the polymerization of many vinyl chloride subunits
with the aid of a catalyst. The double bonds break and form a new bond, connecting
the carbons from end to end of the chain.
Atoms or small groups of atoms attached to the long chain are called pendant atoms.
The arrangement of the pendant atoms or pendant groups attached to the backbone
gives different properties to the polymer. Three distinct arrangements are observed:
syndiotactic, isotactic, or atactic.
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ISOTACTIC - is where all the pendant groups or substituents (represented by R—)
are on the same side of the polymer chain. They pack efficiently resulting in polymers
with high melting point, high crystallinity, and superior mechanical strength.
SYNDIOTACTIC - is one where the substituent group alternates from left to right of
the asymmetric carbons. They pack less efficiently than isotactic chains. In atactic
polymers, the substituents occur randomly. Therefore, they do not pack well. These
polymers are rubbery, not crystalline, and relatively weak.
Branched - polymers that have branch points that connect three or more segments.
They have side polymer chains attached to the main polymer backbone, making them
hard to be packed closely together. The branches are the results of side reactions of
the polymerization of the main chain. Examples are polythene, glycogen and starch.
Below is the structure of glycogen:
Source: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/given-
structure-glycogen-indicate-features-provided-list-clearly-drawing-arrow-feature-nam-
q44594823
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Glycogen is a branched polymer composed of glucose subunits. It is considered an
animal starch where we can use it as a reserve energy source. Its linear main
structure is linked by alpha (1,4) glycosidic bond while its branches are linked by
alpha (1,6) glycosidic bond.
Crosslinked - polymers formed when one polymer chain is linked to another polymer
chain by either covalent or ionic bond. One example is rubber which is formed from
vulcanization using sulfur crosslinks with polyisoprene.
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Sulfur_vulcanization
The crosslinking of the rubber and polyisoprene chains are made possible by the
use of disulfide bonding.
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#/media/File:VernetzteEpoxidharze.svg
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Here is the order of increasing structural strengths:
Sometimes, there are two or more different monomers that are joined together to
form a polymer. Such is called a copolymer. Let us say that the two monomers are
monomer A and monomer B. These two monomers may be arranged in several ways
in a polymer giving different physical properties to the polymer:
Types of polymers:
1. Thermoplastics - polymers that do not contain crosslinking. These include
linear and branched polymers. These polymers can easily be deformed by
heat.
Examples: Polyethylene, PVC and polystyrene
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/HARSHALVARADE/polymers-
202230710
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Source: https://www.slideshare.net/HARSHALVARADE/polymers-
202230710
THERMOPLASTICS THERMOSETS
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/rays2604/chapter-6-plastic
Plastic - An organic polymer material (with carbon and hydrogen base ) with the
ability to flow into a desired shape when heat and pressure are applied to it and
retain the shape when they are withdrawn.
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What’s More
Activity 2
I. Write A if the description corresponds to THERMOPLASTIC and B for
THERMOSET
__________________1. PVC
__________________2. Glycogen
__________________3. Polyethylene
__________________4. Rubber
__________________5. Epoxy
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What I Have Learned
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What I Can Do
If you are given an opportunity to redesign the plastics of today and make it more
environmentally friendly, describe the plastic that you want to design considering its
structure, kind of material and its benefits to humanity.
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
3. What are polymers in which its monomeric subunits are connected in a linear
orientation in the chain?
a. Linear
b. Branched
c. Crosslinked
d. Network
4. These are polymers formed when one polymer chain is linked to another
polymer chain by either covalent or ionic bond.
a. Linear
b. Branched
c. Crosslinked
d. Network
5. What are polymers that contain branch points that connect three or more
segments?
a. Linear
b. Branched
c. Crosslinked
d. Network
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6. Arrange the following structures based on increasing strengths.
a. BRANCHED < CROSS LINKED < LINEAR < NETWORK
b. BRANCHED < LINEAR < CROSS LINKED < NETWORK
c. LINEAR < BRANCHED < CROSS LINKED < NETWORK
d. LINEAR < BRANCHED < NETWORK < CROSS LINKED
7. A certain material deforms at high temperature, ductile and does not contain
crosslinking. What kind of material is this?
a. Polymer
b. Thermoset
c. Insulator
d. Thermoplastic
10. PVC is formed by simple linking of its monomeric units. This kind of
polymerization is:
a. addition
b. condensation
c. elimination
d. substitution
11. What is an organic polymer material with the ability to flow into a desired
shape when heat and pressure are applied to it?
a. Polymers
b. Thermosets
c. Metals
d. Plastics
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Identify the following structures as ISOTACTIC, SYNDIOTACTIC or
ATACTIC
_____________________ 13.
______________________ 14.
______________________ 15.
Additional Activities
List all the things that you can see in your house that you consider as polymers.
Put your answers in the box provided.
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Assessment
1. B
2. D What I Know What's More
3. A
4. C 1. A I.
5. B 2. A 1. A
6. C 3. D 2. B
7. D 4. D 3. A
8. A 5. A 4. B
9. B 6. B 5. A
10.A 7. D 6. B
11.D 8. C 7. B
12.C 9. D 8. B
13. SYNDIOTACTIC 10.C 9. A
14. ATACTIC 11.D 10. A
15. ISOTACTIC 12.C
II.
1. Linear
2. Branched
3. Linear
4. Crosslinked
5. Network
Answer Key
References
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/given-
structure-glycogen-indicate-features-provided-list-clearly-drawing-arrow-
feature-nam-q44594823
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EDITOR’S NOTE
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s Most Essential Competencies (MELC). This is a
supplementary material to be used by all learners of
SOCCSKSARGEN Region in all public schools beginning SY 2020 -
2021. The process of LR development was observed in the production
of this module. This is Version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback,
comments, and recommnedations.