pt

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMa) 2008

(Senior Section Solutions)

1. Answer: (C)

Since the numbers of terms in the numerator and denominator are the same, we

have 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + 99 = 100 = 50 .

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + + 100 102 51

2. Answer: (D)

Solving the simultaneous equations 3x - 2y = 4 - p and 4x - 3y = 2 + p, we obtain x=8-5p,y= 10-7p. Sincex>y, 8-5p> 10-7p, sop> l.

3. Answer: (B)

Let x2 + ·,h - x2 = M. Then (x2 - M)2 = 1- x2, which leads to X4 - (2M -1)x2 + M2 -1 = O. For real x, we must have

(2M _1)2 - 4(M2 -1) > 0, which gives M::;; 2_.

4

Note that f( -1) = f(O) = f(l) = 1. Assume that f(x) < 1 for some x -:j:. -1,0,1.

Then x2 + .Jl- x2 < 1, or .JI- x2 < 1- x2, which is not possible since

5

-1 < x < 1. Thus f(x) ~ 1, and hence 1::;; f(x) ::;; -.

4

4. Answer: (A)

Note that ~r-7-_-4-J3-3 = J (2 - J3)2 = 2 - J3 . Since ~ 7 - 4J3 is a root of the

equation x2 + ax + b = 0, we have (7 - 4J3) + (2 - J3)a + b = O. Rearranging terms, we obtain (7 + 2a + b) - (4 + a)J3 = 0 . This implies that 7 + 2a + b = 0 and 4 + a = 0, which give a = -4 and b = 1. Thus a + b = -3.

5. Answer: (B)

Let S] = { 1,4, 7, ... ,28 }, S2 = { 2, 5, 8, ... ,29 }, S3 = { 3, 6, 9, ... ,30 }. Note that each of the three sets has 10 elements. Now for any two distinct numbers a and bin { 1,2,3, .. ,,28,29,30}, their sum a + b is divisible by 3 if and only if one of the following conditions holds:

(i) the two numbers a and b belongs to S] and S2 respectively;

(ii) both numbers a and b belong to S3.

10c +lOC 10C

Therefore the required probability = 2 1 1

10C

3

45 + 100 1

=

(15)(29) 3

23

G

6, Answer: (E) E
Note that B C
area of ~ABD = area of ~AED , \
= area of ~AEF. -, \
-,
Therefore ,
a , F
a2 = area of square ABCD -,
b -,
= 2 x area of ~ABD ,
= 2 x area of ~AEF
= area of rectangle AEFG.
a2
Hence EF =-,
b 7, Answer: (B)

, 4 Jr ,4 3Jr ,4 5Jr ,4 7 Jr

sm -+sm -+sm -+sm -

8 8 8 8

= 2( SID 4 ; + sin 4 3; ) = 2( sin 4 ; + cos 4 ; )

[( , 2 Jr 2 Jr) 2 ,2 Jr 2 Jr]

=2 sin g+cos g -2sm gCOS g

( 1, 2 Jr) 3

=2 1-"2sm 4 ="2'

B

8, Answer: (C)

A""- ~~:_____4 C

Note that area of ~ABC = (AB)x + x2, Thus we obtain 36 = 9x + x2, or

x2 + 9x - 36 = O. Solving the equation gives x = 3 or x = -12, so the radius is 3cm.

9. Answer: (E)

First note that 3n + 1 < 2008 implies that n < 669,

Since 7n + 1 is a perfect square, we let 7n + 1 = m". Then n = m2 -1 , which is an 7

integer. Thus 7 is a factor of m" -1 = (m -l)(m + 1) . Since 7 is a prime number,

24

this implies that 7 is a factor of m - 1 or m + 1; that is, m = 7k - 1 or 7k + 1 for some integer k.

m' -1 49k2 -14k 2 . .

If m = 7 k - 1, then n = -- = = 7 k - 2k . As n < 669, this gives

7 7

7k2 - 2k < 669, which implies that k = 1,2, ... , 9.

S· '1 lvif 7k 1 h m' -1 49k2 +14k 7k2 2k 669

1m1 ar y, 1 m = +, t en n = -- = = + < , so we

7 7

obtaink=1,2,3, ... ,9.

Hence there are 18 such positive integers.

10.

Answer: (C)

(1 4J b 4a b2 + 4a2

(a+b) -+- =1+4+-+-=5+---

a b a b ab

b2 + 4a2

Let m = . Then we

ab

have 4a2 - mba + b' = O. This implies that for any positive values of m and b, m2b2 -16b2 ~ O. Thus we have m' -16 ~ 0, or m ~ 4.

Therefore (a + b { ± + * J = 5 + m ~ 9. Hence the minimum value is 9.

11. Answer: 21

Solving the inequality n(.JiOi -10) > 1 , we obtain

n > 1 = .JiOi +10 =.JiOi +10 .

.JiOi-lO 1

As n is an integer and 10 <.JiOi < 11, we have n > 21.

12. Answer: 50000

x3 + y3 = (x + Y)(X2 _ xy + y2) = (x + y)[(x + y)2 - 3xy]

= 50[2500 - 3(500)] = 50000.

13. Answer: 5

Using guess and check, we obtain N = 5.

14. Answer: 6020

By triangle inequality, x < 2006 + 2007 + 2008 = 6021. Since x is an integer, it follows that the largest possible value of x is 6020.

15. Answer: 25

We have

8 1 8

- - < 3 + log - < -

3 x 3 3

25

17 1 1

--<---<--

3 log, X 3

3

- < log , X < 3 17

33117 <x<27.

As 1 < 33117 < 2, we see that integer solutions of the last inequality are x = 2, 3, ... ,26. Hence there are 25 of them.

16. Answer: 89

p = Prob(2nd shot blank I cylinder spun again) = 4/6, and

q = Prob(2nd shot blank I cylinder not spun again) = 3/4.

Therefore lOOp = 800 ::::: 88.8, and hence the smallest N = 89.

q 9

17. Answer: 36 We have

10g.j2 (cos 20°) + 10g.j2 (cos 40°) + 10g.j2 (cos 80°) = 10g.j2 (cos 20° . cos 40° . cos 80°)

= 10g.j2 (cos 20° . ~ (cos 120° + cos 40°))

= 10gJ2{ -~cos2aa +~COS40° cos 20° )

= 10g.j2 ( - ~cos 20° + ~(COS 60° + cos 20°))

= 10 _!_ = _ log 2 8 = -6

g.j2 8 10g2(2112) .

Hence the answer is (_6)2 = 36.

18. Answer: 360

The empty seat can be considered to be a person. Now the number of ways of sitting at a round table is (6 - I)! = 120. Note that each arrangement at a round table can be matched to 3 different arrangements at the rectangular table. number of ways of sitting at the rectangular table is 3 x 120 = 360.

19. Answer: 1

By the division algorithm, we have

(x _1)100 + (x - 2)200 = (x2 - 3x + 2)q(x) + ax + b, where q(x) is the quotient, and ax + b is the remainder Note that x2 -3x+2=(x-l)(x-2). Therefore

(x _1)100 + (x - 2)200 = (x -l)(x - 2)q(x) + ax + b,

constants a

b.

26

~"'-~~~~~~~-~----------------------

Putting x = 1, we obtain

(1- 2)200 = a + b, or a + b = 1.

Putting x = 2, we obtain

(2 _1)100 = 2a + b, or 2a + b = 1.

Solving the two equations gives a = 0 and b = 1.

20. Answer: 90

B

A

First note that since ~DAC and ~DBC are isosceles triangles, we have

LDAC = LDCA and LDBC = LDCB. Now by considering the sum of angles in ~ABC, we have

LDAC + LDBC + LDCA + LDCB =180°, 2LDCA + 2LDCB = 180°.

Therefore LACB = LDCA + LDCB = 90°.

21. Answer: 130

Since x, y and z are positive, we have

27(x + y + z) < 27x + 28y + 29z < 29(x + y + z).

That is, 27(x + y + z) < 363 < 29(x + y + z). Therefore it follows that

x+y+z< 13.4 and x+y+z> 12.5.

Since x, y and z are integers, we obtain x + y + z = 13. Hence 10(x + y + z) = 1

22. Answer: 1

We show that more generally, if ~ABC is acute-angled, then

tan A . tanB· tanC = 1.

tanA + tanB + tanC

We have

tanA + tanB + tanC

= tanA + tanB + tan(180° - (A + B)) = tanA + tanB - tan(A + B)

A B tanA + tanB

= tan + tan - -----

1- tanA tanB

= (tan A + tanB)(l- 1 )

1- tanA· tanB

27

23.

Answer: 8.

E

(A B)( -tanA ·tanB )

= tan + tan

1- tanA· tanB

-( A B)( tanA+tanB)

- tan -tan ------

1- tan A . tan B

= tanA· tanB· tan(180° - (A + B)) = tanA· tanB· tanC,

so the result follows.

A

B

C

D

We have

LABE = 180° - 60° = 120° = LECD and LAEB = 1800 - (LBAE + 120°) = LCDE.

Therefore llABE is similar to llECD, and it follows that AB:BE = EC:CD. Hence BC2 = (BE)(EC) = (AB)(CD) = 64 cm'', so BC = 8 em.

24. Answer: 502

Since x + 2y = 2008, x'2y has the maximum value if and only if

x = 2 Y = 2008 = 1004 . Note that 2xy has the maximum value if and only if xy 2

does. Thus x - y = 1004 - 502 = 502.

25. Answer: 4

Using the identity (a3 + b3) = (a + b )(a2 - ab + b2) with a = sin ' A and b = cos 2 A, we have

sin" A + cos" A = (sin" A + cos ' A)((sin2 A + cos ' 2 -3 2 Acos2

= 1 - 3 sin 2 A cos 2 A = 1 - ~ sin 2 2A

4

3 2 3 ( 5) 2

= 1 - "4 (1- cos 2A) = 1 - "4 ~ 1 - 5) =:3 .

Hence 6sin 6 A + 6cos6 A = 4.

28

26. Answer: 153

Note that 1 is certainly the smallest factor of N, so 1 and 3 are the two smallest

N

factors of N. Consequently, Nand - are the two largest factors of N. Thus we

3

obtain the equation N + N = 204. Solving the equation gives N = 153. 3

27. Answer: 1100

J2+Ji 13+J2 14+13 Mo+J99

S = + - ... +---;===-

52. ~ -J3x4 -J99x100

~(~+ JzJ-(Jz+ ~HJ3+ J4J-'+(,;k+ loaJ

1 1 11

=l+~-=l+-=-.

JiOo 10 10

Hence 1000S = 1100.

28. Answer: 2875

We look at the prime factorizations of 1125, 2925 and 1725. We have 1125 = 32 x 53, 2925 = 32 x 52 x 13, 1725 = 3 x 52 x 23.

Since

LCM(32 x 53,32 x 52 x 13, N) = LCM(3 x 52 x 23, 32 x 52 x 13, N),

we see that the least possible value of N is 53 x 23 = 2875.

29. Answer: 12

A

E

B

c

Consider L\.ADE and L\.CDE. Since CE = 3AE, we see that area of L\.CDE = 3 x area of L\.ADE = 3x cm''.

Similarly, we have

1

area of L\.BCD = - x area of L\.ACD.

3

Now area of L\.ACD = area of L\.ADE + area of L\.CDE = 4x cnr', so

4x 2

area of L\.BCD = - em .

3

Thus we obtain the equation 3x + 4x = 52, which gives x = 12. 3

29

pia,

30. Answer: 16

Let the radii of the circles with centres A and B be x em and y em respectively, and let C be the point on the line segment BY such that AC is parallel to XY. Then AC = 40 em and BC = (y - x) em. Since ~ABC is a right-angled triangle, we

have (Y_X)2 +402 =412 by Pythagorean theorem, so

y-x=9.

Now consider the trapezium ABYX. We have 300 = 40 (x + y), which gives 2

x+y= 15.

Solving the two simultaneous equations, we obtain x = 3 and y = 12. Hence

~ ~C:)' ~ 16.

31. Answer: 7

3 Sin( x + ; ) + 5 sin( x + 4;)

= 3 Sin( x + ; ) + 5 Sin( x + ; + ~ )

3 Sin( x + ; ) + 5 Sin( x + ; ) cos ~ + 5 cos( x + ; ) sin ~ ~ 121 Sin( x + ; ) + 5;3 cos( x + ; )

(121)2 + (51323 J2 -_ 7.

Hence the maximum value is

32. Answer: 75582

We note that each 19-digit binary sequence containing exactly eight 'O's and eleven '1 's can be matched uniquely to such an l l-digit positive integer in the following way: Each' l' will be replaced by a digit from 1 to 9, and one more than the number of '0' s to the left of a particular' 1 ' indicates the value of the digit. For example, 0110000010101111111 is matched to 22789999999, and

30

-

....... ~ •.. - ... ----------------------

1110000000011111111 is matched to 11199999999. It follows that the required number is (':) ~ 75582.

33. Answer: 2501

First we note that if .J n -100 + .J n + 100 is a rational number, then both

.J n -100 and .J n + 100 are rational. Since n is a positive integer, this implies that .J n -100 and .J n + 100 are integers. Let .J n -100 = k and .J n + 100 = f! . Squaring both sides of the equations, we obtain n - 100 = k2 and n + 100 = jJ2 . This gives

200 = f!2 - e = (f! - k)(f! + k). ---- (1)

,.---

Now for n to be the largest positive integer for which .In -100 + .In + 100 IS

rational, f! - k = .J n + 100 - .J n -100 should be as small as possible. We rule out f! - k = 1 since it leads to f! and k being non-integers from equation (1). Thus we have f! - k = 2, and it follows from equation (1) that f! + k = 100. Hence f! = 51 and k = 49, and n = k2 + 100 = 492 + 100 = 2501.

34. Answer: 36

We first find out which two consecutive numbers from S are not factors of N. Clearly 1 is a factor of N. Note that if an integer k is not a factor of N, then 2k is not a factor of N either. Therefore for 2 ::S k::S 10, since 2k is in S, k must be a factor of N, for otherwise, there would be at least three numbers from S (the two consecutive numbers including k, and 2k) that are not factors of N. Hence 2, 3, ... , 10 are factors of N. Then it follows that 12 = 3 x 4, 14 = 2 x 7, 15 = 3 x 5, 18 = 2 x 9,20 = 4 x 5 are also factors of N. Consequently, since the two numbers from S that are not factors of N are consecutive, we deduce that 11, 13, and 19 are factors of N as well. Thus we conclude that 16 and 17 are the only two consecutive numbers from S that are not factors of N. Hence

N=23 x 32 x 5 x 7 x 11 x 13 x 19=6846840

,

so the sum of digits of N = 2 x (6 + 8 + 4) = 36.

35. Answer: 3764

Let U= {I, 2, 3, ... ,74, 75} be the set of integers from 1 to 75. We first find the

number of integers in U that are relatively prime to 75 = 3 x 52. Let A = E : 3

is a factor of n} and B = {n E U: 5 is a factor of n}. Then A u B is the set

integers in U that are not relatively prime to 75. Note that IAI = 25, IBI = 15 and

IA (I BI = I { n E U: 15 is a factor of n} I = 5. By the principle of inclusion-exclusion, I Au BI = IAI + IBI - IA (lBI = 35. Therefore the number of integers in U that are relatively prime to 75 is 1U1-1 A uBI = 75 - 35 = 40. Thus

a] =1, a2 =2, a3 =4, a, =7, as =8, ... , a40 =74.

Now by division algorithm, any non-negative integer can be written uniquely in the form 75k + r for some integers k and r, where k 2: 0 and 0 ::S r::S 74. Note that gcd(75k + r, 75) = 1 if and only if gcd(r, 75) = 1. Therefore the sequence {an}n:>:l

31

, ---'-~----------------------------------

can be written in the form an = 75k + a., where k 2: 0 and 1 :'S i:'S 40. Indeed, k is given by k = l :0 J and i is the remainder when n is divided by 40. Thus for n =

2008, k = l2~~8 J = 50 and i = 8. Hence

a2008 = 75 x 50 + a8 = 3750 + 14 = 3764.

32

Singapore Mathematical Society Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2008

(Senior Section, Round 2 Solutions)

1. It's clear that ABLK is cyclic. Thus LADL + LAKL = 1800 Therefore LBKL + LBCL = (180° - LAK L) + (180° - LADL) = 180°, so that BCLK is also cyclic. Hence LABL = LDCK and LBLA = 180° - LABL - LBAL = 180° - LDCK - LCDK = LCKD.

L

B

c

2. Let 5P + 4 . p4 = q2. Then

Thus

q - 2p2 = 5s, q + 2p2 = 5t where 0 :S s < t and s + t = P

Eliminating q, we get 4p2 = 5S(5t-s - 1). If s > 0, then 5 I 4p2. Thus p = 5 and the given expression is indeed a square. If s = 0, then t = P and we have 5P = 4p2 + l. We shall prove by induction that 5k > 4k2 + 1 for every integer k 2: 2. The inequality certainly holds for k = 2. So we assume that it holds for some k 2: 2. Note that

4(k+1)2+14k2+1 8k 4

4k2 + 1 = 4k2 + 1 + 4k2 + 1 + 4k2 + 1 < 1 + 1 + 1 < 5 for k 2: 2.

Thus

3. f is either constantly 0 or constantly 1/2.

Clearly, either of the constant functions above satisfies the suppose the given conditions hold. Settingu =u, we have

rements.

f(2u) = f(2u)f(0) + f(O)f( -2u).

Case 1. f(O) = O.

Then f(2u) = 0 for ali u E lH'. and hence f is constantly O.

Case 2. f(O) = c of O. Then

1-c

f( -2u) = _- f(2u) for ali u E lH'..

c

Settingu = 0, we have in particular c = 1 - c. Hence c = 1/2. It follows that f( -'11) = f(u) for allu E R Therefore,

f(2u) = f(u + v)f(u - v) + f(u - v)f(u + v) = 2f(u + v)f(u - v).

Setting u = 0, we have 1/2 = f(O) = 2f(v)f(-v) = 2(f(v))2. Thus f(u) = 1/2 for all u E lH'. since f(v) 2: O.

34

L

4. Form an incidence matrix A where the rows are indexed by the committees and the columns are indexed by the members and where the (i,j) entry, aij = 1 if member j is in committee i. Then there are five L's in each row and for each i,j, there exists k such that aik = ajk = 1. Thus there are fifty five L's in A. We need to prove that there is column with four L's. Without loss of generality, assume that ali = 1 for i = 1, ... ,5. Consider the submatrix B formed by the first five columns and the last ten rows. Each row of B has at least one 1. Hence B has ten l 's. If there is a column with three L's, then A has a column with four l 's and we are done. If not, then every column has two L's and thus each of the corresponding columns in A has three l 's. By consider all the other rows, we see that if no column has four L's, then every column must have exactly three l 's. But this is impossible as there are fifty five l 's in A but 3 t 55.

5. First, for any real number t, we have

with equality if and only if t = 1. In particular, for nonnegative t,

1 1 + t2 3 1

23 -- > (1 + t )3.

1 + t - .

with equality if and only if t = 1. Thus

(1 + a2)(1 + b2)(1 + c2) 1 1 1

2 > (1 + a3) 3 (1 + b3) 3 (1 + c3) 3

(l+a)(l+b)(l+c) -

= (1 + a3 + b3 + c3 + a3b3 + b3c3 + c3a3 + a3b3c3)~ 2: (1 + 3abc + 3a2b2c2 + a3b3c3)~

2: 1 + abc.

Equality holds if and only if a = b = c = 1.

35