WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY

• The word Demography is a

combination of two Greek
words, 'Demos' meaning people
and 'Graphy' meaning science.
Therefore, Demography is the
science of people
Why is it science?
• It is a systematized body of knowledge in which facts are studied and
analyzed in a systematic manner.
• These theories have been tested on the basis by observation and
experimentation.
• It must have body of generalizations.
• Its own principles, theories like Malthusian Theory or laws.
• They can make predictions in the basis of cause-and-effect
relationships. It can predict about changes in population.
• Demography is self-corrective in nature. It goes on revising its
conclusions in the light of new facts-based or observations.
• The principles of Demography have universal validity as they are
applicable to all countries, given the same conditions
What is Population?
• Population and Ecology are
closely related to each other. The
growth of population can be a
burden to the environment,
depleting its resources and
threatening human and animal
life.
DEMOGRAPHY DEFINE:
• Refers to the scientific study of
the size, composition,
distribution and changes in
human population. Demographic
studies describe the composition
of a population by its
distribution of population
categories such as race, age,
marital status, gender,
socioeconomic status, and
religion.
BASIC TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY
Count
• This refers to the absolute number of a population or any
demographic event occurring in a specified area in a specified time
period
• EXAMPLE: 1,200,500 live births occurred in Japan in 1977; In 2019, a
total of 1,673,923 live births were registered in the Philippines.
• The raw quantities of demographic events are the basis of all other
statistical refinements and analyses.
Rate
• The frequency of demographic events in a population during a
specified time period (usually a year) divided by the population "at
risk" of the event occurring during that time period.
• Rates tell how common it is for a given event to occur
• EXAMPLE: in 1997 in Papua New Guinea, there were 34 live births per
1,000 population; The birth rate for Philippines in 2020 was 20.177
births per 1000 people
• Most rates are expressed per 1,000 population.
Ratio
• The relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to
another subgroup, that is, one subgroup divided by another
• EXAMPLE: the sex ratio in Iran in 1996 was 103 males per 100
females; In 2020, male to female ratio for Philippines was 100.87
males per 100 females. Male to female ratio of Philippines increased
from 98.91 males per 100 females in 1950 to 100.87 males per 100
females in 2020 growing at an average annual rate of 0.14%.
Constant
• An unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or
proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more
understandable fashion.
Cohort Measure
• A statistic about measures events occurring to a cohort (a group of
people sharing a common demographic experience) who are
observed through time.
• The most common used cohort is the birth cohorts- people born in
the same year or pericod.
• Other kinds of cohorts include marriage cohorts and school class
cohortS.
Period Measure
• A statistic that measures events occurring to all part or part of a
population during one period of time, this measure "takes a snapshot
of a population, in effect.
• EXAMPLE: the death rate of the entire Canadian population in 1997
was 7 per 1,000; In 2020, death rate for Philippines was 5.98 deaths
per thousand population. Death rate of Philippines fell gradually from
7.94 deaths per thousand population in 1971 to 5.98 deaths per
thousand population in 2020.
FERTILITY, MORTALITY, AND
MIGRATION
Fertility
• In terms of populations rather than individuals, fertility is usually
expressed using the proxy measure of birth rate, either crude or
standardised for age and sex.
• Worldwide, there are significant differences between birth rates. A
major study in the 1980s, carried out by the Population Division of the
Department of International Economic and Social Affairs of the UN
Secretariat, studied the relationship between population age and sex
distribution and crude fertility rates for twenty one countries in the
developing world. They concluded The higher the birthrate the more
markedly the birthrate is depressed by the age structure.
• All other things being equal, fertility should decline more rapidly in
the countries where it is currently lowest since the age structure
appears to favor such a course.
Mortality
• The effect of mortality on population structures is to reduce the
component of the population in which the mortality occurs.
• Historically, the most dangerous ages were infancy and old age
(variously reckoned according to circumstances).
• In addition, some epidemics of infectious diseases (e.g. Spanish 'flu;
Covid 19) had their highest mortality among young adults, whose
immune systems were presumably insufficiently primed. It is
expected that the forecast bird 'flu epidemic will behave similarly.
• War differentially reduces the proportion of younger men. The
majority of infectious diseases of early childhood have been reduced
by immunisation, and improved nutrition and hygiene have rendered
childhood safer.
• Antibiotics, welfare state, and improvements in medical, surgical, and
palliative care have resulted in great increases in life expectancy in the
developed world, where life expectancy is now in the middle to upper 70s or
lower 80s, and rising every year.
• The effect of this is to raise the population in the upper age groups
substantially. Women have higher life expectancy than men wherever they
live. The tendency of people to retire to particular resorts means that in same
parts of the South Coast of England the average (arithmetic mean) age of the
population is only just below retirement age.
• The down side of this is that the extended lives are often lived in bad health,
as the treatments people receive may keep them alive but do little to
ameliorate the underlying pain or disability brought on by the diseases, and
virtually nothing for the various forms of senile dementia that are increasingly
encountered.
Migration
• This has been less studied. In areas where natural disasters or
politico-military concerns lead to entire populations being displaced
the initial population structure will be unchanged, though
post-migration the population will have altered to reflect those who
have survived the process, typically showing increases in older
children and younger adults.
• Opportunistic migration tends to occur mostly among younger adults,
and may be permanent or temporary. Some studies have shown
increased fertility levels in migrants, so the effect of migration on
population structure is to deplete the population emigrated from in
the young adult groups, to augment this group in the immigrated to
population, and to increase the fertility/birthrate in the new
population.
WORLD POPULATION
Human Population Issue
• Several factors determine the impact of a society on natural
resources.
• Population size
• Population density
• Degree of technological development Demography- Study of
populations and their characteristics.
• Larger ecological footprint in U.S. than in developing countries. Why?
Environmental Impact
• A larger population makes more demands on the Earth's resources
and leads to environmental problems including:
1. Urbanization: population growth leads to the growth of cities,
destroying habitat & reducing biodiversity.
2. Climate Change: increased atmospheric temperature from
greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity (e.g. burning
fossil fuels. raising cattle)
3. Ozone Layer Depletion: thinning of the protective layer of ozone in
the Earth's atmosphere that protects us from UV rays coused by CFCS
4. Soil degradation: decline in soil quality through misuse (e.g. pollution.
erosion, nutrient depletion) which leads to loss of fertile land,
damage to waterways, desertification and increased flooding.
Solutions..
• Improvement of Family Planning
• Raising awareness on topic
• Education
• Reducing Poverty
• Elevating the status of women or Women Empowering.