Chemistry

CHEMISTRY

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Chemistry is to
prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the
course objectives, which are to:

(i) understand the basic principles and concepts in chemistry;

(ii) interpret scientific data relating to chemistry;
(iii) deduce the relationships between chemistry and other sciences; (iv) apply the knowledge
of chemistry to industry and everyday life.

DETAILED SYLLABUS

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1. Separation of mixtures and Candidates should be able to:

purification of chemical
substances

(a) Pure and impure substances

(i) distinguish between pure and impure
substances;
(b) Boiling and melting points. (ii) use boiling and melting points as criteria for
purity of chemical substances;
(c) Elements, compounds and mixtures (iii) distinguish between elements, compounds and
mixture;
(d) Chemical and physical changes. (iv) differentiate between chemical and physical
changes;
(v) identify the properties of the components of a
(e) Separation processes: mixture;
evaporation, simple and fractional distillation, (vi) specify the principle involved in each
sublimation, filtration, crystallization, paper separation method.
and column chromatography, simple and (vii) apply the basic principle of separation processes
fractional crystallization, magnetization, in everyday life.
decantation.

2. Chemical combination
Candidates should be able to:
Stoichiometry, laws of definite and multiple
(i) perform simple calculations involving
proportions, law of conservation of matter, Gay
formulae, equations/chemical composition and
Lussac’s law of combining volumes,
the mole concept;
Avogadro’s law; chemical symbols, formulae, (ii) deduce the chemical laws
equations and their uses, relative atomic mass from given
based on 12C=12, the mole concept and expressions/statements/data;
Avogadro’s number. (iii) interpret graphical representations related
to these laws;
(iv) deduce the stoichiometry of chemical reactions.

3. Kinetic theory of matter and Gas Laws Candidates should be able to:

(a) An outline of the kinetic theory of matter; (i) apply the theory to distinguish between solids,
(i) melting, liquids and gases;
(ii) vapourization (ii) deduce reasons for change of state;

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(iii) boiling (iii) draw inferences based on molecular motion;

(iv) freezing (v)
condensation (iv) deduce gas laws from given expressions/
in terms of molecular motion and Brownian statements;
movement. (v) interpret graphical representations related to
these laws;
(b)(i) The laws of Boyle, Charles, Graham and (vi) perform simple calculations based on these laws,
Dalton (law of partial pressure); combined gas equations and relationships
law, molar volume and atomicity of gases.
(ii) The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT).
(iii) The relationship between vapour density of
gases and the relative molecular mass.

4. Atomic structure and bonding

Candidates should be able to:
(a) (i)The concept of atoms, molecules and ions, the
works of Dalton, Millikan, Rutherford, (i) distinguish between atoms, molecules and
Moseley, Thompson and Bohr. ions; (ii) identify the contributions of these
scientists to the development of the atomic
(ii) Atomic structure, electron configuration, structure; (iii) deduce the number of protons,
atomic number, mass number and isotopes; neutrons and electrons from atomic and mass
specific examples should be drawn from numbers of an atom;
elements of atomic number 1 to 20. (iv) apply the rules guiding the arrangement of
(iii) Shapes of s and p orbitals. electrons in an atom;
(v) identity common elements exhibiting
isotopy;
(vi) relate isotopy to mass number;
(b) The periodic table and periodicity of elements,
(vii) perform simple calculations relating to
presentation of the periodic table with a view
isotopy;
to recognizing families of elements e.g. alkali
metals, halogens, the noble gases and (viii) differentiate between the shapes of the
transition metals. The variation of the orbitals; (ix) determine the number of electrons in s
following properties: ionization energy, ionic and p atomic orbitals;
radii, electron affinity and electronegativity. (x) relate atomic number to the position of an
element on the periodic table;
(xi) relate properties of groups of elements on the
periodic table;
(xii) identify reasons for variation in properties
across the period and down the groups.
(c) Chemical bonding.
Electrovalency and covalency, the electron
configuration of elements and their tendency (xiii) differentiate between the different types
to attain the noble gas structure. Hydrogen of bonding.
bonding and metallic bonding as special types (xiv) deduce bond types based on electron
of electrovalency and covalency respectively; configurations;
coordinate bond as a type of covalent bond as (xv) relate the nature of bonding to properties
illustrated by complexes like [Fe(CN)6]3-, of compounds;
[Fe(CN)6]4-, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ and [Ag(NH3)2]+;
van der Waals’ forces should be mentioned as
a special type of bonding forces.

(d) Shapes of simple molecules: linear ((H2, O2,

C12,HCl and CO2), non-linear (H2O) and
tetrahedral; (CH4) and pyramidal (NH3).

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(xvi) differentiate between the various shapes

of molecules

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(e) Nuclear Chemistry: xvii) distinguish between ordinary chemical

reaction and nuclear reaction; (xviii)
(i) Radioactivity – Types and properties of differentiate between natural and
radiations artificial radioactivity;
(ii) Nuclear reactions. Simple equations, (xix) compare the properties of the different
uses and applications of natural and types of nuclear radiations;
artificial radioactivity. (xx) compute simple calculations on the
half-life of a radioactive material;
(xxi) balance simple nuclear equation;
(xxii) identify the various applications of
radioactivity.

Candidates should be able to:

5. Air (i) deduce reason (s) for the existence of
air as a mixture;
(a) The natural gaseous constituents and (ii) identify the principle involved in the
separation of air components;
their proportion in the air.
– nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon (iii) deduce reasons for the variation in the
(IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon composition of air in the environment;
(iv) specify the uses of some of the
and neon).
constituents of air.
(b) Air as a mixture and some uses of the
noble gas.
Candidates should be able to:
6. Water (i) identify the various uses of water;
(ii) identity the effects of dissolved atmospheric
gases in water;
(a) Water as a product of the combustion of (iii) distinguish between the properties of hard
hydrogen and its composition by and soft water;
volume. (iv) determine the causes of hardness;
(b) Water as a solvent, atmospheric gases
(v) identify methods of removal of hardness;
dissolved in water and their biological
(vi) describe the processes involved in the
significance.
treatment of water for town supply;
(c) Hard and soft water:
Temporary and permanent
hardness and methods of softening
hard water.
(d) Treatment of water for town supply. (e) (vii) distinguish between these phenomena; (viii)
Water of crystallization, efflorescence, identify the various compounds that exhibit
deliquescence and hygroscopy. these phenomena.
Examples of the substances exhibiting
these properties and their uses.

7. Solubility
(a) Unsaturated, saturated and
supersaturated solutions. Solubility Candidates should be able to:
curves and simple deductions from (i) distinguish between the different types of
them, (solubility defined in terms of solutions;
mole per dm3) and simple (ii) interpret solubility curves;
calculations.

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(iii) calculate the amount of solute that can

dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given
temperature;
(iv) deduce that solubility is temperature-
dependent;

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(b) Solvents for fats, oil and paints (v) relate nature of solvents to their uses;
and the use of such solvents for the
removal of stains.

(c) False solution (Suspensions and

(vi) differentiate among true solution,
colloids):
suspension and colloids;
Properties and examples.
(vii) compare the properties of a true solution
Harmattan haze and water paints as examples
and a ‘false’ solution.
of suspensions and fog, milk, aerosol spray,
emulsion paints and rubber solution as (viii) provide typical examples of suspensions
examples of colloids. and colloids.

8. Environmental Pollution Candidates should be able to:

(a) Sources and effects of pollutants. (i) identify the different types of pollution and
pollutants;
(ii) specify different sources of pollutants (iii)
(b) Air pollution: classify pollutants as biodegradable and
Examples of air pollutants such as non-biodegradable;
H2S, CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen, (iv) specify the effects of pollution on the
chlorofluorocarbons and dust. environment;
(v) identify measures for control of
(c) Water pollution environmental pollution.
Sewage and oil pollution should be
known.
(d) Soil pollution:
Oil spillage, Biodegradable and
non-biodegradable pollutants.

9. Acids, bases and salts

Candidates should be able to:
(a) General characteristics and properties of
acids, bases and salts. Acids/base (i) distinguish between the properties
indicators, basicity of acids; normal, acidic, of acids and bases;
basic and (ii) identify the different types of acids
double salts. An acid defined as a substance and bases;
whose aqueous solution furnishes H3O+ions (iii) determine the basicity of acids;
or as a proton donor. Ethanoic, citric and (iv) differentiate between acidity and
tartaric acids as examples of naturally alkalinity using acid/base indicators; (v)
occurring organic acids, alums as examples identify the various methods of
of double salts, preparation of salts by preparation of salts;
neutralization, precipitation and action of (vi) classify different types of salts;
acids on metals. Oxides and
trioxocarbonate (IV) salts

(vii) relate degree of dissociation to strength

(b) Qualitative comparison of the
of acids and bases;
conductances of molar solutions of
(viii) relate degree of dissociation to
strong and weak acids and bases, conductance;
relationship between conductance and
amount of ions present.

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(c) pH and pOH scale; Simple calculations (ix) perform simple calculations on pH and
pOH;

(d) Acid/base titrations.

(x) identify the appropriate acid-base

indicator;
(xi) interpret graphical representation of
titration curves;
(xii) perform simple calculations based on
(e) Hydrolysis of salts: Principle the mole concept;
Simple examples such as (xiii) balance equations for the hydrolysis
NH4Cl, AlCl3, Na2CO3 and CH3COONa of salts;
(xiv) deduce the properties (acidic, basic,
neutral) of the resultant solution.

10. Oxidation and reduction

Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the various forms of expressing
(a) Oxidation in terms of the addition of oxidation and reduction;
oxygen or removal of hydrogen. (b) (ii) classify chemical reactions in terms of
Reduction as removal of oxygen or oxidation or reduction;
addition of hydrogen. (iii) balance redox reaction equations;
(c) Oxidation and reduction in terms of (iv) deduce the oxidation number of chemical
electron transfer. species;
(d) Use of oxidation numbers. (v) compute the number of electron transfer
Oxidation and reduction treated as change in redox reactions;
in oxidation number and use of oxidation
numbers in balancing simple equations.
(e) IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic (vi) identify the name of redox species in a
compounds using oxidation number. reaction (vii) distinguish between oxidizing and
(f) Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents. reducing agents in redox reactions.
(viii) apply oxidation number in naming inorganic
compounds
(ix) relate reagents to their oxidizing and reducing
abilities.

11. Electrolysis
(a) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Candidates should be able to:
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. (i) distinguish between electrolytes and non-
(b) (i) Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4, aqueous electrolytes;
CuSO4, CuC12 solution, dilute and (ii) perform calculations based on faraday as a
concentrated NaC1 solutions and fused NaC1 mole of electrons.
(ii) Factors affecting discharge of ions at (iii) identify suitable electrodes for different
the electrodes. electrolytes.
(iv) specify the chemical reactions at the
electrodes;

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(v) determine the products at the electrodes;

(vi) identify the factors that affect the products
of electrolysis;

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(c) Uses of electrolysis: (vii) specify the different areas of application of

Purification of metals e.g. copper and electrolysis;
production of elements and compounds
(Al, Na, O2, Cl2 and NaOH).

(d) Electrochemical cells:

Redox series (K, Ca, Na, Mg,
(viii) identify the various electrochemical cells;
Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au,)
(ix) calculate electrode potentials using half-
half-cell reactions and electrode potentials. (Simple
cell reaction equations;
calculations only).

(e) Corrosion as an electrolytic process,

cathodic protection of metals, painting,
electroplating and coating with grease or oil as (x) determine the different areas of
ways of preventing iron from corrosion. application of electrolytic processes; (xi)
identify methods used in protecting metals.
12. Energy changes

(a) Energy changes(∆H) accompanying

physical and chemical changes:
dissolution of substances in/or reaction with
Candidates should be able to:
water e.g. Na, NaOH, K, NH4Cl.
Endothermic (+∆H) and exothermic (-∆H)
reactions. (b) Entropy as an order-disorder (i) determine the types of heat changes
phenomenon: simple illustrations (∆H) in physical and chemical processes; (ii)
like mixing of gases and dissolution interpret graphical representations of heat
of salts. changes;
(c) Spontaneity of reactions: (iii) relate the physical state of a
∆G0 = 0 as a criterion for equilibrium, ∆G substance to the degree of orderliness;
greater or less than zero as a criterion for non- (iv) determine the conditions for
spontaneity or spontaneity respectively. spontaneity of a reaction ;
(v) relate ∆H0, ∆S0 and ∆G0 as the
driving forces for chemical reactions;
13. Rates of Chemical Reaction
(vi) solve simple problems based on the
relationships ∆G0= ∆H0 -T∆S0
(a) Elementary treatment of the following factors
which can change the rate of a chemical
reaction:

(i) Temperature e.g. the reaction between HCl and Candidates should be able to:
Na2S2O3 or Mg and HCl
(i) identify the factors that affect the rates of a
chemical reaction;
(ii) determine the effects of temperature on
the rate of reactions;

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(ii) Concentration e.g. the reaction (iii) examine the effect of concentration/pressure on
between HCl and Na2S2O3, HCl and marble the rate of a chemical reaction;
and the iodine clock reaction, for gaseous (iv) describe how the rate of a chemical reaction is
systems, pressure may be used as affected by surface area;
concentration term.
(v) determine the types of catalysts suitable for
(iii) Surface area e.g. the reaction different reactions and their effects;
between marble and HCl with marble (vi) determine ways of moderating these effects in
in chemical reactions.
(i) powdered form
(ii) lumps of the same mass.

(iv) Catalyst e.g. the decomposition

of H2O2 or KClO3 in the
presence or absence of MnO2

(b) Reaction rate curves. (vii) interpret reaction rate curves;

(c) Activation energy (viii) solve simple problems on the rate of reactions;
Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius’ law and (ix) relate the rate of reaction to the kinetic theory of
the collision theory, effect of light on some matter.
reactions. e.g. halogenation of alkanes (x) examine the significance of activation energy to
chemical reactions.
(xi) deduce the value of activation energy (Ea) from
reaction rate curves.

Candidates should be able to:

14. Chemical equilibra
Reversible reactions and factors governing the (i) identify the factors that affects the position
equilibrium position. Dynamic of equilibrium of a chemical reaction;
equilibrium. Le Chatelier’s principle and (ii) predict the effects of each factor on the position
equilibrium constant. Simple examples to of equilibrium;
include action of steam on iron and (iii) determine the effects of these factors on
N2O4 2NO2. equilibrium constant.
No calculation will be required.

Candidates should be able to:

15. Non-metals and their compounds (i) predict reagents for the laboratory and
industrial preparation of these gases and their
(a) Hydrogen: commercial production from
compounds.
water gas and cracking of petroleum
(ii) identify the properties of the gases and their
fractions, laboratory preparation,
compounds.
properties, uses and test for hydrogen.
(iii) compare the properties of these gases and
their compounds.
(b) Halogens: Chlorine as a representative (iv) specify the uses of each gas and its
element of the halogen. Laboratory compounds;

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preparation, industrial preparation by (v) determine the specific test for each gas and
electrolysis, properties and uses, e.g. its compounds.
water sterilization, bleaching, manufacture (vi) determine specific tests for Cl-, SO42-, SO32-,
of HCl, plastics and insecticides. S , NH4+, NO3-, CO32-, HCO−3
2-

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Hydrogen chloride and Hydrochloric acid:

Preparation and properties. Chlorides and test for (vii) predict the reagents for preparation,
chlorides. properties and uses HCl(g) and HCl(aq);
(c) Oxygen and Sulphur (viii) identify the allotropes of oxygen; (ix)
(i) Oxygen: determine the significance of ozone to
Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. our environment.
Commercial production from liquid air. (x) classify the oxides of oxygen and their
Oxides: Acidic,basic, amphoteric and neutral, properties
trioxygen (ozone) as an allotrope and the
importance of ozone in the atmosphere.
(ii) Sulphur:
Uses and allotropes: (xi) identify the allotropes of sulphur and their
uses;
preparation of allotropes is not expected .
(xii) predict the reagents for preparation, properties
Preparation, properties and uses of sulphur(IV)
and uses of SO2 and H2S;
oxide, the reaction of SO2 with alkalis.
(xiii) specify the preparations of H2SO4 and H2SO3,
Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts, the effect
their properties and uses.
of acids on salts of trioxosulphate(IV),
Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid: Commercial
preparation (contact process only), properties as
a dilute acid, an oxidizing and a dehydrating
agent and uses. Test for SO42-.
Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation and properties
as a weak acid, reducing agent and precipitating
agent. Test for S2- (d) Nitrogen:
(i) Laboratory preparation
(ii) Production from liquid air (xiv) specify the laboratory and industrial
(iii) Ammonia: preparation of NH3;
Laboratory and industrial
preparations (Haber Process only),
(xv) identify the properties and uses of NH3;
properties and uses, ammonium salts
and their uses, oxidation of
ammonia to nitrogen (IV)
oxide and trioxonitrate (V)
acid.
Test for NH4+
(iv) Trioxonitrate (V) acid:
Laboratory preparation
from ammonia;
properties and uses. Trioxonitrate (V)
salt- action of heat and uses. Test for
(xvi) identify reagents for the laboratory
NO3- (v) Oxides of nitrogen:
preparation of HNO3, its properties and uses;
Properties.
(xvii) specify the properties of N2O, NO, NO2 gases.

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The nitrogen cycle. (xviii) examine the relevance of nitrogen

cycle to the environment.
(e) Carbon: (xix) identify allotropes of carbon; (xx)
(i) Allotropes: Uses and predict reagents for the laboratory
properties preparation of CO2;
(ii) Carbon(IV) oxide- (xxi) specify the properties of CO2 and its
uses;
Laboratory preparation, properties
(xxii) determine the reagents for the
and uses. Action of heat on
trioxocarbonate (IV) salts and test for laboratory preparation of CO; (xxiii) predict
CO32- the effects of CO on human;
(iii) Carbon(II) oxide:
Laboratory preparation, properties
including its effect on blood; (xxiv) identify the different forms of coal: (xxv)
sources of carbon (II) oxide to determine their uses;
include charcoal, fire and exhaust (xxvi) specify the products of the destructive
fumes. distillation of wood and coal;
(iv) Coal: Different types, products (xxvii) specify the uses of coke and synthetic gas.
obtained from destructive distillation
of wood and coal. (v) Coke: Gasification
and uses. Manufacture of synthetic gas
and uses.

16. Metals and their compounds

(a) General properties of metals

(b) Alkali metals e.g. sodium Candidates should be able to:
(i) Sodium hydroxide:-
Production by electrolysis of (i) specify the general properties of metals;
brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and (ii) determine the method of extraction suitable
lead ions. for each metal;
Uses including precipitation of (iii) relate the methods of extraction to the
metallic hydroxides. properties for the metals;
(ii) Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) (iv) compare the chemical reactivities of the
and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate metals;
(IV): Production by Solvay process, (v) specify the uses of the metals;
properties and uses, e.g.
(vi) determine specific test for metallic ions; (vii)
Na2CO3 in the manufacture of glass.
determine the process for the production of the
(iii) Sodium chloride: its occurrence in
compounds of these metals;
sea water and uses, the economic
(viii) compare the chemical reactivities of the
importance of sea water and the
compounds;
recovery of sodium chloride.
(ix) specify the uses of these compounds;
(c) Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium;
(x) specify the chemical composition of cement.
calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and
calcium trioxocarbonate (IV);
Properties and uses. Preparation of
calcium oxide from sea shells, the
chemical composition of cement and
the setting of mortar. Test for Ca2+.

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(d) Aluminium
Purification of bauxite, electrolytic (xi) describe the method of purification of
extraction, properties and uses of bauxite;
aluminium and its compounds. Test
for A13+
(e) Tin
Extraction from its ores.
Properties and uses. (xii) specify the ores of tin;
(xiii) relate the method of extraction to its
properties;
(xiv) specify the uses of tin;

(f) Metals of the first transition series.

Characteristic properties:
(i) electron configuration (xv) identify the general properties of the first
(ii) oxidation states transition metals;
(iii) complex ion formation
(iv) formation of coloured ions (xvi) deduce reasons for the specific properties
(v) catalysis of the transition metals;
(xvii) determine the IUPAC names of simple
transition metal complexes
(g) Iron
Extraction from sulphide and oxide
ores, properties and uses, different forms
of iron and their properties and (xviii) determine the suitable method of
advantages of steel over iron. extraction of iron;
Test for Fe2+ and Fe3+ (xix) specify the properties and uses of iron;
(xx) identify the different forms of iron, their
(h) Copper compositions, properties and uses.
Extraction from sulphide and oxide
ores, properties and uses of copper.
Preparation and uses of copper( II ) (xxi) identify the appropriate method of
tetraoxosulphate(VI). Test for Cu2+ extraction of copper from its compounds; (xxii)
relate the properties of copper and its
(i) Alloy compound to their uses.
Steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, (xxiii) specify the method for the preparation of
type- metal, duralumin, soft solder, CuSO4;
permallory and alnico (constituents and (xxiv) specify the constituents and uses of the
uses only). various alloys mentioned.
(xxv) compare the properties and uses of alloys
to pure metals.
17. Organic Compounds
An introduction to the tetravalency of
carbon, the general formula, IUPAC
nomenclature and the determination of Candidates should be able to:
empirical formula of each class of the (i) derive the name of organic compounds from
organic compounds mentioned below. their general formulae;
(ii) relate the name of a compound to its
structure; (iii) relate the tetravalency of carbon to
(a) Aliphatic hydrocarbons
its ability to form chains of compound
(catenation); (iv) classify compounds according to
(i) Alkanes their functional groups;
Homologous series in relation
to physical properties, substitution

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reaction and a few examples and (v) derive empirical formula and molecular
uses of halogenated products. formula, from given data;
Isomerism: structural (vi) relate structure/functional groups to specific
properties;
(vii) derive various isomeric forms from a given

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only (examples on isomerism should formula;

not go beyond six carbon atoms). (viii) distinguish between the different types of
isomerism;
Petroleum: composition, fractional (ix) classify the various types of hydrocarbons;
distillation and major products; (x) distinguish each class of hydrocarbons by
cracking and reforming, their properties;
Petrochemicals – starting materials of (xi) specify the uses of various hydrocarbons;
organic syntheses, quality of petrol (xii) identify crude oil as a complex mixture
and meaning of octane number. of hydrocarbons;
(xiii) relate the fractions of hydrocarbons to their
properties and uses;
(xiv) relate transformation processes to quality
improvement of the fractions;

(ii) Alkenes
Isomerism: structural and geometric (xv) distinguish between various polymerization
isomerism, additional and processes;
polymerization reactions, polythene (xvi) specify the process involved in vulcanization;
and synthetic rubber as examples of
products of polymerization and its use
in vulcanization.
(xvii) specify chemical test for terminal alkynes
(iii) Alkynes
Ethyne – production from action of
water on carbides, simple reactions and
properties of ethyne. (xviii) distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons;
(b) Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene - (xix) relate the properties of benzene to its
structure, properties and uses. structure

(c) Alkanols
Primary, secondary, tertiary –
(xx) compare the various classes of alkanols; (xxi)
production of ethanol by fermentation
determine the processes involved in ethanol
and from petroleum by-products. Local
production;
examples of fermentation and
(xxii) examine the importance of ethanol as an
distillation, e.g. gin from palm wine and
alternative energy provider;
other local sources and glycerol as a
(xxiii) distinguish the various classes of alkanols;
polyhydric alkanol.
Reactions of OH group – oxidation as a
distinguishing test among primary, secondary
and tertiary alkanols (Lucas test).

(d) Alkanals and alkanones.

Chemical test to distinguish between
alkanals and alkanones.
(xxiv) differentiate between alkanals and alkanones;
(e) Alkanoic acids.
Chemical reactions; neutralization and
esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid
as an example of a dicarboxylic acid (xxv) compare the various types of alkanoic acids;
and benzene carboxylic acid as an
example of an aromatic acid.

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(f) Alkanoates (xxvi) identify natural sources of alkanoates;

Formation from alkanoic acids and
alkanols – fats and oils as alkanoates. (xxvii) specify the methods for the production of
Saponification: soap, detergent and margarine.
Production of soap and margarine from (xxviii) distinguish between detergent and soap;
alkanoates and distinction between
detergents and soaps.

(g) Amines (Alkanamines) Primary, Secondary,

and tertiary (xxix) compare the various classes of alkanamine;

(h) Carbohydrates
Classification – mono-, di- and (xxx) identify the natural sources of
polysaccharides; composition, chemical tests carbohydrates;
for simple sugars and reaction with (xxxi) compare the various classes of
concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. carbohydrates;
Hydrolysis of complex sugars e.g. cellulose (xxxii) infer the products of hydrolysis and
from cotton and starch from cassava, the uses dehydration of carbohydrates;
of sugar and starch in the production of (xxxiii) determine the uses of carbohydrates;
alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and (xxxiv) specify the tests for simple sugars;
textiles.

(i) Proteins:
Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests
(Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon’s and
xanthoproteic) (xxxv) identify the basic structure of proteins;
Enzymes and their functions. (xxxvi) specify the methods and products of
hydrolysis;
(xxxvii) specify the various tests for proteins;
(j) Polymers:
Natural and synthetic rubber; addition and
condensation polymerization. (xxxviii) distinguish between natural and synthetic
- Methods of preparation, examples and polymers;
uses. (xxxix) differentiate between addition and
Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. condensation polymerization processes; (xl)
classify natural and commercial polymers
and their uses;
(xli) distinguish between thermoplastics and
thermosetting plastics.
18. Chemistry and Industry
Chemical industries: Types, raw materials and
relevancies; Biotechnology. Candidates should be able to :
(i) classify chemical industries interms of
products;
(ii) identify raw materials for each industry;
(iii) distinguish between fine and heavy
chemicals;
(iv) enumerate the relevance of each of these
industries;
(v) relate industrial processes to biotechnology.

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 Chemistry

RECOMMENDED TEXTS

1. New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools, Ababio, O. Y. (2009), (Fourth edition), Onitsha:
Africana FIRST Publishers Limited.

2. Senior Secondary Chemistry, Bajah, S.T.; Teibo, B. O., Onwu, G.; and Obikwere, A. Book 1 (1999), Books 2
and 3 (2000). Lagos: Longman.

3. Understanding Chemistry for Schools and Colleges, Ojokuku, G. O. (2012, Revised Edition), Zaria: Press-
On Chemresources.

4. Essential: Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools, (2008), 2 nd Edition, I. A. Odesina, Lagos: Tonad
Publishers Limited.

5. Countdown to WASSCE/SSCE, NECO, JME Chemistry, Uche, I. O.; Adenuga, I. J. and Iwuagwu, S. L.
(2003). Ibadan: Evans.

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