Review of Related Literature and Studies

The Philippines' New Normal in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic

According to Tria, J. Z. (2020), The current epidemic of COVID-19 has posed tremendous obstacles and
impacted the educational sectors. and nobody knows when it will come to an end. Currently, every nation is
establishing strategies and processes for contain the virus, and infections continue to rise. To sustain and provide
in an educational context Despite lockdown and community quarantine, effective education should be considered
the new normal. in the formulation and execution of the "new normal educational policy." This article discusses
possibilities for COVID-19-related concerns, challenges, and trends are now developing and will continue to do so
in the future. Through the prism of education in the Philippines - the new educational norm - we examine the
epidemic. COVID-19, global epidemic, new normal, education.

According to Pokhrel, and Chhetri (2021), The COVID-19 epidemic has wreaked havoc on education
systems worldwide, impacting almost 1.6 billion students in over 200 nations. Over 94 percent of the world's student
population has been touched by school, institution, and other learning facility closures. This has had a profound
effect on every element of our life. Social segregation and limited mobility restrictions have wreaked havoc on long-
established educational methods. Reopening schools after limitation easing presents additional problem, since
several new standard operating procedures must be implemented.

Within a short period of time after the COVID-19 outbreak, other scholars presented their findings on
teaching and learning in a variety of methods. Numerous institutions, colleges, and universities have ceased
offering face-to-face instruction. There is concern that the 2020 academic year, or maybe more, would be lost. The
time has come to design and deploy new educational systems and evaluation methodologies. We now have a
chance to prepare the ground for the introduction of digital learning, thanks to the COVID-19 epidemic. The purpose
of this article is to provide a comprehensive report on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the online teaching
and learning of various papers, as well as to suggest a course of action.

Theoretical Framework
Within the new normal, the scenario poses a particular challenge to the decision-making process of every
educational leader. Thus, in order to maintain a high standard of education in every school, this article discusses
chances for reacting to challenges, problems, and trends that have arisen and will continue to occur as a result of
the COVID-19 epidemic. The author is particularly interested in the present and future developments in modern
education. According to Karalis (2020), what is worth studying after returning to normalcy are the implications for
the day after, i.e., what adjustments should be made, the magnitude of the situation, and defining the fundamental
dimensions of education and learning in formal education systems and organizations in the face of educational
disruptions.

This review study focuses on the policy implications, tactics, and difficulties that will develop in the new
normal education, specifically in the Philippines. When the new normal arrives, many ramifications have been
considered, including the use of face masks and physical distance, the strengthening of online platforms, research
and development, program design, and health integration. This paper will be used as a resource for future research
on how to react to the COVID-19 dilemma in the educational sector, specifically in the Philippine setting. Future
research should include planning and implementation strategy, assessing online learning systems in schools, a
survey on online platforms, project proposals and capstone projects, program creation, community assessment,
curriculum revision, instructional material development, and many other topics.
A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe, infecting almost every
country and territory. The epidemic was initially detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Countries around
the globe urged citizens to exercise vigilant attention. Handwashing, using face masks, physical distance, and
avoiding large gatherings and assemblies have been among the public care tactics. Lockdown and stay-at-home
techniques have been used in order to flatten the curve and reduce disease spread (Sintema, 2020).

Bhutan announced the first week of March 2020 the closure of schools and institutions and a decrease
in business hours (Kuensel, 2020, 6 March). From 1 August 2020, the country will be completely locked down
(Palden, 2020). In the meantime, movements were permitted, offices reopened, and schools and colleges
reopened for chosen levels while continuing to provide online classes for others. Bhutan's school shutdown
affects almost 170,000 pupils in grades PP–XII today. The impact has been far-reaching, affecting learning
throughout this academic year and possibly even more so in the coming days. Numerous institutions, colleges,
and universities have ceased offering face-to-face instruction. There is an urgent need for new instructional and
evaluation methodologies. The epidemic of COVID-19 has given us a chance to pave the route for the
introduction of digital learning (Dhawan, 2020).

Certain gaps in research are highlighted, including the fragility of online teaching infrastructure,
instructors' limited experience to online teaching, the knowledge gap, an unsuitable setting for home learning,
and equality and academic achievement in higher education. The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence
of the COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning processes worldwide. The article summarizes the obstacles
and potential for online and continuing education during the COVID-19 epidemic and suggests a path ahead.

Theoretical Framework
Although many research have been done on the influence of the COVID-19 program on teaching and
learning, in poor countries, acceptable methodology and platform for different class levels of high school, middle
school, and basic education need to be further investigated.

Data packages in many poor nations are too expensive in relation to the average citizen's income,
making the Internet inaccessible and unaffordable. This scenario necessitates policy-level involvement. There is
a need for further study on successful pedagogies for online teaching and learning. Another focus of the
research is the need for the creation of technologies that provide genuine evaluations and rapid feedback. In
order to address the issue of cost and accessibility for all learners, the educational tools developer should
concentrate on customizing their products. Intervention at the political level is also critical. In light of the current
situation, educational systems all over the globe, including Bhutan, must make investments in the professional
development of teachers, particularly in ICT and effective pedagogy. Another area of study and development is
to make online instruction creative, inventive, and interactive via user-friendly technologies. Educators would
benefit from this and be better equipped to deal with future challenges.

What instructors and students/learners may learn from the COVID-19 epidemic is that online
educational resources should be used. When regular courses resume after the COVID-19 epidemic, instructors
and students should be encouraged to continue utilizing such online tools to improve teaching and learning.
The public mental health while in a community quarantine due to COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review
of literature using Google Scholar

Literatures for this review were searched on April 13, 2020 from GS. Google Scholar was used because
it is the most accessible scientific bibliographic database at home during the state of community lockdown. It has
already been used by other scholars in conducting scoping reviews because it contains wide array of records
including blogs, thesis, and other grey literature (Prieto-Guttierez 2019). The date range in GS was set to 2019-
2020 to delimit the searching within the periods of COVID-19 pandemic. The search terms used were "COVID-
19" OR "nCoV" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "2019 novel coronavirus" AND "mental health" OR "psychology" AND
"community quarantine" OR "quarantine". All records found were exported to an EndNote Library and then to MS
Excel for record management.

All types of literatures were included if they pertain to the public mental health aspect of the COVID-19
pandemic. Since the research questions focus on the mental health of the people confined in their homes during
community quarantine, literature related to mental health of the patients in health care facilities and health care
providers such as doctors and nurses were not included in the review. Literatures not in English language or with
no English translation were excluded. Titles, abstracts, and/or summary were screened by the reviewer against
inclusion and exclusion criteria. Further reasons for exclusion were recorded at the full-text stage.

There were only four unique publications published in Google Scholar on the topic of psychological
distress during community isolation due to COVID-19 as of April 17, 2020. A study in Iran (Khodabakhshi-
koolaee 2020) and two studies in China (Lu et al. 2020 & Wang et al. 2020) were the origins of the four original
publications (Roy et al. 2020). Using quantitative methods in three of the investigations and a qualitative
technique using interpretative phenomenology in the last, we came up with our findings. A shift in people's
attitudes toward self-care and a greater level of faith in the community's governing structures are two common
themes that emerge from this body of work.

Theoretical Framework

Using Google Scholar, it became clear that little research had been done on the impact of COVID19's
psychological effects on the population. It's common for governments in different regions to concentrate on viral
transmissions and how to stop them, in order to prevent further spread of the illness and subsequent economic
difficulties. More than half of the COVID-19 entries identified in Google Scholar as of April 17, 2020, discuss the
biological and physical effects of the crisis. As far as mental health is concerned, there were just a few studies
that directly addressed the lives of those who were restricted to their houses. Research on persons with COVID-
19 is important, but the governing authorities must also pay attention to psychological elements of the situation
so that it does not grow out of hand. Because we know so little about viruses and how to fight them, there is a
great deal of concern about the spread of disease. During a community quarantine, the 'invisible' situation of
public mental health should arouse the same level of concern.

As a scoping review, this one reveals crucial areas for academic debate. To begin, when faced with a unique
issue like the COVID19 pandemic, researchers may find it helpful to use Google Scholar. It's at times like these
when grey literature may help speed up the process of exchanging ideas and solving issues. Original papers in
preprints are not accessible in large repositories and it may take some time to complete peer reviews before they
are indexed by major search engines like Google and Yahoo! There were more publications in preprints than
peer-reviewed concerning this issue in our scoping review. "Grey" literature may offer potential ideas that are
buried from being "grey" in a crisis when finding solutions to the issues must be done quickly.

This scoping study also brought up the relevance of editorials, opinions, and letters that quickly fill in the gaps of
research topics when real evidence is still lacking. In times of crisis, like as the COVID-19 pandemic, when
multiple challenges and resolutions are racing against time, these sorts of literatures might also be explored for
prospective answers that are not normally included in systematic studies.

There are just a few sources of primary data available in Google Scholar, and they're not enough to address all
of our inquiries. This scoping assessment identified a number of research holes related to the psychological
elements of the COVID-19 situation. Researchers haven't found them yet, or they've been hidden in expensive
subscription databases. As the COVID-19 pandemic caused a lot of uncertainty, it would be more beneficial if the
information contained in large databases was available for public consumption.

Health Systems Impact of COVID-19 in the Philippines

COVID-19 lockdowns and legislative measures to limit the spread of the virus have a broad range of
health system, economic, and social implications. It's possible that the health systems in low- and middle-income
nations will be worse prepared to deal with pandemic shocks because of a lack of reserve resources. As a
preliminary assessment of COVID-19's collateral effects on the Philippines' health systems, this report reviews
the academic and grey literature, as well as the results of an in-depth qualitative survey. Community quarantines,
as well as transportation and border restrictions, have had a widespread influence on the delivery of health
services, particularly for those patients who need specialized treatment. Current record-keeping and monitoring
mechanisms have been compromised since current resources have been used to fulfill COVID19-related duties.
Gatekeeping mechanisms for secondary and tertiary care were strengthened via referral systems and
telemedicine services to lessen the need for face-to-face consultations in local health systems. As a result of
longstanding symptoms of inequitable resource allocation in the Philippines, the health system's repercussions
have been varying among municipal income levels and geographic regions.

For the first time, governments throughout the world are relying on disease modeling results in order to
estimate the danger of a pandemic and the cost-benefit of taking action (or not taking action) to combat emerging
health concerns. In light of the reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of models to advise appropriate
policy response was especially prominent. As a result, models have focused almost exclusively on COVID-19-
related incidents, ignoring the vastly different contexts of countries, as well as the trade-offs and economic
shocks that profoundly affect how mitigation strategies translate into lives saved, particularly in low- and middle-
income countries (LMICs) (5).

As a result, most current models fail to account for policies' knock-on or collateral effects on health care
systems as well as their direct consequences on individual patients. There are repercussions to this oversight.
Evidence from previous pandemics and outbreaks has shown that policy actions may have a significant influence
on indirect health outcomes such as secondary mortality (6). An extra 10,600 people died from malaria, HIV, and
TB during West Africa's 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak, according to estimates—nearly as many as the 11,300
people who died from the disease itself (7).

Lockdowns and travel restrictions have had significant indirect health consequences for almost a year
into the epidemic (8–11), as shown by several studies and reports. Besides the effects on health systems, it is
known that the consequences of policy decisions may reverberate across society and have an influence on
health outcomes both immediately and over time in the social, behavioral, economic, and environmental
domains. Health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may be particularly vulnerable to shocks
because of their inadequate ability and resources to withstand them (12).

Unintentional consequences of mitigation methods used to control the pandemic as well as the direct
impacts of the epidemic must be understood. This information may be used to develop context-specific,
personalized measures to manage the epidemic and avoid the worst direct and indirect health consequences.
Research and attention are being focused on how mitigating methods affect COVID-19 instances, mortality, and
testing capacity.

It is yet unclear how these pandemic mitigation strategies, when implemented in an LMIC, would affect
various components of the health systems and, as a result, public health. COVID-19's influence on the
Philippines' secondary health systems, as well as possible solutions, are discussed in this study.

Theoretical Framework

If pandemic mitigation measures are left unaddressed, the framework assesses the long-
term consequences for health systems. Health and health care from a health systems viewpoint may
be influenced by interruptions in service delivery and access. This framework is designed to assist
identify these major categories. There are a variety of indirect consequences that might be
considered, such as changes in mortality and morbidity rates, as well as changes in how services are
delivered. In the same way, it may be used to assist in the creation of solutions to reduce the health
consequences of health system disruptions. Assessment of the Health System's Effects 6 The current
research used the framework to determine the influence of COVID-19 on the Philippines' secondary
health system. Among other things, this involves a study of academic and grey literature, as well as
interviews with major Philippine health system stakeholders.

References:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2347631120983481
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348/full
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WP569_Health_systems_impact_of_COVID_in_the_Philippi
nes.pdf
https://www.ijpdll.com/download/the-covid-19-pandemic-through-the-lens-of-education-in-the-philippines-the-
new-normal-8311.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348/full