Reading CPE C2 S

Cambridge C2 Prof ciency Readlng
Pad 5 IESI I
You are going to read an extract from an article. For questions 31-36, mark the
appropriate answer (A, B, C or D) that you think fits best according to the text.
The Lost Art of l)iplomacy

Wat it can do ft'r I'ou and tlt)'totiel)'needs to harne.t.t its vtlue.;
The fwentieth century has frequenLly been labcllcd as thc age of opinion, and not necessa ily in a positrve
!\'ay, as any quLck glancc at social media $jll dcmonstratc In lacL, look nrorc closelv into rhc insults
traded on social media platfomls aud the sensationalrst \r,avs in uhich thc mcdia presenrs diilerilg pubhc
opinions as polarising, and the situation starts to look c\ cn \vorse. Thc ntodem u ot ld can often lccl rude,
and peoplc often behave as though they are (otally unu illing to consider, or evcn listell to, vic\\'s that are
nol aligned with their owD. It appears thnt a change rs loug overdue, and pcrhaps diplomacy could bc the
ans!\er lo lumrng (hrs srfualiol ]round.
Dcvcloped over millennia as a u'ay to rncdiatc bct\\'ccn grumpy leaders hcll-bcnt on inflicting thcrl own
ideas on the rvorld, diplomacy uas once thought ofas an art, in thc sanrc Ycin as public speaking. politc
con!'crsatron and negotiation. It grew out oftraclc interactions in the N{iddlc East, China and India, and
incorporated a variety ofskills, philosophics andcultulal nuanccsasrt$cnt Throuehou! the ruajority of
history. lhc role of thc diplorrat was to convcy information and nrcssages and negotiatc in lcss
inflamnratory ways lhan thcir leaders rright have donc Thcse leaders could quitc casily justi! startrng
wars in (he heat ofthe momcnt due lo a pcrccivcd pcrsonal attack from an cncmy. In short, thcy sought
to cnsurc any interaction wilh another statc or powcr remained on an cvcn kccl and avoided conflict at
all costs.
Alfiough (he word 'diplomacy' conjures up a long-rone age of stul1y nreetiugs bet*,een poliricians and
ciril sen'ants in palaces and embassies. there is little drffcrence in the goal ofdiplomacy nou'adays For
example, in the complex relationships ofmodenl socic(y, \rhether irr our personal Ir'es, rn the workplace
or nratters of inrematioual ncgotration, bnnging back the an of diplomacy could be invaluable. It rs a
highly specific skill that requircs people to put aside their personal desircs and rvork towards a comnron
good. ln this respect it Is extrenrely challenging insofar as it invoh es putting fbrward a case for something
strongly and effectively enough for it to be considered by arotller party, bul not in such a way as to cause
oflence or irritation. As the British joumalist and u oter David Frost once sard, "Diplomacy is the art of
Ietring somebody else have your way."
Wc arc rnclined to vierv diplomacy as an inrlate abrlity. sonrcthing thal only a sclect [e* arc blcssed rvirh.
Yct. \\ ith some hard work and detennination it is actually straightfo ard {o leam. For people rvho makc
a special effort, the bcncfits u,rli vcry soon bccomc apparent. Thcrc alc, as onc would cxpcct, ccrtain
tricks of the trade that can be useful starting plar:cs for novrces. The greatesl of these is the abrlity to
understand (he fragiliry ofhuman naturc and thc nccd for acceplance and for an attenlive audicnce- This
is often thc undcrlying causc ofarguments as u cll as bcing a plausible cx.planation for much ofthc rcrbal
abusc lound online today Being diplomatic nrcans ackro\\'ledging the fcclings ofolhers. taking trnre to
demonstrate empathy, and cas(ing aside emotion for Iogic and reasonableneis. It rneans being paticnt and
versatile in interpersonal communicatlon, and, abovc all. a commitmcnl lo agrccrnent and collaboration
rather than individualiry and division.
Having sard this, there are people who seenr to naturally excel at diplomatic rlego(iation and perhaps they
are the ones who can shed light on its benefits. These individuals are people who have already understood
the huoran condition in all its frailry. DiplomaLs are in essence realists u'ho knoq, full well that
relationships, families, jobs and nations will face counlless problems. They have accep(ed thls with an
air of optimistic resignation and believe that con)pronlise is lhe only antidote to an imperfect $orld. As
such they represent an alternative route to happiness and shaed understanding. Despite the our11ard
appearance of pessimism and negati\ it_y, thcy aspire to create a better world and see great progress in
small adjustrnents. They are the undeniable evidence that diplomacy has a lot to offer in illuminating a
path to beller communicalion lor all of us.
Cambridge C2 Prof tciency Reading
Part 5 Test l
31 What is the writer's PUrpose in the first paragraph?
A To suggest that the media is manipulating people.

B To provide examples of intolerance in modern society
C To outline the problems caused by social media.
D To encourage better manners in public places.
32 ln paragraph 2, what is the writer's opinion of diplomats?
A Their influence used lo be excessive.

B They have become less important.
C Their role rs not easy to justify.
D They have always been extremely valuable.
33 ln paragraph 3, what does the writer tmply about drplomacy?
A lt's beneficial Ior interpersonal comrnunication.

B lt's an out-ot-date mode of interaction.
C lt's not a wodhwhile skill for modern society.
D lt's an effective technique for political negotiation.
34 ln paragraph 4, the writer says that developing our diplomatic skills is
A easier for more emotional people.

B sornething everyone should aspire to.
C too time-consuming lor modern lile.
D well worth rnvesting the time and effort.
35 ln paragraph 5, according to the writer, how do successful diplomats view the world?
A They are optimistic about the human condition

B They believe that people should try to overcome sutfering.
C They approach life from a practical perspective.
D They think that the search for happrness is pointless.
36 What is the main point thal the writer wants to make in the article?
A A rerntroduction of the art ol diplomacy would create a more equal society based
on tolerance.
B Diplomacy is probably the best approach lo resolving the fractured nature ol society
C Interpersonal skills related to diplomacy could have a positive impact on society.
D While diplomacy has positives, people should be wary of its appropriateness
in all contexts.
Cambridge C2 Prof iciency Readrng
Part 6 Tr-,st 1
You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have reen
removed. Select lrom the paragraphs (A-H) the one that fits each gap (37-43).
There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use.
More to History than Books
Most young people are laI more inlerestcd n

lheir social circles and lhe latesl lashion and 40 D
technology crazes lhan they are aboul hearng
aboul the pasl, but for me, local herilage has "Thal's not to say it wasn't an rmpressive sight. I
always been something l've lound fascinating. lt think lhe upkeep was iust too much to be honesl.
also, in my mind, holds greal imporlance simply It's a shame really I seem lo remember lhe'e were
because il we don't make etlorts lo unearth plans to auction it ofl to whoever would pay the
experiences of the pasl lrom olhers, they will cnd most, whlch kicked up qu le a luss at the t rne with
up being losl in the misls ol time. local resrdents, as you can imagine."
37 E 41 G
"l rcmember it as rl il were yeslerday. There we For me, this is perhaps one ol the riaddest
all were, star'rding outside in our slippers and clements ol all. Although added lo keep th(r history
dressing gowns, watching the llames dar]ce in ol the palace alive, it attracts very lew pecple and
lhe night sky over ihe rooftops. The whole area is located in a somewhat obscL.rre area of l rc park.
was lil up lrke a Christmas lree, and we could feel Apart from the odd school visit and a lew local-
the heat {rom over a mile away. That night I history lanatrcs, thls great treasure is lftrquently
walched the great building whose shadow I'd ove'ool.ed by locals a.d vrsilo's aIke.
lived under all my life d sappear before my very
eyes. By morning, there was nothing."
42 C
38 H ln my mind, social lirst-hand historles are so
impodant lor th s very reason While €rven my
Originally situated in Hyde Park, it was erected grandmolher can't recall the glory days of lhe
lemporarily as a celebration ol the lndustrial Crystal Palace, her mother would have boen alive
Bevolution, but, due to ils overwhelming lo witness them, and il lhese recoTleclions had
success, the exhibition was laler relocated to a been passed on and properly documenled, we
park in soulh London, where il remained unlil the would be able lo paint a more vrvid pic:ure ol a
greal fire ol 1936 razed it to the ground in just a place that was lundamental in the development ot
ml
lew hours. Today, there are lew signs that this the local area.
incredible burlding ever exisled.
F
39 A
Aller all, we can learn lacls and ligures from public
Londoners in the 1800s had liltle tirne lor such records and textbooks, bul lhese cannot convey
preoccupat ons, but the Crystal Palace gave what it was actually like lo live though such events.
people a wonderlul opportunity lo explore ideas Only with the people who experjenced tlrem, who
o, tne past and fulure. as well as lo exper.ence lor the , rst time could travel around he world
lhe wonders ol modeln industry. Slanding over withoul ever leaving home and could lvonder al
40 metres lall and around half a krlometre wide, marvels of modern industry beyond th€rir wildesl
the glass megastructure housed many d llerent dreams.
types ol museum exhrbits from around the globe
as well as a music hall, a park and a theatre.
Cambridge C2 Prof iciency Reading
Part 6 Test 1
A The only rernnants ol thts one-t rne marvel F Our parenls and grandparents should be
are the dlnosaur replicas that sti exist encouraged to tell their hlstories and to
afound the lakes within the park. Of write them down. Hislorians are not jusl
course, these days they look a little quaint academics; they are everyday people like
and aren'l exactly true to life, but we have you and me. History books may tell us
lo remember lhat they were built around aboul dates, names and major events, but
150 years ago when relatively little was we maintarn the nchoess ol leeling that
known of natural history. comes from personal accounts.
B The cost 01 rnaintenance and depressed G Fortunately, the Earl ol Plymouth acquired
admission prices meant that in the 1900s the palace and grounds in order to protect
maintenance was unattended to and the il and the site is now a public park, still used
palace was in linancial dire straits. lt was by many throughout the year ior numerous
restored by the Earl ol Plymoulh who sports events as well as much smaller-
bought the structure in the 1920s in order scale music and cullural festivals. Within
to preserve it. This brought back visitors the grounds there is even a small museum
and renewed prolit, lhrough events such as tel ing the history of the great palace.
'Thursday evening frreworks' and molor
s hows.
C Perhaps this is due to a lack ol general H My entire family hails lrom a suburb that,
awareness of the true scale and greatness by its very name, still brings to mind past
of the palace. Afler all, it was thriving at a glories and that fatelul evening. These
lime when fiim was in its infancy, so we days, Crystal Palace is jusl like any other
cannot even imagine what it might have busy commuter area, swallowed up by the
been like inside, and still photos don'l give greater London sprawl, but it used lo be
us the sense ol atmosphere thal we can home to one of the largest glass struclures
get from v deo and narratrves. in the world, the Crystal Palace.
D [,4y grandmother'S recollections were a far

cry lrom this though: "All of that was long
gone by the time I was little. We'd still go
up there as a family, but the building and
grounds were getting a bil run down. I think
its prime was n the late 1800s, before I
was born."
E N,4rndful ollhis, the long chats I had with my

grandparenls will always remain dear to
my hearl, specifically my grandmother's
recollections of her youth. Despite being in
her nineties by the time I was of an age lo
fully understand and ask about her life, she
was still sharp as a pin and could answer
in such a way that brought the past to I fe.
Patl7 l est 1
You are going to read an extracl from an article about science award.;. For
questions 44-53, choose from the sections (A-E) using the separate answer
sheet. The sections may be selected more tlran once.
ln which section are the follovring mentioned?
New awards could have a more srgniiicant rnpact il thoy were given 1o 44 E
scientists who have a greater need for tinancial investment.
Funding popular science comrnLrnicators rather than prizes may be 45 C

more worthwhile for society.
The new science awards are backed by a drlferent type of eliie 46 A I
-l
Some scientists are unhappy about the unequal distributron of 47 E l
investment in science.
Scientists are suspicious of the principles underlying lhe new science 48 A

awards.
New science awards have largely been funded by private rather than 49 A
public enterprise.
The system of awardrng scientists for their discoveries has not kept 50 D
pace with changing scientific practices.
The impact that generous financral incentives will have on the direction 51 B
ol future research.
The newer science awards are rooted in cooperatron rather than 52 D

individuality.
The likelihood of pnze-winning scientists needing substantial tinancial 53 C

funding is low.
Cambridge C2 Prof iciency Beading
Parl T Test 1
The Nerv Sciencc A'rvards Redefining Success

,\ challcngc to rr adirion, but not u jthout therr problems
plcnty of celcbriry scicntrsts boirsrins nrillions of

For al]ltlco\cracenlu].ina sonrcwh,lrsQidanddull lblloqcrs worldwidc. such as Brirn Cox or Mjchio
rcrcrnony rr Stockholm tn hnuory. lhc Nobcl pnzcs Kaku. Funding thnt dirns to bring scicncc to rhc general
ha\c becn awarded !o qonh) scienLisls b) thc Krng of
public should probably trc di\c od lo the peoplc who
S}|cdcn. But lrs in all \\'alks oflile. trmcs changc and havc proven trock records rn cnglginq pcoplc in
scicnce a\Lards are no diffcrcn(. fhc nc\\' rrrards or sc ience.
'nc\\,Nobels', as !hey halc bccn dubbcd, arc no longer
lho presene of prestigiousrnstituoons llkc (he D
Swcdish Academy Insread, !hc) arc pard for by
Despite !he scepticism surrounding rhcsc ncu science
celebriq CEOS such as llark Zuckerberg Jnd olher
awards, benefirs do exlst. In ordcr to frcscnl a aair and
lech mrllionaires, * iLh mullrnillron-Jollrlr prLrcs :lnd
ccrcmonics that are glamorous affrrrs rcmrnrscenr ot'
balanced anal)sis of thc posi(i\c lmpacls of such
a$ards, these benclils should bc highlLBhlcd. In rccenl
trrc O*, . \rd Il . .i .,.-n.rh r,g thrt ... rrrrtr'ts
gcncmlly tend not !o \leu rn a panlcularly positiyc Irmes a key criucrsm of rhe oriSlnal Nobcl pnzes has
lLghL Brilish itstrononrcr N4arLrn Rccs says thlL many,
bccn lhc lacr that thcy do not fully rcpresent lhe $riry in
scrcntrsrs are undecided about lhc ncu .r*ar(ls. He
which sclencc is carried out in modem rimcs.
Nou'adays most scrcnllllc rnvcntions and drscoverics
bclicvcs Lhat these more recenl a\\'ards 0re stcerEd
are collaboratile 'fhis rnears rhat lhey rely on lhe
lowards showcasrn8 the \{.ealthy dol)ors ,s nluch as
(hc scicntists themselves He is not thc only ward cooperation and sharcd knowlcdgc and cxpcnisc of
dozens of scicn(ists working in cross cultural reams
cyDic arld others havejoincd him ilr voicirrB conccms,
across several academic communilies around the globe,
including Amcrcan physicist Frank Wilczck \\,ho
wonders aboui the virfues ofa\rardrng lilrllc pnres m rather than indrvlduals workrng in isolallon. Since thc
prizcs can onl) bc a\r,ardcd lo threc pcople each
lhc rdvancement of scierrce. ^\obel
year, many hard-\\'orktng scleoltsts go unnouced,
recerving ll(rle or no rccognrlion for rheir contribu!ions
B !o rcsearch and discoverics that slmply could not have
Thcre are rndeed some serrous co ccrns uboul all rhis. happencd !\ithout them Conrrary lo rhis sysrem, lhe
-fhc Brcakthrough Prize and orhcrs havc bccn desrgned ro
mosl uo.r) Lng of u h rch ccnlrcs around th. \\,orld
vicw and assocrated po$er o[ the fundcrs, bc rhey reward enrire tearns and arc Lhcrcforc much \\ider in
rndr\iduals like Zuckerber8 or Iargc global their scope and rnclusrviry.
.'orpor3lron\.I he problem rs Lhdr lh(sc clrle m.nurilies
arc prcdornrnantly \\'estem wrth r spccrfic sharcd E
$orld \iew ol lhe velue ol-knoqlcdgc, as \\'cilas thc
aspccts ofscience Ihat are desen,inS ol rn\,csrncnl, be
I]oBcler, there is a dangcr Lhat thcse pflzes could be
seen as paying Iip sen,ice to the principlcs ofiDclusivity
lhat Lim€'based or Iinancial. Many pcoplc arc anxrous
lh.rt youngcr rcsearchers !rying !o cut their tecth in a and diversity. Allhough Lhcrc are sotne non-Wcstern
worlJ \ here l'unding is rncrcJsrnSl) i,.nrpcUrtvc prizes such as tic Tang Prize, awardcd to those working
could casily adapt lheir research ro thc visions hcld by in Asian institulions, most winning teams are located tn
the iunders of these new at{ards, vlsrons uhlch may Werlem n.rtrons. anJ glubal rrrclusrrrry rcrnarns a
challengc. Screntists such as Bob O Ilara. who works
or ma) nor have the inte.ests ofhurnanLry iis u *holc
r! Lhcrr heart. Oversight rs a ke! aspect ol-rcselrch rn al a research centre iu Iranklln, \\'am ol rhc \ tdcning
gap betlr'een lhe nch and poor rntong Lhe scienrific
a \\ay rhat rt is nor sccn in busrncss. espccLlllr rhc rcch
grJnLs \\ ho pfize rnno\ alon o\ cr illl othcr thlngs. Thls communrt_v. InsLcad ol Lalkrng about.rwards and large
sh fr In lhe molrvatlons of rhose \r'ho arc rhc g!ardr.rns
iln3ncra prrzes. hc cLtcs rs a corrccm thc iunding
ol scrcnce a\\ards should rarsc ala:m bells Ior us aLl. allocatcd ro Lhe search lbr trcatmcnts and curcs [or !he
diseases of lhc nch. ra!her rllln those rhat ere
\\'rdespread amongst dc\cloping narions Many
C scienlisls slronfly bclrc\ e rh ,l lhe U'est mL.r nol JLst
T}c [Jreakthrough Prize in I-ilt Scicnccs is an be allowed to dominatc dnd marginelisc orher narions
cxccllcnl cxample of!his. The Irst ofdLrnors rcrds Iike rhat have much ro offer in Lcrms of knowledge and
a who'.-who ufcclebflry tech CI-O. and rhc prrce rag res(arch porenlial. Thc,c gldmotous nl:$ ictenLe
all,( neJ L, cdch prile is Sl mrllron. M.,\l s'inncrs irc awards are a primc cxamplc of l)ow scientists in
higlll),rcgarded scicDrists wIh glillcring curccrs ind dcveloping nztions might bc ablc lo benefil lrom rhe
cn!ioblc pLiblishing records. These huge prircs tcnd lo prize rnonev lar morc thaD lheir wcstern counte,parts
go ro scientisLs who are already cxrrcnrcly ucll- might.
lirnded, and ilcould easily be argucd that thcy rre the
Icast in nccd ofsuch exorbitanl sr.rnrs Fuflhcnnorc. il
r\(.. '1ew Ju"ro' dnd therr pl.rrnuurous (ur(nrot.'es
Jre de\rened to bnng a nc\\ breed I .cl(b r)
'c.cnce
to public aftcntion, *1e) ma] bc *as(ing rhc r rrme. A
qurck YouTube search \\ ill show thar the \\'orld has
Cambridge C2 Prof icrency Reading
Parl 5 Test 2
You are going to read an extract from a textbook. For questions 31-36, mark the
Is Objec(ive Rcalitl' a NIyth?
It's casy to think that our risual cxpcrrcncc or the hrn(li lcntrl conccpts \\'rrhin socicty arc objccrively
true. and thcre is good causc for this way of thinking to bc desirablc It llelps us to rcalisc that u,e are not
alonc and har'e a shared experrencc. and it aids us in clganising the abundance of infomration ue -cccivc
as human beings. However, the idea o[ one oLrjcctive rcality is morc dcbateablc than you rna)' think
'Ihroughout history, shared bclicls havc been disproved, and that \\e can perceile inrages nrorrrre on I
television scrccn, whcn rcally it is a scrics of dots changing colour, indicalcs that vrsual pcrccpt on can
be dcceiving.
Our shared realitrcs, ccrtainly rn thc rnodern \\'estcm u'orld. are centred on maLcnal things that lre can
touch, the objectivity ofscicncc and hunrans, and our rndividual growth- Histonan Grcg Andcrsor claims
that these principles are essentially an cxccption in thc history of civilization. Belorc thc Industrial
Rcvolution, alnrost all wcstcm societies saw reality as quitc a diffelcnt sct of conccpts. Their worlds
depcnded on things that loday \\e nlight considcr'rnrcal , such as enlrtres Ihat control nafurc, and
humans' livcs wcrc dictatcd by this. It rvas considelcd in the same way that wc rcgard scieDcc today In
addition, many societies held littlc belrcf rl 'thc iudividual', rs thc individual was dcemed inscparable
from the family uDlt, uhich workcd together as a whole to survive. A.rd rs thcsc civrlisations, n somc
lorm or other. continucd in this u ay for scr eral centurics, u c should bc sccpt ic a I that u c. rvith our modem
perccption of lifc, know bcncr.
However, reality is dccper thanjust a set of shared bclrc[s rcality is also a sct of truths. The idea that
therc are'known facts' and 'unkno\\n facts' is something \1ith *hich wc all should probably r,:concilc
oursclves in thc modcrn world. Takc the rntemet, for instancc. Whilc it is uscful for looking up
undisputed knowledge, for e)iample that Paris is thc capital of F'rance, or that thc Sun is our near est star,
there is also much rnorc dubious infomration out therc. This is cvidcnccd in doctorcd pltoros or
misrcpresented figurcs that are placcd onlirrc, and sorre pcoplc take this misinformation as facr, sirnply
because they have blindly trusted it to be true, or bccausc ir has confirmed a belicfthat they already held.
Evcn our scnses do not escapc from this controvcrsy surrounding an oLrjective rcality. One kcy examplc
of thrs is the placebo effect, which not only occurs in mcdical or clinical trials. but in c\ cryday s ituations
too. Placcbos in othcr words mcdicincs that appcar to he a rcal but in reality arcn't arc oftcrr used in
t
clinrcal als as a way to measurc drug effects, yct somc(imcs paticnts symptorns appear to inrproYe
when taking placebos and not rhe real drugs. Evcn our vision. as cogniuvc scicntist Donald l-loffman
explains, oftcn mrsreprcsents the (ruth to us bccause our brains ha\ e to m4ke sense of rhc reccrr :d visual
data. He uses the example ofa train to show how this works. Wc think we all kno\\,what a train js cxactly,
but physicists would tcll you a train is mercly a collection of rroYing particles, panrcles that \!c ha\,c
grvcn a label in ordcr to attach sharcd. and indispcnsable. rncanrngs to thc oblec(. Optical illusions
provide yet further evidencc of how our brains organisc visuals to olfer some kind of meanilg that is
essentially falsc. Such illusions include the Ponzo depth-pcrceptron rllusion, in which two rdcntical lines
appear to be dlfferent sizcs *hcn viewed in conjunction \\ith convergrng track lincs going into thc
distance.
So, whatcver our expcriencc of the u'orld, thc signs are that it is fillcd with subjectivity in a way that
perhaps we didn't quite imagine bcforc Scicnce moves on and (heorics that oncc uerc takc-n as lact are
disproved, our bcliefs are subject to the modem world $c livc in and lts Yalucs. thc intemct ts littered
with untmths, and our minds can pLay tricks on us. Therefore, to be as bold as 10 say 'our \ay is best' is
perhaps a linle conceitcd. We know as nruch as our brains allou' and our physical conlcxt lclls us.
Pad 5 Test 2
31 ln the first paragraph, what does the writer suggest about the human relationship
wiih objective truth ?
A lt is somelh ng we subconsciously know is largely inaccurate.

B lt helps us to construct common meaning from whal we experience.
C lt is a tool lor bonding with other humans around us.
D lt is hard for us to tell whelher something is objectively real.
32 What does the article tell us, about past views of common realit es in paragraph 2?
A They were inaccu rate.

B They slow y evolved.
C They had longevity.
D They became illogical.
33 ln the third paragraph, how does the writer feel about information on the internet?
A We should aflempt to establish lhe accuracy of nformation.

B We believe only whal we choose lo believe.
C We need lo be less trusting of what we read.
D We should live with the varied quality of information.
34 The wriler uses the placebo effect to show us
A the lrmrts ol our senses.

B the benef ts of thinking positively.
C the drawbacks ol medical trials.
D the power of pure belief.
35 What does Donald Hoffman think aboul the way we interpret reality?
A lt serves a purpose.
B It aids communication.
C lt is a brain deliciency.
D lt impedes our understanding.
36 How does the writer summarise their attitude to what we think is real?
A We need to try to understand the environment around us.

B We aren't as all-knowing as we deem ourselves to be.
C We still have a lot to learn about objective reality.
D We should give ourselves up to hfe's ambiguities.
Catnbridge C2 Prof iciency Beading
Pad 6 Tr:st 2
You are going to read an exiiact from an a;ticle. Sei,en paragraphs have lleen
removed. Select trom the paragraphs (A-ll) the one that fits each gap (37-43).
There is one extra paragraph that you do r)ot need lo use.
The Reinvention of a Brand
Almosl everyone knows what Lego is and has One of the Iundamenlal approaches taken by lhe
probably played wilh t at some point in lherr I ves. Danlsh company rs based on lorging parlnerships
Since lhe company's loundation ir'1 1932, millions tl'rat allow collaboration on innovative projects
have been delighted by the inlerlocking brlcks whiie at the same time remaining true il their
that can unleash lhe crealive ideas Iurking inside principies of doing what they do best.
us, adults and children al ke. Parl of the ailraction
is in the attention lo delail, which of course the
cuslomer is largely unaware o1. The Danish
40 H
creator, Ole Kirk Christiansen, was metlculous
about 'doing things right', which is one ol the ol the most successful of these wirs wth
Orre
reasons why this popular toy has slood the lesl NASA, the American space agency. Tl]e lwo
of lirre. organisat ons partlcipaled in a robotrcs
compelilion during the'1990s, which was a big hil
among the participants and the organiriations'
37 F relationship has remained slrong ever since. This
is parily because The Lego croup is deeply
What led to this unlortunate slate was a series of inlerested ln how ch ldren play and learn, and also
bad decisions based on advice given by exlernal because NASA has a long history o berng
busrness consultants. At this time, prcduct involved n educalional projecls for young people.
diversity and business expansion were very Both want to encourage children to dev:lop an
much in lashron in all sorts of dillerenl industries inleresl in science and engineering through run.
and so The Lcgo Group had started to move into
A
various sectors that lay well oulside its expertise.
41
It had created theme parks, and clolhes and
jewellery lor girls, none of which were crealing
signitcant revenues so it was clearly time lo gel The Lego Group has never targeled ils F)roducls
back to basics and rethink their product slrategy. on just one gender. However, historically, its
popularity has been overwhe mingly enjryed by
boys. They love the mlni figures of pecple and
38 C don t much care how reallstrc they are. (iirls, on
the olher hand, need to be able to iderlily with
This renewed locus chimed well with the rnodel people. Apparently, lhls does not happen
company's motto, created by thc lounder, wilh the kaditional figures, which is why, atter
Christiansen, and which is carved into a plaque several years of merket research, a set cl figures
al the Lego Museum in Billund in Denmark: 'Only a med al girls was devploped.
the besl is good enough'. Thls idea of focusing
on strengths and not expanding inlo unknown
areas is a key fealure of the thinking in Danish
42 G
business culture, and the mentalily o, The Lego
Group is thal tl^e cornpany is aboul ergiree'.ng Focusing on whal customers like and rvanl has
good-quality products lor play and lhat lhey proven lo be uselul in a variety ol ways ln whal
should not stray from this focus. could be called one ol lhe first attempts at crowd
sourcing, The Lego Group got its fans and
39 D customers to vote on designs and even suggest
ideas lor new products. ldeas that went on to be
commissloned earned 17o ot sales for tl'e people
The change in the company's fodunes has been thal had suggesled them - a greal wav lo build
analysed exlensively bybusrness experts customer engagement.
lascinaled by such a
momentous linancial
turnaround ever since. Countless books have
been writlen aboul il and many olher large 43 B
brands have analysed The Lego Group's
approach to see how it can help therr businesses.
Part 6 Test 2
A A team lrom The Lego Group travels F However, this hasn't always been the case.
extens vely and engages wiih ch dren and Despite lts huge success dur ng the 1970s
parents to develop a better understanding and 80s, by the beginning of the lwenty-
oi what k nds oi loys children like and first cenlury, the company's lortunes were
d slike. By observing children interacting looking dec dedly precarious lt was n debl
with toys and each olher, the company can to the tune of $800 million, and sales were
largel its products more efJective y, which in fasl dec|ne. What had seemed
is how the team learned more about inconceivable throughout the company's
marketing lo g rls a sector that had history, a total and utter collapse was
previously eluded them. beginning to look lke reality.
B lnnovation has been key 1o maintaining G The company became extreme y

customers'interest, too, as can be seen in successful and sales skyrocketed in a
the Lego movies and the adult archilecture short space o1 lime. This attention to delall
range, and also in lhe new kids'social shows how serious The Lego Group ts
media platform, which allows children too about understanding play. ln lact, the
young lo partake in other social networking company thinks that it is important enough
plafforms to share their designs safely to have set up a sisler company to sludy
online. These extensons lnto cinema child developmenl as well as partnering
adult play and technology seem to with the children's charity UNICEF and
represent the final p eces of a huge jtgsaw linancing the lirst Prolessor of Play at
puzzle for a complete learning and Cambridge University in the UK.
creativily system by one company.
C ln order to do lhis, the newly appoinled H ln recent years The Lego Group has
CEO set about rebu ding the organlsation. worked wllh quite a diverse sel of
Business operations were slreamlined, companies in order to innovate, and an
and many lh ngs were scaled back such as example of this is the collaborallon wilh
staff and the product ranges. ln addition, Lucaslilm, the production company behind
lhe company sold all the extras lhat were the Star Wars films. ln 1999 lhe Lego Star
not a core part ol the business, which Wars tranchise was launched at a toy falr
meant that it was able to return to ils roots. in New York and it became instantly
popular. The partnership worked well for
D By returning lo the original elhos, the both companies and paved the way for
company was able to put emphasis on furlher innovative Lego Group
renewed energy in the brand and become pa(nerships.
linancially stable. Over a decade ater the
results were cear to see, and they were
extremely positive. ln 2017 the company
was voted the number one toy brand in
many countries. lt reported sales of over
!600 million that year, and the turnaround
was seen as amazing, one of the most
impressive success stories in commercial
history.
E This reth nk led to moving the company's

lactories to alternative locations. l',4any
large corporations outsource lheir
production operalions to parts of the world
oftering lower labour costs, but The Lego
Group has factories ln Europe, South
America and Asia so that a w de range of
products can be quickly shipped to their
key markels to keep lheir cuslomers, both
adults and children, happy.
Canrbridge C2 Prof iciency Reading
Patl7 Test 2
You are going to read an articlc oir travel adventures. For questions 44-53, select
the lravel writer (A-E) using the separate answer sheet. Each travel wriler may
be selected more than once.
Which travel writer:
says their luck initially changed tor the worse? 44 C
had some ralher stereotypical opinions? 45 D
got to experience a dillerent kind ot lile? 46 E
learned not to jump to conclusions? 47 B
has had a lot of travei problems ln the past? 48 A
caused a fuss about something? 49 B
felt like they were the odd one out? 50 E
was relrant on another person? 51 A
was in awe of Lheir surroundings? 52 A
thought they were ready for anything? 53 D

PaiT Test 2
Far-IIung Adventures
I:la Pcr kirs spcllis lo li\ a travjl $ rilcfs to disco\ ar ll)air Inost nlemoriiblc tra\'.1 e\peri:x(a
A Ethrn Simmons and ro fornr friendships rhat are strll lasLrng ro rhis JJ)
l'\'e bcen on a lalr lc\! Lnps, not all oflhcur easy, but And the most pricclcss part of alll I rrarie(l onc ol'
\\ten I (hrnk bilck ro orc trip thitt rcrll) stl ds out lor thcnlr
nre, it h.rs lo bc nry o\.emrshL rd|enlure rn rhe dcplhs
.,t thel.r'rslc lrq..l,r l,.Fl):rrrc t'r..bl rperrrr.r' D Taisa vasih tl'
lbr nunrcrous reasons, not least because Lr testcd mv
corrragcl For tlrnately, anrl cruc]irlly J gurdc uas at our
lry
I uscd to trcat peoplc \\ho took n\o weeks to go and
drsposal to dcal !\rth iury cvcntulLlrrcs thal mighl on a beach \\'ith contcmpt, considcring thcm to bc
occur or, at lcrst, kcep usa li\ e I I felr .ornplctely r! his
unad\cnturous and uncultured, but my recen! trck
nrcrcr :nd. urrdoubtcdlr. u'e J hare b(er Iou\t rf rl across thc Grand Canyon. world-famous for its jir\\-
hadn'l bccn lor hrn. O[ lhosc lnernorablc 36 hours. dropping landscape, his made mc thlnli r$lce. l d
thc hlghlighrs included bcing blttcn b) firc ants and decidcd tc go it alonc, cnd while on a deserled prlh,
chrsed b) r rronkcy, and to Iol rt ofi we slept teetcring on a rock tryrnB lo 8e! some shols ofan eagle
amongst it irll. albelt \\lth one c)e opeDr My circling in the sky, I slipped and endcd up wilh my li)Lrt
jamnrcd bel\(een I\\o rocks. A{rcr some \\nggling
or en{hclmirg rcco lectr,rr. ()rough. rs u hrt J ler\t loI
nrv serrscs Lhc juuulc tls Jt nr.!l)L lt rs lrkc all around I rcalrscd thal i( was sruck fasl. Ol-course. rs u
orchesLra ol (hc nrlural ,ror d scasoncd ildventurer I \\'as preparcd ior such
cvcnlualitics irnd so gr.rbbed rrly nrobile to ca ll for hclP,
only ro see I had no rcception. That will teach me lbr
R Ruth Conzalez going offthlr bealcn trackl I had no choicc bul Io spcnd
My most mcmorable exfcnencc occuffed \vhen I was rhe nighr our rhcre on lhe rocks, waiung for hclp and
a fearless teen on a long distancc bLrs, travclling solo irnagiring thc \rcrst, unlil a couplc camc prst carly 11cxt
\vith a li(le cush rn my beg and m) banl card rn m) rnomrng. In c future, I thinl I'll slick lo rn rll-
sock for safckccping IIo*elcr, during thc joumcy I incluslve hotell
had Lhe p:rrrlysrrg rcr rsatrorr rhrr nr) sock lell
suspiciously rght, und a plnicked fl:rrrble lhrough my E Tcrcsa Small
bclor..lrrgs conilnrcd \r hut I'd drearlcd nry card u,as
nowherc to hc secn fhc icar sprcaC thnrugh rnc, lnd I was irltcr-railmg arou d Eur'opc, and rr was Breat, ri'
b(lure I [n({ I I J bur l ,nlJ tcar'. m"L,ng q-ite a nothrng out of the ordrnary, a! least until I gol to
sccne that all the passcn(crs witnesscdr It was at this Greccc- From thc momcnt I alightcd fronr thc trarn in
point I bccamc au arc of a suspicious-lookrlg uoman, Athens I noticed a drffcrent air around me I wondcred
slcrling lid.lcll cl:nccs J( rnc rnJ u'hr.penng t,' lf i1 was paranoia, bul I go1 thc scnse that people were
someonc on her mobrlL: in a language I didn't giving rnc furtive glances, and I no(iced hushcd
Lrntlerstand. 'l hc hor ror crrntirucrJ wlrcn 1 al ghtcd, and whispcrs Ihal I suspeclcd werc made ln my dirccrion I
shc grabbed nry rlr rsl and sLrrlcd druging nrc lou rrds couldn'r pur m,,- lrnger on ir cxactly, but I had a hunch
x strafge rnanl Howcvcr, contrary Io rn! ralher dark that somerhlng wasn'r rrght, ard thilt I \r,as at rhc ccntrc
s0sprcrons, Lhe man Iold me hrs mo,her $us uorried of it. I spent a good halfdal fceling like t-har unril I got
abour nre but spokc no F-nglish. rnd lhey procecdcd to on a boal lo Naxos rurd someonc asked me lor an
go ot-rl oithcrr *ay to nriLkc rurc I uas sari and calrn. .rutopraph. fhe) s.ry cvcDonc has a double and lt tunrs
cven lirkrng nlc to lhc Ernbass!l Pcrhaps I should bc out mlne rs a faDlous Grcek soap opera starl Oncc I
nrore trusling if rhc lutluc. realr)(d rh... I rr'r'lleJ rn thc J11ention. (,rur.nS d .t I
\\hercver I \\'ent and cveh srgl nS the odd autograph,
c\'en lhough I\\'asn't the rcal deall Alter all, \rto
C )Ialt Cooper doesn't waDr !o ltcl spccial once rn a whilel
I'vc bccn at thc nrcrcl r.f a \hol( host ol'tirlinc
hassles whcn Lftl\elllllB, but none \r'as nrorc
rlrcrnorirb e ihon rhc fl)gl)l conrplicitrions I haJ oYer
my 2J"'birrhday. I was rctLrming frorr] Australia to thc
LlK, but bliz,,rrds had causcd haYoc in the UK lerding
to a slandstill fo. nrost {lrghrs bound that way. I lruly
fcll l'd \\on the lo(rery lvhen they an|ounccd rhat \\e
could take off. but lirtle did I know we'd be stuck on
thc rarmac ar our rcfuelling point in tlangkok, rhc city
thirl indrrcclly playcd host Lo lny birthday. I passcd thc
(imc \\ith lour slmnge,s on the pirrre, all ol rrhonr
wcre (layellrng solo lrkc mc, rnd rl $as one ol thc
llrost rcu'ar(lulq rnomcnls ol tn] ltle rs \\'e cantc
()gc!hcr lrom forr rlrflircnt cornrrs of rhc world to
commurrcale rn lhc lrttlc sharc<i Englrsh rhar !\'c had,
Cambridge C2 Prof iciency Readrng
Pafi 5 Test 3
You are go;ng to read an extract lrom a travel memoir. For questions 31-36, mark
the appropriate answer (A, B, C or D) t;rat you think fits best according to the
text.
.Iournal of a Reluctant Tra'r,eller
Thejoumey to Sallta Cruz was unevcntful, wliich l was grateful for. l d really not wallted to gct stranded
half\ray up a moun(ain in thc dalk like uhat happened a couplc ofweeks ago, coming across lhe border
from Chile into Bolivia. E!cn thcD I knerv thar choosing the nros( rnexpensivc bus contpany \\ as nsky,
but thcir bus u,as schcduled to depart inrncdiatcly ald I'd becn impalicnt )el agairl. A 1cw hours later.
when the bus started bclching out smokc and slruddcred to a halt, I u,as fu ous u,ith myself Ofcoutse,
by then it u'as too late ard so I spent an uncomlbltablc night uo dering whether I'd be slranded rhere
forever.
AnFvay, I'd learned that lessoll tile irard way and decided thal rhis time I'd rreat myseli to onc ofthe
rnodem tour buses with reclining seats, u'hich rvas obviously u'cll \1onh the invcstmcnt ofan extra trvenry
dollars. Also, I\rasdetermlnednottoallo\tlhathonificjourneytogettornetoooluchsincetra\eluas
supposed to be an ad\,enture, after all, and rlot cveryth lg could go smoothll'. That \\.as the reason Jbr
this trip ill the first placc. I was supposed to be 8lo$'ing as a person and appatently the frcedom of
traveling in unkrou'n places would allow mc to discover rhrngs about mysclf that had lajlt hidden in nty
overly strcsslul London lrfestlle
Initially, I'd bcen suspicrous ofthis as my self-image was stron-sly aligned \\,ith thc disciplrDe ncedcd Iiu'
a high-flytng career as a tax advisor to multinational corporatiotrs, not somc wandering hippic with
dreams of rescuing dolphins. \\ hy I imagined drat disconnecting from the relentless prcssures of my life
wouldo't be positive I have no idea, but in the u ceks leading up to ny holiday I'd told anyone $ illing to
listen tha( I disputed the fact that travel could be transformational
A glance through myjournal, horvever, u,ould quickly demortstrate my rgnorance ofthc poucr oftralel.
As the u eeks passed, my entries began to take on a drf'fcrent \ rbe, fr onr thc llrsl ones iternising facts like
they were a list of groccries to more descrptive pieces rvith obsenatrons and a gradual emergence ol
enrotive responses to the world around me. It was Irke a |ole revcrsal bccause, rvhile previously the u,orld
had exisred to serle nry needs, I norv felt a responsibiliry 10 be connected to my sunoundings. And thar
moming, as I hopped off the luxury bus, rt occurred to me that I lel( rested and calm in a u'ay in rvhtch I
hadn't really understood before.
I spottcd a cale in the comer of thc squarc, sat down at a shady table outsidc and, !\hilc srpping nry
coffee, noticed the scn cr as she happrly bustlcd around, grccting all thc custonrcrs, chattine and laughing
as she went, and it occurrcd to mc that I couldn't rccall the last lirnc I'd had fun at u ork. Anyu,ay, vhcn
retuming from the bathroom, a sign with 'Helpl'scrawlcd in large lcttcrs ncxt to lhc tourist lcaUcts
caught my eye and I leaned ovcr to rnspect thc tlped inlonnation undemealh. 'Manager necded for 6
months. Must have English and Spanish Spcak lo Sofia.'
Sofia, the server from earlier, had secn me looking at thc notice and rushed over. Not long altcr this, the
whole story about how her mother had just undergone major surgery and so she \\'as going to have to
refum home and nurse her through the recorery came out Anparently, home uas some distance a\\ay,
on the other side ofthe country. and she had,r't yet found an,vone to manaec the cafi in her abscncc. "The
problem is that I do cverything so I necd somcone lrust$orthy. somcone who unders(ands llgurcs and
can manage the business nol just servc coffce to tourists," shc said. And at that momcnt, right there in
the cafi. I realised thJt the propoqilion \\ ds too lemf\ting to re\l\1.
Sofla spent the evening cxplarning how the payment machrne and bookkeeping soltvarc rvorked, and it
all sccmed fairly straight forw ard. The next moming, she handcd me the keys and her phone number on
a scrap ofpaper, hugged me and disappcared. As I somcu'hat ncnously s(epped into thc sunshine to grcct
my flrst customers, I tricd to picturc rnv officc and flat hack in London and noticcd that the inrages
seemed to be fadingJust a Iittle around the cdges.
Pad 5 Test 3
31 What does the writer say about the bus journeys on her trip?
A Any adverse experiences were due to her own decision-making.

B The overnight trjps were more draining than she expected.
C She was annoyed lhat the buses were in an such a neglected state
D They kept to the scheduled departure times surprisingly well.
32 On the subject of traveling, the writer suggests that she:
A is as a veteran, constantly in search of adventures.

B only enjoys travel ng when there are no incrdents.
C prefers to splash out on luxury holidays closer to home.
D feels that she should broaden her horrzons.
33 Before setting off on her trip, the writer:
A was convinced of the healing powers of travel.

B hoped that it would live up to her expectations.
C was sceptical of its life-changing potential.
D believed that lt would be the key to all her troubles
34 How does the writer's account ol her travels change over time?
A She starts to record her experiences more accurately.

B Her iournal becomes more reflective and thoughtful.
C The more she travels, the less she feels compelled to write
D ll betler reflects her understanding of the local cultures.
35 The writer implies that she accepted the job in the cale because
A she suspected it mrght benelit her mental health.

B her Inguistrc abilities matched the requirements.
C she felt sorry lor Sofia's plight and wanted lo help.
D her employment expenence was identical.
36 What ls the overall etlecl that travelling has had on the wrlter?
A Her personality has become more outgoing.

B lt has enhanced her practical life skills.
C lt has made her reconsider her life goals.
D She regrets her previous life.
Pad 6 Tesl 3
You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been
removed. Select from the paragraphs (A-l-i) the one that fits each gap (37-43).
A Clothing Revolution
lf you're bored with your wardrobe and are and create new types ol clothing thal allow lor
looking lor a new style, you might wanl to think more cornfort and ease oI movement as opposed
about one olthe latest trends tn lashion, and lhal to strFl formal wear.
s digital clothing. Unlke all other lashion trends
in the past, digital lashion is unique insofar as il
does not actually exist. In this brave new world
40 A
clothes are made kom plxels rather than labric
and cuslomers can be far more imaginative, n They could also start asking lor a garment lo be
lact, the sky is lhe limrt when it comes to des gns copred usng dillerent materal as a way ol
n ihe digital arena. developing a unique personal wardrobe. Many
des'grers d-e al.eady way ahead of consumFrs rr
this regard and are expe menling wiih new
37 C materials or new ways of using existing malerials.
Some currenl suggestrons include clolhing thal is
However, il is worth bearing in mind that this type made entirely lrom small lights or melal, or even
of online image manipulatron is not a new idea. lrom planls and llowers. The poss bilities lor
People have always paid atlention to their proflle creativlty are endless and customers could end up
pictures on a vanely ol online platlorms that lhey with the clothes that they have always dreamed ol
use in both their private and professional lives. ln owning yel could never 1lnd.
the same way lhat appearance can be rnlluenlial
in real lile, our digilal appearance plays an
important role in how we are perceived by olhers,
41 H
which means people pay attentron to rt. What is
new, though, is lhe growing number of Despite lhis being a huge step in lhe right
advantages ol digital over physical fashion. direction, t is unl kely that att tLrdes to lashlon and
gender v{ll change overnlghl as the technology is
38 F not quile as advanced as people might thlnk.

Whie many brands have an online titi ng room for
cuslorners to try oul clolhes before they buy lhem,
By only producing a digital version of an ilem ol the body shapes used by thrs kind of soltware are
clothing al first, the costs that are associaled wilh fairly generic and slill based on traditional views of
making samples, having lace-to]ace meelings male and female bodies that rarely conlorm to
and other logistical concerns can be drast cally reality.
reduced. The designers can work on each em
of clothing using technology rather lhan havrng to
produce countless physical items during the 42 E
design process. tmprovemenls in lechnology
have meant lhal seeing a physical garment is nol As a result, digital clothrng remains qu le
as essenlial as it used to be. expens ve, bul this wlll change as the technology
improves, and the video game sector can shed
39 D some light on cuslomer engagement wilh digilal
fashion. For years, video game enlhusiasls have
been changing lhe appealance ol their avatars
This is likely lo become more important in lhe through outlits and weapons, and are clcarly
near luture as companies rush to meet happy lo pay for this service, which has caused
consumers'needs. Already il is clear that fashion the cosls ol avalar clolhrng lo fall as demand has
brands are adapting therr colleclions lo meet the increased.
demands ol ne,/v lifestyles, many of which are
becoming more llex ble in terms ol working
arrangements. As more people work kom home 43 B
and attitudes towards lormal office attire shitt, the
lashion rnduslry will need to continue to respond
Cambridge C2 Proliciency Reading
Pad 6 Test 3
A While some of the new trends have starled F The most obvious of these is ts
lo emerge, such as the rise in demand for suslainabrlity. Given that that lashion
le surewear, it is still unclear hov,, the digital industry is responsible for around 10?; of
lashion markel will develop. However, greenhouse-gas emissrons, there rs a clear
what is obvious I that it a lows for sell- case for lhe sustainability of digital fashion.
expression in a lar more nuanced way. For It can reduce waste considerably, both in
example, a customer only needs to buy terms of making the physical product, but
one d gital t-shirt, but they could change also by reducing the carbon lootprint of the
the image or slogan on that one l-shirt for design process, something that people
many different versions. generally think about far less.
B No one knows whether the cost ol digital G Fashion designers have much more
clothing \,vill come down in a levv years' . lreedom with digital garments and can play
time. At presenl, lhe market appears to be around in more creative ways lo make
growing, but some des gners have clothing more customisable and individual.
suggested that it is just a passing phase Ali this has become possible because
and rls pop'rldrity could disapoear in a people have been prepared lor digital
flash. As such they are cautious about fash on by a social-media'driven, rnodern
investing time or money rn something that society that is obsessed with photos and
may be around for jusl a few years. online images.
C Personalisation and creating an lndividual fl By putting the indivdual at the heart ol

look conlribute to being a key part of lhe digitalfashion, lhere rs also the opporlunily
modern approach to dentity, and we can lor a less prescriptive approach to clothing
do this by wearing original clolhing in both for men and women. For many years the
the real and unreal worlds. The lact that lashion industry has been criticised for
people already do this wilh imaginary using thin models and causing body-image
onlrne characters means that lt shouLd issues among young people. Because
come as no surprise lhal Iherc r5 a g.owing digltal fashion can be so unique, it
desire to do lhe same with our on ine challenges these ldeas.
selves loo.
D Costs can be decreased further through

the reduction in the time to lransport the
products to both brrcks-and-rrortar-stores
and online shopping platforms. This will
enable compan es lo become more ag le,
to respond lo consurners' needs and
potent al y to creale more collectrons that
will slarl to address lndividual lrfestyle
needs instead of being basec around lhe
four seasons.
E ln contrasl, the process of having clothing

lltled lo a specific body shape in a
customer's pholo is much more involved.
Currently, this work is done by people and
t is st ll quite a time-consumrng process.
Typrcally, clients upload a photograph and
then this image is digitally dressed by using
3D-modelling software. From slart to finish
lhis process can take up to a whole
working day.
Cambridge C2 Pro{iciency Peading
Part 7 Test 3
You are going to read an extract from an article on muscles in the human body.
For questions 44-53, choose from the sections (A-F) using the separate answer
sheet. The sections may be selected more than once.
ln which section are the following mentioned?
A connection between muscles and how humans combat cold climates 44 C

has been found.
A change in environment is highly likely to have been the trigger for the 45 D
genetic alteration.
Studies of talented athletes are helpifg scientists answer an age-old 46 A

question.
New medicines have come out of combining research lields 47 F
The proportion of muscle types in humans remains the same 48 B

irrespective ot physical training.
People lacking the protein might be less able to mainlain a healthy 49 E

lilestyle.
Slow-twitch muscles are better for regulating body temperature 50 D
Sporting excellence is due to the biological makeup of an individual 51 B
A higher proportion ol slow{witch muscles may cause mobility problems 52 F

lor some people.
Treatment could become rnore precisely targeted as a result of muscle 53 E

research.
Cambridge C2 Profrciency Beading
Part 7 Test 3
Ansrr cring Old and New Questions in Science

[-od,r;tanding nrorc about lhe n]usclcs ir'i thc httnran bodl
rh.ir lasr-t\!rtch rruscles. Inslcad, thc! usc thcir slow-
I:or i
long llme, screnlisls havc wondercd why some t$rtch nrusclcs, whrch arc morc elllcrcnt rnd ollow
peoplc rrc bc(ler (han orhcrs rl roleratirs the cold. and
pcoplc to rolcratc coldcr te rper:rtures lbr longer
pcriods ofrirnc.
receur research inlo why athlelcs fr(,nl dillerent pans
ollhe globe erccl in drllerent \pons rnay hxve shed The rcrson why so many pcople do not lrarc this
.Jnrc lrUllr oI lhc r.\Je \lnlcl.\ Irr 1l .crldtn proreln rs do\\ n to cvolulion As homo saprens begrn lo
countfles rre suprcmcl! sr.r!cessJul lorg-dis(ilnce movc nofih liorn n liica o\'er 40,000 years ago thcy
r.J.1cr\ Jn,l re.l r.'r.r.)'IJrt ."1 oln"r ., rr.P(lllur\ rn $ould have stdned to sclllc rn colder climatcs, and lhrs
glohal compc(rlrors such (hc ollmprcs. rvhLle alhletes would havc caused ir chxnge rn the)r rnetabolisms rn
\r'ho perfo.m exccptionlll) \\cll rn s,)ofls li I requlre order lo milnirge lr!ing rn thcse new condrtrons.
sho( bursts o[ cncrgy oiten cxnnc lrom complctely Scientis!s suggest Lhat a Scnc most hkely mulrtcd
drfltrent pans of the uorld. Ilcsear.h no\! suggests during rhls transition, causing thc Ioss of !his protern,
rhat alhletcs cdn bc calcgoflsed by Irusc]c l]pes The thc Evolutionary rcsult ol which was thal pcople
human body has last-r\\1rch end slo\\ tq'rtch nruscles, shivered less in thc cold thus prcsen,ing energy.
rhe word t\\'lrch' relcrring to thc nro\curcnt ol-lhe
nrusclcs, and, accordln.( ro srrentrsts. both musclc
E
t)pcs tuncuon ririlcrcntly I-ast-t*itch musclcs
contracr quickly aud arc use(l for xctions such as
'lhis research into rnusclcs could pr'ove useful lor
lLrmprng and sprLntrng. \\hercrs slou-l'r'il!h rnLrscles screnlrsls and doctors \rorking rn ccnain areas of
xrc thr opposllc ,nd arc used for slowcr Jctions such hcalthcare, one ofwhich bcing thc treatment ofrnuscle-
as *r king orloggtng !rasting discases. Thesc discases are commonly
inheri(cd, and rl could be inlercstrng lo see how pcople
\l'idl and \r'ithouL thrs prolcin respond lc) diffcrcnt kinds
B of medrcal intcrvenlions over lime. One srudy lound
Humans hare dilltrent combinations o{- thcse Iwo that ficrc is a conncction bet\r'ccn this 'gene [or spccd'
musclc typcs Lhat are sel rr Lrnh and cannor be and how long it Iekcs for some muscle-*,asting diseases
charrgcd through cxercrse, \{JrLch accour)ls fbr why ru progr(\\ dr'J \o hared r n thr, lindrrg. s. icnLrcts mr)'
some pcoplc arc nanrrirlly good rt specrll. spons bc ablc to dcyelop rrcdrcrron lhal is more e[cch\c lor
conrparcd to oLhcrs. Athlc(es \\ho possess more fast- di(lerent groups ofpatienls. Another kcy arcr is in that
r\\ irc h rru.clcs rr rll alu'a\ s hl\ e a cor)rpelrlr\ e edge in ofobes ry, u hrch is one ofthe nrost concemrng diseascs
spofis !\'hcrc spccd ls a (lccrsr\e l-acror, and lhrs rs i]lso Lrl-thc rnodern \\orld allcctlng millilrns of pcoplc in
lrue for long-drstnnce running $'hcrc thosc \\'ho hx\'e rrrany.u)rurr, Ilpc.,ple \\ rlhoLr rhc :f ciifi . prore.rr.rre
morc slow-t\{,i1ch rnusclcs will be nrorc likcly to win able 10 maintaiD thcir body tenrpcrarurcs more casrly,
raccs. \\:lral rs rrrerestrng rs that in both cases the thLs su8gesl tha!, unlcss thcy follow a health),diel and
prescnce ol one ol-thcsc musclc typcs rs much hrShcr cxcrcisc regularly, Lhe risk of obesily and assoctatcd
rn people rvho cnd up bccoming athlctes, rr'here the problems such as diabetes may bc consLderably brSher
ratio of lasl-t\\ rtch and slo$-r\\'ilrh nruscles is lbr them It has becn suggesred that lhis rnformalron
disprcponionale comp3red lo th,J rcsr of the could bc beneF-.rL lor do.ror' $lren.rJvrsrnu patrrrr<
population, r,herc rr rs rbout i0.50. In csscncc, then, on how to tackle obesiry.
lhcsc peoplc arc born lo be ath ctes
Ir
C Finally, researchers havc also notcd rhat pcople rvirh
What makcs thcsc musclcs driltrcnt is thc presence
of rDore slow- thiln fast t1)"ltch musclcs (in othcr uords,
a spccific protcrn thal appcrrs in the fas!r*itch lhose \\,ilh the gene mutatron and lhercfore *ithour rhe
muscles and has Lhereforc becn labelled as the'gene prolein) may injurc themsclves more lrequently aod
lirr spred' Thc disco\cn of lhrs prorcin has 3lso casily as they get olrler. Given thrt fast r$'ilch musclcs
contflbuted lo ongoLng,csea.ch ovcr the last dccadc handlc cxplosrvc nro!emcnts such as falling, rr lbllows
inro tlre aD I D' ol lrurnlns ro (oleritle cold clinrrrcs. tlrat oldcr pcoplc \\'ho do not have as r]ran) las(-nlrrch
Rescarchcrs harc obsencd that Lhis prorein, \r'hich is rnuscles rnay be nrore susccpliblc to acciLlcnts. fhe
prescnl in
fasl-t\\ rlch musclcs, rs pal1 rhis of rc'edrch thJl \el oul lo dn\r'er the age-.,1J quc'tron.rs
pheromenon because when human bernSs are cold to why cc(ain pcoplc are xble to lolerilLe the cold more
lhese muscles contracr rcpeatcdl)-. and qurckly, which than others has, like many scientillc cnquiries, pro!rdcd
explains * hy people shiler u hen thcy arc cxposcd to inno\ alron in mcdicine by rncorporarrrrg srudrcs inro a
lo."\'cr lenrperalurcs. All ofthcse tiny nruscle much nc*er ficld, that ofsports sciencc
rro\ ements creatc hear and that is how pcople u ann
up (hcir bodles
D
Ilo\\,c!er, one rn lve pcople rn thc $orld lack this
protern and so do not shrver or q'arm themselves \r'ith
Cambridge C2 Proficiency Reading
Pad 5 Test 4
You are going to read an article aboul horror. For queslions 31-36, mark the
appropriate answer (A, B, C or D) that you think lits best according to the text.
The Lurc of Horror
If, like rne, you've cver spcnt au evcning hiLldclr bchild lour cushion antrcipatiris lhc clrmax lo sonre
petriryillg scc[e m a fi[m, you'rc an:ong millions ofothcrs who can't help but \\'atch horol fihus \\'rtbout
the farntcst idea of uhy they re putling thcmselvcs through such an ordcal Ofcourse, therc are sorne
people \\,ho uatch such films to comc across as lcarlcss. cver ifundcnrcath thcir bold cxtclior thcy are
filled with tcnor, but there are also hugc numbers oiviewers rvho tmly rclish a good scarc.
The rcasons for diffcring rcactions to horor mly bc down to horv people's braius function. \Vatching
thesc kinds of movrcs releascs chemicals such as adrenalinc. endorphins and doparnrne, uhich make
most people feel charged with cnergy, mirroring the'fight or Iiglrt' cnergy rush rve cxpcrrence in tirnes
of peril, and, coupled \r'ith the safe envirollneut in u hich u e usually \\'atch lhese q'pes of movies, rve
end up rvith a physical fear response that \r c kDo$. is Do actual thlea! 1o our sal'ct)-. Due to thcse chenricals.
we can also get a fecling ofpride orce u'e'vc endured the eutirc 1ilm. as if we've conhonted the hon'or'
ourselvesl
Horror films also appeal to our sense of 'what if, and exploring thesc kinds of sccnarios aids us in
lbrward-planning for disasters. As ridiculous as it sounds, whclr we watch filrns preseutrng charactels in
dire straits (when, for example, someonc is tr apped in a cave ol ruming from a baddie), u e naturally set
about contemplating how qe would react if u'e $ere in the shoes of those in danger on screen. This
reaction is a subconscious way in u'hich rve prepare for the worst and leflect on how wc rvould handle
such menaces, and by opening oursclves up to a variety of haumatising eveuts on filnr, it cau make
coping with unpleasant, albeit Iess dramatic, real-ljfe situations casier. After all, it s ner er going to get
as bad as a zombie apocalypse, hopefully!
Watching these kinds of films also offers us a selse ofrnental superio ty (o others as we believe that u'e
could avert most of (he disasters that befall the characters. Lct's lace it, ma:ry characters in horror films
make disastrous choices How often have 1,ou been watchrng a nrovic and screamed for dre heroine no(
to go back into the house or rnto the basemetrt? These formulaic movies enable us to conclude that we
could never find ourselves in such a disas(rous situation, because q'e u'ould be far more u'ary than the
short'sighted sap u,e see on lhe screcn, and, as a result, u'e gain confidence in our ou'n abilitics. Further
to making us feel clever, these films aiso provide a fomr of bonding opportunirv fo: nrany people. Only
the rnost dcdrcated horror lans u atch these films aione in the dead of night; most of us u atch them whLle
clutching hold ofothers around us, and this is simply because the experience ofbcing aliaid and shocked
connects us to our fellow vie*'ers.
You probably have a friendship Sroup that includes a combrnatron ofpeople.*ho erther lo\e or loathe
hon or, and lve shouldn't l udge the reactions of others in terms of this genre. After all, u c koo\1 that
horror is more about how the chemicals in our brains are reactiDg rather than our own sense of bravery
Some people also have a better ability to suspend belief than others, u hich nright heighten therr chemical
reactions. People who enjoy horror and the fieling of being scared are oiien u ell a\\ are that *'hat they
are witnessing is fake and just an improbable diversion, but thosc \r'ho tend to cet \\,rapped up in the story
(and take a leap of faith to believe that these things could really happen) can find such films unbearable.
Ilowever, perhaps ifyou're determined to enJoy a horrol film with someone who traditionally isn't a
horror lover, tbere is an answer. Horror seems terirying until you look at it frorn a broader perspective.
How many times have you seen the baddie pounce lrom behind a curtain in the dead of niEht? It migh(
seem terrifying at first, but that baddie would havc had to be staudurg behind that curlaln for B]ro kno\\ s
how many hours u'aiting for the vicrim to casually pass. They probably got caught in the cu(ain
themselves, and almost definitely had cramp by the (imc thcrr vrctlm turned up Sonretirnes, asking the
most pragmatic questions makes a honor fllm mrn llrto a Joke.
Cambridge C2 Pro{iciency Reading
Part 5 Test 4
31 ln the first paraoraph, what s the writer's reaction to horror films?
A They try to avo d watching any o[ them.

B They have a love-hate relationship with them.
C They enjoy the feeling of fear experienced.
D They find them a territying ordeal.
32 ln paragraph two, the writer cites that horror lilms can give us a sense of
A insecurity.
B anticipatron.
C misadvenlure.
D accomplishment.
33 What does the writer find 'ridiculous'in paragraph threer
A How we imaglne ourselves as the characters.

B How we react to oertain plots in horror films.
C How some characters react to situations.
D How we compare horror films to real-life scenarios.
34 What is the wr ter's perspective on most horror f ilm victims?
A They can'l see the danger.

B They have limited abilities.
C They are predictably dim.
D They are stereotypical
35 ln the fifth paragraph, the writer suggests horror films scare people who
A are more realistic than others.

B are receptive to the story.
C have negatrve beliefs.
D see themselves as emotional.
36 What advice does the wrrter give at the end?
A Think of why the villain is doing it.
B Bealise how improbable the story is.

C Laugh at the ridiculous storylines.
D Watch horror f ilms f rom a more practical angle
Pad 6 Test 4
You are going to read an extract trom a magazine article on authorship. Seven
paragraphs have been removed. Select from the paragraphs (A-H) the one that
fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use.
HowlBecameaWriter
F
Glancing at the author's copy ol lhe book on the
desk beside me, I smile inwardly and resume 40
typing the email to my editor. I am confirming the
arrangemenls lor one of lhe promolional events Having been rmpressed by my piece describing
scheduled lor my new book. l'm padicularly the exhbition n their brochure, she managed to
satislied with how lhis, my lourth non-lction work track me down, first through contacting the gallery
on art, has turned out and Zandra, my editor, has and then my srster, and thal is how lended up
been especially complimentary too, saying it nearly choking on my cotfee one morning while
demonstrales my overall developmenl as a reading an email reqlesling me to write a serres
wriler. ol arlicles lo supporl the summer season of local
artists' exhrb tions To my amusemenl, she
37 B apologrsed for the low lee, but suggested that
lurther. more lucrative comm ssions cou d lollow il
this one were to be successful.
Given all that, it seems strange that lfind myselt
here, but lor some people lile is lull ol twisls and
turns, and thrs is definitely lrue lor me. My 41 D
leenage years were spenl dabbling in writirig lor
the school magazine nol with any parlicularly But lhis was her world - artrsls were accuslomed
lolty ambitions of turning il rnto a career, but to sourcing work by network ng, whereas I had no
instead an inleresl in crafling well-wrillen preces prevous experience of ths kind ol thing and
and a vague idea of perhaps belng publlshed one conlessed that I was extremely uneasy about it all.
day. Atler weighrng up all the advantages and
drsadvantages, Louisa persuaded me lo take lhe
38 A plunge, and to my surprise, that is exactly what I
did, firing otl an acceptance email that afternoon
before I had the opportunity to change my mind
When I compare it lo those ol my aga n
conlemporafles, my experience seems
exlraordinary nowadays. With lhe internet having
lranslormed the industry, it's hard to imagine holv 42 G
writers managed lo gct any work pror to its
invention, bul of course the truth is that there just Alter thal lirst summer, I was hooked on writing
weren't that many ol them. Fastjorward to the and started wondeling whethel l colld chanoe
modern age and everyone seems to be a blogger career. I was rn my fitlies and concerned aboul
or in the process ol sell-publishing their novel. gving up my job security, yet I couldn't stop
thlnking lhat writing, as lfound it so enjoyable and
39 H I
salislying, was whal should be doing. The
magazine had given me an editor, Zandra, who
hao -ra_aged to fi^d me so-e nore cor'1r'ssro'1s
One evenrng lgol a call lrom her to say that she
and, as promised, the payments drd become
was struggling with the lexl for an uocomrng
considerably higher and I was slarling lo leel like I
exhibltion brochure and could I give her a hand,
could make a living from my wriung afler all.
or al leasl some guidance. Apparently, the text to
accompany her artwork was supposed to be
quile formal, and she was having dilliculty finding rl3 C
the righi tone. I warned her nol to have very h gh
expectalions, but said thal l'd give it a iry,
nonelheless. Later that evenlng I managed lo
produce something I lhoughl would be deemed
acceptable and emailed it to her.
Pad 6 Test 4
A This developed inlo a stronger des re ,or F lt was a real success and I was delighled
recognition, and, as an aspiring writer, I'd to have taken part. However, I had no dea
spend months handwritiog or, later, lyping that this would set the lvheels in moticn tc
out manuscflpls, send ng lhem off to entire y change my life. Little did anyone
magazines and publlshers and anxiously know, but one of guests at the opening
awaiting responses that oflen never came. night was a woman called Rebecca Madin
ln a strange twist of fate, horvever, my who worked lor the on 'ne arts magaz.ne.
entrance 1o the literary world wou d come Paletle.
lhrough an altogelher moTe un-
convent onal roule.
B I actually slarted wriling fairly late rn lile, G Over the lollowing monlhs I devoted every
after working tor the local council lor many spare moment ol my time lo attending
years. As lar as work was concerned, I exhibitions and crafling articles on the
definitely didn't want to be in the limelight. merils and demerils of lhe reg on's asplring
Although lwas into literature, t was artists. I have lo admit that the whole thing
predominantly for personal enjoyment was thriiling; my brain was constanlly
because although I admit that i always buzzing with ideas, and I enjoyed walch ng
wanted acknow edgement for my writing, I them lake shape as I happrly typed lnto the
hadn't the slightest desire to be famous. night on my laptop.
Q As my readership grew, so dld my H ln addition to my interest in books, I have

reputation as a wriler and before long I was always had a passion for art, especiaily
writing articles for olher print and digilal impressionrsm. Wandering around
magazines, as well as for galleri€,s. A book galleries is an absolute pleasure lor me,
deal followed a few years later and by that although I don't have an artistic bone in my
time I had established myse t as a credible body, unlrke my sister, Louisa, who is
art writer, and whl e it's unrealistic to remarkably talented. And by thal, lmean
expecl the books I wrile to appear on a she has managed to forge a career as an
bestseller llst, I make enough to live well artist rather than il just being a hobby.
and every day I am grateful for my writing
calee r.
D Well, to be honest I didn'l know whal lo

think and the prospect of having to wrlte
somelhing to a slandard and when
payment was involved filled me wllh terror.
Questions came flooding through my m nd
and I immediately messaged my sister
demanding an urgent meeting, during
which she strongly advised me to seize the
opportunity.
E My first attempt was a disaster because I
just couldn't find the rightwords to describe

with any depth of feel ng the exhib tion
pa nt ngslhat were right in fronl of my
eyes. I was trying loo hard to impress
instead o[ writing from the heart to bring the
paintngs to lfe for someone withoul a
bac(g'ouno ,c art apprecralion.
P art. 7 Test 4
You are golng to read an extract from a textbook. For questions 44-53, select
the exped (A-D) using the separate anslver sheet. The expert may be selected
more than once.
ln which sections are the tollowing mentioned?
Switching to a plant that is easier to cultivate 44 D
Producers are calling for a more responsible attitude to production 45 C
People are often unaware of the importance of rubber in manulacturing 46 A
The livelihoods of rubber producers are insecure 47 B
The importance of reducing dependence on rubber trom overseas 48 D
The mass planting of rubber trees is seen as a controversial practice 49 B
A well-founded fear is that the world's rubber trees could easily be 50 C

destroyed.
The rubber production process is different to that ot other natural 51 A

materials.
The use of biological methods to increase the cultivation of a range oI 52 D

options.
Plants that could be cost-etfective rubber replacements 53 D

Cambridge C2 Profic ency Reading
Parl 7 Test 4
The Search lor a Nerv Wonder N'Iaterial

\s rhe q'urld's suppl)'.ifrubbcr becomcs Iess rcliuble, a solutron muSl be lound
C
\Yhcn people are askcd to identily rhc marcrills thal In order to try ro addrcss the prccanous condllons ol
rrc ndrspcnsirblc tc, rnodcm liie. !hc o.e Lhar sfrLngs boLh thc cnrrronnrcnt and srniLl lirnncrs. mrnv larsc
lo nlind nrosr olicn is p lirslrc. Vrlie lhrs rlueslion about rubber bu_vers, lncluding the *rrrld's largcst Irre
l naturally occLrrring matcnal anrl thc responscs are :onrp.,r,ic. rrare ,rtsr(d .rt L, .Ir , r!,Uri"dli,!r
morc varicd, ranging liom \iood to r:on Lo coirl Yet campargninq for susrainable rubbcr lt prohrbits buying
(hc ra\y nlrtenal th:rt *c rely on mos! lor such rubber frorn deforcstcd land and rlms lo scnd a cleirr
producls as nlcdrcal cqu)pment, clothrng and vchrcles mcssagc lo go\cmmcnts lhirr claifies qhat
tyrcs is ofcourse rubbcr. I! has an rnrpressive rlrge of o acccpt. Olhcr pcople in
corporations are nol prcpdrcd
propenies, such as berng wateqr.ool, duablc and the rndustr] are trling lo promLrte rhe ldea of il
Ilcxrble. and lhese propcrlres are uniquc and cannol be minimum price for rubbcr. similar to the Fair-Trade
nradc using synUe c mircflals. Thrs rj espccrally lrue concept lbr collee arld cocoa, $ llch alnls Io help small
when it comcs to
rnakrng Lircs li)r v.hiclcs lnd larmers stay in buslncss. Bcsldcs these rssucs, the
alrplanes.Unlorunrtcl\, the slalr ol rtlobal rubber rubber trec also faccs the conslant thrcat o1-discasc.
produclon s currenti) r,rnder lhrc.rt due Io disrasc, Netive Lo thc Brazilian rarnforest, hc plant \\as \riped
rlirrarc chirngc ard cconom:cs. Although rhe our rhere Lry a diseasr during rhe l9l0s and now o)rly
cxtraction of mNny olhcr rilw matcflil s such as slone grows in southeasl Asia. Somc screnrrsts bclicve thal
or trrnbcr is done via large corporalions on an wrti thc amount of goods and people constantly
rndusrrial scale. thrs rs not the casc *'ith n-rbbcr. In rravcrsing the world, rt ls only a matter of omc before
facr, quitc the opposltc ls true as approximalcly 8j9/o !his dlseasc arrir'es in Asia too ll thrs happens, the
of global nrbbcr produclron rs canlcd out by lilrmers world s supply olrubbcr could vanrsh almost ovemiShl
*ith small plots of land in thc l-orcsts of southeast lnd thcrc is liltle thal can bc donc ro prevcnl such a
/\sra. II Jusl so happens !hat therc rre mrllions of disoster Thrs is worry'ing enougll lo havc caused thc
pcoplc $orking Lhe land rn rhis \lai rrJ lhercfor.lhey European Unron to rdd rubber ro rrs list of crrtrcal rau
rc able ro lulfll the sulply ofrxbbcr requlrcd lo help rnirterials
our livcs run smoothly.
D
B All lhis has Icd scientrsts and conrmercial
I Iowcvcr, thc price oInrbber is not dctcrmined by the manuaacturcrs to invcstigate alLcrnative options, and
usual cconomrc pnnciple of supply and dcmand. there are a couple ol plants lhal could potcnlrally be
SurprisLngLl, rt rs conrr(rllcd b)'ir finarclal markcr in used as suLr\lirures Thc mosr S nrnc rr llv \rab le ofrhesc
Shanghai in much thc samc,,\ay as orhcr comnrodrLics rs guayule, a bush-lrke plant ndlr\c to rhc USA and
such as gold rnd orl, uith tradcrs rrilking lhc price Mexico. One of thc drivcrs behinrl the
nro\c up or do$'n !hrough bu,ving and selLing stocks commercialisaLion ol_ this planr
the lacl that rl gro\r's
rs
and sharcs. fhrs nrcans rhat small finners are ar the in lhe USA, a counuJ lhat curcntl) rehcs hca\rly on
mcrcy of thcsc price lluctualions, and many oI them thc Asran rubber supply and \\'hich is acrir eJy looking
cannot continle when prices arc kcpt low for long for rval's to reduce this reliance given !he issucs
pcrLods 01-llme. Frofi !hclr pcrspecuve Lhei arr botler rrentioned above. The US gorcmmcnt pr$iously
olfqro\r'rng orl palms bccause pl]lfir orl rs lcss lebour cxpcrimcnrcd with gua)lrle dLrrrng the Sccond \\'orld
'rrc,rsi\e Io FrL,Juce lhJn rLbber Irr:r. .lpri.e' u'ere War \\hcn rubber u,as scarce. bul laLer abandoned rhc
lo flse enouSh lo mxkc rubbar plantirtions consislcntly project when global tr.rde got going again 0nd Asian
profitable, it is rot as s mpE as (hxt lh:re arc those ntbbcr bccarne more readil_y a\arLabl!. No\,,, however,
u'ho areuc thrt r:rort rubbcr trces shoulJ be plrntcd so Ihere irre .l lcu comlrr r( \ l-\ e\r ll,t r.cJ\ il, Dr lD ln8 t.
rhal rising dcnrand cun bc rret, bnl lhe nrake guayule an altemative, and Lhcrc are srgns thal il
counlerargurncnt is lhirl rubber trccs have contnbuted could actually be succcssful. Rcscarchers are working
JLlst es srgnrlic ntly to lhe loss olbrodiversiry rn Asia on brecdrng strains ol the p an! thrL cLruld bc gro$n on
: .rl prlnr l)rntatr.'n. n"re Co\. n'renr\ .n 'ome a much largcr scale so as to a',ord the currcnt $orld
countries ha\e cleated \ast areas of forest to grow rcliance on a plant ultose funtre is far from sccure.
rul bcr trec, fur pror l :rl,,nc. anJ lh( r c r. a
'lr,.n! \ icw
thal this krn(L ol behuviour should not bc r:ncouragcd
In facl, thc ma;oritl ol pcoplc beLicvc that
8Lr\crnnrcnts should lcad the $'ry rn solvrng sLtch
proLrlems of biodiversity
Pad 5 Test 5
You are going to read an extract from an article. For questions 31-36, mark the
Kceping Up With Innovation In Nlanagcmcnt
Until reccntly, had you asl<cd thc avcragc crnplo;cc of a ntedi'Jm-to-largc company aboul thcir carcer
aspirations, )ou $'ould cerlrinly havc hcard rnany stato that mana-qcmcnt u as lhcir goal not neccssarily
scnior managemcnt but middle managcmcnt, thosc rolcs in whrch pcoplc arc responsiblc for a tcam by
oversceing projects, monitoring performance and rcpollillg upwards. Ovcr thc last fi fty years or so, as
companies grerv so drd the nurnber of marragcrial rolcs and tlteir attraction. Not anyntoc, though, if
rccent career-proglcssion suncys are lo be belielcd. A sun c_v in 2019 rcportcd that consrdcrably lcss
than half of the thousand employecs intcrvicu'cd across live courrtries sarv Dlanaqemcnt as a dcsirable
carecr paLh.
It secms that nrarlagetneut is undcrgoitrg sornc fairly radical changes, and for a nrolc thorough undcrstand
of thcse contemporary devclopments it is Nortlr taking a monrcnt to step back i tinte k) cxplore Ilow
rnanagement as a colrcept arose and persistcd Two rronunrcntal changcs in the l'orld rcshapcd rr.,lro r/oes
y,hat and howin the rvorkplace. fhcflrstu,asdrivcrrbythcrrachrncsofthcIndustrial Rcvolution that
automated the skills ofcraltsmcn and rvomcn whose dcdication and rcsulting skills had previously bcen
highly rcspected. Conversely, lhc ncw, lcss skilled rvorkcrs Irad littlc dernanded ol rhcrn, cxccpt to follow
orders prcciscly, and this ga\c risc to lhe role of'managcr' sincc lhc character of this uorkforcc *as
often rll cquipped for the nature of lactoiy rvolk, rvhich resulted in lrequent abscnccs and acciden(s.
Now, the Age ofTechnologl,is makin3 sweeping changcs rcross the cconomy, and, ilonically, rhis may
be causing a rctum to thc old ways of working. Tccturology rs morc tha, capablc of doing many of the
activities associated with managers, such as monitoring pcrformance and producing reports from Iarge
amounts of data. It could evcn be argucd that technology is bcfter, or at lcast more consistent, at thcse
tasks than human beines. But thcre is another pornt that is morc imponant herc: that the nature ofmany
modcm jobs is more akin to the rolc of the old craflsrrcn and womcn.
Increasingly, modem lobs are based on kno\',ledge as technology rcplaces Yast s\\'athcs of ntanual labour.
Thesc employees are esscntially experls in their spccrfic rolcs, but this also mcans that thcy are ltkcly to
bc ablc to self-organisc in small teams without the necd ibr a manager dirccting thc project. In sonte
u'ays',r'c have rctumed to uorking practlccs of thc past, rvhcre skillcd craftsmen and womcn worked
together on large projects. Thesc modem-day cxperts in their fields know \hdt needs to be done and
Iow, and managers are incrcasingly vie*'ed with irritation as thcy try to imposc thcir ou.n ideas on a
project without having the nccessary cxpert understa:rding. Jt{any companies nou'adays lrave sclf-
managing teams and have shiftcd the manager's rolc to that of mentor.
Although the luture may seem uncenarn lor many managers, a slight shrft ii pcrspcctivc can rcvcal somc
positives. For one, as thc necd for managcrs reduces, thosc \\1lo arc lcft rvill havc to help guide companics
through the transitron, and thcreforc their skills will be highlv valued. In addition. rnanagcrs uill harc to
develop new skills that they could possrbly use in coaching scll-managcd tcams through complex aspects
of projects. Some of thcse skills could include understarrding thc psychological dynamics of teams,
communication technlques! stress managemcnt and impror ing innoration
However, as the new look of management develops, rt will becomejust another part of lhe changing
landscape of the workplace. The previous division of labour benveen workers and managers essentially
pavcd the way for the idea ofcarcer progression or advanccment, u hich has sin ce dom inatcd our attitude
towards employment. Younger workers currently see advancement at \rork vcry dillcrcntly, but this is
not to say thal thcy are any lcss ambitious than preccding gcnerations. They are looking for opportunitrcs
to develop pcrsonal sktlls or incrcasc thcir knolledge, and thrs clearly highlights the diffcrcnce bct*cen
the old and neu'practices. Previously, carecr progrcssion $as ouhvard lacing, through the monitoring
and controlling of others, whrle nouadays pcoplc arc more inward looking with a focus on pcrsonal
fulfilment and increasing their effectivcness. All this is part of thc rcirnagining of work, a proccss
accelerated by today's lcchnological revolutron wherc thc buzz\\'ords are 'renrotc rvorking', 'u'ork-life
balance' and 'personal grou'th' instead of climbing thc laddcr to managcmcnt.
Cambridge C2 Prof iciencY Reading
Pad 5 Test 5
31 ln paragraph l, accordlng to the wnter, how have employees' career objectives

have changed recently?
A People prefer workinq in leams wlthout strict hierarchies.

B They have sel their sights hlgher than prev ous generalions
C Fewer are motivated by the idea ol taking on responsibility.
D N,4anagement has become a more attractive progression route.
32 Paragraph 2 says thal the challenge for early managers was
A stafl discipline.
B commanding respect.
C qualrty control.
D training workers.
33 ln paraqraph 3, what does the writer think is ironic?
A People's newlound positive attitude to technology.

B The desire to introduce old crafting techniques.
C That technology can so easily replace managers.
D How changes in the workplace are coming full circle
34 Paragraph 4 says that the traditional role of manager is disappearlng because
A their expertise goes out ol date quickly.

B their knowledge is often disputed.
C they serve no obvious purpose.
D they tend not to be good team players.
35 In paraqraph 5, how does the wnter see the future of management?
A ln an overwhelmingly positive light.

B As a career to be avoided at all costs.
C Yet to be defined with any clarity.
D Not lkely to stand the test of time.
36 The wnter concludes that:
A companies now need to provide their employees with a wider range of benefits.
B the relationship between individuals and their work has evolved.
C employee satisfaction is achieved through a sense ol belonging rather than loyalty
D employers and employees both value interpersonal skills highly nowadays.
Catnbridge C2 Prof iciency Reading
Part 6 Test 5
You are going to read an extract from a book. Seven paragraphs have been
removed. Select lrom the paragraphs (A-H) the one that fits each gap (37-43).
The Empty Shells of Antarctica
Generally, the coldesl, dresl and windiest

continenl, Antarctica is a lrial for the human bocjy 40 A
to withsiand, so lwas nalurally apprehensive
aboul my expedition to Mawson's Huts, a rentote Naturally, lhlngs are changing. There ls a more
outpost if that lrozen continent. ur'rderlaking one general awareness in the world that humans need
of lhe mosl epic journeys l'd ever be likely to take. 1o limit their lmpact, and such polcies as the
ldressed in layers ol thermal and v,/aierprool [.4adrid Protocol, which indlL]des, alongside wide-
clothing in order lo shield my rather pampered rangrng rules on commercial activity in the
body hom the sub-zero conditions that awaited Anlarctic, regulations cilrng that any abandoned
me. slruclures should be carelully removed. However,
lhere are still many tourisl trips made to the
37 G continent, including to Mawson's Huts, and there
are slill thousands ol empty outposts to see there
When larrived al the huls, the lemperature was

-7 degrees Celsius - whrch we could consider lo 41 C
be summertime there, lwas told - and tt lelt
brtlerly cold wilh a wind lhat whipped inlo Lhe very The 1959 Antarclic Treaty declared lhat only
hearl ol me. How men could survrve there all counlries conducting subsiantlal research activity
these years ago doesn't bear thinklng aboul, yel, in Anlarct ca could have a vote in decisions aboul
upon enlering the hut, echoes ol their lives, and the cont nenl's future. This, naturally, saw heigh!
their successes, slill resounded in such small ened interesl n the area and conslruction, but lor
details as their names on their bunks, and names political purposes rather lhan irue research goals.
ot lamilrar places they could lhink about while
H
there.
42
38 D
The foolpnnt oi the Mawson expedition would
have been relatively minor in comparison to whal
Since the 1970s, continual eflorts have been we see loday. The high-tech bases typically serve
made to preserve the struclure, as it is just one to conduct a range of aclivllies lhat conlaminate
ol six surviving sites from what is known as the lhe Iocal environment, lrom noise and visual
Heroic Era ot Antarctrc Exploralions, a time in the pollulion to discharge of sewage and energy use.
early 19lh cenlury when lhe lirst explorers arrived Ol course, these elemenls are necessary for
there. ll was perhaps given lhe name'heroic'as scienlisls 10 have a comlortable existence on the
the condilions were perilous, and the expeditions' island, but they are cedainly at odds with
aims were mainly to further our underslanding of preservatron of the nalural environment.
the environment.
43 B
39 F
This may seem incredible, seeing as Antarctica
has no permanent human population. There are
on average 3,000 people stationed there during
the year and this number drops to around 1,000
in the more challenging winter monlhs. This
means thal buildings greatly outnumber the
populalion and, on top of this, mosl people are
concentrated in a lew active research stations.
The lacl that lhrs beautilul wilderness is littered
with disused buildings is something thal is
extremely problematic and the focus of inter-
national action.
Paft 6 Test 5
A The laod and the wildlife that lrve on it are E The hoslile nature of the environment there
extremely sensitive due to the fact that they may have limited human presence, bul
have rernained in an enviroo.nent virtually sadly not sufficiently to prevent changes to
unto-ched Dy un^.rown irvasive species the natural ecoculture on the continent.
1or thousands of years. This lragility, Despite what we may think, Antarctica has
coupled lvith the careless rntroduction o1 an abundance of flora and fauna, many of
human activity, can leave indelible effects which have been altected by the growing
on the landscape. Such effects include lhe appearance of man and his structures on
unintentional inkoductron of invasrve their land. Yet, many claim this js a
species, and the irresponsible disposal of problem thal cannot and should not be
waste for human-rela(ed aclivities. reversed.
B There s no easy resolutlon to lhis F However, and although this is one ol a

drlemma. Sorne academics have called for smattering o[ slructures of historic
research stations lo be sha'ed between signilicance on the contrnent, it rs far from
countres to limit the human footprint on lhe unusual as abandoned buildings in
continent, but continued smooth Antarctica go. ln fact, there are around
participation jn such prolecls between 5,000 slructures on the continent, many of
countries isn'l an easy endeavour. Another which are deserted, and the buildings there
solution could be the introduction of furlher range from research stations to churches
regulations, but this hasn't seerned 10 work and lighthouses.
in the past. Maybe the answer lies in the
gradua change of our col ective mindset n
respect of our natural world. As more and
G Sir Douglas i.4awson and his team didn'l
have such luxuries when they constructed
more people realise that we as humans
these small structures over a century ago.
have a responsibilily to protect rather lhan
With his group ol explorers and scientists,
transform the environment, maybe
governments will start listening.
they established the base in order to
provide ground-breaking information about
the environmenl and wildiife on the
C One reason tor this ls thal these ob igalions continenl, even sending the first radio
do nol apply to bui dings that were communications from the continent back to
constructed over a certain number of years Australia, documenting lheir undertaking.
ago. Th s s largely because these sites
have historical significance, and there may
be environmental repercussions lrom lheir H Nowadays, the continent is peppered with
removal afler so much hme. Yet rt was run-down structures from the 20th century
another policy dec sion that perhaps to lhe modern stale-of-the-art bases that
caused the inillal boom of these buildings. are currenlly being used by researchers.
We can only,imagine what Sir Douglas
Mawson would have thoughl about these
D lt's essentially a wonderful socral history
kinds ol deveiopmenls and the use of the
lhat is literally trozen in time. lcould see a
land.
candle in a tin and a book, The Methods of
Mr Ames, which conjured up images ol
someone in their sleeping bag reading by
candlelight. However, despile these
wonderful historical details, nature is
constantly trying the rec arm this
seftemenl, as can be seen by the ice
crystals creeping inlo the building
Catrbridge C2 Prof iciency Reading
Pat17 Test 5
You are going to read an artlcle aboul people's opinions ot lestivals. For
questions 4rr-53, choose from the people (A-D) using the separate answer
sheet. The people may be chosen more than once.
Which person:
describes a festival thal prioritised the involvement of local businesses 44 D

kom the outset?
thinks that festival organisers are indifferent to cedain lestival-goers? 45 A
provides an explanation for why some people dislike the effects of 46 B

lestivals
confesses that staging a [estival involves a real commitmenl? 47 D
explains a downside to having a wide range of performers at festivals? 48 C
describes an imbalance in the provision of lacilities? 49 A
menhons their preference for a more formal approach lo festivals? 50 C
talks about being dissatisfied wilh the narrow target audience of mqny 51 A
festivals?
acknowledges the linancial benefits of festivals? 52 B
says that they are fussy about the types ol festival they feel comfortable 53 C
attending?
PartT Test 5
E'r'aluating Diffcrent Festivals - A Personal Perspective

Pro;leshele*hrt rhc) lo,,e about lesti\als, r\ \\ell asthcrrpcthrlcs
A Hanila C Yoshie
I suiltr liom mobrlllv dilficullic!, ]Dd so need a Thc rorflng croNds and lack ofspacc at music fesLrvals
\\heelchair to gct around Thrs makcs festi\als a are orcr\hclming lor rnc (o say thc least, not ro
nightrnarc since rhe majonly of them lall to provlde menlioD lhc huge capacrry ofmany ltstr\als no*adays
adequatc lccess for pcople in rn) srluiltron. This is thar rnakcs thcm disorientalrng, unplcasan(
espccially true when compared to orhcr nrusic and expcrielrccs Houcvcr, that's not to sa_v that I ncvcr
perlirnnance venues. such as concrrt halh rnJ theatrcs allend ilny I rn jusl sclcctir c and ensLrrc thlt I rcscarch
\rh.ic (lisrbl.d rcccss Ls a .gll riquriemcnt an cvcnr rhoroughly bcforehand to e\ alLratc rts
nowJda)s. Ihc cnrplorces tn thcsc !enues hlvc sui!abili!\. Those rhat are rnore appeirlrng tend to bc
receircd rraining ir herlth and s lely ibr dsabled lirerary lisrivals as rhey often requrre considerable
peoplc ard are alwrys avarlablc Io hclp I could conccntration on tho part oIthe audrence, which forccs
probably mrnage lo nirvigate onc o1 lhose placcs everyonc lo lislen a(cntively and qurctly. Reccntly I
\\ithout rn) such assLslance. but festrvals are the exact alrcndcd irn onlinc fcstival and u'3s delrghted nol to
opposilc. I know sornc people thlnli thal lirs is just h.\e l,' nlh, any ncrforTnarces es .rll 'essions rc-r:
disoppointing. but. rs far as I'rD rolrcemed, it's recordcd and subsrquently made avarlable !o trcket
discrinlnrtion as it licls likc lie orgirr rscrs are cithcr holdcrs rllerwards, a dccision by lhc orgarisers thrt
tgnolng Lrs or can t bc bolhered ro 1l rJ solutrons to dcfinrrel! cnhanced nry overall expencnce ofthe c\cnr
oJl -1.1 .\ fro'l(nr\ I Jrrr I rmJiln( Il ,l ln pru!irE That's somcrhing thal gcts on my ucrves at ll\e
drsablcd rc.ess to lsstl\als ,ri)ulJ be an fe5u!J.\ o(.'Ju\e I rl$J)) enJ up lr.rrrng rr rr .,.
insrmrountable problcnl, bul orsa rscr's lusl don't sonlcthrlrg I want to scc as a resull of performaDcc
secm to bc uilliug Lo dcvoLc thc Dcccssary (inle and clashcs. Al(houBh I understand !hat predictinS icstrval
elfon. At lcas! nou,adays a significrurl numbcr ol_ goers' [rvoL]n(es is ar rmpossible task, I get frustrllcd
lesn!als offer some lorm of on line acccss. bu! I would by not havrng access to thc programrne in advancc, anrl
really apprcciale it rf nrore an ellon *erc made for sometimcs I leel a liulc shon changed, like I ha\cn l
\\'heelchair users ovcrall hJd reJl \'"lu( formonc) bc(ause l !e hird romr\ssurnr
perfbmlances or talk fiat I was really kcen on seelng.
B \IiN
\\hrn I thrfk of lestir aLs, music rs thc Lirsr thing lhat D Iker
corres to mrnd 3nd I supposc thal's bccause lcslilrls I'm on thc commrtrcc for rhe surnnrcr iastrval hcld in
in the region I livc in arc prcdomrnanlly focused on our town cach AuSusl. Thc festival camc about lronl a
gastronoDry. It's very agricultural hcrc, and Ihat, group ofparents complaining about a lack ofprovrsion
couplcd wlth the inaccessible coastal locatior), has for iamilies with chiLlren, especially thosc fiom poorcr
crcalcd many food fesrrvals, some olwhrch anract lots backgrounds or those rr'rth disabilitrcs. We \\anrcd lo
oftourists lookrng lor !hrngs ollthe bcatcn track. Food centre lhc festrval around rhe conccpts of inclusrrity
tourism brings \isrlors from lar ilnd wrde, and anJ Jivcrrity in Lrur curnmunrry. so *c B,r\ e pnurtv lJ
allhough it's boosled our local econorny considerably per{brmcrs and calercrs uho wcrc local rcsidrnts
oYer thc l.r\r coLrflc ol dccades, rt's not !\'irhout its lhellr\cl\cs qnyu"v. \rithin hrrurr uf putting up a
disadr afLlgcs nrost ol !vhrch cenlrc i ound the rssuc \\'cbsrLc and postcrs asklng i'or partrcrpanrs. $e uerc
of\ ch rc ic rccess. Geuing to some of thc smrll r illagcs inundalcd \ Lth applrcants for food stells and c nrLrsrc
where thcse lesli!als are localcd ls cxtremely stage, as wcll as counllcss childrcn's cnrer(ainers. l!
challcngrng for buscs and caravans, ud locals are was quilc remark^blc, and we wcrc dchghted, but of
nonc luo pler:ed $ irh rh( disrulli,,n rhi, cdusc\ ru coursc lhar was when \r'c realised jusL how much *,ork
"lL
therr cvcrydal,, li\cs Iloue\er. all that is usuall!, the orgrnisation would entail. \Ic were slightly
lorgottcn as soon as the cvcnt is in full ss rng bccausc daunled b) Lhe prospcc! Io be honcsL, bur $c nccdn't
peoplc arc harine such ir fentastic limc i\s far as I'nr hale Norrrcd as thc lirst festiviil was a rcal succcss
-orcc|-'1c,l. lhcs( (\.rl\:rrc tar b.rrr'r tl..r'r 'rtrrns'rr .r storlr irnd wc cvcn had a joumalist liom the local
field t lh a picnic listcning ro rnusrc bccaLrse thcrc arc ncqspirpcr comc to coycr the elent, uhich enablcd S
tables and chairs, and proper pLatcs and glasses, as ro gel sone lundrng liom the Iocal council for rhc
letL as oppomrnrtrcs to rncet peoplc frorr dil'fercnl follou'rng rear. Sincc thcn, rt's gonc front strength to
cult!les ]s )ou samplc the amazrnS prcduce on olltr. slrength irnd has created a real sense ol-communit) for
all thosc rnvolved.
Cambridge C2 Proficiency Beading
Pad 5 Test 6
You are going to read an extraDl trom a novel. For questions 31-36, mark the
The Courics
Clcaning is profoundly Liresornc for me at thc bcst of tinrcs, and contcrrplaling having to retunr to my
family homc and u'hip my parcnts' attic into shal)e so that !hc),could havc it convcrtcd it into a studio
did not fill rre with any enthusiasln uha(soevcr. In their eil]htics, thcy couldn t realistically undertakc a
lask likc that without some assrstance u ith thc bulk of it, and bcsidcs. I dc'spcrately rccdcd a b it o fresprte
arvav lrom the city. I u as beh ind on nr] rcnl and my nlusrc cirr ccr appearcd to be at an c rccli\ e standstrll.
Spcndrng rny timc playing half-crnpty bars and reslaurants fol barely nrinrrrum uagc rvasn l Lhc drcanr
I'd ycarncd for, and most nighLs I fclt like I rcccivcd aboul as nruch recognition as thc llrrniturc did.
So, I Ioaded up my tn-rck and tlavelled back to Dry parcnis' lllacr lor thc \\'rntcr Although it might lccl a
bit unscttling to be back in the lamily honre. I knc-.v rn1, assrstarrce u ould be invaluablc for litc odd lobs
that had been neglected recently, not to cntion the quality Lime uc'd bc ablc to sharc, and, aftcr all
thcy'd sacrificcd lor rnc, putting in a icrv hours of labour rvas the lcast I could do. It \\,as bcing back
amongst all the mcrDories witlr tilnc on my lunds Lhat prompicd me to start reasscssing my Iilc The
futurc, instead of looking like an arrazing hlarrk canvas. lclt lrkc a bleak and enrpty spacc. and v, ilh cvcn
path my imaginat,on (ook, Lhe avcnues appcarcd 1o bc closcd. I u'as conring 10 thc slo\r' and reluctant
realrsation that I might have to make this stay pcmranent, which rvas a far cry from thc futurc I'd drcamcd
ofas a hopeful child formy forty-fir'e-year-old sclf.
But littlc did I know that the tide was about to (urn. While I was sifling throuSh all thc junk in the attic,
I camc across a box of old supcrhcro comics that had becn rnl dad's childhood obscssjon lt was obvious
that thcse \*,ere his pride and joy, with evcry cherished cdition in minl condition and individually
wrapped. Dad u,as dcTighted to llc rcacquainlcd with hrs boyhood and wc spcnt !he aftcrnoon browsing
through the paSes while he reminisced ovcr !hc good old day s It cven h iggcrcd my oun recollectionsl
I asked hrm ifhe wanted to keep thcm, but hc declined insisting that they d be bcftcr oflbcing passcd on
to someone who'd get thc samc kick out ofthcm that ire oncc I1ad. He (old me that the second-hand shop
in town might be able to do something with them So, I packcd (hem into the trunl( of my tmck for the
night, with the intenrion to see whether the second-hand shop might sell them on along wrth thc othcr
junk I'd discovcrcd.
In town the following day, I wcot in the only store that *'ould be in(ercstcd in the old clutter fiom my
parerlts' attic, the sccond-hand store called McBrrde's that tradcd in all mamcr of lhings. On e:rlering,
intcnding to drop cverything offand lnake a dash, I casualll'mcntioned to the o\\ncr \\hat l'd bccn up to
the aftcmoon bcforc and hou wc'd pored o\,cr dad's old comics Shc,looked at mc knorlingly and
suggested that they might be of sizcable valuc dcpcndirg ol1 uhen thcy had beel pubhshed. So, rve
hauled all the comics out onto thc counter and began searching onlire lor in?ormatiou on each cdition,
to see if we could strike it lucky with any of thcm. We couldn't believc our eycs xhcn wc typed in 'All
Star Comics Issue 8', and thc scarch results rcvealcd that, it being the first edltion to fearure Wondcr
Woman, a copy had recently sold at auctior) for over S900,000, and herc it u as. another first-edition copy
with no teals and no blemishes, and in my lrow rafter sueaty shaking hands!
With our u,indfall, my parents u'ere able to construct their dream srudio, as u'ell as go on the rlorld cruise
they'd ahrays drcamed of, and they lumished me ['ith the money for an altogerhcr drlfcrent studio in
whrch rve could achieve orrr sharcd ambitions. I recorded my first album with my neu,ly formed and
named backing group, "The All-Stars", and that's rvhat propelled me to have my very first counhy hit.
And now, even with srx albums under my belt, I rarcly forget that life's opportunities are few and far
betq,een, alld that my entire futurc u,as translormed by n1y parent's generositv, a shopkeeper's honesty
and one long-forgotten old comict
Pan 5 Test 6
31 How did the writer leel about his work?
A He didn't get paid as much as he'd hoped

B He felt that his talent was being wasted.
C He felt that he wasn't appreciated.
D He thought the \/enues were below him.
32 Why did the writer go back to his parents?
A To take a break from city life.

B To help them wrth a task.
C To spend time with them.
D To look after them.
33 ln paragraph two, how does the writer feel about his lile?
A lt hadn't turned out as he'd expected.

B He feels bitter about his choices.
C He regrets his past ootimis.n.

D He thinks he's destined to be unlucky.
34 He and his dad spent the afternoon:
A talking about the comics they had found in the attic.

B describing how the world has changed since they were young
C looking back al the r chrldhoods with londness.
D sorting through all the issues of the comics.
35 What is the writer's initial attitude to the comics?
A They are particularly memorable.

B They s3" give others happiness.
C They shouldn't be thrown out.
D They're nothing out of the ordinary.
36 What sums up the main dea expressed in lhe text?
A lt s never too late to try again.
B Things can turn around.

C Finding happiness n the details.
D N.4ak ng a fresh start.
Camb|iclge C2 Proiiciency Reading
Pad 6 Test 6
You are going to read an extract lrom an article. Seven paragrapha have been
removed. Select from the paragraphs (A-H) the one that fits each gap (37-a3).
There is one extra paragraph that you do nol need to use.
Women in the Sciences
The expression 'behind every grcat man is a

great v/oman'has been in use since the mid. +o F
1940s, but undoubtedly the meaning behind this
sayino has been lrue lor cenluries. Th s phrase llowcvcr perhaps scientrlic tradrtrons need to be
more lterally refers to both the pract cal and reclil ed not just by the gender divide but by using
emoiional support women can g ve to their a broader lens. There rs plenty of drscussion
signilicant others who toil lor success, yel 1 also nowadays aboul how women have lrequenlly
inlers the disheartening idea that perhaps been underest mated and overlooked by their
women haven't previously had the opportunity to male coleagues, as illustrated by the examples
revel in their own successes. above. llowever, rathcr lhan lhs beilg a pure
case of gender inequality, perhaps the defining
faclor is simply the hislorically unequal power
37 E relationship between parties.
Rosalind Flanklin is a name you mighl recognise

now, bul just seventy years ago her research was 41 A
overlooked in terms of its instrumental
contribution to the discovery ol lhe structure of While we see etfods to shine a llght on the lemales
DNA. The acclaim lor lhe discovery, howevei, whose contributions have been unnoticed by Ihe
and eveh the Nobel Prize, went to three men, general scienlific communrty, maybe it will be a
Francis Crick, James Walson and Maurice liltle harder 1o lind lhose men who were
Wilkins, without any reference to Franklin's input. overlooked in lavour ol someone with a grealer
slatdre. After all, it is near imposs ble to explore
38 H these k nds ol power relationships so long aller
the evenl.
lncidents llke this have occured so oflen within

the field thal the lerm'lhe Matilda Effect'was 42 B
coined in 1993 by Margaret W. Bossiter, a
scientist \ryho has devoted her career to shining a Perhaps science will never reach an idealworld ol
light on lhe generally overlooked female an individual's contribution belng equal to thelr
screntists who were ralher brazenly excludcd reward, but opening th s subjecl up for reflection
lrom the history books. One ol Rossiler's aims and d scLrssion is essental, and equal lnput lor
has been that a renewed focus on successes of equal credit is just bne aim to strive for. lt has
lemale scientists in h story may encourage more encouraged females into the sclences already,
women to enter the field ol science. and bolh the terms'the Matilda Eflect'and'the
Matthew El{ect' by their very use are making
39 D inroads inlo hrghlighting inequalities.
Still, eflorts continue to publicise the overlooked 43 G

lemale screntisis in history. From a series ol pop
art poslers showcasing pioneering scientisls Irke
Ada Lovelace and Chien-Shiung Wu, to even
reclifyrng past injuslices by amending search-
engine results lo rellect real contributions, the
cause of female scient sts is gradually
skenglhening.
Pad 6 Test 6
A The N4atthew Elfect can be summarised as E Never has this bieak interpretation been
the way in which disproportionate more accurate than in the fie d ol science,
recognition is attribuled to someone who is where women have usually taken a back
more lamous or in a posilion ol power. So, seat, and not by choice. Exampies of thrs
for examp e an acclaimed scientist will can be observed throughout history, as tar
natura y gel more credrt lhan a lesser- back as the 12rh century, when physician
known researcher, even ll their work is Trotula of Salerno had her ground-
comparable ThiS 'nay seen a given, as break ng work attributed to men, and in the
the most powerful or lamous team member modern day where female science
often leads the research, but that doesn't professionals still sometimes struggle for
mean lhere isn't a talent in the background appropriate recognilion.
contribuling the lon's share ol the scienlific
endeavour.
B Due to this growing number of complainls, F For instance, try linding out about 'the
especially those trom female research Dean N4ethod'online. A quick google wlll
sc entists at universities, some institutions olfer you little menton ol lhat parlicular
are now addressing the issue. They are term, but instead it will return a mullitude ol
doing this in a twofold manner: by shining results lor scienlisl Alice Augusta Ball. The
a light on incidences rn their own Dean l\,4ethod, pubhshed by chemist and
institutions that have been caused by a academic Arthur L. Dean, was widely
gender power inequaIty and otfering known as the cure for leprosy, an infectious
turther opportunities and suppon to women condition that used to cause severe skin
in lhe sciences. This has been heartily sores and often resulted in lrmbs withering.
welcomed by the wider scientitic However, ileventually transpired that,
community. upon the death ol Alice Augusta Ball in
1916, Arthur Dean had taken her efforts
C One effort we can all make is to encourage and claimed them as his own.
a shitt in people's attitudes in general and
ensure that this shifl is also retlected in the
world ol science. We can see llaws in the
G You may be readrng this arlicle lhinktng
that this is an issue you are powerless to
past and the present, as illustrated, and
change, but you make up parl of the world
research shows that mae and lemale we share, and a sea change only happens
stereotypes stil exist when it comes lo the through the individual shifts in people's
perceived quality ol female work, and
opinrons. So, the next time you read about
common sense can tell us that the mosl the latest greatesl discovery or the history
powerful names get the most credit. of science, itmighl well be worth
However, that doesn't mean things shou d remembering that behind every big name,
remain lhe same in the years to come. there are many others who make valuable,
il not the mosl valuable contributions lo
D However, perhaps the views on female research.
scientists are too deeply embedded in the
scientific comrnunity 1or the situation to be H Eu"n rn one ol lhe winner's memoirs, we
rectrfied overniaht. A 2013 paper found lhat
can see the attitude dlsplayed towards her,
male screntists and more masculine topics,
with the menlioned colleague even failing
regardless of who wrole them, are to call her by her proper name, preferring
perceived as being of higher scientilic nicknames that served to belittle her role in
quality. ln lhe investgation, graduate ths ground-breaking linding. The author
students of both sexes rated abstracts of did acknowledge her achievements in his
papers that were assigned a fake male or
book, but this admiss on was fifteen years
lemale name, and the lake male names too late.
were more highly rated overall. ln addition,
the same study indicated that men are
more desirable as col aboration partners.
Cambridgc C2 Prof icicncy Readrng
Part 7 Test 6
You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article about rnodern cities.
For questions 44-53, select the person (A:E) using the separate answer sheet.
The person may be selected more than once.
ln which sections are the following mentioned?
Cities need lo focus on how lhey can reduce one-iime consumption 44 D
A f ix that will take a varying amount of effort 45 B
Crties have a cominon reputation that overlooks their positive aspects 46 B
An acknowledgement that the solulion may be disagreeable to some 47 A
Our cities are designed in a way that makes us feel detached from 48 E
others.
How people can become more integrated in cities 49 D
Some people are ignoring problems that we should be tackling 50 C
Cities have been left to grow virlually unchecked 51 A
Future enhancements will be determined by fundamental elements of 52 D/B

construction.
The reputation of cities and the reality of cities are ditferent 53 C

Part 7 Test 6
The Modern CitY

Jacob Moorc spoke u rth llve crt-v du'ellcrs lo flod out u hat they think xr c
tht' problems u ith modenl cltlcs.
A Iain Brace\r'ell pcople rcccr\lng lirli-rimc salancs \\rth lrule Io oo

charrce oI gertinB on thc housrnB laddcr. I undcrstand
It goes wirhout sayrng thal modcm cilies arc
that peoplc thin-k there are valuablc oppoftunltlcs to bc
somewhrr problcrr.Lric, simply because \\'c don't havc
lhc cap crry lor all rhe pcople u'ho rlread), lrve here, had in ciries, bul, Iet's face il, therc.re still plenry oi
lct alonc lhe millions who see citrts as a potential pcople for uhom opportunitJ_ has pirssed by
destinrtrun. Thcrcfore, rn rnl minrl, il \ \'itaL Ihal s'c
l,ccome a bit rnore rmaginrtr\e about ho\\'re ulrlrsc D Carolinr Birkcnstein
crry sprcc. We'rc going ur he sor)rewhat rc rant on
Ou cilics right now are in dire strarts. Wc !c gol an
tcchnology ro hclp us *rth this, b]". lor cxamplc.
rlTordablc housrng and ecoloSical cflsrs Ln ncrrlv elery
d.relofing matcflirls !lraL \r'l: can usc Io burLd hLgher,
crly on Ea,nh, a.nd it s crucirl that *€ concenEate our
slinmcr and undcrglound.-l-his mrflrL sccnr less than
cflo(s on lhcqc mal(crs lf\ e wanl uur (ilics I,, untinu(
Ldeal for thc avcrrge crty dwellcr, cspccially thc
nolon ha\rng to spend a propofllon of tinre below
!o thflve We can accomplrsh this by creating and
prcmoting more sharing and comnunal practrces, lrkc
ground, bur it nrighr be thc only prnclical soluuon ro
coworking spaccs or apa(mcnt burldings \\'ilh cornmon
lvhat thc data sugges! rl Ne \r'a,rt to a\oid cilics
sprces li)r cating. socialising and excrcising, and thcse,
qro$ rng at an uiconlrolled rirlc across our
ol course, shouldn't be extra!aganrly priced lt might
counlDsrde. And linre is ol the csscnce: \'e can't put
nor seem obvious, bul it's lnitialives lrke thesc lhat help
lhis kind olresearch and dc!clopnrcnt offrt $ hile the
people {orm communities, and this communr!y
l)opulal on lh rerrarns uncontaini:d
-{ro\\ almosphcrc encourages peoplc Io carc more about therr
surroundings, Citrcs are also a flrassive drain on
B Raphael Arco rcsources, and \Ie need to identiry strategies to countcr
thrs and close the loop whcn il comcs to thls. \\'r!h thrs
Ciries arc ofien sccn in a bad lighr, bur I think this is
undesen,cd because they olfer so much to so many. in urind, wc should ask ourselves how one cxcess can
The fhct is rhal crtics are s\non)mous $idr be used lo give power to somethmg else. T}rs kind ol'
opportunrlv, lor cmploimcnt, culture, )ou name ill \u5tdrndbr'rr) coulLl be lhe key to m-krng our crl,es
'fhat's nol io say they arc Lrlopias withoul any room nrrrLh hcalth'er pla.es for rndrviduals, thc uL'mmunrty
lbr improvemenl, but I rhrnk *c can sol\e a grcrt and thc surroundrngs we li\c in
nr.rjoriry ol the risues alrccung cilies by addressinS
rheir inlr slnlctr.)rc. Peoplc olten crlc thcir bugbcars as E Doug dc Souz2
bcing issucs ofconvenlencc such as srrcEL\ (hal ercn't
CrLles loday hare onc malor problcrn that qc need Io
walkablc or road netuorks !hal arc too densc. or cvcn
curb. dnd lhJI rs urhan spraul At thc momcn(.,i,lie\ Jr(
lack oi space for increascd public lranspo(. Dcvotc
like thesc huge sp.a* ls, jusl spreading and sprcading,
sedous atrcntion on lmproving these elemcnls and
and lhe hnher out you go, lhe big_qer pLol each
crlies *1ll becomc far lnorc lileabla placcs q'ith, in
homeowncr has and lhe morc spacious all thc seniccs
trm, gencrally all-round happier rcsidentsi Thrs mlghl
consist of $veaks or altemativeh,. rn ccnain conterrs.
are Ttis rcally has a ncgative eflcct on so many
clcmcnLs of0Lrr lrvcs Firstlv, it makcs urs more rsolatedr
startrrq lrom scrarch to lirndanr-'nrall\ redesrtrn
wc're bchind lcnces! and this is \!here lcclrngs of
si_stems, bur rhc l)cnefils our*-cigh lhe sacrrfices as
dillerence and learcan strnr lion1. Wc necd rntcgratron
lh.y'd olltr valuable solulions Io ho\\ modcrrrciry'Lilc
to help peofle consrder thenrseh es a pun ol something,
rllicrs rhc narural cn\ rrormen! an(l ho$ ,,\ cll peoplc
gel togelher as a conrmunrry.
buI, lirlher-rnore, spra\^'l increascs thc urban laotpnnt
significanrly, and people stan becorrrnS dependent on
lh(rr car'. \rmp:) briau,t it s nrt ."n'cnicr L tu g'
C Jcnna Cra\if0rd anylhere on foot - rathcr, driving bccomes tbr
We nced ro facc up to thc lacl that rnost citics aren t prclered onlion I rnran. lJon't thrnk rt tbIe\., )(iellr.r
the glo ous placcs that thc) are painLed to br, and fiat, to see the cnvironmental problems that can arise iiorn
Lhal.
lor rhe mirloriry ol thc inhabitants, lhc slrccts aren't
p;rved rvith gold I hcrc is r big diffcrcnce bclween thc
ha\cs and hir\c-no(s, ard *hrle ci() Lfe is a consumcr
prladisc lir Lhe fr,r mer. rncmbers ofthc IalLcr crLeBory
irrc complclely locked oul of the benelits citres bring
and oltcn lack tundamcntal scnrces such as clcan
q,aler or sanilalion \\hy tllis is slrll allo\\cd iD Lhc
modem rvorld 1'll ncver knou, )et lhe poqcrs that be
secm drslnclincd ro do an)lhrng but sNecp the issue
under thc carpct Propcn), rcnlal priccs are also
cxccssi\ c, and (his just gcrs ro thc poinl \ltcre you'\'e
goL hugc lamiiirs lLr ing .rrorpec rr lusl l\! rooms, or
Cambriclge C2 Prof iciency Feading
Pad 5 Test 7
You are going to read an extract from a book. For questions 31-36, mark the
Addressing thc Problem of Water Scarcity
Despitc 70% ofthc world's surlace beir:g coYclcd \iith \\'atcr, lcss thaD 37" ofthat is acrually drinkable
and, based on factors ranging frorr agriculrural pra.trccs to clima(c changc and daily habits, \ater
scarcity is fist bccomiug a serious problcrr in many countries arouud thc globc. Thc problcrn ofscarciry
in othcr rvords, having insufficicnt rlater is catcgoriscd as bcing phl'sical (happcning in places u hcrc
supply cannot lnect dcmand) or cconorric (occurrrng in areas that havc plentv of\\alcl but don't have
good managcment systems). Broadly spcal(iDg. thc causcs ofwatcr scarcity arc rclatcd to thc rapid risc
ofthe global population and the associatcd issucs that this has brought, and Lhc prediclions in manv pads
of thc rvorld are that the popuiation will conttuuc to rsc for scveral dccadcs. This suggcsts that rather
than Icmenting the lourncy to this point. wc u'ould be bcttcl off locusing on solutions. espccialll given
that thc causcs have been wrilten irbout extensivcly anrl are vcr-y rvell understood. uhich is not thc case
for thc solutions.
Solulions for watcr scarcity should pnmarily bc contcxt specilic if they are to rvork, and must includc
expcrls, organisations and charitics that can providc illsight into the particular challcnges- I;or exarnple,
thcrc rs no poirrt in poorer nations cngaging expert cngirccrs fiorn ovcrscas to hclp with the lnlrastircture
for watcr managemcnt systems if the rcsulting system is not allirrdable or ablc to wilhstarrd the cLnratic
corditious ofthe rcgion. Too oftert collaborations oll projects likc thls tunr into \anity pro1ccts for the
foreign companies in much dre same \\'ay cs high-end comnrcrcial projects, such as thc huildiug of a
luxury hotel or imprcssivc bndgc Workable solu(ions wrll nccd to undcrstand lhe influcnccs ofgcology,
tie environmcnt and the influenccs of local culturc to bc succcssful and u ill Iikely bc a cornbiuaLion of
techDology ald a changc in human behaviour. One imnredralc approach rs to provide nccntivcs for
peoplc to upgrade more old-fashioned machires to water cfficicnt oncs, such as torle(s and sho\\'ers that
use considerably less water. Another is to adjust the cos( based on consumptiorl by installing \\,ater n)eters
in lrornes, something that has not been widely reported in the prcss. It appears (hat there is little inceitive
for governments to encourage uptake among householcis as any chalge would negatir ely affect voten
on low rncomes atd families.
A belter altemativc to punishing such bad consumer bchar iour is for govemnrents kr invest rn educating
$eir populations. For exarnple, nlanv arc una\r'arc of thc amount of water used 1() produce the hrod we
consume. The mcat industry is a case in point in u'hich vast quantitrcs of *'ater are requircd, !'ct the
gencral publrc is largely ignorant oltbrs Educatioir on u'aler consen'ation nrcthods should come from a
commitment to cnsuring people have thc rclevant scicntific cvidence presenLcd to them, othcrq,isc they
will be unablc to make informed dccisions Therc is alrcad-v cnough lake scicnce 0oating around on the
intcmet and it is important not to add to rt.
An addltional approach rhat is rvell worth thinking about is tackling thc problc'm through multiplc small
lifestyles changes rather than natiollal or intemational projects. After all, thc siluation affects millions of
people, so anything that ordrnary people can do r\,ithout disruptrrg their IiYes too much u ould be a bonus
Research liom behavioural science has shown that ll'hefl people have to opt into a system, the Iikelihood
oftheir doing so is reduced because ofthc incrcased effo11 inT olved. Rainu'ater collection 1br uses such
as cleaning and washing clothes is an example of a small change. It is both low-cost and easily
implementable since Iocal councils could supply households with containers, allowrng thcm to bcgm
\r ater conser'" ation irnmediat€ly.
We must also remember that better management of the cnvironment plays a large pad in mdiDtarning the
water supplies on thc planet. Therc are ccrtain ccosystcrns, such as forcsts, marshcs and rvctlands, that
naturally process, collect and filter water, aDd prcserving these natural syslcms is esscntial.
Unfortunately, the practiccs olnrany commercial industries arc at odds \r'ith conservation slralegics for
these ecosystems and so continuc to bc widcspread lrlaking laws to protcct thcse natural s)stcms is
another cost-cffeclive way to change bo(h attitudes and bchaviour (o walcr. and it's high timc that
govcmments slepped up and took control of thc situation if ue are to succeed in protecting our rnost
preclous rcsource,
Cambridge C2 Proficiency Beading
Parl 5 Test 7
31 ln the lirst paragraph, the writer argues that:
A forecast ng the locations of water shortages is a pointless actjvity.

B people have approached the shortage ol water lrom the wrong angle
C the causes of water shortages are too ccmplex to undersland.
D few o[ the proposed solutions to water shortages are viable.
32 ln paragraph 2, what does the writer say abou: infrastruclure collaborations?
A Local skills are valued.

B Costs are excessive.
C Planning is tundamental.
D Resources are inadequate.
33 Why are water meters not widely promoted?
A They are potentially politically damaging.

B lnstallation costs are beyond the reach ol the poor
C The media are more interested in other s()lutions.
D Their eflciency has been questioned.
34 ln paragraph 3, the wr ter suggests that people should be taught about water
scarcrty by:
A providing a public nformation service online.

B publicising the rmpact of the meat industrl/.
C targetinggovernmentinformationcampaiqns.
D improving public access to appropriate rer;earch.
35 ln paragraph 4, the writer advocates simple solJtions because
A they are more effective for lhe environmer'rt.

B successtul results can be obtained more quickly.
C governmentspreferstraightforwardprocesses.
D psychological studies have shown that upiake is higher.
36 ln the final paragraph, ,/v'hat point is the wr ter naking about tackhng water scarcity?
A Controlling harmfJl commercial practices is essential.

B Human beings should not interfere with nELlural processes.
C Countries with strict laws are making more progress.
D Some conservation measures are ill-advised.
Canrbridge C2 Pr:f iciency Reading
Part 6 Test 7
You are going to read an extract from a short story. Seven paragraphs have been
removed. Select trom the paragraphs (A-ll) the one that lits each gap (37-43).
There is one exlra paragraph that you dc not need to use.
Sleepwalker
The lirst thing lremembered was the blare of a

horn and strq wind b'Jshing pasl Te. cJusing'ne 40 G A?
to spln and collapse 10 the ground As my head
made conlact with the ground, I could fecl cold ll lunred oul to be lar easier than keep ng track ol
concrete beneath my cheek and lbecame dizzrly my days, nrghts and accompanying stale ol mind.
aware of cold night air that stung my nose as I It jusl tool( up so much ol rny day that was already
breathed. This lelt all too realislic to my senses, packed wlth work meetlngs and deadlines.
and my brarn slarled whirnng into gear. Juggling so many commitments was becoming a
tial, and was making my moods, and condilion,
37 C lvorse aS lar as I was concerned. lf my wife hadn't
looked us in, I dread to think where I may have
ended up.
The carriageway wasn t extremely busy, t belng
the dead ol night, but lstill knew I was in lerrible E
danger. The lights ol a truck. grow ng 41
thrcateningly in the dislance, lold me all I needed
to know. lclambered to my knees and leet, and Apparenlly, il's far betler lo address the causes
made a run for il. One lane, lwo lanes, just in rather than just patch over the symptoms, which
time. Lookrng down at my bare leet and pyjamas, ollen proves infenor and temporary in lheir reliel.
lmust have appeared as a nightmare vision to It seemed I had really angered him as we sat in
the sporadic late-night travellers passing this silence lor the next twenty minutes while he leafed
three-lane slrelch. tlrough my diary and lfidgeled in rather a
drsgruntlod and wholly uncomlorlable state,
38 F conlemplaling how this whole evercise was
turn ng out to be a complete and utter lvaste 01
time.
'This is one ot the most disturbing cases l've
heard rn years, and we undoubtedly have to take
some drastic measures immediately, starting 42 B
with preventing you lrom exiling your house in
this kind ol stale. Tell me eveMhing." 11 lhad I couldn't deny thal this was true, and tl was llke a
been mildly concerned before, lwas absolulely puzzle coming into place r ght in front of me. There
ho(ilied now. Here I was, expecting comlort ng was an answer to this problem, and I had held the
words and perhaps some medication and an key to it all this time.'lt's truly incredible what your
opportunity to recharge the batleries, and the subconscious rs capable of, and I've come to
reaclion I received couldn'l have been more Iealise it's absolutely essential 10 put your own
diflerent. wellbeing first.
39 H 43 D
He studiously scribbled away, interjecting with
lhe odd nod or quest on to clar,fy any vaganes.
This was a man who didn't sufler lools gladly, and
he could see right through my weak atlempts lo
make lighl ol my problems, and my woelul
inaction. Peering over his glasses, he suggested
that we take multiple approaches in order to deal
with the problem, starting wth a visit lo a sleep
clinic along wilh keeping a regular diary of
episodes and my coresponding Irame ol mind,
and with my wife locking doors and windows so
thal I could stay away lrom any harm.
Pan 6 Test 7
A On the motorway, I considered, F Thls rs what prompted my v sits with Dr

apprehensively, what lay belore me. From Poller. Alter all, lcouldn'l let this lie, or l'd
what l'd read it sounded like something be n danger of seriously harrning elther
from a science ficlion film, with sensors myself and/or the others around me.
placed all over my body, and video Sleepwalking is a common-enough
equipment recording my every move. probiem and, having come to on lhe
However, lwas willing to try anylhing after garden lawn or the living room, I used to
lhe dreadful scare ld had. When I arrived, tak3 il wilh a prnch of sall, but try thlnking
it was almost identical to my that when you come around in lhe lane of
preconceptions, and lwas convrnced it a h ghway.
was the least conducive place in which to
drop off, but lhad, al the very least, to give
it a shot.
B Then, snapping me out of my lixation on a G I couldn't believe my ears when the doctor
nearby willow and back to the present told me. Afler all this time the answer was
siluation, he deIvered his eptphany. He right under my nose, but how could he
explained thal my condition came from have solved this just from listening to the
what he considered to be one fundamental accounts lrom me and my wife? He
determiner: stress. He ilustrated lhat each obviousiy had far more skillthal I had given
episode had occurred during a period ol him credit for.
lime in whrch I fell my workload had gotten
on top of me.
C lt was then that it dawned on me thal lhis H Pinpointing where rl staned was more
couldn't be some hyper-realtstrc dream, diffirrult than limagined, and, as ltried to
but instead rt was real life, and lwas in wra,:k my brains over the details, I realised
genuine danger. I longed desperately for lhad been turning a blind eye to this
my eyes to remain shut and hoped that l'd problem for far 1oo long. What ldid
suddenly come to in my bed, soflly nestled lss6rgnise, though, was how each episode
under my duvet, but I knew thal I had I had had gradually worsened over time, and I
no option but to tace up to what I beg,rn to teel rather embarrassed that I had
suspecled, and, as I litted my lids, the shunned my wife's appeals that I sought
eKtent of my situation was lar beyond help. As happens all too often, when you
any,thing I could have imagined. begin to lay out a history, it becomes all the
mor,l clear lo the narralor.
D I don't think anyone could forget the shock
and fear olawdkening on a
major
carriageway, and it sometimes still haunts
me, but thankfully only in my imagination
now as l've learned to make essentral
changes to my lifestyle. ln real life, I hope
only lo see roads from beh nd the wheel of
my car.
E lwas in quite a bad temper on my return

visit, and I took it out on the doctor a little,
rather sternly protesting that I could see
lrttle improvements lrom sUch Laborious
tasks, and that I would much prefer some
kind of medication rather than this hoIstic
(or what I considered rather bogus)
approach. Wel , I got quite a stern
response in return.
Cambridge C2 Profrciericy Reading
Pat17 Tcst 7
You are going to read an extract from an article on interior design. For questions
44-53, select the exped (A-E) using the separate answer sheel. The experl may
be selected more thall once.
Which person:
suggests that interior designers couid upskill thr)mGelves to m3et /+4 B

customer expectations?
is not convinced that it is worth speculatrng on the future ot interior 45 C

design?
supports the movement o{ interior d-.sign tcwards a wider customer 4E A

base?
thinks that there is a connection between interior design and social 47 D

mobility?
is disappointed that interior design has become bland for everyone 48 D

involved?
believes technology wrll completely transform the industry? 49 A
suggests that interior design will become more environmentally friendly? 50 E
believes that the future of interior design will be comparable to charlges 51 C

in another industry?
predicts that designers will work alongside other professionals to create 52 E

the interiors of the luture?
says that there is little evidence that technology wrll replace interior 53 B
designers?
Cambridge C2 Prof icienc,y Reading
Pafi. 7 Test 7
'l-he Future of Interior Design

Iri! e Jcs gn.rs talk about the changcs thcy sec on the horizon
A Anlollio \taroks the rntrrner ro analysc the impact ol lhc rnlemct aor
l'm optimlslic about the future, rclual y, because no thenr bc bre rrringing our hands in desprrr OI coursc,
irdusrry gets thc luxury ol stayrng lhe sanrc lorevcr; the intcmel dcrnocratiscd travcl for thc masscs. but
ollerrr isc inno\ arion lrcrer happcns. ior me, much of parts ol that n)crnr rhar rhe lvpc of custorner chaneed
\)"hal is chanSrog rs cxcr!1fl8, espccrnlly how slgnilfuanIly. Llke\\'ise, rnrerior desigl has al$'eys been
lcchnoloSy lvrll open up rhe scctor :o rnore pcoplc. seen rs a luxury lor lhc woalthy, but nol anyrnore.
lnlerior dcsign used to only bc accessrblc by a sclcct \\'}atc\cr
thc cllicts o\cr thc coming dccade tbcrc Blll
Iiw, whcrcas now it's much rrorc egalitarian and be uinners an(l losers, and those \yho sun,r\c \\'ill
Jlfordrl'lc. JnJ thi' urll brirrg opp,rtnities ,r hamess lhc lntcmet 10 lhclr advanta8c instcad ol railing
dcsigncrs oeryuhcre Apps that allo* cuslomers to aSalnsl rl.
risualise dcsigns and 'rvalk rhrough 3l) rooms are
going to revoluLionise horr' \\'e do rhlngs, ilnd D \Iartioa Davis
cusroficrs \rrll lso be rl)lc ro rccrurr dcsigners liont
anywhcrc in thc rvorld. AII thr\ would ha\e bccn I'm rcally hoprng that the fulurc hcrirlds a rclum ro
unthinkrblc a dccade ago $'hen all lhesc rmirge apps creativrt) aficr this horriblc pcriod, *,hich I
drdn'l c\ st, bur rhev \c reirll\' .pcncJ up rhe allectronrtcly ca ll the bcige slagc. I undcrstand thar r1's
possibililrcs to rlrtcrrct wr!h clicnrs and rncrcasc rhal importirnt for nrore pcople to have acccss 10 rnlerior
design becausc increascd access reflects a socrcty thaL
lc\elofpcrsonalrsed senrce Anrl !hLs er\cs designiirs
has improvcd Iiving condirions for its crrizens. But
lar morc scopc ro devclop their o*'n pcrsonal sryle,
Lhese pcople should also be given choicc and crcaLivity
too Ycars ago, cveryonc tcndcd to follow the srme
loo, and, lnforlunalely, what I scc around me nowrdays
trcnds promotcd in mirgazincs and by tabric or
wellpapcr companres, but thal approa.h is dead now is someu,hat of a paradox; pcople have a dcsire ro
express their lndrviduality at home in the same \\'ay
thal anyone can create their o$'n drstlrctlve slylc,
\rtichcvcr walk ol lrle Ihc) coorc ton), rnd I m fully they Ju .hr, ugh lashiun, but thrs ccl,'-(\prcs.rLrn 's
bchind it. olien rd,:ntical. Thc relail landscapc is cntirely
uninspiring. and I hopc Lhe next few years will see a
retum lo innovation and crea(iviry in both cuslomers
B.lexnnrrte Harri(on and dcsigners. I am worried thal t}is wrll bc aL odds
So many interror designers arc panicking rhat with sustainability, though, whrch I wholehca(edly
Icchnology is gorng Io put them out of a j,)b in rhe ncxt bclievc nrust bc at lhc hean LrI what rnlerior dcsign
l-crv years, but I find all this gloorny talk quite represen( BornB for!\,ard. Chcap fumiture fiom
dcpressing and quite unlikely in the lbresccablc unsuslaintble wood sources is not lhc solution, so
future. The larest rnarket rnalvsls ls not tclling us rhar \\e'\c 8ol to trv to mcrgc creariviry, sustalnabllt(y and
affordability, u Iich rs gorng to be quilc a challenge.
Icople \,,ant thcir homcs lo 3() high-lceh anvLrmc
soon. lll lircl qurle Ihe opposrre sccms to bc trxc ifyou
look carcfull) at rhe rescarch Thcrc er: rcal concerns E Francerca Cheng
around priracy connectcd to snlarl (cchnology in our
homes, so in my vicw thc fcar oftechnclogv is Ieadrng
My approach Lowards design has always drawn on
Lhe prolession Lrp a blrnd allcy. \\tLal pcop e arc
traditional irnagery rhar encapsulates the idea ol narure
and lhcn .ppLlrng rhit inside the homc, and rhrs lo me
looking for, however, is individurlrty, bo(h ar thc high
is whcre lhe luture Iics becausc consurners arc much
end ofthe markc! and thc nelv middlc-cla\s cusromcrs
rnore con(erncd uith susr.rinabrlrly no\\' Based on rhis
rrho can afford to design thcir horrcs nrore Lo thcir
own laslcs dLre to r $ rder rrnge ol pnces. I irnr slightly
I can sce intcrior dcsign having a period cl1- rc-
concemcd about the rrnl)acr on lcss rechnoloeicr)ly ev.rlurtr,'n th-t r,,rll lrlr11 result rn rrlcrt.nu.cn.rin
rrr.rJeJ J rrgnc . b(c,1 .(. Llthou. h rt'. n,,t .oinS t, nrarer,'1, or J ' JJLrr ,n prd(n\e5 d'rJ locL.IrS Jr
takc oycr ourjobs. chents \\'ill slarl ro cxpcct a bisic innovatiYe rvavs ro bc sustatnable and s1) Iish togcther.
le\el ol troficicnc! \\'irh d.sien a!ps. I predrc! a lot morc dcsign rha! trirs to enhancc
u'ellbcing, such as ustng planrs for iltcmal \'irlls or
LED lightr; rhat use a lracrion ofrhe clcclriciry uscd by
C Bobbi Zarkonksi other light bulbs. I also Lhink thar therc llhave to be a
As lar as I'm conccmcd, there s no polnl rn trying ro lot morc collaboralion berw,cen inrerior desrgncrs a.rd
prcdict thc outcornes ofthis pcrioLl ofchange rv(h any cnginccrs rn ordcr lo rurn thesc idcas into actual obJects
ccrlain! fhere rrc all sorrs ofpcople savrng rhar rhc ur malcnrl\ lhrl lilncrrun $(ll .jl lhr \dme r'mc d!
cnd ls rn srght for rnrcrior desLgncrs because lookrrg ntrracrrr e
consumcrs can (lo cvcrythtng thcrnscl\cs o ltnc, bul

Lhis is anorersinrflLicatron ofrhe srrualron fhcrc are
consrdcrirble sinrlrri!cs lo \\'hat \\cnr on rn rhe trrvcl
scclor, so $,e would do \\'cll 1o anxlyse rhc ir)1pact oI
Cambrrdge C2 Prof iciency Beading
Pad 5 Test 8
You are going to lead an extract from a novei. For questions 31-36, mark the
appropriate answer (A, B, C or D) that you think fits best acccrding to the text.
I t's a l,ong Stor-v!
Il $as \d'ell over thiny years ago now, but Selirra can still lccall thc cvening thcy'd corDe up rvitir the idca
for tlreir busincss as clearly as a bell. Daniel was cooliing and droning on about lris miserablc u,olkplacc
and she $as gazing absentn)indedly out of thc u'indo\\'. Acadcmically lrlcnted, Daniel hrd becn busy
carving out an rmpressire carccr in markcting cousultJnc) but l,ad rcccntll'beconrc disillusioned b,v thc
industry and was looking for sonrething rnore r,relningful. As shc haif listcnctl, an inrage poppcd into hcr
head and suddcnly shc bluncd out. "\\'c11, 1ou could aluals go hacl( lo can inq thosc woodcn toys you
uscd lo rnllc l'or your srsrer's Lhildrcr,.
She looked up to find him starin-q at hcr. chopping knifc in hand. as il'he d bccn Irozcn to thc spot. [ljust
so happened that besides Danicl's academic talcnt, he \\as also r skilled carpenter, uhrch uas hou'thcir
paths had first crossed. Selina had joincd thc cnginecring club irt univcrsity and one evcnrng Danicl
ualkcd il on the hunt for a specrfic lool. Notrcrng thc intricatc bicyclc canings poking out of his
rucksack, shc'd askcd to examine rhcnr, and thcn procccdcd 10 ask all sorts of qucstions about thcir
construction. which delighted him no cnd. Thcy uere rcally quitc imprcssive lor someonc sclf-taught
through onlrne videos, but as shc would soon lcarn, that was Danicl all or,cr: a dctail-driven obsessjvc in
all thirrgs he u'as passionate about.
The intendcd recrpicnts of thc carvirrgs rverc Daniel's eldcr sistcr's childrcn, whosc birthdays wcre Iast
approaching, hence the urgcncy for thc uoodrrorking tools. Sclina carclully tu|ncd thcnr over in hcr
hands inspccting all thcir movrrg parts as Danicl cxplaincd uirat hc nccdcd. Secords aher hc'd finislrcd,
shc reached illto the drawer undenrealh her dcsk and pullcd out thc requircd tool with a flourish. I-atcr,
Daniel B,ould always say tha( this gcsture 1^as what ccmented theil fricndship forever, although she
suspected it \a'as arlistic licensc, a \r'ay of adding a touch of humour to an oLhenr ise fairly rurrcmarkable
story. AnFvay, for some unknown reason, that nighl thc mcmory of thosc toys had conrc flooding back
and over dinncr thcy wondercd aloud rvhelher anyonc n'right ccnsider bu) ing them.
Gradually thc idea seduced them more and rnore unirl they took thc plunge and creatcd a scrrcs of
miniature hand-carvcd, woodcn toy vclrclcs. Al thc uul\ct. thcir unly customers wcrc fricnds, famill, and
collcagucs who, whilst impressed b),thc quality offie 10)s, \\crc obviousll, buling them as a shorv of
support and thcreforc they couldn't quite work out wheLher a \r'idcr markct existed With hindsight they
wcre ablo to clcarly see the advantagcs of selling small quantitics cxclusivelv to these familiar groups
because it allo\ved for tirne to de!elop thc product rather than making lots ofinitral mistakcs. WitIin fir'e
years sales had skfrocketed: thcy ucrc receiving refcrrals and recommendations and rhe number of
retular cusromers bcgan to build up.
Despite Danicl's erpcrience sorking in that nashy markctrrg agcnc), rrord of mouth was ho\\' the
business grcw in the cnd, but rt is surprising how successful that can bc whcD cleryone wanrs wl]at you're
sclling. Now they had an actual busincss rvith offices and clnployccs, and all thc associatcd tcdious lasks
that those things brought. At somc lcr,cl Sclina struggled to see the business as real and. on sornc
momings, found hersclf standing at thc cnlrancc looking out at thcir officc and marvelling at its slrccr
exrstencc To get to this poirlt howcvcr. both she aod Daniel had been u'orking lcn-hour days and had
Iongsince abandoned anynotion ofa social life Ifshe ucre complctely honestrvith herself, Selina rvas
wondering how sustainable it all was and whether thcy needed !o have a serious talk abour thc direction
of the business.
The following Tuesday, Selina uas *orking on one of their ncu toys uhen Daniel appcared at the
doorway and announced in rather a grand manner, "Sclina, this is Joannc JIardy, she's an investor and is
interested in purchasing pan of our busincss." Aftcr $ e had sat dos n and cxchangcd somc pleasantrics.
Joanne tumed to Selina and said, "So, hou did you t$o meet?" Wcll, ...", Danicl began. At this momcot
Selina felt a wave ofrelaxation surgc ovcr her, and she tumed to Joannc, roiling hcr c)'es "lle Iovcs to
rell this story," she said, "but it's pure fabricationl"
Pan 5 Test 8
3'l Selina and Daniel's business idea was born out of:
A frustration with the lack of available career options

B a des re for a stronger sense of purpose at work.
C the d scovery of a hidden creatrve talent.
D lime spent daydreaming about a problem.
32 Daniel and Selina became friends because they:
A believed attention to detail was important.

B shared sirnilar attitudes towards creativity.
C questioned everyth ng that they were taught
D lked to be emotionally connected to objects
33 How does Daniel depict their first meeting?
A He says that it was not memorable.

B He omits some of the details.
C He exaggerates it for comic effect.

D He describes it as being hilarious.
34 What aspect of business was ditficult when they first started?
A Expanding their range of products.

B Knowing where to advertise.
C Widening their customer base.
D ldentifying the scope of the market.
35 How did Selina feel about the development of their business?
A She thought that it was remarkable.

B She viewed the administration as tiresome.
C She worried about its stabllity.

D She was surprised by rts growth rate.
36 How does Selina leel at the end of the slory extract?
A Delighted that someone was interested in acquiring their business.

B Concerned that Daniel had made a decision without consulting her
C Amused that Danie wanted to explarn how they mel to a stranger.
D Relieved that Daniel was on the same wavelength as her.
Carnbridge C2 Prof iciency Reading
Part 6 Test 8
You are going to read an extract from an ai'ticle. Seven paragraplls have been
removed. Select from the paragraphs (A-H) the one that fits each gap (37-43).
A Race to Remember
lmagine, if you will, charging across sand dunes

ai a speed of '1C0 k lometres per houi, wilh sand 40 G
{lying up al lhe windscreen while you try lo
maintain conkol ol the wheel and your favigator It is here lhat I spoke to compelilors aboul their
atiempis to rrainlain their compass steady al 25 expectations of and conccrns 1or the racc. as well
degrees north-northwesl, so you don't diverl lrom as linCrng oul a brt aboul lherr preparalron lor such
your course. Now, imagine thal scenaro taking an uny eld ng iew weeks ol I erce motor racing.
place over eight hours in a single day and over a The responses I received drdn't vary wildy -
period ol around 12 days. That is the reality of lhe partrcrpants preparation was always rneticulous.
world-renowned Dakar Rally.
37 C
41
E
One rally driver, who is on h s lilth race, lold nrc
This year lhe race took place in Saudi Arabia w Ih that he believes a lol ol the rally is do!ryn lo luck "lt
a total ol 310 vehicles, made up of rnotorbilies takes just a spllt second to make a mistake, and
and cars, amongst many olher categones, afd so, it doesn't matter f you've driven bri liantly lor
only 206 ol those vehicles crossed the finish line. thousands of kilomekes, because all you need is
One rndrvidual that made it through this brutal one metre to go wrong, and you crash oul. li's
event lvas Frederique Le Salles lor whcm rl was happened to me twice and il's a completely so!l-
his second raliy. "Although, my firsl Dakar Rally crushing experlence.'
was five years ago, l've dreamed about coming
back ever srnce. lt took rne all that time lo raise
lhe lunds to enter again, and l'm overjoyed to 42 H
linally return."
Whether th s is truly enough lo be ready, only time
38 A will tell. While the linancial rewards lor wrnning
aren'l publicised (although rumour has it that they
a'e 'elatvelv low). rhe accolade ol Vrinni.g is
As these examples show, the Rally truly does gel cedainly something money can't buy. However,
under people's skin, with the same competitors this doesn t mean that the rally is unprolttable for
relurning multiple times. This gives them the all, and lhere are some enterpnsing routes to
benelit ol experience, which is an essenlial make the rally a Iittle more lucralive.
attnbute in this competition. Without the modern
necessilies ol GPS, knowing what the race lakes
in lerms ol lhe trials and tnbulations, gives old- 43 B
tmers an important menlal advanlage in the
race, and many taking parl more lhan once
because ol this.
39 D
The event originated kom the experience oi a
man called Thierry Sabine who became so adrilt
lrom the course in lhe 1977 Abidjan-Nice Rally
lhat he realised his delour would make lor a great
race in itsell. The first Dakar Rally started in
Dakar in Akica and linished in Paris, skirting
around lhe edges of the Sahara Desert, a
gruelling 1 0,000-kilometre lnp.
Cambridge C2 Proflciency Beading
Pad 6 Test I
A Such is the commitment to compele that E There was lot of focus, as vv th every rally
one racer, Chris Cork, sold his house in the before, on the terrain, and the best ways to
UK in order to secure a place on the 2015 cope lvith it. 75% ol the rally wou d take
Dakar Rally. Unforlunately he crashed out place on sand, and a great deal on sand
on the fourth day and had to undergo a dunes. This means hill climbs and sheer
ditficull recovery procedure for his injuries. drops, and litlle abilrty to spot landmarks to
Undeterred, he came back lhe next year to help you know where you are. And
compele, with financial help from well- remember, if you get your directions
wrshers who were louched by his story. wrong, it can lake you hours to catch up.
B Although some entrants go il alone, wrth F Fortunately, for many people, the Dakar
lhe bare-minimum requirements needed to Fal y is a labour of love, bul budgel can
participate, there ate many other make a significant difference to your
palicipanls who srgr uo wrtf cornpanies opportunities of succeeding. While
and receive sponsor bonuses depending amateurs may be sleeping aside lheir
on their pedormance in each round. While vehicles relying on themselves for any
finishing a round may be in the hands of repairs, professionals will have a leam thal
fate, it rs far more beneficial to do it with can take care of the r every need at lhe end
sponsorship, as many successful rally of each slage.
winners know.
C As a motorsporl reporter, I've been G Althoughlor many years Atrica was its
fortunate enough to lollow this competition home, the location of the Flally has not
lor the last five years, and it never ceases remained slatic. lt transferred lo a ditferent
to amaze me how tough and committed continent altogether, South America, from
each racer is. Rather than a test of driving, 2009 to 2019, and more lately to Saudi
or navigation, it is simply an epic leat of Arabia, where the vehicles have had to
endurance. Racers are required lo hx their compete with the Middle Eastern deserts,
vehicles themselves \ahile on a stage, and and their scorching days and nearly
lhere is nol even a greal probability that treezing nights.
lhey will be able to flnish, with most
competitors crashing out or breaking down
on the route.
H Others are more concerned with how
they'll keep their momentum up. "This will
be ourthird race, and we think we've finally
D Perhaps the main appeal for these riders is discovered what we need to really compete
that it offers a sense of adventure lhat is with the besl. We've come lo realise that
hard to parallel. The Fally covers lots of the race is aboul resilience and technical
harsh terrain and the course is simply a abilily, and we've been training with sleep
series of writlen drreclions. ln addrtron to deprivation and motor repair exercises lo
that, il they don't have any overnight make sure we've got both these qualilies."
repairs to keep them busy, many drivers
frnd thernselves sleeping in lents alongside
lheir vehicles, giving them JUst enough time
to recuperate and get back on the ride.
lndeed, unlike many racing events, there is
little luxury to be had, and this has always
been the case with the Dakar Bally.
Cambridge C2 Proiiciency Reading
Parl.7 Test I
You are going to read an article about the bowerbird. For questions 44-53, selecl
the section (A-E) using the separate ansyJer sheet. The section may be selected
more than once.
ln which section are the following mentioned?
The types of structural layout that bowerblrds use for tlreir lromes 44 C
How optical illusions play a part in helping the bowerbird attract a mate 45 E
The way in which female bowerbirds are impatient v,/hen it comes to 46 D

mate selection.
The way in which bowerbirds can be underhanded in obta ning Lheir 47 C

materials.
A physically aggressive mating technique used by the bowerbird 48 B
The kial and error involved in making a bower visually attractive 49 B
The procedure undertaken by lemales in mate selection 50 A
The Jundamental quality that makes a bower a success 51 E
How the male bowerbird is almost unequalled in its maling efforts 52 E
The transactional nature o.f thc mating behaviour of the male bowerbird 53 D
Par17 Test 8
The Unusual Behaviour of the Bon'erbird
\\'har$er $e qpe o[ bo\\er. rhcy all conlprise a fonn

Altracting a maie rs onc of lh€ Iundamental ofvisual enhanccmcnl llttlc sccn ln the anrrnal !r'orld
undcnakings of life in the anlmal kingdonr, and rnany and more alin lo our own forms of home dccoration.
creatures go !o extrerne ]engths or crhrbrl unusual albeiL rn a simpler lorm.
tcchniques for thrs ter) purlosc. Takc, for example,
thc u"mmon m.ru.c rhat
"ru.r,ir.
f(ndl.. l ) il5 uniquc D
high-pitched songs, or rhc fcmale flamrngo that adds
colour ro rts feathcrs in urdcr Lo appeal (, thc malc ol-
Think, if you u,ill. ol-a markct stall lradcr who has all
his !Lrrcs on dlspla)- rn an enucrng lishron, showing o1r
rhc species Indccd, there s c.(alnl) ro shortage of
ttcrrC and rtondcriul coun rl ntuals in the aninral rndiridual irems ro porenrial buyers in rhe hope of a
purchase. The bowcrbird's bchaviour is rer in;scent o{'
world, bul \'cry fcw of Lhcsc are morc unusual and
this, widr their bowers including hundreds oftiny, oficn
impressive than thosc ol some spccics of lhe
boucrbrrd, rtro can nraslcr DaVincr likc fcars of colourful objecls both nalural and manrnade, sucb as
flo\r'ers, berries, coins dnd glass. Each ol these small
des gn and kno\rledge ln or,ler Lo qin,rrcr is lcmale
pieccs is cxacrinBly arranged so as to appcal ro fetnales.
cqurvalent. Corrrnonlv found rn Papul New Guinca
an(l Australia, rherc arc around nrncly diflercn( Whilc (he bowcr's inside is intricately dccoratcd, Lhc
nralc nlso shous largcr objccls to the fcmale to catch
sf(c c\ of tl'r, hiro. -, d'lr(rr rrn-qe r\ rrl,re i\c rn
Lhcir attcntion. And dris might occur more than once. as
both siz. ind co our..{s such they erhhit a range ol'
rffons and bchar iours rn orrlcr to succccrl Ln frndrng a
!he icrrrales go back and lonh watching thc malcs'
displays and visiring different bo*,ers until thcy choose
thc bowcr that has caught their cye sufficiently to selec(
the male ouner as their mate. Females comnronly slop
B at a varicty of bowcrs in ordcr lo selecr their prefened
Nnturally, many types of bowerbird bchave in ways candidate, and somc males may be chosen by multiple
connnon !o othor species ol birds by using physical matcs, while olhers are passed by altogether.
srgns and movernenls in ordcr to altract olhcrs One
such cxamplc ol (his is ho*, \\hen a ler]rale arnves, E
thc rnalc's puprls cnlargc rnd he emj,s a drstincri\c
call lrorn his throat as a way ol indrcatlns hrs intcresr Rcccnt in\esLig tioDs into bowerbirds and thcrr bowijrs
rn thc lerlale. fhe male, l lucx]( cno!gh rhar thc havc identified !hat Ihe brrds create a pirtlcm of
f,:nr,rlc hasn t rlrcady deprrtcd unimprcsscd by his decoratron so detarlcd and clcrcr thar rhey make their
rntentrons, Ihen bcgins a scnes of unLrsual lerking bowcrs appear much bisger Ihan whal !hey dually arc
when vieq'ed by Lhe lemale In Iact, the malc bo\\.erbird
muv(menrs $rlh rt\ \\ing5 lu kcep l-cr ,rrlelltion. a
tends to Bo back and fonh into therr bowers so lhey can
display that has bcen likencd lo kinds ol faditioDal
ensure they've achievcd the dcsired eflect, and whrch
hLtman darcing such as thc I'aso Doble This display
they arc meticulous abour. Rcccnt research sho\\'s thal
can, \\'ith somc bovrerbirds, culnrinare ln perltaps one
of lhc slrangcr rnating lcchniques ln whtch rhe male if a rnale s boucr is altered in any \r'ey, !hcy rrill
sonrctimes begins ro headbult rhe fcmale's chest,
painsrakingly rcst e ir ro therr onginal dcsign. In
addiLion to this, incredibly, their chances of mating are
ccrlrinly not thc k ind ol_bthxvrour)ou'd cxpccL from
r, c\(ndJ\ coJn.h,p' Tl..- r\ r Jr 1...r .in 'rn..rlc found to be drrccll) rglated lo rhe regulcrty of rhe
paltems lhcy crertc \\ilhin rhe bowers Thc complexiry
sho*. bur also a * cll-rehearscd one in q hrch the malc
licquently chanBcs and adjusts thcir sigrs and of this matinB behavrour,. fronr borh rhc ntale and
nr v(mCnlS Ll( l(r'Jing un r)rr \uc.e\s r,,lI rn Jllrictlng lemalc perspcctivcs, indlcares that the bowcrbird is a
a fcmale. bchaviourally corlplex family ol birds. possrb,y morc
so than an)' other bird alil e roday, and almosr ccnainly
the nexl besr homc fichitects after humans
C
As if this rrasn't cnough, so,nc tvpes ol bo\\erbrrds
rcaLlr go Ihe crtra mrlc ro iind (heir ,rlhcr hal\cs,
cngugrng in claborare conslructron \\'()rk lhat !akes a
considerable amounr of ibn{ard plaunrng and hard
w0rk Manv male bo\\,crbirds erccl lntricately
decoratcd ncsls, kno\\! xs bowers, in a variery of
claborate uays, cven stealrnS from o!her malcs'
bo\iers rn ordcr to have thc mosl imprcssivc home and
be choscn as a mate. Thesc often extr':nrclv complex
bowers can bc burlt in a tcnt shape. wrth lhe males
phcrnB s cks arr)und a snrirll rrcc, or !\hirt could besr
cc dsscribed as arr igloo shape, \\ith r frssageuay
cntrance into a ccnral spacr full ofonr Jncnts.

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Cambridge C2 Prof ciency Readlng

The Lost Art of l)iplomacy

31 What is the writer's PUrpose in the first paragraph?

A To suggest that the media is manipulating people.

32 ln paragraph 2, what is the writer's opinion of diplomats?

A Their influence used lo be excessive.

33 ln paragraph 3, what does the writer tmply about drplomacy?

A lt's beneficial Ior interpersonal comrnunication.

34 ln paragraph 4, the writer says that developing our diplomatic skills is

A easier for more emotional people.

A They are optimistic about the human condition

More to History than Books

Most young people are laI more inlerestcd n

D [,4y grandmother'S recollections were a far

E N,4rndful ollhis, the long chats I had with my

ln which section are the follovring mentioned?

Funding popular science comrnLrnicators rather than prizes may be 45 C

The new science awards are backed by a drlferent type of eliie 46 A I

Scientists are suspicious of the principles underlying lhe new science 48 A

The newer science awards are rooted in cooperatron rather than 52 D

The likelihood of pnze-winning scientists needing substantial tinancial 53 C

The Nerv Sciencc A'rvards Redefining Success

plcnty of celcbriry scicntrsts boirsrins nrillions of

Is Objec(ive Rcalitl' a NIyth?

A lt is somelh ng we subconsciously know is largely inaccurate.

A They were inaccu rate.

A We should aflempt to establish lhe accuracy of nformation.

34 The wriler uses the placebo effect to show us

A the lrmrts ol our senses.

A We need to try to understand the environment around us.

The Reinvention of a Brand

B lnnovation has been key 1o maintaining G The company became extreme y

E This reth nk led to moving the company's

Which travel writer:

says their luck initially changed tor the worse? 44 C

had some ralher stereotypical opinions? 45 D

got to experience a dillerent kind ot lile? 46 E

learned not to jump to conclusions? 47 B

has had a lot of travei problems ln the past? 48 A

caused a fuss about something? 49 B

felt like they were the odd one out? 50 E

was relrant on another person? 51 A

was in awe of Lheir surroundings? 52 A

thought they were ready for anything? 53 D

.Iournal of a Reluctant Tra'r,eller

A Any adverse experiences were due to her own decision-making.

32 On the subject of traveling, the writer suggests that she:

A is as a veteran, constantly in search of adventures.

33 Before setting off on her trip, the writer:

A was convinced of the healing powers of travel.

A She starts to record her experiences more accurately.

A she suspected it mrght benelit her mental health.

A Her personality has become more outgoing.

38 F not quile as advanced as people might thlnk.

C Personalisation and creating an lndividual fl By putting the indivdual at the heart ol

D Costs can be decreased further through

E ln contrasl, the process of having clothing

ln which section are the following mentioned?

A connection between muscles and how humans combat cold climates 44 C