GenPhys1 12 Q2 Mod6 TemperatureandHeat Ver4-1
GenPhys1 12 Q2 Mod6 TemperatureandHeat Ver4-1
GenPhys1 12 Q2 Mod6 TemperatureandHeat Ver4-1
NOT
General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 6
Temperature and Heat
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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 6
Temperature and Heat
FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
Table of Contents
What I Know....................................................................................................................................iii
Lesson 1:
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................... 1
What Is It ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 17
References ................................................................................................................................... 18
What This Module is About
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the concepts of Zeroth law of Thermodynamics and Temperature
Measurement as well as acquire skills in solving thermal expansion of solids and
liquids.
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
ii
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What will happen if an ice cube, a cup of warm soup, and a coin are put together in a
closed container?
A. They will all reach the temperature of the coin.
B. They will all reach the freezing point of water.
C. They will each remain at its original temperature.
D. They will all reach thermal equilibrium.
4. What do you call the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in
response to a change in a particular temperature?
A. Non -linear expansion C. electrical expansion
B. Thermal Expansion D. Mechanical Expansion
6. On a cold day, it is hard to open the lid of a tight container. But when you gently heat the
neck, you can easily open the lid. Why?
A. The neck becomes slippery on heating.
B. Lids of the bottles cannot bear the heat.
C. Upon heating, glass expands and lid contracts.
D. Lid expands more than the neck and thus slides easily.
iii
8. One (1) gram of steam at 100℃ causes more serious burn than one (1) gram of water at
100℃. Why?
A. steam is less dense
B. Steam strikes the skin with greater force
C. Steam has a higher specific heat capacity
D. Steam contains more internal energy.
9. A 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540g of water at 80°C. What is the final temperature
of the mixture?
A. 0°C B. 40°C C. 80°C D. Less than 0°C
10. A vehicle cooling system holds 15.7 kg of water. If the engine is run until 6.73 𝑥 103 𝐽 of
heat is added, what is the change in temperature of the water coolant?
Hint: 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4 186 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ .
A. -0.102 °C B. -0.129 °C C. -0.459 °C D.- 0.679 °C
iv
Lesson Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1 and Temperature Measurement
We always associate the word temperature for something that is hot or cold
wherein a body that feels hot has a higher temperature and a body that feels cold
has a lower temperature. But sometimes our senses can mislead us. For example,
a metal cup and a plastic tray were removed from the freezer, when you touch
these two objects, the metal cup is much colder compared to the plastic tray even
though they came from the same freezer. Our human perception of temperature is
not reliable.
In this lesson, what we would like to have is a reliable and reproducible
method for measuring the relative hotness or coldness of objects instead of the
speed of energy transfer.
In this lesson you will understand the connection between Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, temperature, thermal equilibrium, and temperature scales.
What’s New
Activity 1 Measure Me!
Materials:
1 thermometer, 2 Styrofoam cups, boiling water, tap water, calculator
1
Procedure:
1. Put the two Styrofoam cups side by side. Label them as A and B.
2. Pour half cup of boiling water into the cup A and cup B. In cup B, add a little
amount of tap water.
3. Measure the temperature of cup A and cup B.
4. Leave the cups for 10 minutes then measure the temperature of each cup
again.
What Is It
We are familiar with the ideas such as heat and temperature in our daily
lives. But what are the underlying physical phenomena of these concepts? The field
of Science concerned with describing heat and its relationship with energy is called
thermodynamics.
The word thermodynamics comes from the Greek words therme, meaning “heat”
and dynamicos meaning “movement”. It is not just the study of heat and work alone
but it is also the study of the dynamics and behavior of energy and its manifestations.
It is said that energy is the only thing that keeps things going which is very true.
Thermodynamics is one of the most important parts of our daily lives.
2
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14469967/
Temperature Scales
Thermometer is a device used in measuring the temperature of a system. In
measuring temperature, the thermometer must be in thermal equilibrium with the
object with an unknown temperature.
Temperature, just like any other physical quantity, requires a standard
measurement. These standards are the three common scales which are the
Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.
2. Fahrenheit Scale - This scale sets the temperature of the ice point at 32°F and the
temperature of the steam point at 212°F.
3. Kelvin Scale – This is the most used absolute temperature scale in the world. Since
it is an absolute scale, temperatures express in Kelvin are not measured in degrees.
3
Temperature Conversions:
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:
9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32° Equation 1
5
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:
5
𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°) Equation 2
9
To convert Celsius to Kelvin:
𝑇𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273 Equation 3
Sample Exercises:
1. Convert 50ºC into ºF
9
Equation: 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32°
5
9
Solution: 𝑇𝐹 = (50𝑂 𝐶 ) + 32°
5
𝑇𝐹 = 900 + 32°
𝑇𝐹 = 900 + 32°
𝑇𝐹 = 122°
2. Convert 40℉ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 ℃
5
Equation: 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°)
9
5
Solution: 𝑇𝐶 = (40°𝐹 − 32°)
9
5
𝑇𝐶 = (8°)
9
𝑇𝐶 = 4.44°
What’s More
Activity 2. Temperature Conversion
Direction: Convert the following: Write you answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 50℃ = ________ ℉ 4. 5𝐾 = ________ ℃
2. 25℉ = ________ ℃ 5. 80℃ = _________𝐾
3. 10℉ = _________𝐾
4
What I Have Learned
Questions:
1. Explain how the Zeroth law of thermodynamics are applied in Figure 2 and 3.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics forms the fundamental basis of the existence
of a device that can measure temperature i.e. a thermometer. How does a
thermometer work?
5
Lesson
Thermal Expansion
2
What’s In
You have learned in Lesson 1 the connection among the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, temperature, thermal equilibrium, and temperature scales. You
learned that two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same
temperature. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics also establishes that temperature
is a well-defined physical quantity.
In this lesson, you will learn how an increase in temperature affects most
materials and how thermal expansions work especially in roads, houses and many
more.
What’s New
Direction: Analyze the following situations. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. You have difficulty in opening the metal lid of your jam jar. What will you do:
dip it in cold water or dip it in hot water? Why?
2. Why are the electrical wires connected in the posts lightly saggy not tightly tied by
the line man?
3. What is the reason why there are always small gaps in the road and on a tiled
floor?
6
What Is It
Have you had trouble in opening a tight metal lid jar? There is an easy way of
opening it, dip the metal lid in hot water and wait for a couple of seconds and you can
now easily open it. That is because of the thermal expansion of materials like metals
and liquids.
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion occurs once an object is heated. The molecules tend to get
excited and move faster and take up more space that causes the materials to expand
or contract.
Thermal expansion plays a role in
numerous engineering applications like
buildings, concrete highways, railroad tracks,
brick walls, and bridges to compensate for
dimensional changes that occur as the
temperature changes. Figure 4 shows
toothlike seams called expansion joints that
are seen in some bridges. This is intentionally
made by the engineers since these expansion
FIGURE 4. EXPANSION JOINTS
joints move together as the bridge expands in hot Source:
weather and contracts in cold
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/building-
construction-design/64844-all-you-need-to-know-about-concrete-
weather. expansion-joints/
\
LINEAR EXPANSION
Suppose a metal rod material has a length 𝑙𝑜 at some initial temperature
𝑇𝑂, ,when the temperature changes by ∆𝑇 the length changes by ∆𝐿. Experiments show
that if ∆𝑇 is not too large (say, less than 100 ºC or so), ∆𝐿 is directly proportional to ∆𝐿
(Fig. 5a). If two rods made of the same material have the same temperature change,
but one is twice longer than the other, then the change in its length is also twice as
great. Therefore ∆𝐿 must also be proportional to 𝐿𝑂 (Fig. 5b). Introducing a
proportionality constant (which is different for different materials), we may express
these relationships in an equation:
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇 (Linear thermal expansion) Equation 4
7
If a body has length 𝐿𝑂 at a temperature 𝑇𝑜 , then its length L at a temperature 𝑇 =
𝑇𝑂 + ∆𝑇 is,
𝐿 = 𝐿0 + ∆𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇 = 𝐿0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇 ) Equation 5
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14483196/
Material 𝛼 ⌈𝐾 −1 𝑜𝑟 (𝐶°)−1 ⌉
Aluminum 2.4 𝑥 10−5
Brass 2.0 𝑥 10−5
Copper 1.7 𝑥 10−5
Glass 0.4 − 0.9 𝑥 10−5
Invar (nickel-iron alloy) 0.09 𝑥10−5
Quartz (fused) 0.04 𝑥 10−5
Steel 1.2 𝑥 10−5
VOLUME EXPANSION
The change in volume is directly proportional to the initial volume 𝑉𝑖 and to the change
in temperature according to the relationship
∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇 Equation 6
where 𝛽 is the average coefficient of volume expansion of the material. For solid
materials, the average coefficient of volume expansion is three times the average
linear expansion coefficient: 𝛽 = 3𝛼
8
TABLE 2: COEFFICENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Linear expansion
1. A segment of a steel railroad track has a length of 50 m when the temperature is
20 ℃. What is its length at 50℃?
Given: 𝐿𝑂=50 𝑚 ; 𝑇𝑂 = 20 ℃ ; 𝑇𝐹 = 50℃ ; 𝛼 = 11𝑥10−6 (℃)−1
Equation: ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 ∆𝑇
Solution: ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑂 (𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑂 )
∆L = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (50𝑚)(50℃ − 20 ℃ )
∆𝐿 = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (50𝑚)(30℃)
∆𝐿 = 11x 10−6 (℃)−1 (1500 𝑚℃)
∆𝐿 = 0.0165 𝑚
Volume Expansion
1. A 100 cm3 glass flask is filled with alcohol at 10℃. How much ethanol overflows when
the temperature of the system is raised at 80℃? αglass = 0.40 x 10-5 K-1
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝛽𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 75 𝑥 10 −5 𝐾 −1 𝑉𝑜 = 100 𝑐𝑚3
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑖 = 80℃ − 10℃ = 70℃ 𝛼𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.40 𝑥 10 −5 𝐾 −1
Therefore, 5.166 𝑐𝑚3 of ethanol overflows when the temperature of the system is
raised at 80 oC.
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What I Have Learned
1. The newly constructed bridge in your town is a steel arch bridge 600 m in length.
How much does the total length of the roadway decking change between
temperature extremes of 30°C and 50.0°C?
2. A copper wire has essentially no sag between poles 50 m apart on a winter day
when the temperature is 10°C. How much longer is the copper wire on a
summer day when T = 35.0°C?
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Lesson
Heat and Heat Capacity
3
What’s In
One of the lessons discussed to you is heat transfer. You learned in that topic
that heat flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower
temperature. If the two substances transfer energies, one substance losses its
energies while the other one gains energies.
In this module, you will learn about heat capacity and its application in our daily
lives.
What Is It
Have you ever wondered why the pizza sauce is hotter than the crust even
though they are taken out of the oven at the same time? That is because of the specific
heat of the cheese and the crust. The cheese has higher specific heat compared to
the crust. It means that the cheese gives more heat faster than the crust. It is also the
reason why the sand is hotter compared to water on the beach even if they are
exposed to the same source-the sun.
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HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
The heat capacity of a particular sample is defined as the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of that sample by 1°C. From this definition, we see
that if energy Q produces a change ∆𝑇 in the temperature of a sample, then
𝑸 = 𝑪 ∆𝑻
The specific heat, c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.
Therefore, if energy Q transfers to a sample of a substance with mass m and the
temperature of the sample changes by ∆𝑇, the specific heat of the substance is
𝑄
𝑐=
𝑚 ∆𝑇
Or we can rewrite it as,
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Where Q = heat
m- mass of the substance
∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
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Sample Problems:
13
Summary:
then system A and system B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2. The commonly used temperature scales are the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and
Kelvin scales.
9
3. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32°
5
5
4. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32°)
9
9. The specific heat, c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
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Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statement is NOT true about Thermodynamics?
A. Heat flows from an object with lower temperature to an object with higher
temperature
B. An object with higher temperature will gain energies from an object with
lower temperature when they are in direct contact.
C. An object with lower temperature will lose its energies when in direct
contact with an object with a higher temperature.
D. Thermal equilibrium of two objects with different temperature will be
attained at some point.
2. Three substances are added to make a mug of coffee. These are: coffee which
is at 65℃, milk which is at 65℃ and the sugar which is in thermal equilibrium
with the coffee. Which of the following statements best describes the thermal
state of the sugar?
A. The sugar is 65℃, based on the second law of thermodynamics
B. Heat will be transferred from the sugar to the coffee to reach equilibrium.
C. Heat will be transferred from the coffee to the sugar to reach equilibrium.
D. The sugar is in equilibrium with the milk, based on the zeroth law of
Thermodynamics
4. John and Jean measured their temperature. John found his to be 98.6 ℉ while
Jean recorded 37℃. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Both have normal body temperature.
B. Both are suffering from fever.
C. John has a higher body temperature than Jean.
D. John has a lower body temperature than Jean.
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5. Why are the electric wires on the street post a little bit saggy and not tightly
tied?
A. So that it will not be tangled by the other wires.
B. So that it will not break once the wire will expand
C. To make space for the other wires to easily connect.
D. So that it will not be hard for the line men to reach it.
6. A metal sheet with a circular hole is heated. Which of the following will happen
to the hole?
A. gets larger C. gets deformed
B. gets smaller D. remains of the same size
8. Why is the sand much hotter compared to water at the beach if they are
exposed to the same source which is the sun?
A. The sand has a higher specific heat compared to the water.
B. The sand is directly exposed to sun compared to the water.
C. The water is directly exposed to sun compared to the sand.
D. The water has a higher specific heat compared to the sand.
9. How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a 40 g water by
50°C?
𝐽
Hint: 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.17 𝑔℃
16
17
What I Know
1. D 6. D
2. A 7. B
3. B 8. C
4. B 9. A
5. D 10. A
Lesson 1:
What’s More:
1. 122 °F
2. -3.88 °C
3. 261 K
4. -268 °C
5. 353 K
Lesson 2:
What I Have Learned:
1. 600.14 m
2. 50.02 m
Lesson 3:
What I Have Learned
1. – 154800 J
2. 1200 cal
Assessment 15
1.A
2.D
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.A
7.A
8.D
9.C
10.D
Answer key:
References
Baltazar and Tolentino. Exploring Life Through Science General Physics 1. Teachers
Wraparound Edition. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2017
Hewitt, Paul. Conceptual Physics. 9th ed. Reprint, Singapore: Pearson Education, 2002
Navaza, Delia, and Bienvenido Valdes. You And The Natural World Physics. 3rd ed. Reprint,
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2010
Serway / Jewett. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics. Cengage 2014.
Young, H., Freedman, R., Ford, A., & Young, H. (2012). Sears and Zemansky's University
physics. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.
Zitzewitz, Haase, and Harper. Physics Principles & Problems. Reprint, United States of
America: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2013.
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