The figure above shows a reaction under constant pressure. In figure
A, initially, the system (a copper penny and concentrated nitric acid) is at atmospheric pressure. In figure B, when the penny is added to the nitric acid, the volume of NO2 gas that is formed cause the piston to move upward to maintain the system at atmospheric pressure.
6 www.shsph.blogspot.com Do not worry if you did not get the correct observation. This is only to remind you that in that example, the system is performing work on its surroundings. Let us try another activity for you to understand what happens to the system and its surroundings in a chemical reaction. Differentiate figure A from figure B.
Guide questions:
1. What can you observe on the direction of the heat?
2. What is difference between the system before and after the reaction?
3. What do you think is enthalpy?
EXPLAIN
We can understand more the figures above about endothermic and
exothermic reactions if we know what enthalpy is.
As discussed in the previous modules, the internal energy of a system
is the sum of the KE and PE of all its components. It is the change in internal
7 www.shsph.blogspot.com energy that produces heat plus work. To measure the energy changes that
occur in chemical reactions, chemists usually use a related thermodynamic
quantity called enthalpy.
The enthalpy of a system is defined as the sum of its internal energy
(U) plus the product of its pressure P and volume V:
H = U + PV Since internal energy, pressure and volume are all state functions,
enthalpy is also a state function. So we can define a change in enthalpy:
ΔH = Hfinal – Hinitial The figure on explore part pertains to enthalpy. Energy changes in
chemical reactions are usually measured in changes in enthalpy. In figure A, if
heat flows from a system to its surroundings, the enthalpy of the system
decreases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is negative, and the reaction is
exothermic.
Conversely, if heat flows from the surroundings to a system, the
enthalpy of the system increases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is positive and
the reaction is endothermic.
Did you get a similar answer? If you are still having a difficult time
understanding what enthalpy is, it is simply the change in the energy that
happens in a chemical reaction.
How about the enthalpy of a reaction? It is simply the difference in
enthalpy between products and reactants.
8 www.shsph.blogspot.com The Enthalpy of Reaction or Delta H can be given together with a Balanced Chemical Equation. When the equation show the associated value for enthalpy change it is now called as a Thermochemical Equation. Here are some ways of writing/representing it.
C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) +110.5 kJ Exothermic
CO(g) +110.5 kJ → C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) Endothermic
C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) H= -110.5 kJ Exothermic
CO(g) → C(graphite) + ½ O2(g) H= +110.5 kJ Endothermic
Let's try to interpret and evaluate this Thermochemical Equation.
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H= - 802 kJ
When a reaction is controlled so that 2 moles O 2(g) burn to form 2 moles of
H2O(g) at a constant pressure, 802 kJ of heat is released by the system. What happens to H when there are 2 moles of CH4(g) that's burned? Compare it to the amount of heat generated when you double the amount of fuel say, firewood. Can you feel that it gets hotter? In the same manner the combustion of twice the quantity of CH 4(g) produces twice as much heat, 1604 kJ because Enthalpy is an extensive property. This means that the magnitude of H is directly proportional to the amount of reactant consumed in the process. So, your Thermochemical Equation shall be written this way- 2CH4(g) + 4 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H= - 1604 kJ
(TAKE NOTE: The coefficients/no. of moles of the other compounds are
also doubled)
Now what do you think is the reverse of an exothermic reaction? You're Right! It's an endothermic process. How does this affect the H? Yes, you're correct again. The sign of the value for H is changed. Try to study the following samples. 2CH4(g) + 4 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H= - 1604 kJ
9 www.shsph.blogspot.com Why do you think the states of the reactants and products are always specified in a thermochemical equation? Discover the reason why thru these samples. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H= - 802 kJ
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H= - 890 kJ
Thus, more heat is available for transfer to the surroundings when the product
is water in its liquid state.
Can you enumerate now the THREE important guidelines in using thermochemical equations? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ DO NOT FORGET THESE BECAUSE YOU'LL BE APPLYING THESE IN THE NEXT MODULE.
ELABORATE
Let us now understand more the enthalpies of reaction:
One way to report the heat absorbed or released would be to compile a
massive set of references tables that list the enthalpy changes for all possible
chemical reactions, which would require an incredible amount of effort. Fortunately,
since enthalpy is a state function, all we have to know is the initial and final states of
the reaction. This allows us to calculate enthalpy change for virtually conceivable
10 www.shsph.blogspot.com chemical reaction using a relatively small set of tabulated data such as the following
enthalpies of reaction:
1. Enthalpy of combustion – the change in enthalpy that occurs during
combustion reaction. Enthalpy changes have been measured for the
combustion of virtually any substance that will burn in oxygen; these
values are reported as the enthalpy of combustion per mole of substance.
2. Enthalpy of fusion – the enthalpy change that accompanies the melting
(fusion) of 1 mol of a substance. The enthalpy change that accompanies
the melting, or fusion of 1 mol of a substance; these values have been
measured for almost all the elements for most simple compounds.
3. Enthalpy of vaporization – the enthalpy change that accompanies the
vaporization of 1 mol of a substance; these values have also been
measured for nearly all the elements and for most volatile compounds.
4. Enthalpy of solution – the change in enthalpy that occurs when a
specified amount of solute dissolves in a given quantity of solvent. The
enthalpy change when a specified amount of solute dissolved in a given
quantity of solvent.
The enthalpies of reactions simply show us that in the four reactions
mentioned above, there is always a change in energy as
chemical reactions take place. This supports the law of
conservation of energy stated in your previous modules.
Take a look at the application of our concept to calorimerty:
A simpler device than the constant-volume calorimeter is
the constant-pressure calorimeter, which is used to
11 www.shsph.blogspot.com determine the heat changes for noncombustion reactions. A crude constant-pressure
calorimeter can be constructed from two Styrofoam coffee cups, as shown in the
figure on the right. This device measures the heat effects of a variety of reactions,
such as acid-base neutralization, as well as the heat of solution and heat of dilution.
Because the pressure is constant, the heat change for the process (qrxn) is equal to
the enthalpy change (H). As in the case of a constant-volume calorimeter, we treat
the calorimeter as an isolated system.
EVALUATE
A. Fill out the missing words in the sentences as you recall your learnings in enthalpy. Write your answer in your science notebook. 1. Internal energy of a system is the ____ of the KE and PE of all its components. 2. In chemical reaction, the system is doing work to its ___________. 3. To measure the energy changes that occur in ______________, chemists usually use a related thermodynamic quantity called ____________.
B. Match column A with column B by drawing a line to connect the term and its description. Write your answer in your science notebook. A B Enthalpy of combustion the change in enthalpy that occurs when a specified amount of solute dissolves in a given quantity of solvent. Enthalpy of vaporization the enthalpy change that accompanies the melting (fusion) of 1 mol of a substance. Enthalpy of solution the enthalpy change that accompanies the vaporization of 1 mol of a substance. Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy changes have been measured for the combustion of virtually any substance that will burn in oxygen
12 www.shsph.blogspot.com
POST TEST
Read and analyze each question. Write your answer in your science notebook.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about the internal energy of a system?
a. It is the sum of the KE and PE of all its components.
b. It is the difference of the enthalpies in a reaction.
c. It is the sum of the heat energy and solar energy of all its components.
d. It is the product of combustion and vaporization reactions.
2. Since internal energy, pressure and volume are all state functions, enthalpy is
also a state function. So we can define a change in enthalpy as ______
a. ΔH = Hfinal – Hinitial c. ΔH = Hfinal + Hinitial
b. ΔH = Hinitial – Hfinal d. ΔH = Hinitial + Hfinal
3. Mark was assigned by his teacher to discuss the difference between enthalpy
and enthalpy of a reaction. Which of the following concepts can help him?
a. Enthalpy is the change in the energy that happens in a chemical reaction
while the enthalpy of a reaction is the difference in enthalpy between products
and reactants.
b. Enthalpy of a reaction is the change in the energy that happens in a
chemical reaction while the enthalpy is the difference in enthalpy between
products and reactants.
13 www.shsph.blogspot.com c. Enthalpy is the change in the heat flow that happens in a chemical reaction
while the enthalpy of a reaction is the difference in enthalpy between KE and
PE.
d. Enthalpy of a reaction is the change in the heat flow that happens in a
chemical reaction while the enthalpy is the difference in enthalpy between KE
and PE.
3. If heat flows from the surroundings to a system, the enthalpy of the system
increases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is positive and the reaction is
__________.
a. constant b. endothermic c. exothermic d. either B or C
4. An enthalpy change happens when 36g of salt was added to 250mL of water.
Which among the enthalpies of reaction is being referred on the example?
a. combustion b. fission c. fusion d. solution
5. Maria is observing two reactions – one is endothermic, and the other is
exothermic. In the middle of her observation, she forgot which one is an
exothermic reaction. The figure only shows the sign of the reaction, figure A is
positive and figure B is negative.
a. If heat flows from a system to its surroundings, the enthalpy of the system
decreases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is negative, and the reaction is
exothermic.
b. If heat flows from the surroundings to a system, the enthalpy of the system
increases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is positive and the reaction is
exothermic.
14 www.shsph.blogspot.com c. If heat flows from a system to its surroundings, the enthalpy of the system
increases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is negative, and the reaction is
exothermic.
d. If heat flows from the surroundings to a system, the enthalpy of the system
decreases, so the enthalpy of a reaction is positive and the reaction is
exothermic.
B. Answer the following:
1. Explain enthalpy and enthalpies of a reaction.
2. Describe at least two of the enthalpies of reaction stated on this module.
VOCABULARY LIST
❖ Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen,
involving the production of heat and light.
❖ Enthalpy is the amount change in energy in a chemical reaction.
❖ Enthalpy of a reaction is simply the difference in enthalpy between products
and reactants.
❖ Fusion means combining lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
❖ Solution is a type of homogenous mixture composed of two or more
substances.
15 www.shsph.blogspot.com ❖ Vaporization is the conversion of a substance from liquid or solid phased into
gaseous phase (vapor).
Your assignment
Write at least two reactions that show enthalpy. State the reactants and the
products of the reaction and explain the energy change that happens throughout the
reaction.
16 www.shsph.blogspot.com
ANSWER KEY
Pre-test 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C Evaluate 1. Sum 2. Surroundings 3. Chemical reaction, enthalpy A B Enthalpy of combustion the change in enthalpy that occurs when a specified amount of solute dissolves in a given quantity of solvent. The enthalpy change when a specified amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent. Enthalpy of vaporization the enthalpy change that accompanies the melting (fusion) of 1 mol of a substance. The enthalpy change that accompanies the melting, or fusion of 1 mol of a substance; these values have been measured for almost all the elements for most simple compounds. Enthalpy of solution the enthalpy change that accompanies the vaporization of 1 mol of a substance; these values have also been measured for nearly all the elements and for most volatile compounds. Enthalpy of fusion the change in enthalpy that occurs during combustion reaction. Enthalpy changes have been measured for the combustion of virtually any substance that will burn in oxygen; these values are reported as the enthalpy of combustion per mole of substance.
17 www.shsph.blogspot.com
Post Test A. 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B
A. 1. Enthalpy is the change in the energy that happens in a chemical reaction
while the enthalpy of a reaction is the difference in enthalpy between
products and reactants.
2. Enthalpy of combustion – the change in enthalpy that occurs during
combustion reaction. Enthalpy changes have been measured for the
combustion of virtually any substance that will burn in oxygen; these
values are reported as the enthalpy of combustion per mole of substance.
Enthalpy of fusion – the enthalpy change that accompanies the melting
(fusion) of 1 mol of a substance. The enthalpy change that accompanies
the melting, or fusion of 1 mol of a substance; these values have been
measured for almost all the elements for most simple compounds.
Enthalpy of vaporization – the enthalpy change that accompanies the
vaporization of 1 mol of a substance; these values have also been
measured for nearly all the elements and for most volatile compounds.
Enthalpy of solution – the change in enthalpy that occurs when a specified
amount of solute dissolves in a given quantity of solvent. The enthalpy
change when a specified amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of
solvent.
18 www.shsph.blogspot.com
REFERENCES
A. Books: o Chang, R. (2008). General Chemistry. New York. The Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc. o Religioso, T. (2008). You and the Natural World of Chemistry. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc
B. Guides: o Prototype and Contextualized Daily Lesson Plans in Science 5 Developed by SDO Albay, 2019
C. Websites: Accessed last June 26, 2020 o https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov o https://chemlibtextx.com o https://study.com
Thermodynamic Properties of Molecular Cryocrystals of Nitrogen Type With FCC Structure: Contribution From Lattice Vibrations and Molecular Rotational Motion
Thermodynamic Properties of Molecular Cryocrystals of Nitrogen Type With FCC Structure: Contribution From Lattice Vibrations and Molecular Rotational Motion
