BATTERY

KU1202 Introduction to Engineering and Design

Semester II Academic Year of 2021/2022

1 March 2022 Wibawa Hendra Saputera, Ph.D.

Team Teaching PRD FTI ITB

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 HOW BATTERIES WORK?

2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OVtk6G2TnQ
 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

heterogeneous chemical reactions that involve the transfer of an

electric charge to or from an electrode

C AT H O D I C P R O C E S S ANODIC PROCESS
a stable species is reduced by electron transfer a stable species is oxidized by the removal of
from the cathode. electrons into the anode.

2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-

Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

Electrochemical processes can only occur in a cell consisting

of a cathode, anode and electrolyte

• Electrons must move from the anode to the cathode • To prevent the accumulation of positive or negative
through an external electrical circuit, and there should be charges in the cell → the amount of reduction at the
a charge transfer mechanism between the two cathode must be = the amount of oxidation at the
electrodes in the cells anode

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 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

FARADAY’S LAW
-1833-

The amount of material produced at an electrode

▪ The amount of electric charge that resulted in a conversion 1
(or liberated from it) during an electrochemical
chemical equivalent of a substance = Faraday constant → for
reaction is directly proportional to the total
conversion of 1 mole of substance j, required electric charge at
conducted charge or, equivalently, the
𝒏𝑭
average current multiplied by the total time.
𝝂𝒋
Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis states that the
chemical deposition due to the flow of current ▪ If the amount of electric charge consumed at the electrode = Q
through an electrolyte is directly proportional to → the number of moles of substance formed / reacting = nj ,
the quantity of electricity (coulombs) passed 𝝂𝒋 𝑸
through it. Faraday equation : 𝜟𝒏𝒋 =
𝒏𝑭
Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states that, ▪ Specific reaction rate, j (amount of substance j converted /
when the same quantity of electricity is passed unit of time / unit area of electrode)  current density, i:
through several electrolytes, the mass of the 𝟏 𝒅𝒏𝒋 𝒊
substances deposited are proportional to their 𝝊𝒋 = = 𝝂𝒋
respective chemical equivalent or equivalent 𝑺 𝒅𝒕 𝒏𝑭
weight.

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 BATTERY
A device that can convert the chemical energy contained in its active substance into electrical
energy DIRECTLY through red-oxide reactions (reactions involving the transfer of electrons
from one material to another through an electrical circuit) → not limited by the Carnot cycle

Each cell consists of 3 main components:

Anode requirements: efficient reducing agent, high specific
1. anode: gives electrons to the outer circuit → capacity (Ah / g), conductive, stable, inexpensive and easily
oxidized fabricated → metals, for example: Zn, Li
2. cathode: receives electrons from the outer
circuit → reduced
3. electrolyte = ionic conductor: provides a Cathode requirements: efficient oxidizing agent, not
medium for the transfer of charge (ions) in the reactive with electrolytes and having an effective working
cell, between the anode & cathode voltage → oxygen, metal-oxide, halogen / oxyhalide /
sulfur / sulfur-oxide

Anode & cathode material requirements: lightweight,

Electrolyte requirements: high ionic conductivity, not
high cell voltage & capacity, non-reactive to other cell
reactive to electrodes, resistant to temperature changes,
components, low polarization, easy to handle,
safe in handling and inexpensive → generally aquatic
relatively inexpensive
solutions; except Li → melted / non-aquatic salts

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 TYPES OF BATTERIES
1. Primary Batteries
• not easy / efficient reload → once used (discharge) immediately discharged
• "Dry cell": the electrolyte is stored with absorbent or separator
• = a convenient, lightweight, inexpensive resource for portable electrical & electronic devices, lighting,
photography, toys, memory backups, etc.
• advantages: long shelf life, high energy density at low - moderate release rates, light maintenance, easy to
use
2. Secondary Battery = Battery Can Be Reloaded (rechargeable)
• After discharging the charge can be loaded to its original condition by flowing electric current in the
opposite direction to the discharge current → = electric energy storage device = battery storage =
accumulator
• Secondary battery application categories:
a. energy-storage devices
b. discharged as a primary battery but recharged after use
• high power density and release rate, flat discharge curve and good performance at low temperatures
• energy density & secondary battery charge retention <primary battery
• mechanically rechargeable battery: re-loaded by replacing electrodes that have "run out"; generally metal
anodes on metal-water batteries
3. Backup Battery
• Primary type: before activation, key components are separated from other battery components → no
chemical reaction / self-discharge → can be stored for a long time
• thermal battery: not active before being heated to melt the conductive → solid electrolyte
• to meet the requirements for very long storage or in harsh environments → cannot be filled with "active"
batteries
• required to provide high power in a relatively short time, for example for missiles, torpedoes, weapons ... 6
 CELL OPERATIONS
UNLOADING
flow of electrons and ions when releasing the charge (anode = (-), cathode = (+) )
• if anode = Zn & cathode = Cl2
anodic reaction : Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
Cathodic reaction : Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
Total : Zn + Cl2 → ZnCl2
LOADING
• during reload,
Anodic : 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
electron flow and electric current reversed from the time of release → anode =
(+), cathode = (-)
Cathodic : Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn
Total : 2Cl- + Zn2+ (ZnCl2) → Zn + Cl2
Example: Ni-Cd cell
discharge:
(-) : Cd + 2(OH)- → Cd(OH)2 → anode
(+) : NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH- → cathode
recharge :
(-) : Cd(OH)2 + 2e- → Cd + 2(OH)-
(+) : Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O + e-
Total : 2NiOOH + Cd + 2H2O ⇄ 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
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 VOLTAGE, CAPACITY &
ENERGY BATTERIES
The voltage and theoretical capacity of a battery depend on the type of anode and cathode material
spontaneous reaction → free energy decrease: ∆𝐺 0 = −𝑛𝐹𝐸 0
n = number of electrons involved in a stoichiometric reaction
F = Faraday's number = 96500 Coulomb / equivalent = 26.8 A h / eq
E0 = standard reaction potential

Theoretical Voltage
• Standard cell potential depends on the type of active material in the cell
• Standard cell potential can be calculated from standard free energy data or from the difference in
standard potential of the two electrodes
0 0 0
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝐸𝑘𝑎𝑡 − 𝐸𝑎𝑛
Ex : 𝐸𝑍𝑛
0
= - 0,76V; 𝐸𝐶𝑙
0
= + 1,36 V → 𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑙
0
= 1,36 – (- 0,76) = 2,12 V
Theoretical Capacity (Coulombic)
• The theoretical capacity of cells depends on the amount of active ingredients in the cell
• = total electric charge involved in electrochemical reactions [=] Coulomb or Ampere. hours; Ah capacity
→ the amount of electrical charge that can be obtained from active ingredients in cells; 1 gram-equivalent
material can produce 96487 Coulomb (26.8 A.hour)

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 VOLTAGE, CAPACITY &
ENERGY BATTERIES
• The theoretical capacity of an electrochemical cell (based only on active ingredients) can be calculated
from the reactant equivalent weight data, for example:
Zn (0,82 Ah/g) + Cl2 (0,76 Ah/g)→ ZnCl2
1,22 g/Ah + 1,32 g/Ah = 2,54 g/Ah → 0,394 Ah/g
only anode & cathode masses, electrolyte masses etc. are ignored
Tables 1.1 & 1.2 (pages 28 & 29) Linden
• Theoretical Energy
Theoretical energy = the maximum energy that can be produced by an electrochemical system: energy
(Wh) = potential (V) x capacity (Ah)
example: specific energy (theoretical) Zn/Cl2 = 2,12 V x 0,394 Ah/g = 0,835 Wh/g

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VOLTAGE, CAPACITY &
ENERGY BATTERIES

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VOLTAGE, CAPACITY &
ENERGY BATTERIES

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 SPECIFIC ENERGY &
ENERGY DENSITY
In practice, only a portion of theoretical energy can be realized because:
1. there are electrolytes and non-reactive components (containers, separators, etc.) that increase the total
cell weight or volume
2. the discharge of a battery occurs at a <theoretical voltage and ends at a voltage> 0
3. the exact amount of active ingredients in the cell is stoichiometric - there is excess
Fig. 1.4 Linden:
1. theoretical specific energy (only anode & cathode active ingredients)
2. Practical battery theoretical specific energy (taking into account electrolytes & non-reactive
components)
3. actual specific energy if the battery releases the charge at 20 ° C under optimal conditions
• weight of the battery construction material reduces the theoretical energy density ~ 50%
• the actual energy that a battery can produce is only 50 - 75% of the theoretical energy after being
reduced due to the weight of the construction material
• the energy available in a battery that discharges in near optimal conditions, only 25 - 35% of the
theoretical energy

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THEORITICAL AND ACTUAL SPECIFIC ENERGY OF
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BATTERIES

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 ENERGY DENSITY AND
SPECIFIC ENERGY OF
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY BATTERIES

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 THERMODYNAMICS
• The maximum electrical energy that can be produced from chemicals in the cell depends
on the change in free energy of the electrochemical pair, ΔG
• In general it can be written
Cathodic reaction : 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑛𝑒⇌𝑐𝐶
Anodic reaction : 𝑏𝐵⇌𝑑𝐷 + 𝑛𝑒
total reaction : 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵⇌𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
• Changes in standard free energy: ∆𝐺 ° = −𝑛𝐹𝐸 ° with F = 96487 Coulombs and E ° =
standard electromotive force (emf)
• Outside the standard conditions, the cell voltage E is expressed by the Nernst equation
𝑐 𝑑
𝑅𝑇 𝑎 𝐶 𝑎𝐷
𝐸 = 𝐸° − 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑏
𝑛𝐹 𝑎𝐴 𝑎𝐵
with 𝑎 i = specific activity i
R = gas constant
T = absolute temperature
• ΔG° = the driving force of a battery to deliver electrical energy to an external circuit
measurement of emf can also provide data ΔG, ΔS, ΔH, activity coefficient, equilibrium
constant and solubility
• Measurement of absolute electrode potential cannot be carried out directly → the
standard potential of the reaction H + / H2 = 0 Volts and all standard potential half-cell
reactions are compared to hydrogen
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 STANDARD
REDUCTION
POTENTIAL
ELECTRODES
FOR VARIOUS
REACTIONS AT
TEMPERATURE
OF 25°C
As Eo increases, the more
favorable the reaction and the
more easily the compound is
reduced (better oxidizing
agent).

Reactions always written as

reduction.
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Battery (Ancient) History
1800 Voltaic pile: silver zinc
1836 Daniell cell: copper zinc
1859 Planté: rechargeable lead-acid cell
1868 Leclanché: carbon zinc wet cell
1888 Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell
1898 Commercial flashlight, D cell
1899 Junger: nickel cadmium cell
1946 Neumann: sealed NiCd
1960s Alkaline, rechargeable NiCd
1970s Lithium, sealed lead acid
1990 Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
1991 Lithium ion
1992 Rechargeable alkaline
1999 Lithium ion polymer
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 ZINC-CARBON BATTERIES
(Leclanché and Zinc Chloride Cell System)

• The most widely used of all primary battery system

• Low cost, readily available, acceptable performance for many applications
• Zn-C battery sales ≈ 34.5% of primary battery global market

• Specific capacity: calculated = 224 Ah/kg; with electrolyte, C-black and water mass → 96
Ah/kg; actual specific capacity = 75 Ah/kg (very light loads) – 35 Ah/kg (heavy-duty)
• Types : general purpose, industrial heavy duty, extra/super heavy duty
• Construction : cylindrical, flat
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Leclanché ZnCl2

Leclanché flat cell 19

 CELL COMPONENTS

• Zinc
• Bobbin = cathode = wet powder mixture of MnO2, carbon black and
electrolyte (NH4Cl or ZnCl2 and water)
• Manganese Dioxide
• Carbon black
• Electrolyte : NH4Cl+ZnCl2 / ZnCl2 , H2O, Zn-corrosion inhibitor
• Corrosion Inhibitor : HgCl2/Hg2Cl2 → Cd & Pb → K2CrO4/K2Cr2O7 → safe
inhibitors
• Carbon Rod
• Separator
• Seal
• Jacket
• Electrical Contacts

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 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
• Voltage : open-circuit voltage, closed-circuit voltage, end voltage
• Discharge characteristics

Open-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or VOC ) is the difference of electrical potential between two
terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external
electric current flows between the terminals. It is sometimes given the symbol Voc.

Closed Circuit Voltage is the voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge. As a battery has
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an internal resistance, CCV is lower than OCV and CCV becomes lower with a range of current.
ALKALINE MnO2 BATTERY

• Active materials : electrolytic MnO2 (higher Mn content,

reactivity, purity than chemical/natural ones), 35-52% KOH
(alkaline electrolyte with greater conductivity & lower H2
gassing rate), powdered Zn (large surface area anode →
lower i & lower mass-transport polarization)
• Total reaction :
light & intermittent drains :
• Initial ocp : 1.5 – 1.65 V; functional end voltage : 0.75 V;
average voltage : 1.2 V

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 ALKALINE MnO2 BATTERY

Mn-Alkaline
Components:
• Cathode component
• Anode component
• Anode collector
• Separator
• Container, Seals & Finishes

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 ALKALINE MnO2 BATTERY

Alkaline-manganese battery: Eveready (left) & Duracell (right)

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BATTERY ASSEMBLY

25
CLOSE CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

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LEAD ACID BATTERY

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LEAD ACID BATTERY

28
LEAD ACID BATTERY

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 LI-ION BATTERY INDUSTRY
H3PO4
Automobiles – low energy density, safe
Iron Smelter + Acid FeSO4 LFP
Iron Ore Production
LFP
Treatment
Single
LiOH Separator Cell Cell Battery
Li-ion
Battery
Electrolyte Assembly Li-ion Assembly
(Packed)
Li2CO3 Cell
package
Battery
Anode
(Grafit)
Bauxite
Bayer process electric powertrains and in grid storage,
(Aluminium Al(OH)3
ore)
(Hot caustic leaching) High energy density, more stable than NMC
Li-NCA Li-
Production NCA
Single
Separator Cell Battery Li-ion
Sumitomo process Cell
Nickel ore Ni(OH)2 Electrolyte Assembly Assembly Battery
(High Pressure Acid Leaching Cell Li-ion
containing
& Mixed Hydroxide & (Packed)
Cobalt package Battery
Precipitation) Co(OH)2 Anode
(Grafit)
electric vehicle, high energy density, safety problem (thermal)
Li-NMC Li-
Manganese Hydrometallurgy process Production NMC
ore
(Acid Leaching & MnSO4
Precipitation) Single Li-ion
Separator Cell Cell Battery
Li2CO3 Electrolyte Assembly Assembly Battery
Cell Li-ion (Packed)
package
Anode
Battery
(Grafit)
BATTERY RAW MATERIAL COMPONENT SINGLE CELL ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY
PREPARATION 30
RAW MATERIAL PREPARATION

H i g h P r e s s u r e A c i d L e a c h i n g ( H PA L ) & M i x e d H y d r o x i d e P r e c i p i t a t i o n ( M H P )

S U M I TO M O P R O C E S S
Nickel ore
containing Ore
HPAL
preparation
Cobalt

Solid-Liq
Tailings Neutralization
separation

Solid-Liq Tailings
Limestone MHP
separation

Ni(OH) 2& 2&

Ni(OH)
Co(OH)
Co(OH)
2 2

Sumber: Crundwell, F.K. et al. [2011] Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals , Elsevier 31
RAW MATERIAL PREPARATION

Hot caustic leaching

NaOH
NaOH

Bauxite
Bauxite Digestion Filtration Precipitation Al(OH)
Al(OH)
33

Lime
Lime Red Mud Residue

Sumber: http://redmud.org/red-mud/production/
32
RAW MATERIAL PREPARATION

Acid Leaching & Precipitation

H2SO4 Residue NaOH

Manganese Acid Precipitation Precipitate (Fe,

ore Filtration Mg, …)
Leaching (pH = 9)

Filtrate, boiling 100°C

MnSO4 Calcination Precipitation

Sumber: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-flow-diagram-of-the-leaching-and-separation-of-manganese-sulfate-from_fig2_251561561

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 COMPONENT PREPARATION

NCA Lithium Batter y via Solid Process

H2O Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Co(OH)2 Oxalic Acid

Mixing

Drying

Li(OH) Dry Mixing

Calcination (450°C) 2 h
and Sintering (700°C) 15 h

Ball mill (t=1 h)

Li-NCA powder

[1] T. Ohzuku, H. Yoshizawa, M. Nagayama, US7935443B2, 2011. Panasonic Corp.

[2] Y. Matsubara, M. Ueda, H. Inoue, T. Fukami, EP2058281B1, 2012. Toda Kogyo Corp. 34
 COMPONENT PREPARATION
LI-NMC H2O Ni(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Mn(SO4) Ethylene Glycol

Mixing
NH4.CO3
Hydrothermal Reactor
(T= 100 C, t-=6 jam)

H2O Washing H2O - NH4+

Drying

Ni-Co-Mn Carbonate

Li*2CO3 Dry Mixing

Calcination (T= 450C, t= 1 h) &

Sintering ( T = 800 C t = 10 h)

Ball Mill (t =1 h)
Ohzuku, T., Yoshizawa, H dan Nagayama, M. 2011. Lithium
Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide Positive Electrode Active
Material. US Patent, US 7,935,443 B2
Li-NMC Powder 35
 COMPONENT PREPARATION

Qin X, Wang X, Xiang H, Xie J, Li J, Zhou Y. 2010. Mechanism for Hydrothermal Synthesis
of LiFePO4 Platelets as Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Phys. Chem
36
 BATTERY COMPONENT ASSEMBLY
L I - N C A B AT T E R Y M A N U FA C T U R I N G

POSITIVE ELECTRODE N E G AT I V E E L E C T R O D E
Active Material Binder Active Material Binder
Li Ni0.8 Co Al0.05 O2 TFE-PE Graphite CMC-SBR

Paste mixing Paste mixing

Aluminium Coating Coating Copper

Drying Drying

Calendaring Calendaring
Separator Separator
Cutting Cutting
PP/PE PP/PE

Case Cell Assembly

Electrolyte
Filling
LiPF6/EC

Sealing & Welding

Forming & Testing

Final Assembly NCA- Battery

37
Hakimian et al., 10.1039/c5en00078e, 2015.
BATTERY COMPONENT ASSEMBLY

Li-NMC-BATTERY MANUFACTURING

POSITIVE ELECTRODE N E G AT I V E E L E C T R O D E
Conductive Diluent Active Material Binder Active Material Binder
Carbon Black Li Ni0.4 Co0.2 Mn0.4 O2 PVDF-NMP Graphite PVDF-NMP

Paste mixing Paste mixing

Aluminium Coating Coating Copper

Drying Drying

Calendaring Calendaring
Separator Separator
Cutting Cutting
PP/PE PP/PE

Case Cell Assembly

Electrolyte
Filling
LiPF6/EC

Sealing & Welding

Forming & Testing

Final Assembly NMC- Battery

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Hakimian et al., 10.1039/c5en00078e, 2015.
BATTERY COMPONENT ASSEMBLY
LFP-BATTERY MANUFACTURING

POSITIVE ELECTRODE N E G AT I V E E L E C T R O D E
Conductive Diluent Active Material Binder Active Material Binder
Carbon Black LiFePO4 PVDF-NMP Graphite PVDF-NMP

Paste mixing Paste mixing

Aluminium Coating Coating Copper

Drying Drying

Calendaring Calendaring
Separator Separator
Cutting Cutting
PP/PE PP/PE

Case Cell Assembly

Electrolyte
Filling
LiPF6/EC-DC

Sealing & Welding

Forming & Testing

Final Assembly Li-NMC- Battery

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Hakimian et al., 10.1039/c5en00078e, 2015.
BATTERY FACTORY/PLANT IN INDONESIA

40
ROAD MAP MAKING INDONESIA 4.0 OTOMOTIVE SECTOR

Note: ICE (Internal Combustion Engine)

Source: A.T. Kearney
41
ROAD MAP MAKING INDONESIA 4.0 OTOMOTIVE SECTOR

Roadmap Industri Otomotif disusun

berdasarkan:
1. Amanat dari PP No. 14 Tahun 2015
Tentang Rencana Induk
Pengembangan Industri Nasional
(RIPIN).
2. Perpres No. 22/2017 Kebijakan Energi
Nasional (KEN)
3. Komitmen Pemerintah di COP21 Paris
terkait penurunan emisi Gas Rumah
Kaca (GRK)

Keterangan : BBG : Bahan Bakar Gas HEV : Hybrid Electric Vehicle,

PHEV : Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, BEV : Battery Electric Vehicle, FCEV : Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
LCEV : Low Carbon Emission Vehicle PCU : Power Control Unit

42
LCEV PROGRAMS BASED ON CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVE AND FUEL TECHNOLOGY
BEVs HEV/PHEVs FCEVs & Advanced/ Bio Diesel

Truk Mixer
Fix Route Public
Short Distance
Bus FCEVs
Transportation HEV/PHEVs
Comuter Vehicles
VEHICLE SIZE
Mining Truck

BEVs HEV/PHEVs FCEVs

Medium
Personal Car Truck Logistic
Passenger vehicle
Heavy Truck

FUEL Electric Gasoline, Diesel, Biofuel, Natural Gas, Synthetic, Hydrogen Advanced/ Bio Diesel
MILEAGE
Vehicle technology must be adjusted to the characteristics of mileage, vehicle size and fuel
Note :
HEV : Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV : Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, BEV : Battery Electric Vehicle, FCEV : Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

Challenges :
- Technology (Prize, Weight, Charging Time)
- Infrastructure
- Environment (Recycling, Second Life Battery)
- Sustainability 43
 LOW CARBON EMISSION VEHICLE (LCEV) PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
Vehicles under
xxx LCEV Scheme
Existed Next: Electrified Vehicle Biofuel

LCGC HEV PHEV BEV/FCEV FLEXY ENGINE (B100/E100)

• Optimize battery powered, • Full-electric vehicles

• Mostly fuel-powered, but • Internal Combustion
• Low Carbon Emission but use a fuel-powered that are completely
Overview use small battery packs to Engine designed to run on
Vehicle generator (Range battery powered/Fuel
improve fuel efficiency more than one fuel
Externder) Cell

• Gasoline/Diesel • Gasoline or Diesel

Energy Source • Gasoline/Diesel • Gasoline/Diesel • Electricity/Hydrogen blended with Bio-ethanol
• Electricity
or Biodiesel

• Charging
Infrastructure • Pump station+Charging
• Pump station (Available) • Pump station (Available) station/Hydrogen Station • None
Requirements Station (Alternative)
(Required)

The LCEV Program stipulated in Government Regulation Number 73 Year 2019 on Taxable goods that are
classified as luxury in the form of motorized vehicles are subject to the Value Added Tax of Luxury Goods, in
which vehicle with low CO2 emission will be given incentive on luxury tax tariff
44
 JICA AND NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NRI) STUDY RESULTS

From the study results, the utilization of biofuel in Indonesia give greatest impact in terms of fuel
reduction
Source: JICA/NRI Survey 45
 BATTERY BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE SUPPLY CHAIN

Refinery Battery
Raw Material
Refining Manufacturing EV Market
- Cell Manufacturing EV Manufacturing
- Pack Assembling

Candidate Domestic Manufacturer Battery Manufacturing Description

(GIAMM Member)
1. PT Century Batteries Indonesia Barriers to Competitive Economic
2. PT GS Battery entry Landscape Characteristic
3. PT Nipress Energi Otomotif Battery Cell Protection of Vertical R&D heavy,
4. PT Tri Mega Baterindo Manufacturing intellectual Partnership to current
5. PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa properties protect supply oligopoly may
• Investors: Tsingshan Industrial, GEM, BRUNP Recycling, IMIP,
disrupted by
Hanwa Co. Ltd. [Japan] 6. PT Yuasa Battery Indonesia future
• Total Investment: US$ 700 million Global Manufacturers
technological
breakthrough
• Partnership with local companies in order to transfer of 1. Tesla
technology and research 2. Panasonic Battery Pack No Many players, Labor
Assembling weak intensive, low
• Generate more than 2.000 employements 3. LG Chem bargaining margin
• Production US$ 800 million per year 4. AESC power against business
• Building a supply chain battery industry for electric vehicle → 5. Samsung SDI supplier and

producing material nickel – cobalt for battery → high quality 6. Bosch buyers

energy storage material 7. SK Innovation

• Battery Technology holds the key, not only for electric vehicle but also for the renewable energy industry
• Indonesia are welcoming for Battery Cell Investment 46
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND MOBILE BATTERY SHARING (2019 -2021)

LAUNCHING
(28 AGUSTUS 2019 di KEMENPERIN)

47
BATTERY BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE SUPPLY CHAIN

https://www.statista.com/statistics/26464
2/nickel-mine-production-by-country/

48
 RECORD OF STANDARDIZATION RELATED TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Standar SNI/ISO/IEC
Kategori Deskripsi
Mobil Sepeda Motor / Moped
Umum Umum SNI ISO/TR 8713:2017 SNI 8608:2018
Terminology
(ISO/TR 8713:2012, IDT) (ISO/TR 13062:2015, IDT)
SNI ISO 6469-1: 2009
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI ISO 6469-2: 2018 SNI 8613:2018
Electrification safety (vehicle)
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019) (ISO 13063:2012, IDT)
Keselamatan
SNI ISO 6469-3:2011
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
Vehicle system Electrification safety (post- SNI ISO 6469-4:2015
impact) (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
RSNI3 ISO 8714 SNI 8614-1:2018
Electricity consumption
(Public enquiry stage) (ISO 13064-1:2012, IDT)
Performa
RSNI3 ISO 8715 SNI 8614-2:2018
Vehicle performance
(Public enquiry stage) (ISO 13064-2:2012, IDT)
Cell size ISO/PAS 16898
SNI IEC 62660-1:2017 (IEC 62660-1:2010, IDT)
Cell testing & safety SNI IEC 62660-2:2017 (IEC 62660-2:2010, IDT)
RSNI3 IEC 62660-3:2016 (Public enquiry stage)
RSNI3 ISO 12405-4
Battery pack Performance ISO 18243
Battery (Public enquiry stage)
EV Vehicle
Battery pack safety RSNI3 (Public enquiry stage) RSNI3 (Public enquiry stage)
Component
Non Li-Ion Battery IEC 61982
Li-Ion + Lead Acid Battery ISO 18300
Recycle Li-Ion + Non Li-Ion N/A
ISO 21782 (Part 1 s.d 7) ISO 23280
Motor, Inverter & Motor, Inverter & converter
(Under development) (Under development)
converter
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 RECORD OF STANDARDIZATION RELATED TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Standar SNI/ISO/IEC
Kategori Deskripsi
Mobil Sepeda Motor / Moped
SNI IEC 61851-1:2017
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI IEC 61851-23:2014 IEC 61851-3 (series)
Conductive charging system (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019) (under development)
SNI IEC 61851-24 2014
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
Safety for household battery charger SNI IEC 60335-2-29:2012
IEC 61980-1
IEC 61980-2
Wireless power transfer
IEC 61980-3
ISO 19363
Charging System
Connection to an external electric power
ISO 17409 ISO 18246
supply
EMC (On-board) SNI IEC 61851-21-1:2017 (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
Infrastruktur EMC (Off-board) IEC 61851-21-2
IEC 62840-1 IEC TS 61851-3-3
Swap battery system
IEC 62840-2 (dalam pengembangan)
In-cable control IEC 62752
SNI IEC 62893-1:2017 (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
Charging cable SNI IEC 62893-2:2017 (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI IEC 62893-3:2017 (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI IEC 62196-1:2014
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI IEC 62196-2:2016 IEC TS 62196-4
Charging Connector Charging Connector (Ditetapkan oleh BSN tahun 2019)
SNI IEC 62196-3:2014
(Ditetapkan oleh BSN Tahun 2019)
Interface IEC 62831 (under development)
Communication
Interface
Vehicle to grid ISO 15118 (bagian 1 s.d 8)
Roaming service IEC 63119-1:2019
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