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MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 G/S FREQ IS 328.6 – 335.4 MHZ

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MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)

 ADF OPERATION RANGE IS AT MF BAND
 HF IS 3 – 30 MHZ  G/S TRANSMITTER OPERATES ON UHF
BAND
 GLIDESLOPE TONE FREQUENCY IS 90 HZ
 AUDIO FREQ RANGE IS 20 – 20000 HZ
 LOCALIZER TONE FREQUENCY IS 150 HZ
 L BAND DME TRANSMIT ON FREQUENCY
 VOICE SWITCH ON AUDIO SELECT PANEL OF 1090 MHZ
HAS 1020 – 1350 HZ
BAND STOP FILTER  LOCALIZER EQUIP OPERATE IN VHF BAND
 ILS IS 111.1 HZ (ILS IS VHF)  THE TROPOPAUSE EXISTS AT 36,000 FEET
 MLS IS 5000 – 6000 MHZ  ROTOR BLADES OPERATE AT BEST LIFT /

DRAG RATIO WHEN
 GPS RECEIVER NAV MSG FREQ IS 50 HZ THEIR AOA IS +30
 VHF IS 108 – 136 MHZ  A SHROUDED TAIL ROTOR REDUCES THE

NEED FOR - CYCLIC
 VOR IS 112 – 118 MHZ (VOR IS VHF) FEATHERING
 TCAS TX AT 1030 MHZ  WHEN A HELICOPTER ROTOR BLADE FLAPS

UP – PITCH
 TCAS RX AT 1090 MHZ DECREASES
 WAVELENGTH OF A C BAND RADAR IS 4 – 8  SOLIDITY OF A ROTOR IS THE RATIO OF

CM BLADE AREA TO DISC
AREA
 GPS FREQ IS 1575 MHZ
 DISC LOADING IS DEFINED AS – RATIO OF
 ILS MARKER BEACON FREQ IS 75 HZ GROSS WEIGHT:
DISC AREA
 1 NM = 12.36 MICROSECONDS
 AFTER A CHANGE IN PITCH OF A ROTOR
 ADF OPERATES 190 KHZ – 1759 KHZ BLADE, THE BLADE
WILL BE MAXIMUM FLAT AT 900
 ACARS OPERATES IN 118 – 136 MHZ
 ASSUMING THE PHASE LAG OF A ROTOR
 DME WORKS ON UHF BLADE IS 900 & THE
CONTROL ADVANCE ANGLE IS 150 THEN THE PITCH
Page
 MF BAND IS 300 KHZ – 3 MHZ
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WWW.DGCAQUESTIONPAPERS.IN - DGCA CAR -66 MODULE 13 PART 03
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
OPERATING ARM MUST BE AT THE HIGHEST POINT  MAXIMUM AZIMUTH COVERAGE BY A MLS
OF THE FACILITY IS +/- 60
SWASH PLATE 750 AHEAD OF THE HIGHEST DEGREES

FLAPPING
POSITION  NORMAL AZIMUTH COVERAGE BY A MLS
FACILITY IS +/- 40
 IN A HELICOPTER THE ALTITUDE HOLD DEGREES
SIGNAL IS FROM –
THE BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE CAPSULE  IN MLS, THE 12 BIT PREAMBLE CONSISTS
OF 5 BITS TIME
 CPT CALL IS – A HI / LO CHIME & PINK FUNCTION & CARRIER, & 7 BITS FUNCTION
LIGHT
 DURING AUTOLAND, LOCALIZER SIGNAL IS
 TOILET CALL IS – A HI CHIME & AMBER LOST AT 400FT. IN
LIGHT THE FINAL APPROACH A GO AROUND IS INITIATED
 SEAT BELT WARNING – LO CHIME  CAT 2 AUTOLAND DH LIMITS ARE BELOW

200FT BUT NOT LESS
 GALLEY EQUIPMENT IS FOUND IN AWN 99 THAN 100FT
 INSPECTION PROOF TESTING OF SEAT  CAT 1 AUTOLAND DH LIMITS ARE NOT LESS
BELTS IS CARRIED OUT THAN 200FT
TO 9g
 THE MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN A  A/C WILL CAPTURE AUTOLAND SYSTEM AT
SEAT CUSHION AND 1500FT
THE SEAT IN FRONT OF IT IS 7 INCHES
 CAT 2 RVR, IF THE ALERT HEIGHT IS 100FT,
 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER WILL BE 400
TRANSMITS 3 METERS
FREQUENCIES
 CAT 3B ALLOWS APPROACH, LAND AND
 VHF EMERGENCY FREQUENCY IS 121.5 RUNWAY GUIDANCE
MHZ WITH TAXING VISIBILITY IN THE ORDER OF 50
METERS
 AUTOPILOT, WHEN ON APPROACH TO
LANDING, 3 AXIS ARE  AN AC TACHOGENERATOR STATOR HAS 2
USED WINDINGS 900
APART
 BACK BEAM SCANNING IN AN MLS IS AT A
RATE OF 20  ICAO WEATHER CATEGORY 3A IS
DEGREES PER MILLISECOND (0.02 DEGREES PER OPERATION DOWN TO AND
MICROSECOND) ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE RUNWAY WITH RVR
OF 200
Page
METERS
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
POINTER POINTS TO 180

 A CAT 11 FACILITY PERFORMANCE ILS HAS
AN INTERSECT  TONE FREQUENCY FOR GLIDESLOPE AND

HEIGHT OF 15M LOCALIZER ARE
G/S 90HZ LOCALIZER 150HZ
 AVERAGE RISK OF AUTOLAND SHOULD
NOT CONTRIBUTE A  AN 80Ω COAXIAL CABLE IS CONNECTED TO
RATE OF FATAL ACCIDENTS PER LANDING GREATER AN 80Ω DIPOLE
THAN 1 x ARIEL THEREFORE THE RESISTANCE WOULD BE
10-7 80Ω
 TO ENSURE THE A/C ATTAINS THE  ADDING 6 FOOT OF CABLE TO BOTH TX &
GLIDESLOPE TRACK THERE RX ARIEL’S ON A
IS A GLIDESLOPE CAPTURE BIAS APPLIED FOR 10 RAD ALT WOULD GIVE 18 FOOT ERROR
SECONDS
AFTER THE SYSTEM SWITCHES TO THE CAPTURE  GPS EPHEMERIS COLLECTION TAKES 30
MODE SECONDS
 ROLLOUT GUIDANCE BY RUDDER IS  THE VOICE SWITCH ON THE AUDIO SELECT

EFFECTIVE TO ABOUT 80 PANEL HAS 1020 –
KNOTS 1350 HZ BAND STOP FILTER
 GO AROUND CAN BE INITIATED BELOW  VOR CABLE IMPEDENCE IS 50Ω

2000 FT
 HF CABLE IMPEDENCE IS 50Ω
 ERROR = DEMAND – FEEDBACK
 VHF CABLE IMPEDENCE IS 50Ω
 2 DATABASES REQUIRED IN AN FMS  7770 ON THE ATC CONTROL PANEL
SYSTEM INDICATES EMERGENCY
 MODE 1 GPWS IS FOR EXCESSIVE DESCENT  760 CHANNELS ARE AVAILABLE ON VHF
RATE
 THE ILS MARKER BEACON LIGHTS ARE
 MODE 2 GPWS IS FOR EXCESSIVE TERRAIN COLORED BLUE /
CLOSURE RATE AMBER / WHITE
 HF USED FOR RADIO COMMUNICATION  AVIATION DISTRESS SIGNAL IS 121.5 MHZ

OVER 250 MILES
 MLS FREQUENCY IS 5000 – 6000 MHZ
 SATELLITES TRANSMIT UPDATES EVERY
2ND ORBIT  THE ELECTRICAL TUNING UNIT OF A HF
TRANSMITTER
 A/C IS NORTH OF VOR BEACON ON A MAINTAINS A VSWR OF THE ANTENNA AT 1.3 – 1
Page
COURSE OF 090 RMI. THE
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 HF TRANSMISSION OF 10 MHZ WITH A PHASE QUADRATURE, THE A/C IS AT 0900 RADIAL

SIDEBAND OF 1000 HZ  DIFFERENTIAL GPS REQUIRE 4 SATELLITES
WHICH DRIFTS 50 HZ – THE RECEIVER AUDIO TONE AND 1 GROUND

WOULD BE BASE TRANSMITTER
1000 HZ
 GPS HAS 4 SATELLITES IN EACH OF 6
 GPS RECEIVER NAVIGATION MESSAGE ORBITS
FREQUENCY IS 50 HZ
 IN A RAD ALT SYSTEM, IF THE TX AND RX
 GNS USES 4 SATELLITES CABLES ARE
INCREASED BY 3 INCHES, THE TOTAL CORRECTION
 VHF IS 118 – 137 MHZ FACTOR IS
9
 121.5 MHZ IS VHF FREQUENCY
 FMC STORE 2 PROGRAMMES, 1 ACTIVE
 IN MLS, THE BEAM ANGLE AWAY FROM AND 1 STANDBY
THE RUNWAY IS 150
 THE QUADRANTAL ERROR IN ADF IS
 ACCURACY OF A GPS SYSTEM IS 16 MAXIMUM AT A HEADING
METERS / LESS OF 045
 AN A/C WITH A 8.33 KHZ SEPARATION VHF  THE TCAS SYSTEM HAS 2 ARIELS
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM COMMUNICATES USING SINGLE CHANNEL  THE WAVELENGTH OF X BAND RADAR IS 3
SIMPLEX CM
 DECCA NAVIGATION SYSTEM OPERATES  THE A/C TRANSPONDER REPLY

ON LOW FREQUENCY FREQUENCY IS 1090 MHZ
 AN RMI IN VOR MODE, ITS POINTER IS  A RAINFALL OF 5MM/ HR IS INDICATED ON

SHOWING A COURSE OF THE WXR BY A
000. IF THE COURSE KNOB IS ADJUSTED TO 010 YELLOW COLOR
THE POINTER
MOVES RIGHT  WHEN THE A/C IS AT A HEIGHT OF 9500 FT
& QNH IS 500 FT,
 TCAS TRANSMIT ON 1030 MHZ THE DISTANCE THE VHF COMMUNICATIONS CAN
COVER IS 120
 TCAS RECEIVES ON 1090 MHZ NM
 RAD ALT TRACK MODE IS EFFECTIVE TO  GLIDESLOPE EQUIP OPERATES IN UHF

2500 FT BAND
 WHEN THE VOR REFERENCE & VARIABLE  IN A DOPPLER VOR, 30 HZ REFERENCE

Page
PHASES ARE IN SIGNAL IS AM
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
MODULATED BELOW 360 FT ARE DEEMED TO BE ON THE

GROUND
 DURING TESTING THE ATC ALTITUDE

FUNCTION THE  MODE S PULSES - S1, P1, P3, P4 ARE USED
PRESSURE ALTIMETER IS SET TO 1013.25Mb
 DME REPLY PULSES ARE 63 MHZ HIGHER
 MODE C INTERROGATION WILL BE OR LOWER
IGNORED WHEN THE P2
PULSE IS HIGHER AMPLITUDE TO P1  1 NAUTICAL MILE = 12.36 MICRO SECONDS
 THE TIME BETWEEN THE START OF THE P1  DME TRANSPONDER TRANSMITS ON

PULSE AND THE P3 RECEIPT OF A PAIR OF
PULSE IGNORING THE P2 PULSE LENGTH FOR A PULSES SEPARATED BY 12 MICROSECONDS
MODE A
TRANSMISSION IS 8 MICROSECONDS  RAD ALT ELECTRICAL LENGTH OF A
HELICOPTER IS 28 FOOT
 WAVELENGTH OF C BAND RADAR IS 4 – 8
CM  MODE S TRANSPONDERS TRANSMIT A
BINARY CODE OF 24
 VHF COMMUNICATION RANGE AT 9000 FT BITS
IS 110 NM
 INS CALCULATES ON POWER UP LATITUDE
 GPS SENDS L1 & L2. THE L1 c/a CODE & P
CODE  ADF IS THETA
 MODE 4 OF GPWS DERIVES WARNINGS
FROM RAD ALT  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DME
DECREASE TRANSMIT AND
RECEIVE PULSE FREQUENCY IS 63 MHZ
 WHEN THE CVR IS U/S, FLIGHTS MUST NOT
EXCEED 72 HOURS  TCAS II IS 24 A/C PER 5 NAUTICAL MILE
RADIUS
 THE BEARING OF A NDB MEASURED BY
ADF IS 060 DEGREES  A MODE C INTERROGATION WILL BE
RELATIVE TO A/C HEADING OF 030 DEGREES. THE IGNORED WHEN THE P2
RMI PULSE IS HIGHER AMPLITUDE TO THE P1 PULSE
POINTER INDICATES 90 DEGREES
 AN RMI IN VOR MODE, ITS POINTER
 GPS FREQUENCY IS 1575 MHZ SHOWING A COURSE OF
000. IF COURSE KNOB IS ADJUSTED BY 010, THE
 ILS MARKER BEACON FREQUENCY IS 75 HZ POINTER
TURNS RIGHT
 ON TCAS WITH OWN A/C BELOW 1750 FT
ANY OTHER A/C  MODE A – P1 TO P3 = 8 MICROSECONDS
Page
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 MODE C – P1 TO P3 = 21 MICROSECONDS 
LENGTH OF
 AN A/C FLYING ON A HEADING OF 030

RECEIVES AN ADF  THE SHORT CIRCUIT STUB THAT IS USED
SIGNAL 030 RELATIVE TO A/C. THE POINTER FOR BROAD
INDICATES 060 BANDING A VHF WHIP MUST BE APPROX 59 CM
 A RADIO FREQUENCY OF 16 MHZ WOULD  VSWR OF A VHF SYSTEM WITH A

BE USED FOR HF FORWARD POWER OF 100W &
COMMUNICATIONS (HF IS 3 – 30 MHZ) A REFLECTED POWER OF 4W WILL BE 1.5: 1
 LORAN C USES 100 KHZ  MIDDLE MARKER IS KEYED WITH

ALTERNATE DOTS AND
 A DME IS IN AUTO STANDBY WHEN THE DASHES
DME RECEIVES 200 –
300 PULSES A SECOND  THE MILLIVOLT DEFLECTION PER DOT ON
ILS / VOR IS 75 / 75
 AN A/C IS DUE NORTH OF A VOR STATION
ON A HEADING OF  AN ACCELEROMETER IN AN INS MUST BE
900. THE RMI DISPLAYS 1800 ABLE TO DETECT
ACCELERATIONS DOWN TO 10-6g
 VOR & ILS ARE VHF
 BANDWIDTH OF HF TRANSMISSION IS 3
 A SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR KHZ
INTERROGATION  VHF FREQ IS 108 – 136 MHZ
OPERATES ON A FREQ OF 1030 MHZ & PULSE
SPACING  TCAS DISPLAYS – WHITE DIAMONDS / RED
DEPENDING ON THE MODE OF INTERROGATION SQUARES / AMBER
CIRCLES
 FMS NAV DATA BASE IS UPDATED EVERY
28 DAYS  DFDR ARINC 573 DATA BUS HAS 4 SUB
FRAMES
 IF THE 90 HZ TONE PREDOMINATES IN A
LOCALIZER  IN AIRCRAFT, VOR RECEIVER 30 HZ
RECEIVER, THE DEVIATION INDICATED WILL SHOW MODULATED REFERENCE
FLY SIGNAL IS COMPARED WITH 30 HZ VARIABLE
RIGHT PHASE SIGNAL
 LOCALIZER MODULATION DEPT IS 20%  IN CVOR, 9960 C/S AM SUB CARRIER IS

USED IN THE
 THE ARIEL ELEMENT OF A VHF REFERENCE PHASE
COMMUNICATIONS
TRANSMITTER / RECEIVER SHOULD HAVE A  ADF OPERATES 190 – 1759 KHZ
Page
MIDBAND
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 MODE C RESPONSE IS 20.3 PROPAGATION ABOVE ABOUT 100MHZ

MICROSECONDS  THE IDEAL VSWR ON A RADIO
TRANSMISSION LINE IS 1:1

 COAXIAL TRANSMISSION LINE OF
IMPEDENCE 80Ω IS  CRYSTALS OPERATE RELIABLY AT
CONNECTED TO A DIAPOLE OF 120Ω. WHEN FUNDAMENTAL
CHECKING WITH FREQUENCIES UP TO 30 MHZ
AN OHMMETER THE READING WILL BE MORE
THAN 20 MEGA  DME WORKS ON UHF
OHMS
 TCAS WILL ISSUE TRAFFIC ADVISORY IF A
 A/C IS NORTH OF VOR BEACON & THE COLLISION IS
COURSE IS SET TO 900. WITHIN 35 – 40 SECONDS OF OCCURRING
RMI INDICATES 1800
 MF BAND IS 300 KHZ – 3 MHZ
 ACARS OPERATES 118 – 136 MHZ
 THE NOISE FACTOR OF A RECEIVER WHOSE
 THE MODULATION USED FOR THE BEAMS INPUT SIGNAL TO
OF A LOCALIZER IN NOISE RATIO IS 15:1 & OUTPUT SIGNAL TO NOISE
AN ILS ARE 150 HZ RIGHT OF RUNWAY RATIO IS 12:1
CENTERLINE IS 1:25
90 HZ LEFT OF RUNWAY CENTERLINE
 A LORAN C TRANSMISSION CONSISTS OF 8
 GPS L1 & L2 SIGNALS ARE BI–PHASE 50 BIT PULSES EACH 270
/ SECOND MICROSECONDS
 DECCA NAVIGATION USES LF  ARINC 629 OPERATES AT 2000 KB/S
 A MODE S TRANSPONDER MAKES A MODE  BNAV ACCURACY IS +/- 5 NM 95%

A/C ONLY CALL.
THE P2 PULSE IS 0.8 ∗S  WITH ATC CODE OF 0600 SELECTED,
PULSES TRANSMITTED
 SINGLE SIDE BAND FILTERS ARE 3 KHZ ARE B2 & B4
 MAN MADE NOISE CAUSES INTERFERENCE  FOR RHO – RHO NAVIGATION 2 DME
MAINLY BELOW 12 SIGNALS ARE REQUIRED
MHZ
 SINGLE SIDE BAND FILTERS ARE 3 KHZ
 3 RF AMPLIFIERS OF 10 dB & 10 KHZ ARE
IN CASCADE.  AFTER THE PILOT DEPRESSES THE IDENT
THEREFORE THE OUTPUT IS 30 dB & 10 KHZ BUTTON, THE IDENT
PULSE APPEARS 4.35 SECONDS AFTER LAST
 RADIO WAVES ARE SAID TO HAVE LINE OF FRAME PULSE
Page
SIGHT
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 THE LENGTH OF RESONANT ANTENNA

DIOPOLE IS LAMBDA / 2  TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE GPS FIX, THE
GPS RECEIVER MUST

 GPS SATELLITES ORBIT 10,900 NM HIGH BE IN LINE OF SIGHT OF 4 SATELLITES
 SELCAL SIGNAL TRANSMITS 2 PAIRS OF  GLIDESLOPE FREQUENCY IS 328.6 – 335.4

TONES, 1 PAIR AFTER MHZ
THE OTHER
 ADF OPERATION RANGE IS AT MF BAND
 AN A/C IS ON COURSE ON AN ILS
LOCALIZER. THE  OUTER MARKER FREQUENCY IS AT 400 HZ
DIFFERENCE IN DEPTH OF MODULATION IS ZERO
 DME INTERROGATION IS CARRIED 63 MHZ
 ACARS TRANSMISSION TO PILOT IS ABOVE OR BELOW
INDICATED BY A DOUBLE TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY
CHIME
 IRS SERVICEABILITY FOR INSERVICE DRIFT
 FLIGHT DATA RECORDER UNDERWATER IS ASCERTAINED
LOCATOR BEACON BY 3 + 3T
WILL OPERATE AT 37 KHZ FOR 30 DAYS
 GPS COMPRISES OF 4 SATELLITES IN EACH  DURING AN ACARS TRANSMISSION A 1 IS
OF 6 ORBITS GENERATED BY THE
–VE HALF OF A 1200 HZ WAVEFORM
 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT
EARTH STATION AND  ACARS TRANSMITS ITS DATA USING
SATELLITE IS ON L BAND BINARY CODE
 IN AN INTERROGATOR MODE S  IN FLIGHT MODE, THE FMS REFERENCE OF

ADDRESSING FORMAT, THE DATA SOURCE IS
FIRST SYNCH PHASE REVERSAL OCCURS 2.75  IRS, RHO – RHO, RHO - THETA
SECONDS
AFTER P2  RNAV USES INPUTS OF IRS, VOR, GPS, DME
 IN VOR THE MANUAL PHASE SHIFT  AIRCRAFT IS AT 9000 FT. THEREFORE OUT
RESOLVER IS 30 HZ SIGNAL OF VHF RANGE IS
120 NM
 IMPEDENCE OF A HF ARIEL IS 50 Ω
 ATCRBS REPLY PULSES ARE 0.45 ∗S WIDE
 FULL SCALE DEFLECTION ON A VOR
SYSTEM IS 10 DEGREES  TIME BETWEEN F2 FRAMING PULSE & SP1
IS 4.35 ∗S
 A VHF COMMUNICATION BLADE ARIEL HAS
A LENGTH OF A  TIME BETWEEN F1 FRAMING PULSE & F2 IS
Page
QUARTER WAVELENGTH 20.3 ∗S
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 SLEWING OF THE INS GIMBLLED  IN THE DOWNLINK 11 FORMAT A 0.5 PER

PLATFORM STIMULATES IN SECOND PULSE IN

FLIGHT ATTITUDE CHANGES UP TO 710 IN PITCH THE FIRST HALF OF THE SLOT REPRESENTS A LOGIC
AND 1800 ONE
AZIMUTH
 THE UPLINK 11 FORMAT UTILIZES
 WHEN A/C IS HEADING DUE NORTH DIFFERENT PHASE SHIFT
TOWARDS A VOR STATION KEYING
THE REFERENCE & VARIABLE SIGNALS WILL BE
1800 OUT OF  IN A UNIVERSAL ALL CALL TRANSPONDER
PHASE INTERROGATION
P2 IS RADIATED BY THE OMNI DIRECTIONAL ARIEL
 MIDDLE MARKER TO RUNWAY THRESHOLD
IS 3500 FEET  TCAS TRANSMITS SQUITTER PULSES ON
FREQUENCY OF 1090
 GLIDESLOPE TRANSMITTER OPERATES ON MHZ
UHF BAND
 ABOVE GLIDESLOPE, THE ILS GLIDESLOPE
 CAT 3B AIRCRAFT USING FAIL SIGNAL
OPERATIONAL AUTO LAND MODULATION IS 90 HZ
EQUIPMENT WILL HAVE NO DECISION HEIGHT  GLIDESLOPE EQUIP OPERATES IN UHF
BAND
 AUDIO FREQUENCY RANGE IS 20 – 20,000
HZ  LOCALIZER EQUIPMENT OPERATES IN VHF
BAND
 L BAND DME TRANSMITS ON A
FREQUENCY OF 1090 MHZ  THE AIRCRAFT EQUIP DETERMINES THE
BEARING OF A GND
 IN SECONDARY RADAR SYSTEM, THE STATION BY COMPARING THE PHASE OF TWO 30
INTERROGATOR HZ
TRANSMITS AT 1030 MHZ MODULATIONS
 A SIGNAL OF 120 MHZ FREQUENCY WILL  IRS ALIGNMENT TAKES 10 MINUTES

NORMALLY
PROPAGATE BY MEANS OF SPACE WAVES  A SCHULER PENDULUM HAS A PERIOD OF
OSCILLATION OF
 TCAS CONSIDERS ANOTHER A/C TO BE ON 84.4 MINS
GROUND AT
DIFFERENCE HEIGHT BETWEEN THE BAROMETRIC  WHEN IN MANUAL MODE, THE CDU ALERT
ALTIMETER & RADIO ALTIMETER OF 180 FEET LAMP OF THE INS
WILL FLASH 2 MINUTES NEXT WAYPOINT
 IN RAD ALT INSTALLATION, ARIEL SPACING
Page
MUST BE 8 FEET
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 THE 3 ACCELEROMETERS ON A  AIRCRAFT FLIES IN STILL AIR AT 400 KNOTS

STRAPDOWN PLATFORM ARE & ENCOUNTERS A
MOUNTED 900 TO EACH OTHER HEAD WIND OF 50 KNOTS. THEREFORE THE

GROUND SPEED IS
 A BASIC INS PLATFORM HAS 2 350 KNOTS
ACCELEROMETERS AND 3
GYROS  MODE S ADDRESS IS MADE UP OF 24 BITS
 THE INS COMPUTES DISTANCE FROM  WHEN AN AIRCRAFT IS ALIGNED FOR A

ACCELERATION BY 2 COMPASS SWING
SUCCESSIVE INTERROGATIONS CHECK IT MUST BE ALIGNED WITH ERROR OF + / -
3 DEGREES
 THE 3 ACCELEROMETERS ON A STABLE
PLATFORM ARE  THE ELECTRIC ARTIFICIAL HORIZON HAS
MOUNTED ORTHOGONALLY MOVEMENT OF 3600
IN ROLL & 850 IN PITCH
 THE EARTH RATE IS 150 / HOUR
 GPWS MODE 1 IS EXCESSIVE RATE OF
 TO PREVENT GIMBAL LOCK ON THE STABLE DESCENT
PLATFORM IT IS
NORMAL TO USE 4 GIMBALS  WHEN CARRYING OUT AN INSULATION
CHECK ON A FUEL
 THE 2 FREQUENCIES THAT ARE PAIRED ARE PROBE, THE MAX VOLTAGE USED IS 250 VOLTS
G/S & LOCALIZER
 MAXIMUM DEVIATION ON A STANDBY
 LOCALIZER BEAM WIDTH IS THE ANGLE MAGNETIC COMPASS
WHERE THE 2 EDGES MUST NOT BE MORE THAN 30
OF THE BEAM ARE APART AT THE RUNWAY
THRESHOLD BY  COMPASS BASE CLASSIFICATION CLASS 2 IS
700 FEET PERIODICALLY
RESURVEYED EVERY 2 YEARS
 IF FREQUENCY DECREASES WITHOUT
ALTERING THE LENGTH  AIRCRAFT IS HEADING 2700. MAGNETIC
OF AN ARIEL………….BECOMES CAPACITIVE COMPASS DEVIATION
REACTIVE IS –10. THE PILOT SHOULD FLY 2710
 IF FREQUENCY INCREASES WITHOUT  VERTICAL GYROS ARE LIMITED TO 850

ALTERING THE LENGTH MOVEMENT IN PITCH
OF AN ARIEL………….BECOMES INDUCTIVE TO PREVENT GIMBAL LOCK
REACTIVE
 AN ELECTRIC GYRO RPM IS 24,000 RPM
 APPLIED PRESSURE OF AN ASI VARIES
WITH THE SQUARE OF  THE CX & TX ROTORS OF A CONTROL
Page
SPEED SYNCHRO ARE 900
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
SHIFTED. OUTPUT IS THEREFORE 0  AIRCRAFT CERTIFIED AFTER 1997 WITH

RVSM, THE MAXIMUM
 COMPONENT C IS (DEV ON N – DEV ON S) / TOLERANCE FOR THE SYSTEM WOULD BE + / - 200

2 FEET PLUS +
/ - 50 FEET FOR INSTRUMENT ERROR
 COMPONENT B IS (DEV ON E – DEV ON W)
/2  AIRCRAFT CERTIFIED BEFORE 1997 WITH
RVSM, THE
 A RATE GYRO HAS 1 DEGREE OF FREEDOM MAXIMUM TOLERANCE FOR THE SYSTEM WOULD
BE + / - 300
 AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT. THE BAROMETRIC FEET PLUS + / - 50 FEET FOR INSTRUMENT ERROR
SCALE OF ALTITUDE
IS SET TO 1013.25  LORAN C USES 100 KHZ
 MODE S HAS 24 ADDRESS BITS  SPEED OF ARINC 439 SYSTEM IS 100 KHZ
 IN RVSM, ERROR ALLOWED IS 80 FEET  IN A COMPASS SWING THE

NORTH ERROR IS –20
 DURING A COMPASS SWING, USING A SOUTH ERROR IS –20 THEREFORE THE
DATUM COMPASS, THE COEFFICIENT C = 0
ERROR PERMITTED IN ALIGNING THE AIRCRAFT IS 5
DEGREES  THE ALTITUDE RELATIVE TO SEA LEVEL,
THAT THE
 A DIRECTIONAL GYRO IS CHECKED EVERY PRESSURE IN THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE IS
15 MINUTES FOR HALVED IS
DRIFT 18,000 FEET
 IN A BOOST GAUGE SYSTEM THE SENSING  THE NEEDLE IN A RESOLVER IS CONNECTED

ELEMENT TO 2 COILS ONLY
CONTAINS 2 CAPSULES
 AIRCRAFT LANDING ON QFE, ON
 STANDBY COMPASS ADJUSTING MAGNETS TOUCHDOWN THE
(FINDERS BARS) ALTIMETER READS 0
EXERT THE MOST AMOUNT OF INFLUENCE WHEN
900 APART  DC ELECTRIC CABLE MUST BE 24 INCHES
FROM A COMPASS
 COEFFICIENT A IS ADJUSTED ON ANY
HEADING  A COMPASS HAS A RESIDUAL DEVIATION
OF +1 DEGREE. TO
 WHEN AIRCRAFT REACHES 2500FT THE STEER A TRUE HEADING OF 1800 THE PILOT MUST
RAD ALT GOES OUT OF STEER 1790
VIEW
 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF 25 PSI IS 10.3 PSI
Page
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
(GAUGE PRESSURE = ABSOLUTE PRESSURE –  ELECTRIC CABLES SHOULD BE 24 INCHES

ATMOSPHERIC FROM DR COMPASS
PRESSURE)
 A PITOT HEAD DIAMETER OF 2
 JAR OPS STATES A FDR RECORDING MUST INCHES………….. THIS IS THE
BE KEPT FOR 60 EXTERNAL DIAMETER OF THE PITOT HEAD
DAYS AFTER AN ACCIDENT OR INCIDENT
 DEVIATION IS INDICATED BY 2 DOTS IN A
 COEFFICIENT A CORRECTION IS CARRIED VOR SYSTEM
OUT AFTER B & INDICATES 100
AFTER C
 VACUUM DRIVEN GYRO HORIZON RUNS
 COMPASS ERROR Q CORRECTIONS AT APPROX 15,000
CORRECT C ERROR RPM
 ICAO STANDARD ATMOSPHERE IS TAKEN  WITH THE VSI POINTER AT POSITION 1 AT

FROM DATA THE UPPER HALF
MEASURED AT 45 DEGREES NORTH OF SCALE INDICATES 1000FT / MIN RATE OF CLIMB
 ABOVE 2500 FEET THE RAD ALT POINTER IS  AFTER DISCONNECTING THE ELECTRIC
HIDDEN BEHIND A SUPPLY TO A GYRO
MASK WITH OFF FLAG OUT OF VIEW WAIT 15 MINUTES TO ALLOW IT TO STOP
 MODES OF GPWS THAT MAY BE INHIBITED  COMPASS COMPENSATOR UNITS HAVE

ARE MODES 4B & 5 GREATEST EFFECT
WHEN MAGNETS ARE 900 APART
 THE VOCAL REPETITION OF MODE 6  MACHMETER USES SQUARE LAW
WARNINGS ARE COMPENSATION
REPEATED ONCE ONLY
 NORMAL VERTICAL MINIMUM
 THE HEIGHT THE RISING RUNWAY SEPARATION ALLOWED IS 2000
APPEARS IS 200 FEET FEET
 CYCLIC SHIFT OF THE STATOR  COMPONENT P RELATES TO COEFFICIENT B

CONNECTIONS IN A TORQUE
SYNCHRO RESULTS IN OUTPUT DATUM ADVANCED  EGPWS MODE 2 ANNOUNCES WHOOP
240 WHOOP PULL UP
DEGREES
 EFIS DISPLAY, SG1 & SG2 ARE FOR CAPTAIN
 THE SCRATCH PAD IN A FMS CDU & FO DISPLAYS.
OCCUPIES THE FIRST 12 PURPOSE OF SG3 IS BACKUP FOR SG1 & SG2
CHARACTER SPACES OF THE BOTTOM LINE
 DIRECTIONAL GYRO INNER GIMBAL IS
Page
RESTRICTED TO + / - 850
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
TO PREVENT GIMBAL LOCK AIRFIELD LEVEL (QFE) INDICATES THE INSTRUMENT

IS U/S
 SPEED OF ROTOR IN TURN & SLIP  TRUE AIRSPEED IS ALWAYS HIGHER THAN
INDICATOR IS APPROX 4,200 EAS / IAS AT ANY
RPM ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL
 IN THE DIRECTIONAL GYRO, THE INNER /  IF ASI READING IS 300 KNOTS, CALIBRATED
OUTER GIMBAL IS AIRSPEED IS 304
CORRECTED TO 15 SINE LATITUDE KNOTS
 A RATE 2 TURN IS 360 DEGREES / MIN  NORTH ERROR –2 DEGREES, SOUTH ERROR
+2 DEGREES.
 AN ENGINE VIBRATION INDICATOR THEREFORE COEFFICIENT C IS –2 DEGREES
SYSTEM HAS 2 FILTERS IN
THE INDICATOR  THE H S I PROVIDES – VOR, PLAN, ILS, MAP
& RADAR
 GPWS MODE 7 WINDSHEAR IS ACTIVATED
AT 1500 FEET RAD  COMPRESSIBILITY ERROR IN A PITOT HEAD
ALT FOR TAKE OFF & LANDING IS CAUSED BY –
COMPRESSION OF AIR IN THE TUBE AT HIGH
 BOILING TEMPERATURE OF WATER IS SPEEDS
100OC / 212OF
 A BUBBLE IN A COMPASS – IS DUE TO HIGH
 TO CONVERT OC TO KELVIN ADD 273 ALTITUDE
 THE MOVING ELEMENT OF A RATIOMETER  A FLUX DETECTOR OUTPUT IS A – AC

HAS 2 COILS VOLTAGE AT TWICE THE
FREQUENCY OF THE EXCITATION VOLTAGE
 IF AN ALTIMETER MILLIBAR SCALE IS SET
TO 1013.25 &  IN AN ARTIFICIAL HORIZON, PENDULOSITY
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT THE TIME WAS 1020, ERROR IS CAUSED
THE BY – BOTTOM HEAVINESS OF THE INNER GIMBAL
ALTIMETER WOULD READ BELOW ZERO FEET
 IN AN ARTIFICIAL HORIZON, ERECTION
 1 DOT VOR DEVIATION REPRESENTS 50 ERROR IS CAUSED BY
– DISPLACEMENT OF ERECTION CONTROL DEVICE
 PRESSURE GAUGE INDICATES 1000PSI. IN
TERMS OF ABSOLUTE  A VSI METERING UNIT CONSISTS OF –
PRESSURE THIS REPRESENTS 1014.7 PSI BOTH AN ORIFICE & A
CAPILLARY
 A SENSITIVE ALTIMETER READING 100
FEET WHEN THE  A MANUAL VOR INPUT IS FOR – THE
MILLIBAR SCALE IS SET TO THE ATMOSPHERIC COURSE DEVIATION BAR
Page
PRESSURE AT
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 AFTER CORRECTION OF A NORTH-SOUTH

HEADING READING  TO PROVIDE A LINEAR SCALE ON A H S I A –
ON A COMPASS SWING, RESULTANT CORRECTION RANGING BAR &

IS KNOWN SCREWS ARE FITTED
AS – RESIDUAL DEVIATION
 WHEN CARRYING OUT PRESSURE LEAK
 APPARENT DRIFT ON A DIRECTIONAL GYRO CHECK ON AN
IS CORRECTED ALTIMETER, YOU ARE CHECKING FOR LEAKS IN –
BY – AN ADJUSTMENT NUT ON INNER RING INSTRUMENT CASE
 PURPOSE OF ALTITUDE ALERTING IS TO  IF ALT IS SET TO 1013.25 & BAROMETRIC

WARN THE PILOT OF PRESSURE AT THE
– APPROACH TOO OR DEVIATION FROM SELECTED TIME WAS 1020, ALTIMETER READS – BELOW ZERO
ALTITUDE
 COMMAND BARS IN FD SYSTEM INDICATE
 GAUGE PRESSURE AS INDICATED ON A – REQUIRED PATH
DIRECT READING WITH RESPECT TO ACTUAL PATH
BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO –
ABSOLUTE  ON A CONVENTIONAL RMI THE ANGLE
PRESSURE MINUS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE BETWEEN THE
COMPASS DATUM & RADIO POINTER ARROW IS –
 TO / FRO INDIC ON A H S I INFORMS PILOT RELATIVE
OF WHICH BEARING
DIRECTION HE IS TRACKING RELATIVE TO – A VOR
STN  A COMPASS IS MADE APERIODIC BY –
 WHEN CHECKING A SENSITIVE ALTIMETER USING FLUID
ON A PRE FLIGHT
INSPECTION – AMBIENT AIR PRESSURE IS SET ON  ISOGONAL LINES LINK PLACES OF – EQUAL
MILLIBAR VARIATION
SCALE
 THE SUPPLY OF DESYNN INDIC SYSTEM IS –
 H S I COMPASS CARD IS POSITIONED BY DC
THE – COMPASS
SYSTEM  WHEN USING PITOT STATIC TEST SET, A/C
SYSTEM IS VENTED
 DEFLECTION OF THE ADI COMMAND BARS BY – VENTING THE STATIC SYSTEM VIA INTERNAL
WHEN FLYING A BLEED IN
LOCALIZER APPROACH IS PROPORTIONAL TO – THE TEST SET
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AMPLITUDES ON THE 2
MODULATIONS  BIMETALLIC STRIP IN ALTIMETER IS FOR –
CORRECTING
 A/C IS FLYING STRAIGHT AND LEVEL IN CAPSULE ELASTICITY
STILL AIR, AIRSPEED
Page
WILL BE – EQUAL TO GROUND SPEED
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 WHICH AXIS DOES DIRECTIONAL GYRO  AN ABSOLUTE PRESSURE GAUGE

SPIN ON – MEASURES – THE APPLIED
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE REFERRED TO A PERFECT VACUUM
 ALTIMETER CAPSULE RESPONDS TO –  DFDR LOW SPEED PLAYBACK CAN BE

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE ACHIEVED BY – FLIGHT
COMPARTMENT TEST CONNECTOR THROUGH
 THE TRUE AIRSPEED IN ADC IS FROM – DIGITAL
MACH NUMBER & FLIGHT DATA ACQUISITION UNIT
TEMPERATURE
 IN A CHANGE TO A LOWER ALTITUDE,
 WHAT TYPE OF GYRO IS USED INA GYRO PISTON IN VSI WILL
COMPASS – CREATE FOR AN INSTANT – MORE PRESSURE TO
DIRECTION GYRO CAPSULE
ONLY
 WHAT EFFECT ON RATE OF PRECESSION
WILL A CHANGE OF  MACH METER IS – COMPENSATED WITH
GYRO ROTOR SPEED HAVE – INCREASE ROTOR SQUARE LAW
SPEED SCREWS AND AN ARM
DECREASES RATE OF PRECESSION
 WHAT IS NOT DISPLAYED ON AN ADI –
 BOURDON TUBES HAVE – OVAL CROSS VOR LATERAL
SECTION DEVIATION
 IN A BOURDON TUBE – ONE END IS SEALED  WHAT EFFECT ON RATE OF PRECESSION

AND OTHER END IS WILL A CHANGE OF
CONNECTED TO THE PRESSURE SOURCE GYRO ROTOR SPEED HAVE – INCREASE ROTOR
SPEED CAUSES
 DISTANCE READOUT FROM H S I - IS FROM DECREASE IN RATE OF PRECESSION
A/C DME SYSTEM
 A GYRO HAS ITS RIGIDITY INCREASED BY –
 A GYRO HAVING ONE PLANE OF FREEDOM INCREASING THE
AT RIGHT ANGLES ROTOR SPEED
TO PLANE OF ROTATION & ITS GIMBAL
RESTRAINED  IF A CONSTANT TORQUE IS APPLIED TO A
ELECTRICALLY OR BY A SPRING IS KNOWN AS – A GYRO, THE RATE OF
RATE GYRO PRECESSION INCREASES WITH LOWER ROTOR
SPEED
 AN INSTRUMENT USED FOR MEASURING
NEGATIVE  GYRO RANDOM DRIFT IS CAUSED BY –
PRESSURES – HAS ANTI CLOCKWISE POINTER UNBALANCE &
MOVEMENT IF BEARING FRICTION IN THE GYRO
BOURDON TUBE OPERATED
Page
MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)
 PENDULOUS VANE TYPE ERECTION

SYSTEMS FITTED TO A
GYRO HORIZON WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE –

INCREASED
REACTION OF THE AIR FROM A FULLY OPEN PORT
 THE PITCH / BANK ERECTION SYSTEM IS

USED IN ELECTRICAL
GYRO HORIZON TO – PREVENT PITCH SWITCH
GIVING A
FALSE INDICATION DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL EFFECTS
DURING A
TURN
 FAST ERECTION PUSH MUST NOT BE USED

FOR A SET PERIOD
OF TIME BECAUSE – EXCESSIVE HUNTING WILL
TAKE PLACE
 THE ERECTION SYSTEM ON A DIRECTIONAL

GYRO HAS – A
SWITCH ON INNER GIMBAL CONTROLLING A
MOTOR ON
OUTER GIMBAL
 THE TURN & SLIP INDICATOR IS A – RATE

GYRO
 GIMBAL LOCK IN A DISPLACEMENT GYRO

OCCURS WHEN –
SPIN AXIS BECOMES COINCIDENT WITH ANY OF
THE AXIS OF
FREEDOM
 IN A TURN COORDINATOR, OUTPUT AXIS

OF RATE GYRO IS –
SET AT 300 TO LONGITUDINAL AXIS
Page

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IN - DGCA CAR -66 MODULE 13 PART 03

 G/S FREQ IS 328.6 – 335.4 MHZ

MODULE 13 (13.3 / 13.4 / 13.6 / 13.8)

 ILS IS 111.1 HZ (ILS IS VHF)  THE TROPOPAUSE EXISTS AT 36,000 FEET

 MLS IS 5000 – 6000 MHZ  ROTOR BLADES OPERATE AT BEST LIFT /

 VHF IS 108 – 136 MHZ  A SHROUDED TAIL ROTOR REDUCES THE

 TCAS TX AT 1030 MHZ  WHEN A HELICOPTER ROTOR BLADE FLAPS

 WAVELENGTH OF A C BAND RADAR IS 4 – 8  SOLIDITY OF A ROTOR IS THE RATIO OF

 MF BAND IS 300 KHZ – 3 MHZ

SWASH PLATE 750 AHEAD OF THE HIGHEST DEGREES

 SEAT BELT WARNING – LO CHIME  CAT 2 AUTOLAND DH LIMITS ARE BELOW

POINTER POINTS TO 180

AN INTERSECT  TONE FREQUENCY FOR GLIDESLOPE AND

 ROLLOUT GUIDANCE BY RUDDER IS  THE VOICE SWITCH ON THE AUDIO SELECT

 GO AROUND CAN BE INITIATED BELOW  VOR CABLE IMPEDENCE IS 50Ω

 HF USED FOR RADIO COMMUNICATION  AVIATION DISTRESS SIGNAL IS 121.5 MHZ

COURSE OF 090 RMI. THE

 HF TRANSMISSION OF 10 MHZ WITH A PHASE QUADRATURE, THE A/C IS AT 0900 RADIAL

WHICH DRIFTS 50 HZ – THE RECEIVER AUDIO TONE AND 1 GROUND

 DECCA NAVIGATION SYSTEM OPERATES  THE A/C TRANSPONDER REPLY

 AN RMI IN VOR MODE, ITS POINTER IS  A RAINFALL OF 5MM/ HR IS INDICATED ON

 RAD ALT TRACK MODE IS EFFECTIVE TO  GLIDESLOPE EQUIP OPERATES IN UHF

 WHEN THE VOR REFERENCE & VARIABLE  IN A DOPPLER VOR, 30 HZ REFERENCE

PHASES ARE IN SIGNAL IS AM

MODULATED BELOW 360 FT ARE DEEMED TO BE ON THE

 DURING TESTING THE ATC ALTITUDE

 THE TIME BETWEEN THE START OF THE P1  DME TRANSPONDER TRANSMITS ON

 AN A/C FLYING ON A HEADING OF 030

 A RADIO FREQUENCY OF 16 MHZ WOULD  VSWR OF A VHF SYSTEM WITH A

 LORAN C USES 100 KHZ  MIDDLE MARKER IS KEYED WITH

 LOCALIZER MODULATION DEPT IS 20%  IN CVOR, 9960 C/S AM SUB CARRIER IS

 MODE C RESPONSE IS 20.3 PROPAGATION ABOVE ABOUT 100MHZ

TRANSMISSION LINE IS 1:1

 DECCA NAVIGATION USES LF  ARINC 629 OPERATES AT 2000 KB/S

 A MODE S TRANSPONDER MAKES A MODE  BNAV ACCURACY IS +/- 5 NM 95%

 THE LENGTH OF RESONANT ANTENNA

GPS RECEIVER MUST

 SELCAL SIGNAL TRANSMITS 2 PAIRS OF  GLIDESLOPE FREQUENCY IS 328.6 – 335.4

 IN AN INTERROGATOR MODE S  IN FLIGHT MODE, THE FMS REFERENCE OF

QUARTER WAVELENGTH 20.3 ∗S

 SLEWING OF THE INS GIMBLLED  IN THE DOWNLINK 11 FORMAT A 0.5 PER

PLATFORM STIMULATES IN SECOND PULSE IN

 A SIGNAL OF 120 MHZ FREQUENCY WILL  IRS ALIGNMENT TAKES 10 MINUTES

 THE 3 ACCELEROMETERS ON A  AIRCRAFT FLIES IN STILL AIR AT 400 KNOTS

MOUNTED 900 TO EACH OTHER HEAD WIND OF 50 KNOTS. THEREFORE THE

 THE INS COMPUTES DISTANCE FROM  WHEN AN AIRCRAFT IS ALIGNED FOR A

 IF FREQUENCY INCREASES WITHOUT  VERTICAL GYROS ARE LIMITED TO 850

SPEED SYNCHRO ARE 900

SHIFTED. OUTPUT IS THEREFORE 0  AIRCRAFT CERTIFIED AFTER 1997 WITH

 COMPONENT C IS (DEV ON N – DEV ON S) / TOLERANCE FOR THE SYSTEM WOULD BE + / - 200

 IN RVSM, ERROR ALLOWED IS 80 FEET  IN A COMPASS SWING THE

 IN A BOOST GAUGE SYSTEM THE SENSING  THE NEEDLE IN A RESOLVER IS CONNECTED

(GAUGE PRESSURE = ABSOLUTE PRESSURE –  ELECTRIC CABLES SHOULD BE 24 INCHES

 ICAO STANDARD ATMOSPHERE IS TAKEN  WITH THE VSI POINTER AT POSITION 1 AT

 MODES OF GPWS THAT MAY BE INHIBITED  COMPASS COMPENSATOR UNITS HAVE

 CYCLIC SHIFT OF THE STATOR  COMPONENT P RELATES TO COEFFICIENT B

TO PREVENT GIMBAL LOCK AIRFIELD LEVEL (QFE) INDICATES THE INSTRUMENT

 THE MOVING ELEMENT OF A RATIOMETER  A FLUX DETECTOR OUTPUT IS A – AC

 AFTER CORRECTION OF A NORTH-SOUTH