2 Sexual - Reproduction - in - Flowering - Plants
2 Sexual - Reproduction - in - Flowering - Plants
2 Sexual - Reproduction - in - Flowering - Plants
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Typical stamen consists of two parts, long and slender stalk called filament and terminal bilobed
structure called anther.
Atypical angiosperm anther is bilobed.
Each lobe have two theca i.e. dithecous.
Each anther contains four microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe.
Microsporangia become pollen sacs and are packed with pollen grains.
Structure of microsporangium:
o Middle layer.
o Tapetum.
The innermost layer is tapetum which is multinucleated, with dense cytoplasm; it nourishes the
developing pollen grain.
The centers of each microsporangium contain homogenous cells called sporogenous tissues.
Microsporogenesis:
The process of formation of microspores from pollen mother cell through meiosis is
called microsporogenesis.
The sporogenous tissue of microsporangium differentiated into microspore mother
cell or pollen mother cell.
Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis and gives rise to haploid microspore tetrad.
On dehydration microspore tetrad dissociated to form four microspores.
Each microspore developed into a pollen grain.
Pollen grain:
The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin, which is one of the most
resistant organic materials known. It can withstand high temperature and strong acids and alkali.
No enzyme can degrades sporopollenin is so far known.
The exine has prominent apertures called germ pore where sporopollenin is absent.
The inner wall of pollen grain is called intine. It is thin and continuous layer made
of cellulose and pectin.
On maturity the pollen grain contains two cells, the vegetative cell and generative cell.
The vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus.
The generative cell is small and floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell.
In 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at this 2-celled stage.
In others the generative cell divides mitotically to form two male gametes before pollen grain are
shed (3-celled stage).
Fused pistils are called syncarpous and free pistils are called apocarpous.
Each pistil has three parts the stigma, style and ovary.
Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity (locule).
The placenta located inside the ovarian cavity.
Megasporongia or ovules arise from the placenta.
The number of ovule inside the ovary may be single or many.
Ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta of locule with a stalk called funicle.
The body of the ovule fused with the funicle in the region called hilum.
Hilum is the junction between the funicle and ovule.
Each ovule has one or two protective envelops called integuments.
Integument covered the ovule except an opening at the top called micropyle.
Opposite of the micropylar end, is the chalaza, representing the basal part of the ovule?
Megasporogenesis:
Female gametophyte:
Out of four megaspores, one megaspore is functional and other three degenerates.
The functional megaspore developed into the female gametophyte.
Female gametophyte is known as the embryo sac.
Development of embryo sac from a single megaspore is called as monosporic type of embryo sac.
The nucleus of the functional megaspore divided by mitotic division to form two nuclei which move to
the opposite pole, 2-nucleated embryo sac.
Two successive mitotic division leads to formation of 4-nucleate and later 8-nucleate stages of the
embryo sac.
All mitotic divisions are free nuclear type; karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis.
Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organized into cells.
Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end, constitute the egg apparatus.
The egg apparatus, in turn consists of two synergids and one egg cell.
Synergids have special filiform apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the entry of pollen
tube into the synergids.
Three cells arranged towards chalazal end are called antipodal cells.
The large central cell has two polar nuclei.
A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is 8- nucleated and 7-celled.
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Pollination:
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil is termed as pollination.
Both male and female gametes are non-motile.
Kinds of pollination:
Autogamy:
Geitonogamy:
Xenogamy:
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of different plant.
It is commonly called as cross-pollination.
It brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the stigma.
Agents of pollination:
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Plant use two abiotic agent i.e. wind and water for pollination.
One biotic agent for pollination such as animals.
Majority of plant use biotic agent for pollination.
Few plant use abiotic pollinating agent.
Anemophily:
Hydrophily:
Outbreeding Devices:
Majority of the flowering plants produce hermaphrodite flower and undergo autogamy.
Continuous autogamy or self-pollination results ininbreeding depression.
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Flowering plants have developed many devices to avoid self pollination and to encourage cross-
pollination. Such devices are called Outbreeding devices.
o Pollen released and stigma receptivity is not synchronized.
o Spatial separation of anthers and stigmas
o Anther and stigma are placed at different positions.
o Self incompatibility.
o Production of unisexual flowers.
All the events – from pollen deposition on the stigma until pollen tubes enter the ovule – are
together referred as pollen-pistil interaction.
Pollination does not guarantee the transfer of the right type of pollen grain to the right type of
stigma.
The pistil has the ability to recognize the pollen whether it is compatible or incompatible.
If it is right type the stigma allow the pollen to germinate.
If it is wrong type the stigma rejects the pollen, preventing germination.
The ability of the pistil to recognize the pollen by continuous dialogue mediated by chemical
like Boron, Inositol and sucrose level.
Following compatible pollination, the pollen grain produce pollen tube through one of the germ
pore.
Content of the pollen grain move into the pollen tube.
Pollen tube grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and reaches the ovary.
If the pollen grain is in 2-celled stage the generative cell divides and forms two male gametes inside
the pollen tube.
If the pollen grain is in 3- cell stage the pollen tube carry two male gametes from the beginning.
Pollen tube enters into the ovule through micropyle and then into the embryo sac through synergids
guided by filiform apparatus.
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Artificial hybridization:
Double fertilization:
After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube releases two male gametes into the cytoplasm of
the synergids.
Syngamy: one of the male gamete fused with egg cell, to form a diploid zygote.
Two polar nuclei of central cell fused to form a diploid secondary nucleus.
Triple fusion: The second male gamete fused with the secondary nucleus to form a
triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
Since two type of fusion, syngamy and triple fusion take place in the embryo sac the phenomenon is
termed asdouble fertilization.
The central cell after triple fusion becomes primary endosperm cell and developed into
the endosperm.
The zygote developed into an embryo.
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Events of endosperm and embryo development, maturation of ovule into seed and ovary into fruit, are collectively
termed as post-fertilization events.
Endosperm:
Embryo:
Zygote formed and placed at the micropylar end of the embryo sac.
Zygote starts its development only after some amount of endosperm formed.
Embryo development takes place in following stages:
o Proembryo
o Globular stage
o Heart shaped
o Matured embryo.
K C MEENA
PGT BIOLOGY
KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
Dicot embryo:
Monocot embryo: