19th Century Philippines

(Context)
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM

✣ Is a sense of loyalty or psychological

attachment that members of a nation share,
based on a common language, history, culture,
and desire for independence.
-Jackson & Jackson, 2000
 The growth of nationalism can be
attributed to two major revolution of
the earlier century:

1. American Revolution of 1776

2. French Revolution of 1789

 NATIONALISM
can foster national unity,
progress, and independence.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF
LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY
 The idea of liberty also meant
specific individual freedoms:
-Freedom of the Press
-Freedom of speech
-Freedom of assembly
-Freedom from arbitrary arrest
Democracy was not limited in
voting.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

∞ Transformation of the manufacturing

through inventions and machines

∞ Started in England, Belgium, France and U.S

POSITIVE EFFECTS:
✓ Rise of factory system
✓ Mass production of goods
✓ Improved standard of living
✓ Greater urbanization
✓ Division of labor
✓ Invention of labor-saving devices
✓ Industrial capitalism
✓ Fostering of liberalism and nationalism
✓ Encouragement in people’s mobility
NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
ꭓ Widened the gap between rich and poor
ꭓ Economic warfare
ꭓ Environmental problems
ꭓ Child and women labor
ꭓ Imperialistic rivalry
ꭓ Displacement of the farmers from their lands
(Philippines)
 SOLUTIONS:
▪ Liberals:
-Laissez faire policy
▪ Socialists
-Government has to control industries and resources
▪ Communists
- all factories will be owned and controlled by the
government
- equality will happen if social classes are destroyed
SOLUTIONS:

▪ Catholic Church
-there should be humane treatment of
workers
-social justice for the poor
-regulate use of private property
 ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

✣ Influenced by Western thought

✣ Growth of fundamental scientific discovery
✣ Practical benefits can be seen in biology,
medical sciences, physics, and chemistry
 AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT:
✣ Rational and empirical approach
✣ Belief were challenged that everything could be
explained by a reason
✣ Resulted for the development of scientific method
3 SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
1. Everyday experience and innumerable scientists
impressed the importance of science on the mind of
ordinary citizens
2. Philosophical implications of science spread to broad
sections of the population
3. Union of careful experiment and abstract theory was
the rote to truth and objective reality
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
✣ Is the fundamental transformation in scientific
ideas
✣ Effects of it’ challenged the traditional beliefs in
religion and politics
✣ Gained headway in Western European countries
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN
IMPERIALISM
→ the industrializing west countries
entered the most dynamic phase of its
expansion.
→ for the first time in human history,
the world became in many ways a
single unit
→ European expansion diffused the
ideas and techniques of a highly
developed civilization
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE
IN PROGRESS
Marquis De Condorcet
 Sketch for a Historical
Picture of the Progress of
the Human Mind
Achievements
✣ Extension of human rights to many people
✣ Promotion of higher education for men and
women
✣ Education for nationalism in schools
✣ Investment in science to serve mankind
✣ Improvement of public health
✣ Emergence of realistic literature
THE PHILIPPINES DURING
RIZAL TIME
PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL TIME

✣ Lost their ancestral lands

✣ Spain intituion of enconmienda system
✣ Spanish colonizers dictated to accept
spanish culture and religion
29
30
 EVIDENT CHANGE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
❑ Administrative organization of the country
❑ Social structure
❑ Educational system of the Philippines
❑ Economic situation in the 19th century
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
 Administrative Organization
Local Government Units
Alcalde Mayor Provincial
Alcaldias Provinces Governor
Cabildo City Council
• Alcalde en • City Mayors
• Councilors
Ayuntamiento Cities ordinario
• Regidores • Chief
• Aguacil Constable
Mayor • Secretary
• Escribano
Gobernadorcillo Town Mayor
Pueblos Towns
Cabeza de Kapitan
Barrios Barangays Barangay
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO
SOCIETY
 Racial Hierarchy

PENINSULARES INSULARES

SPANISH MESTIZOS
PRINCIPALIA
CHINESE MESTIZOS

INDIOS OR NATIVES
✣ PENINSULARES
● Spaniards born in Spain

✣ INSULARES
● Spaniards born in Philippines

✣ SPANISH MESTIZOS , PRINCIPALIA and

CHINESE MESTIZOS
● the ruling class of native elites

✣ INDIOS OR NATIVES
● brown-skinned and majority of people
 PENINSULARES

INSULARES
 Spanish and Chinese
Mestizos, and the Principalia
Indios or Natives
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
 MIDDLE OF 19th CENTURY

✣ Primary education was not given

attention
✣ Schools were controlled by friars
✣ Centered on teaching fear of God
 LAST HALF OF 19TH CENTURY
✣ Filipino students were
accommodated in ✣ Opened secondary schools
Universities. for girls:
⨳ Santa Isabel
⨳ La Concordia
✣ Opened secondary schools ⨳ Santa Rosa
for boys: ⨳ Santa Catalina
⨳ Colegio de Santo Tomas
⨳ San Juan de Letran
⨳ Ateneo Municipal
42
✣ Educational Decree of 1863
⨳ One elementary school for boys and one for girls (per town)
⨳ Normal school for training of teachers
■ With mastery of Spanish language
■ Under the director of Jesuits

✣ Weaknesses in the Educational System in the 19 th

century
⨳ Overemphasis on religion & Limited and irrelevant curriculum
⨳ Obsolete classroom facilities & Inadequate instructional materials
⨳ Absence of academic freedom
⨳ Racial prejudice against Filipinos in school
✣
RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF
NINETEENTH CENTURY
PHILIPPINES
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
✣ Economic growth helped the nationalist movement

✣ Agricultural products (rice, sugar and abaca) profited the

most.

✣ Inquilinos - laborers who rented the hacienda from the friars

and farming the lands by means of fair – share or kasama.
✣
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
✣ Rizal’s Chinese ancestor Domingo Lam-co
(illustration of prosperity in economy)
■ Biñan hacienda – 2.9 hectares
■ Calamba hacienda – 390 hectares

✣ Problems between the inquilinos and friar hacienda:

⨳ Who should reap the larger part of the fruit?
⨳ Do the friars really have the right over the hacienda?

✣ Agrarian Revolt
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
✣ Instability of the government
✣ Philippines were used as a handy dumping
ground
✣ Filipinos were deprived of their positions in the
bureaucracy
 TRANSPORTATION
✣ Suez Canal in 1869
❑ easy passage between Spain and Philippines
❑ became birds of prey
 CORRUPTION

✣ Inability to provide basic

needs of public works,
schools, etc.

✣ Guardia Civil
⨳ they were harassed farmers
 TAXATION
✣ Penalized modernization

TARIFFS
✣ Forced Filipinos to buy
expensive Spanish textiles
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rapid spread of education from about 1860.
 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT
Ilustrados

• Were increasingly anti friar

• At times even anticlerical or anti catholic
 • Patronato Real
• Abuses of Friars

Role of the Government supported by government

• Rafael Izquierdo - Religions have their defects, vices and didficulties

*unshakable devotion to spanish
*influence on to natives

• Juan Alaminos - Only loving the Spaniards can he save his soul in the next
life.
 Abuses of Friars

Friars haciendas
"That patriotism and the undeniable influence that the friar
parish priest had on the ordinary Filipino, rather than these often
recited little document abuses of Friars".

54
 Practices and Traditions of Religion
• Look up to friar parish priest as father of his people and protector against
offensive government.
• Filipino Ilustrado in Europe - Childish, Incompatible in modern times.

Friars used religion as a shield

Letter of Rizal to Blumintritt
❑ "I wanted to git the friars (but) since the friars are always making use of
religion"
❑ not only as shield but also as weapon, protection, citadel, fortress,
armor, etc.
 Beginning of Nineteenth Century

• Lack of friars led to turning over of parishes to filipino priests

• Fr. Pedro Palaez - equal in ability of friars and fil priests

-might become emancipation from spain.
-fighting for the rights of the fil clergywas
taken over by one of his young disciples Jose
Burgos

• Jose Burgos - Published anonymous pamphlet defending the Filipino

clergy.
 Influence of Burgos
❑ the idea of equality, and the sense of national identity
 Crollios
❑ Spaniards that are born in the Philippines
 by the late 19th century,
the Spain failed to satisfy and sustain
the needs and desire of the Filipino.
 ♦ Emergence of Revolution
♦

➢ The Secularization Movement

➢ The Reform Movement
➢ The Revolt of the Masses
➢ The Betrayal of the Ilustrados
5 MOVEMENTS
❑ Reformist
❑ Liberal
❑ Anticlerical
❑ Modernizing
❑ Strictly Nationalist
 LIBERAL
✣ All reformist were liberal

✣ For the safe guard of personal liberty and equality

✣ Rizal to Blumentritt
“these liberties were an essential component of any
progress worth the name”
 MODERNIZATION

✣ Desire of all liberals

✣ Economic goal

✣ Economic progress
Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de
Tavera

First Filipino member of

the Philippine Commission
Jose Ma. Basa

✓Promote campaign against friar

✓ Main source of smuggled
writings of Rizal, Del Pilar and
others in Propaganda Movement
✓Petition the American Consul in
Hong Kong
 Vision of Rizal

His country should be free, free from

tyrants from abroad or at home, a
country where there would not allow
themselves to be slave.
✣ Spanish colonial regime failed to satisfy basic needs and
desires of the Filipino people.

✣ To be a liberal very often meant to be anticlerical

✣ Only real nationalist struggled in the movement.

 Rizal wants to see the
growth of free people, proud of
it’s past, working for it’s future,
united in a common set of
ideals.
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