NZBC B1 Structure (1ed, A18)
NZBC B1 Structure (1ed, A18)
NZBC B1 Structure (1ed, A18)
Verification Methods
Prepared by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
B1
Status of Verification Methods and Acceptable Solutions
Verification Methods and Acceptable Solutions are prepared by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment in
accordance with section 22 of the Building Act 2004. Verification Methods and Acceptable Solutions are for use in
establishing compliance with the New Zealand Building Code.
A person who complies with a Verification Method or Acceptable Solution will be treated as having complied with the
provisions of the Building Code to which the Verification Method or Acceptable Solution relates. However, using a
Verification Method or Acceptable Solution is only one method of complying with the Building Code. There may be
alternative ways to comply.
Defined words (italicised in the text) and classified uses are explained in Clauses A1 and A2 of the Building Code and in
the Definitions at the start of this document.
The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment owns or has licences to use all
images and trademarks in this document. You must not use or reproduce images and
trademarks featured in this document for any purpose (except as part of an accurate
reproduction of this document) unless you first obtain the written permission of the
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
2
Document Status
The most recent version of this document (Amendment 18), as detailed in the Document History, is approved by the Chief
Executive of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. It is effective from 27 June 2019 and supersedes all
previous versions of this document.
The previous version of this document (Amendment 17) will cease to have effect on 31 October 2019.
People using this document should check for amendments on a regular basis. The Ministry of Business, Innovation and
Employment may amend any part of any Verification Method or Acceptable Solution at any time. Up-to-date versions of
Verification Methods and Acceptable Solutions are available from www.building.govt.nz
Date Alterations
Amendment 2 19 August 1994 pp. i and ii, Document History p. 15, Tables 4 and 5
pp. vii and viii, Contents p.16, 2.4.1
pp. x and xi, References p. 21, Figure 2
p. xiv, Definitions p. 22, Figure 3
p. 1, 1.4.2, 5.1 p. 32, 2.2.4
p. 2, 6.1 p. 33, 1.0.2
p. 5, 1.3, 3.1, 4.1 p. 34, 3.2.1, Table 1
p. 6, 7.1 p. 35, 4.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.2.1,
p. 10, 2.3.5 4.2.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 5.0.1, Table 2
p. 12, Figure 3 p. 36, 6.1.2, 7.1, 7.1.1
p. 13, Figure 4 p. 37, 7.3.4
p. 14, 2.3.6, 2.3.7 pp. 49, 50, 51, 54, Index
Amendment 4 1 December 2000 p. ii, Document History pp. 1–4A, Revised B1/VM1
pp. vii and viii, Contents pp. 5 and 6, Revised B1/AS1
pp. ix – xii, Revised References pp. 33–63, Revised B1/VM4
pp. xiii and xiv, Definitions p. 65, Revised B1/AS4
pp. 67–72, Revised Index
3
B1: Document History
Amendment 9 30 September 2010 pp. 2–3, Document History, Status, p. 27, B1/AS2 1.0.5
pp. 11–14, References p. 44, B1/AS3 1.7.9
p. 20, B1/VM1 2.2.13 p. 47, B1/AS3 1.8.5, 1.8.6
p. 21, B1/VM1 3.0, 5.1 p. 49, B1/AS3 2.1.1, 2.2.4
pp. 22–22B, B1/VM1 11.0 p. 63, B1/VM4 4.3.2
pp. 23–24, B1/AS1 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, p. 67, B1/VM4 5.3.1
6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Amendment 10 Effective from 19 May 2011 p. 9, Contents p. 20, B1/VM1 2.2.14 A to 2.2.14 D
(Canterbury) until 31 January 2012 p. 12–14, References pp. 23–23C B1/AS1 1.4, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
p. 15, Definitions p. 48, B1/AS3 1.9.3
p. 17, B1/VM1 p. 84, Index
Amendment 11 Effective from 1 August 2011 p. 9, Contents pp. 23–24, B1/AS1 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
until 14 August 2014 p. 11–14, References 7.0, 8.0, 9.0
p. 17–22B, B1/VM1 1.0, 2.0, 2.2.9, pp. 27–34, B1/AS2
2.2.14 C, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1, 13.0 pp. 83–87, Index
Amendment 12 Effective from 14 February p. 9, Contents pp. 23–23C, 24 B1/AS1 1.1, 1.2,
2014 until 31 May 2016 pp. 11–13, References 2.1.1–2.1.10, 3.1.9, 4.1.5, 8.0, 9.0
pp. 15, 16, Definitions p. 79 , B1/VM4 C11.0
pp. 17, 18, 20, 22, 22A, 22B, B1/VM1 2.1,
2.2.6, 2.2.11, 5.2, 9.0, 12.1
Amendment 13 Effective from 1 June 2016 p. 13, References p. 24 , B1/AS1 7.3.3, 7.3.4
until 30 May 2017
Amendment 14 Effective from 4 November p. 9 Contents pp. 22C–22F B1/VM1 14.1, 14.1.2 -
2016 until 30 May 2017 p.p. 14 References 14.1.22
p. 22 B1/VM1 3.1 d) pp. 23, 23B B1/AS1 2.1.3, 3.1.8
pp. 84, 87 Index
Effective from 1 January 2017 p. 22C VM1 14.1.1
until 30 May 2017
Amendment 16 Effective 3 April 2018 p. 9 Contents pp. 21-22 B1/VM1 3.1, 5.1
until 31 March 2019 pp. 11–14A References p. 57 B1/VM4 3.3.2
p. 18 B1/VM1 2.2.5 p. 65 B1/VM4 4.3.4
Amendment 18 Effective 27 June 2019 p. 9 Contents pp. 23, 24 B1/AS1 1.1, 9.0
pp. 12, 14A References p. 84 Index
pp. 21, 22A B1/VM1 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 5.3
Page numbers relate to the document at the time of Amendment and may not match page numbers in current document.
4
C l a u s e B1
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
5
C lause B 1
6 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
C l a u s e B1
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
7
8
C o n t e n ts B1 /VM1 /VM2 /VM3 /VM4
& A S 1 / AS2 /AS3 /AS4
Contents
Page Acceptable Solution B1/AS1 23
Amend 8
General 23 Dec 2008
References 11
1.0 Explanatory Note 23
Definitions 15
2.0 Masonry 23
Verification Method B1/VM1 17 Page
Amend 4
2.1 NZS 4229 23
Dec 2000
General 17
Amend 1.0 General 17
8 and 16
3.0 Concrete 21
Amend 3
Dec 1995 3.1 NZS 3101: Part 1 21
4.0 Earth Buildings 23C
4.0 Concrete Masonry 21
4.1 NZS 4299 23C
4.1 NZS 4230 21
5.0 Steel 21
Amend 11
5.1 NZS 3404: Part 1 21 Aug 2011
Amend 10
May 2011 5.2 AS/NZS 4600 22A 5.0 Stucco 23C
Amends
11 and 18 5.1 NZS 4251 23C
6.0 Timber 22A 6.0 Drains 23D
6.1 NZS 3603 22A 6.1 AS/NZS 2566.1 23D
7.0 Aluminium 22A 6.2 AS/NZS 2566.2 23D
7.1 AS/NZS 1664.1 22A 6.3 AS/NZS 2032 23D
Amend 10
6.4 AS/NZS 2033 23D May 2011
10 1 December 2008 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
R e f e r e n ce s B1 /VM1 /VM2 /VM3 /VM4
& A S 1 / AS2 /AS3 /AS4
Amend 11
Aug 2011 References
For the purposes of New Zealand Building Code compliance, the acceptable New Zealand
and other Standards, and other documents referred to in these Verification Methods and
Amend 12
Acceptable Solutions (primary reference documents) shall be the editions, along with their specific Feb 2014
amendments, listed below. Where the primary reference documents refer to other Standards
or other documents (secondary reference documents), which in turn may also refer to other
Standards or other documents, and so on (lower order reference documents), then the applicable
version of these secondary and lower order reference documents shall be the version in effect at
Amend 7 Amend 12
Apr 2007 the date these Verificaton Methods and Acceptable Solutions were published. Feb 2014
Where quoted
Standards New Zealand
Amend 16
Apr 2018 AS/NZS 1163: 2016 Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections VM1 5.1.1
AS/NZS 1170: Structural design actions – VM1 1.0, 2.1, 2.2,
5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
Amend 11
Aug 2011 AS1 7.2, 7.3
Part 0: 2002 General principles VM4 2.0, B1.0
Amend 12
Feb 2014 Amends: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Amend 12
Part 1: 2002 Permanent imposed and other actions
Feb 2014 Amends: 1, 2
Part 2: 2011 Wind actions
Amends
12 and 17 Amends: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Part 3: 2003 Snow and ice actions
Amend: 1
NZS 1170: Structural design actions – VM1 2.1, 2.2
Part 5: 2004 Earthquake actions – New Zealand
Amends
10 and 11
COMMENT
The above suite of Structural Design Action Standards,
Amend 11 together with their amendments, are referred to
Aug 2011 collectively as “AS/NZS 1170”.
Amend 8
Dec 2008
Amend 7 AS/NZS 1748:- Timber – Stress graded for structural purposes VM1 6.1
Apr 2007
Part 1: 2011 General requirements VM1 6.1
Amend: 1
Part 2: 2011 Qualification of grading method VM1 6.1
Amend 12
Feb 2014 Amend: 1
AS/NZS 2032: 2006 Installation of PVC pipe systems AS1 6.3
Amend 9 Amend: 1
Sep 2010
Where quoted
AS/NZS 2033: 2008 Installation of polyethylene pipe systems AS1 6.4
Amend 9
Sep 2010 Amends 1, 2
AS/NZS 2327: 2017 Composite structures – Composite steel-concrete VM1 5.1.4A
Amend 17
Nov 2018 construction in buildings
Amend 9 AS/NZS 2566: 2002 Buried Flexible pipelines.
Sep 2010
Part 1: 1998 Structural Design AS1 6.1
Part 2: 2002 Installation AS1 6.2
AS/NZS 2918: 2001 Domestic solid fuel heating appliances installation AS3 3.2.1, 2.2.4
NZS 3101:- Concrete structures standard
Amend 18
Amend 16 Part 1: 2006 The design of concrete structures VM1 3.1, 11.1 Jun 2019
Apr 2018
Amends: 1, 2, 3
Amend 6
Mar 2005
Amend 8
Dec 2008
NZS 3106: 2009 Design of concrete structures for the VM1 3.2
storage of liquids.
Amend 9
Sep 2010
Amend 7
NZS 3109: 1997 Concrete construction AS3 1.8.2, 1.8.5 b),
Apr 2007
Amend: 1, 2 2.2.1 c), 2.2.3
Where quoted
Amend 11
Aug 2011
NZS 3640: 2003 Chemical preservation of round and sawn timber VM4 5.3.1
Amends
9 and 12 Amends: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
AS/NZS 3678: 2016 Structural steel – Hot-rolled plates, floorplates VM1 5.1.9
and slabs
AS/NZS 3679 Structural steel
Part 1: 2016 Hot-rolled bars and sections VM1 5.1.9
Amend 16
Apr 2018 Part 2: 2016 Welded l sections VM1 5.1.9
AS/NZS 3725: 2007 Design for installation of buried concrete pipes VM1 11.1
Amend 8
Dec 2008
AS/NZS 3869: 1999 Domestic solid fuel burning appliances – AS3 2.1
Design and construction
Amend 9
Sep 2010
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 Pre cast concrete pipes(pressure and non-pressure) VM1 11.1
Amends
10 and 11
NZS 4210: 2001 Code of practice for masonry construction: materials AS3 1.8.1, 1.8.3 (f
and workmanship and g)
Amend 9
Sep 2010
Amend: 1
Amend 11
Aug 2011 NZS 4211: 2008 Specification for performance of windows VM1 12.1
Amend 17
Nov 2018 Amend: 1
Amend 8
Dec 2008
Amend 9
NZS 4223:- Glazing in buildings
Sep 2010 Part 1: 2008 Glass selection and glazing AS1 7.1, 7.2.1, 7.3.7
Amend 9
Amend 1
Sep 2010
Amend 15
Part 2: 2016 Insulating glass units AS1 7.2
Jan 2017
Amends
13 & 15 Part 3: 2016 Human impact safety requirements AS1 7.3
Amend 15
Jan 2017 Amend: 1
Amend 9
Sep 2010 Part 4: 2008 Wind, dead, snow, and live actions AS1 7.4
Amend 15
Jan 2017 Amend 1
Amends NZS 4229: 2013 Concrete masonry buildings not requiring AS1 1.4, 2.1
10 and 11
specific engineering design AS3 1.1.1, 1.8.4,
Amend 12
Feb 2014 1.9.2, 1.9.5,
2.2.1 b)
NZS 4230: 2004 Design of reinforced concrete masonry structures VM1 4.0
Amend 8
Dec 2008
Amend: 1
NZS 4251:- Solid plastering AS1 5.1
Amend 11
Aug 2011
Part 1: 2007 Cement plasters for walls, ceilings and soffits
NZS 4297: 1998 Engineering design of earth buildings VM1 8.1
Where quoted
Amends NZS 4299: 1998 Earth buildings not requiring specific design AS1 1.4, 4.1
10 and 11
Amend: 1
NZS 4402:- Methods of testing soils for civil engineering VM1 11.1
purposes.
Test 2.2: 1986 Soil classification tests – Determination of liquid limit Definitions
Test 2.4: 1986 Soil classification tests – Determination of plasticity VM1 11.1
index
Test 2.6: 1986 Soil classification tests – Determination of the linear
shrinkage Definitions
Test 2.8.1: 1986 Soil classification tests – Standard method by wet VM1 11.1
sieving
Test 2.8.2: 1986 Soil classification tests – Standard method by dry VM1 11.1
sieving
Test 2.8.3: 1986 Soil classification tests – Standard method for fine VM1 11.1
soils (pipette method)
Test 2.8.4: 1986 Soil classification tests – Subsidiary method for fine VM1 11.1
soils (hydrometer method)
Test 4.1.1: 1986 Soil compaction tests – Determination of the dry VM1 11.1
density/water content relationship – New Zealand
standard compaction test
Test 4.2.1: 1988 Soil compaction tests – Determination of the VM1 11.1
minimum and maximum dry densities and relative
density of a cohesionless soil – Minimum dry density
Test 4.2.2: 1988 Soil compaction tests – Determination of the VM1 11.1
minimum and maximum dry densities and relative
density of a cohesionless soil – Maximum dry density
Test 4.2.3: 1988 Soil compaction tests – Determination of the VM1 11.1,
minimum and maximum dry densities and relative VM4 4.1.1
density of a cohesionless soil – Relative density
Test 5.1.1: 1986 Soil density tests – Determination of the density of VM1 11.1
Amend 16
soil – Sand replacement test for the determination of
Apr 2018 in situ density
NZS 4431: 1989 Code of practice for earth fill for residential VM1 10.1
development
Amend: 1
Amend 9
Sep 2010
Amend 16
Apr 2018
AS/NZS 5131: 2016 Structural steelwork – Fabrication and erection VM1 5.1.3,
5.1.5-5.1.8,
5.1.10-5.1.12
Amend 18 NASH Standard Part 2: May 2019 Light Steel Framed Buildings AS1 9.1
Jun 2019
British Standards Institution
BS 8004: 1986 Code of practice for foundations VM4 4.0.3
BS EN 14399 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for
preloading
Part 1: 2015 General requirements VM1 5.1.4
Part 2: 2015 Suitability for preloading VM1 5.1.4
Part 3: 2015 System HR. Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies VM1 5.1.2, 5.1.4
Amend 16
Apr 2018 Part 5: 2015 Plain washers VM1 5.1.2, 5.1.4
Standards Australia
AS 1391: 2007 Metallic materials – Tensile testing at VM1 14.1.1
Amend 14
Nov 2016 ambient temperature
Amend 9
AS 1397: 2001 Steel sheet and strip – Hot-dipped zinc-coated AS3 1.7.9
Sep 2010 or aluminium/zinc-coated
Amend 11
Aug 2011
AS 2159: 1995 Rules for the design and installation of piling VM4 4.0.3
(known as the SAA Piling Code)
Amend: 1
American Society of Testing and Materials
ASTM D1143: 1981Test method for piles under static axial VM4 4.0.3
compressive load
New Zealand Geomechanics Society
Guidelines for the field descriptions of soils and rocks in engineering VM1 11.1
use. Nov 1988
New Zealand Legislation
Amend 8
Dec 2008 Chartered Professional Engineers of New Zealand Act 2002 VM1 1.0
International Organization for Standardization
ISO 15630-2 2010: Steel for the reinforcement and and prestressing of VM1 14.1.1
concrete – Test Methods – Part 2 Welded Fabric
ISO 17025: 2005 General requirements for the competence of testing VM1 14.1.1
Amend 14
Nov 2016
and calibration laboratories
Definitions
This is an abbreviated list of definitions for words or terms particularly relevant to these
Amends
Acceptable Solutions and Verification Methods. The definitions for any other italicised words may 7 and 12
Adequate Adequate to achieve the objectives Factor of safety in relation to any building
of the Building Code. means the ratio of resisting forces to applied
Alter in relation to a building, includes to forces for a given loading condition. It is
rebuild, re-erect, repair, enlarge and extend generally expressed to two significant figures.
Amend 8
Dec 2008 the building. Fireplace A space formed by the chimney
Baluster A post providing the support for the back, the chimney jambs, and the chimney
top and bottom rails of a barrier. breast in which fuel is burned for the purpose
of heating the room into which it opens.
Boundary joist A joist running along the outer
ends of the floor joists. Fixture An article intended to remain permanently
attached to and form part of a building.
Building has the meaning ascribed to it by
Amend 7
Apr 2007 sections 8 and 9 of the Building Act 2004. Flue The passage through which the products
of combustion are conveyed to the outside.
Building element Any structural and
non-structural component or assembly Gather That part of a chimney where the
incorporated into or associated with a transition from fireplace to stack occurs.
building. Included are fixtures, services, Good ground means any soil or rock capable
drains, permanent mechanical installations of permanently withstanding an ultimate
for access, glazing, partitions, ceilings and bearing pressure of 300 kPa (i.e. an
temporary supports. allowable bearing pressure of 100 kPa using
Canterbury earthquake region is the area a factor of safety of 3.0), but excludes:
contained within the boundaries of the a) Potentially compressible ground such as
Christchurch City Council, the Selwyn District topsoil, soft soils such as clay which can
Amend 10
May 2011 Council and the Waimakariri District Council. be moulded easily in the fingers, and
Chimney A non-combustible structure which uncompacted loose gravel which contains
encloses one or more flues, fireplaces or obvious voids,
other heating appliances. b) Expansive soils being those that have a Amend 4
Dec 2000
Chimney back The non-combustible wall liquid limit of more than 50% when tested
forming the back of a fireplace. in accordance with NZS 4402 Test 2.2,
and a linear shrinkage of more than 15%
Chimney base That part of a chimney which
when tested, from the liquid limit, in
houses the fireplace.
accordance with NZS 4402 Test 2.6, and
Chimney jambs The side walls of a fireplace.
c) Any ground which could forseeably
Combustible See non-combustible. experience movement of 25 mm or
Construct in relation to a building, includes greater for any reason including one or
to design, build, erect, prefabricate, and a combination of: land instability, ground
Amend 8
relocate the building. creep, subsidence, (liquefaction, lateral
Dec 2008
spread – for the Canterbury earthquake
Drain A pipe normally laid below ground Amend 10
region only), seasonal swelling and May 2011
level including fittings and equipment and
shrinking, frost heave, changing ground
intended to convey foul water or surface
water level, erosion, dissolution of soil in
water to an outfall.
water, and effects of tree roots.
Amend 8
Amend 8 1.0 General e) An engineer with relevant experience Dec 2008
Dec 2008
and skills in structural engineering shall
1.0.1 The Standards cited in this Verification be responsible for interpretation of the
Method provide a means for the design requirements of the Standards cited
of structures to meet the performance when used for building structure design.
requirements of New Zealand Building Code A structural engineer who is chartered
Clause B1 Structure. For any particular under the Chartered Professional Engineers
building or building design, the Verification of New Zealand Act 2002 would satisfy this
Amend 11
Aug 2011 Method shall consist of AS/NZS 1170 used in requirement.
conjunction with the relevant cited material
COMMENT
standards as modified by this Verification
The Standards referenced in this Verification Method
Method. relating to building design require the application of
1.0.2 Modifications to the Standards, specialist engineering knowledge, experience and
judgement in their use.
necessary for compliance with the New
Zealand Building Code, are given against the
relevant clause number of each Standard. 2.0 Structural Design Actions Standards
1.0.3 Citation of Standards in this Verification
2.1 The requirements of the AS/NZS 1170
Method is subject to the following conditions.
suite of Standards are to be complied with.
a) The citation covers only the scope stated These comprise:
or implicit in each Standard. Aspects
AS/NZS 1170.0: 2002 including Amendments Amend 12
outside the scope, when applied to a Feb 2014
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
particular building, are not part of the
Verification Method. AS/NZS 1170.1: 2002 including Amendments
1 and 2
b) Further limitations, modifications and/or
constraints apply to each Standard as AS/NZS 1170.2: 2011 including Amendments
Amend 17
noted below. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Nov 2018
c) Provisions in the cited Standards that are AS/NZS 1170.3: 2003 including Amendment 1,
in non-specific or unquantified terms do and NZS 1170.5: 2004.
not form part of the Verification Method.
COMMENT
Non-specific or unquantified terms include,
This suite of Standards, together with their amendments,
but are not limited to, special studies, are referred to collectively in this Verification Method
manufacturer’s advice and references as “AS/NZS 1170”.
to methods that are appropriate, adequate, Amend 11
2.2 The requirements of AS/NZS 1170 are Aug 2011
suitable, relevant, satisfactory, acceptable,
subject to the following modifications.
applicable, or the like.
Amend 11 2.2.1 Material Standards Where
Aug 2011 d) Where AS/NZS 1170 is used in Amend 11
AS/NZS 1170 calls for the use of appropriate Aug 2011
combination with other Standards cited
material Standards, only those material
in this Verification Method and there
Standards referenced in this Verification
are incompatibilities with these other
Method B1/VM1 are included. Use of other
Standards, then the underlying philosophy, Amend 11
Standards with AS/NZS 1170 must be treated Aug 2011
general approach, currency of information
Amend 11 as an alternative means of verification.
Aug 2011 and methods of AS/NZS 1170 are to take
precedence.
state for fire shall be as follows: 2.2.7 AS/NZS 1170 Part 1, Clause 3.6 Barriers
In the first paragraph, second sentence, delete
(a) During the fire:
“… top edge or handrail…” and substitute
(i) [G, thermal actions arising from fire, “… top edge and rail…”
ψ Q ]
l Delete the second paragraph and substitute:
together with:
“Apply as detailed below the uniformly
(ii) a lateral force of 2.5% of (G + ψcQ) distributed line loads (kN/m), uniformly
applied as per Clause 6.2.2. distributed loads (kPa) and concentrated loads
(b) After the fire until the building is either (kN) given in Table 3.3.
repaired or demolished: For the purposes of applying loads, a rail shall
(i) [G, thermal actions arising from be any handrail or any top rail having a width in
fire, ψ Q ] plan of greater than 30 mm.
l
together with the more critical of either: The following are separate load cases, and one
load at a time, either vertical or horizontal, is to
(ii) a lateral force of 2.5% of (G + ψcQ) be applied.
applied as per Clause 6.2.2.
(a) Line loads (kN/m). Regardless of barrier
or height, line loads need not be applied more
(iii) a uniformly distributed horizontal face than 1200 mm above the floor (or stair pitch
load of 0.5 kPa in any direction. line):
Account shall be taken of the effects of the (i) For domestic and residential activities,
fire on material properties and the geometry of other residential (Row 2 of Table 3.3)
Amend 8
Dec 2008 the structure.” • For barriers with a rail or rails:
– apply the horizontal load to the
Amend 8
top rail Dec 2008
– where the top of the barrier is not • concentrated loads applied more than
a rail and where it is less than 1200 mm above the floor (or stair pitch
200 mm above the top rail, the line) may be reduced by 50%
horizontal load to the top of the • where the barrier infill or balustrade
barrier may be reduced by 50%, consists of parallel vertical members,
otherwise apply the full horizontal less than 100 mm wide and with spaces
load between them of less than 100 mm,
– apply the vertical load to the top 50% of the concentrated load may be
of the barrier. applied to each vertical member.”
• For barriers without a rail, apply: COMMENT
– the horizontal load at 900 mm In Table 3.3, “external balconies” for domestic and
residential activities applies to decks, balconies,
above the floor (or stair pitch line)
verandahs and the like of individual houses as well as
– 50% of the horizontal load to the multi household unit buildings. Such barriers may be
top of the barrier required by Clause F4 of the Building Code.
– the vertical load to the top of the 2.2.8 AS/NZS 1170 Part 1, Clause 3.8
barrier. Car park Add to the last paragraph of
Clause 3.8:
(ii) For all types of occupancy other than
Row 2 of Table 3.3: “The basis for determining the horizontal
impact actions on barriers quoted in the
• apply the loads to the top edge of the
Clause, including the assumed deceleration
barrier and to the top rail
distances, is given in Clause C 3.8 of the
• where the top of the barrier is not a Commentary to AS/NZS 1170 Part 1. Different
rail and where it is less than 200 mm design actions may be derived using Equation
above the top rail, the horizontal load C3.8, provided that:
to the top of the barrier may be
(i) The deceleration length applied is based
reduced by 50%, otherwise apply the
on analysis or tests.
full horizontal load.
(ii) The vehicle mass and associated velocity
(b) Distributed loads (kPa):
are not reduced from those quoted in
For all types of occupancy: Commentary Clause C3.8.”
• consider the load as acting over the 2.2.9 AS/NZS 1170 Part 1, Appendix B
whole area bounded by the top of the Replace the last paragraph with the following:
barrier and the floor line for the full
“For the design of outdoor visitor structures
length of the barrier
as defined in SNZ HB 8630: 2004, the imposed
• distribute this load to the appropriate actions must be as given by that publication
solid portions of the barrier. with references to NZS 4203 replaced by
Amend 11
(c) Concentrated loads (kN): equivalent references to AS/NZS 1170.” Aug 2011
For all types of occupancy: 2.2.10 AS/NZS 1170 Part 2, Clauses 3.2
and 4.4.3 Add the following at the end of
• consider each concentrated load to be
Clauses 3.2 and 4.4.3:
distributed over a circular or square area
of 2000 mm2 “Where local wind design information is more
onerous than determined by this Standard and
• apply concentrated loads so as to
is published and required to be used by any
Amend 8
produce the most severe effect on the
territorial authority for its area, this local wind
Dec 2008 structural element being considered
design information shall take precedence over
Amend 8
the equivalent information in this Standard Dec 2008
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 August 2011
19
STRUCTURE
GENERAL Verification Method B1/V M1
Where such local wind design information is areas this may involve considerable cost consequences
less onerous than that of this Standard, the and a reduction in requirements is acceptable when
site-specific hazard studies are undertaken.”
use of such information is not part of this
Verification Method.” Consequential changes due to 2010/11
Canterbury earthquakes
COMMENT:
1. As a result of the 2010/11 sequence of earthquakes
in Canterbury, there is a heightened risk of seismic
activity over the next few decades above that
currently factored into structural design requirements.
B1/VM1 is amended to reflect an increased seismic
hazard factor for the Canterbury earthquake region.
2.2.14 NZS 1170 Part 5, Clause 1.4 Delete row: 101 Akaroa 0.16 -
Add the following to the end of the Clause 1.4: Replace with: 101 Akaroa 0.3 -
Amend 15
“Where a special study yields a site-specific Jan 2017
2.2.15 NZS 1170 Part 5, Clause 4.2 Seismic 3.1.1 Clause 18.7.4.4 Detailing requirements Amends 9, 14,
15, 16, Err 1
weight and seismic mass After: “0.3 is for support of hollow core floors
the earthquake imposed action (live load) At the end of Clause 18.7.4.4 (b) add an
combination factor for all other applications” additional sentence:
add the following: “The details given by C18.6.7(e) may be
“except roofs. applied to hollow-core units where the
ψE = 0.0 is the earthquake imposed action depth of the precast unit is equal to or less
(live load) combination factor for roofs.” than 400 mm.” Amend 18
Jun 2019
COMMENT:
Time history analysis is a highly specialised method of
assessing structural response to earthquakes. It requires
many detailed and interdependent assumptions to be
made in relation to the nature of earthquake shaking
and its propagation from the source, the properties of COMMENT:
the building site and the detailed characteristics of the Welded wire fabric that is used in designs to NZS 3101
building and its structural elements. is subject to the requirements of Paragraph 14.0 Ductile
Steel Mesh of this Verification Method. Amend 16
AS/NZS 1170 outlines the steps for time history analysis Apr 2018
in some detail, but the applicability of each step needs
to be evaluated on a building-by-building basis. More Amend 9
importantly, the output of the analysis needs to be
3.2 NZS 3106 Sep 2010
mandatory requirement for compliance with b) Delete Clause 2.2.1.2 and replace with:
this Standard.
“Machine stress-grading shall be in
c) The term “informative” identifies information accordance with AS/NZS 1748 as modified
provided for guidance or background which by NZS 3622. Machine stress-graded
may be of interest to the Standard’s users. timber shall have its properties verified, Amend 7
Apr 2007
Informative provisions do not form part of and be identified, in accordance with the
Amend 8
the mandatory requirements of the Standard. requirements of NZS 3622.” Dec 2008
Amend 9
Sep 2010
COMMENT:
International Accreditation New Zealand (IANZ) in NZ and
13.0 Seismic Performance of Engineering
Amend 11 the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA)
Aug 2011 Systems in Buildings in Australia are signatories to the ILAC MRA. Details of
signatory accreditation bodies in other economies are
13.1 NZS 4219 subject to the following available on request from IANZ or directly from the ILAC
modifications in the Canterbury earthquake website at http://ilac.org/signatory-search/?q=all
region: Test certificates must be endorsed i.e. must
The zone factor Z shall be determined from carry the symbol of their accreditation body and/
the Standard but shall not be less than 0.3. or a statement that they are accredited, by a
Amend 14
named accreditation body, for the reported tests. Nov 2016
Amend 15
Jan 2017 14.1.2 Interpretation and Clarification of
AS/NZS 4671
Amend 8 Where conflicting or contradictory information
Jun 2008
is found between AS/NZS 4671:2001 and
Standards it references, AS/NZS 4671:2001
14.0 Ductile Steel Mesh takes precedence.
14.1 Grade 500E welded steel mesh 14.1.3 AS/NZS 4671 Clause 3.1 Ageing
Where Grade 500E welded steel mesh is Delete Clause 3.1 and replace with:
specified, it shall meet the requirements of “The test samples must be brought up to a
Amend 14
AS/NZS 4671 subject to the following surface temperature of 100±10°C (i.e. the
Nov 2016 modifications. surface of the steel is recorded at 100 ± 10°C)
14.1.1 Laboratory accreditation then held at 100±10°C for 60 minutes (+15, -0
minutes). The method used to generate the
COMMENT: temperature increase can be a suitable
Amendment 14 to Verification Method B1/VM1 is calibrated oven (calibrated for both temperature
effective from 4 November 2016, except for this
and temperature spatial distribution) or boiling
Paragraph 14.1.1 which is effective from 1 January 2017.
water.
Laboratories that provide testing and
”Once heating is completed as detailed above,
certification of Grade 500E welded steel mesh
the samples are to be cooled in still air to
for use in New Zealand must be accredited for Amend 14
ambient room temperature.“ Nov 2016
testing to ISO 17025: General requirements for
the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories, with a scope of accreditation that
Amend 14
Jan 2017 includes:
Amend 14
Nov 2016
14.1.4 AS/NZS 4671 Clause 9.3 Labelling intersection and a gauge length for the
of reinforcing steel measurement of elongation remote at least 20
Add a line: mm from the welded intersections.
Furthermore, additional length of the test piece
“9.3 (a)(vii) that Grade 500E steel mesh will be required to keep both the welded
complies with Paragraph 14 of B1/VM1.” intersection and gauge length of the elongation
Add a line: measurement remote at least 20 mm from the
”9.3 (b)(vi) that Grade 500E steel mesh jaws of the testing machine.
complies with Paragraph 14 of B1/VM1.“ ”There is no maximum limitation imposed on
14.1.5 AS/NZS 4671 Appendix A the length of the test piece. The test piece
must not be subject to any post-production
Delete Appendix A.
treatment that will unduly affect the test
14.1.6 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B1.1 result.“
Insert ”through steel processing“ after ”steel 14.1.9 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B1 Scope and
melting“. general
14.1.7 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B1.3.1 Add a Clause:
Delete paragraph (b) and replace with: ”B1.4 For grade 500E steel mesh, all test
”Unless specified differently in Clauses other certificates produced in compliance with
than Clause B1.3.1 in AS/NZS 4671, a batch AS/NZS 4671 shall note that they are compliant
shall be: with B1/VM1 Paragraph 14.“
(i) A quantity of mesh not exceeding 1000 Delete Amendment No 1 June 2003 to Clause
sheets produced from steel of the same B3 (c)(i).
surface geometry and nominal diameter, Delete Clause B3 (c) i and ii and replace with:
of the same nominal strength grade and of
”(i) Mechanical properties, one test per batch
the same ductility class and the mesh is
on each of three separate longitudinal
manufactured in the same run under the
bars and three separate transverse bars
same conditions using the same equipment;
(i.e. 6 tensile tests). If different grade
or
ductility class, surface geometry or nominal
(ii) Where sheets of mesh have steel wires diameter edge bars are used on the mesh,
that differ in any of surface geometry, one extra tensile test per batch is required
diameter, nominal strength grade, or on the differing edge bars per sheet.
ductility class, a quantity of mesh not
(ii) Weld-shear tests, one test per batch
exceeding 1000 sheets considering each
on each of three separate intersections
type of steel separately (e.g. if different
from different wires. If different grade
types of steel wires are used in each
ductility class, surface geometry or nominal
direction then the wires in each direction
diameter edge bars are used on the mesh,
will be considered a separate batch).“
one extra shear test per batch is required
COMMENT: on the differing edge bars per sheet.“
In (i) above, the term ‘same run’ allows for breaks in
Add after (v):
production (e.g. overnight or weekends etc. provided the
other criteria remain constant). ”(vi) Where a manufacturer can demonstrate
long-term quality compliance for mesh
14.1.8 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B1.3.5
with respect to Re, Agt and Rm/Re in
Delete and replace with: accordance with Clause B6, the testing
”The minimum length of specimen test piece frequencies required in Clause B3 (c)(i) may
will be determined by the requirement to obtain be reduced to one test on each of two Amend 14
a test piece including at least one welded separate longitudinal and two transverse Nov 2016
Amend 14
bars (i.e. 4 tensile tests). However, the Delete the Note to Clause B6.1 in Amendment Nov 2016
14.1.12 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B4.1.2 14.1.16 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B6.2.1
Add a comment: • A batch will fail the initial testing if it does not comply
with all requirements of Clause B4.1.2 or Clause B4.2.
”COMMENT:
• If the additional testing on twice as many test samples
Long-term conformance is shown by completing a
(i.e. 12 tensile pieces or six weld shear pieces) for
statistical analysis in accordance with clause B6 on
the specific parameter investigated, do not meet the
the collected batch results. Clause B6.3 requires all
requirements of Clause B4.1.2 or Clause B4.2, then
production and processing to be subject to continual
the batch will have failed to comply with the Standard
control in accordance with Clause 8 and Clause B6.
and needs to be downgraded and removed from the
Clause B6.3 makes it mandatory to undertake batch
data for long-term quality analysis.“
testing.“
Add a sentence after the existing sentence as
14.1.15 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B6.1
follows:
Add the following to the end of the last
”Where the sample size of a batch falls
sentence of paragraph 2:
between sample sizes given in Table B1, the
”and including a minimum of four separate value of the multiplier ‘K’ may be interpolated
batches.“ linearly between the next lowest and next
Add the following sentence: highest number of samples given in Table B1
Statistical Multiplier ‘K’.“
”If different grade ductility class, surface
geometry or nominal diameter edge bars are
used on the mesh, then a separate analysis for
long-term quality level shall be carried out on
Amend 14
Nov 2016
these bars.“
”COMMENT: ”COMMENT:
Clause B6.3 details the conformance criteria and Test piece and specimen have the same meaning.“
makes reference to CvL (the lower characteristic
value of a variable parameter) and CvU (the upper 14.1.20 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B7.3
characteristic value of a variable parameter). For Re,
Add a line in Clause B7.3(a) after (iv):
these are detailed in Table 2 of the Standard as 500
MPa and 600 MPa respectively. One interpretation is ”(v) Shear strength of joints in mesh“
that the 95% and 105% allowances can be applied
to these having relied on the CvL: p=0.95, and CvU: 14.1.21 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B7.4.1(a)(iii)
p=0.05 figures in Table 2 to make this allowance. This Delete the two equations and replace them
is incorrect.
with:
”The p-values are provided to indicate that this is a 2.33s
15 15 Rek.L; and
90% confidence level and are used to determine the
correct ‘K’ statistical multiplier from Table B1 that 2.33s
15 15 Rek.U;
should be applied to the sample test results dataset,
and to calculate the required confidence interval. These COMMENT:
p-values are not to be used to expand the lower and The error in these equations only appears to affect
upper limits of 500 MPa and 600 MPa within which the downloaded copies of AS/NZS 4671.
confidence interval is required to fall. The same issue
exists for Agt and Rm/Re unless the manufacturer has 14.1.22 AS/NZS 4671 Clause C2.2.2
waived the Long-term quality level (LTQL) for these
Delete all but the last sentence and replace
parameters.“
with:
14.1.18 AS/NZS 4671 B6.4
”The uniform elongation Agt shall be
Add a Clause after B6.3: determined in accordance with ISO 15630-2
“B6.4 Non-conformance to long-term with the following permitted amendments:
quality levels (a) a minimum extensometer gauge length of
Where steel of welded mesh is sourced on the 50 mm may be used
spot market from random different suppliers, (b) for measurements taken after failure gauge
then Clause B6 cannot be used and Clause B7 marks of up to 25 mm may be used.“
must be used to show conformance.
Amend the last sentence by deleting ”unless
14.1.19 AS/NZS 4671 Clause B7.2 otherwise agreed between the parties
Add the following before the first paragraph: concerned.“
”Individual batches must be subjected to Add a sentence after the last sentence:
testing in accordance with Clause B7.2 and ”Where possible when testing for Agt, the
Clause B7.3. gauge length for the measurement of elongation
Amend 14
”The results shall be evaluated against the shall exclude the welded intersection.“ Nov 2016
Amend 10
3.1.3 NZS 3604 Clause 7.5.2.3
May 2011 Delete: Clause 7.5.2.3
3.1.2 NZS 3604 Section 5 Bracing Design
Replace with: “Clause 7.5.2.3 The combined
Make the following amendments: foundation and edge details shall be constructed
Amend Figure 5.4, Earthquake zones, so that as shown in Figures 7.13(B), 7.14(B) or (C)
all the area within the Christchurch City Council (and Figures 7.15(B) and 7.16(B) or (C) for
boundary is within Zone 2. foundations supporting a masonry veneer).”
Amend Figure 5.4 Earthquake zones, so 3.1.4 NZS 3604 Figure 7.13 Amend 11
that the lowest zone within the Selwyn or Delete: Figure 7.13(A) – Foundation edge Aug 2011
foundation edge details – Concrete masonry At free joints, slab reinforcement shall be
– Single storey. terminated and there shall be no bonding
between vertical concrete faces (prevented
COMMENT:
by using building paper or a bituminous
Unreinforced and untied slab to footing single storey
option removed.
coating). R12 dowel bars 600 mm long shall be
Amend 11 placed at 300 mm centres along the free joint
Aug 2011 3.1.8 NZS 3604 Clause 7.5.8.1 and lapped 300 mm with slab reinforcement
Delete: Clause 7.5.8.1 on both sides of the joint. All dowel bars on
Replace with: “Clause 7.5.8.1 All slab-on-ground one side of the joint shall have a bond breaker
floors shall be reinforced concrete in accordance applied, e.g. by wrapping dowel bars for
with Clauses 7.5.8.3, 7.5.8.4 and 7.5.8.6.4. All 300 mm with petrolatum tape. Joint dowel
reinforcing steel, including welded mesh, shall bars must be installed in a single plane, in true
be Ductility Class E in accordance with NZS 4671.” alignment and parallel.”
Where Grade 500E welded steel mesh is
specified, it shall meet the requirements of
Amend 14
Nov 2016 Paragraph 14.0 in B1/VM1. 3.1.14 NZS 3604 Foundations in the
Amend 11
3.1.9 NZS 3604 Clause 7.5.8.3 Canterbury earthquake region only where
Aug 2011 Amend 11
Delete: Clause 7.5.8.3 good ground has not been established Aug 2011
liquefaction, MBIE recommends that further engineering 4.1.5 NZS 4299 Foundations in the
advice is sought. For these properties a foundation
Canterbury earthquake region only where Amend 11
solution following those provided for TC2 in the MBIE
Amend 12
Guidance Document may be appropriate.
good ground has not been established Aug 2011
Feb 2014
COMMENT:
4.0 Earth Buildings Foundations for houses built on ground that has the
potential for liquefaction or lateral spread are outside
Amend 11 the scope of B1/AS1.
Aug 2011 4.1 NZS 4299 subject to the following
modifications: Foundation designs for houses built in areas that
Amend 11
Aug 2011 4.1.1 NZS 4299, Paragraph 1.3 Definitions have the potential for liquefaction, as defined by
the Christchurch City Council, the Selwyn District
Add (in the definition for Good Ground):
Council and the Waimakariri District Council, may be
“(liquefaction, lateral spread – for the in accordance with the MBIE Guidance Document
Canterbury earthquake region only)” “Repairing and rebuilding houses affected by the
after “subsidence” in subparagraph (c). Canterbury earthquakes”(refer to www.mbie.govt.nz).
Amend 11
Aug 2011 4.1.2 NZS 4299, Clause 2.3 Earthquake zones The foundation options in the MBIE Guidance Document
Add to the end of Clause 2.3: apply to properties in the Canterbury earthquake region
that have been categorised as Technical Category 1 to 3
“The earthquake zone factor > 0.6 shall apply (TC1,TC2 and TC3).
to the Canterbury earthquake region.”
Amend 11 For TC1 properties, provided the conditions for good
Aug 2011 4.1.3 NZS 4299, Figure 2.1 Earthquake
ground in Section 3 of NZS 3604 are met, house
zones foundations following B1/AS1 can be used.
On the map shown in NZS 4299 Figure 2.1
Earthquake zones, the Canterbury earthquake For TC2 and TC3 properties the MBIE Guidance
Document provides a range of foundation solutions
region shall be interpreted as having an
depending on expected ground movement and available
earthquake zone factor of > 0.6. bearing capacity. These parameters also determine the
degree of involvement of structural and geotechnical
Amend 11 engineers and the extent of specific engineering design.
Aug 2011 4.1.4 NZS 4299, Clause 4.8.6.
Delete: Clause 4.8.6 Further guidance is being developed for other New
Zealand regions and it is expected that this will inform
Replace with: “Clause 4.8.6 The thickness the wider building and construction sector in due
and reinforcement and detail of concrete course. In the meantime for properties outside the
slabs shall comply with the requirements Canterbury earthquake region that have the potential for
liquefaction, MBIE recommends that further engineering
of NZS 3604 as modified in B1/AS1
advice is sought. For these properties a foundation
Paragraph 3.1.” solution following those provided for TC2 in the MBIE
Amend 12
Guidance Document may be appropriate. Feb 2014
Amend 10
May 2011
5.0 Stucco
Amend 10
May 2011
5.1 NZS 4251
6.0 Drains
Amend 9 Amend 9
Sep 2010 Sep 2010
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 30 September 2010
23D
STRUCTURE
GENERAL A cceptable S olution B 1/A S 1
Amends
9, 11, 15
7.0 Glazing clamps, and will, when both panes of the
laminate are fractured, resist a 0.2 kN
7.1 NZS 4223.1 concentrated load and not deflect more
7.2 NZS 4223.2 than 250 mm (see note 2), or
7.3 NZS 4223.3 (c) has a stiff interlayer and will, when both
panes of the laminate are fractured,
7.3.1 Clause 22.4.3 modified
resist a 0.2 kN concentrated load and
Delete clause 22.4.3 not deflect more than 250 mm (see note
Replace with: 2). Physical testing must be undertaken
to demonstrate compliance with the
“22.4.3 Structural glass barriers
load and deflection requirements for
Structural glass barriers use glass as laminated glass barriers with a stiff
a structural element and are normally interlayer (see note 3).
classified by the following types. Glass
Physical testing of glass barriers must
design for these types shall comply with the
include all components of the barrier
following tables (see note 1):
system, including all structural connections.
Table 14 - Structural balustrade – Loads and deflections must be applied and
cantilevered glass; measured horizontally, at midspan, at the
Table 15 - Structural balustrade – two-edge required barrier height. The concentrated
point fixed; load shall be applied over an area of 100
mm x 100 mm and for at least one minute.
Table 16 - Structural balustrade – two-edge
support; NOTE –
Table 17 - Structural balustrade – three-edge (1) The design of structural connections,
support. fasteners and mounting hardware, that
are part of the glass barrier, is outside
Design types and glass types not shown in
the scope of this Standard and must be
Tables 14 to 17 require specific design.
specifically designed.
All structural glass barriers safeguarding
(2) Laminated glass is susceptible to
a fall of 1000 mm or more shall have
minor edge delamination, depending
interlinking rails, which in the event a glass
on the interlayer type and laminating
pane breaks, spans the broken pane at the
process. Normally this will not affect
required barrier height and,
the mechanical properties but can be
i) resists Line and Concentrated design noticeable on exposed edges.
loads (SLS) specified in Tables 14 to 17,
(3) Test results for dual pane fracture
and
of laminated glass barriers with stiff
ii) does not deflect more than 100 mm, in interlayers are not applicable to barriers
any direction, under the design loads. that have narrower glass panes than that
Amend 15
Interlinking rails are not required for a tested“ Jan 2017
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
25
26
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS2 TIMBER BARRIERS
Amend 11
Aug 2011
Amend 11
Aug 2011
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 August 2011
27
28
STRUCTURE
Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
35
36
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
38 July 1992 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
Amend 2
Aug 1994
Amend 2
Aug 1994
B1AS3FIG2.dwg 030401
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 19 August 1994
39
STRUCTURE
SMALL CHIMNEYS A cceptable S olution B 1/A S 3
Amend 2
Aug 1994
Amend 2
Aug 1994
B1AS3FIG3.dwg 030401
40 19 August 1994 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
1.4 Hearths 1.6.2 Bars which do not extend for the full
height of the chimney shall be stopped in
1.4.1 Hearth slabs shall be of concrete no less
the gather:
than 75 mm thick, reinforced with D10 bars
located centrally at 225 mm centres each way. a) In reinforced concrete and brick, by
See Figure 1. continuing these bars through to the far
face of the gather and terminating with
1.5 Chimney breasts a 200 mm leg.
1.5.1 The widths of openings in chimney b) In precast pumice concrete, by anchoring
breasts, and their supporting lintels, shall the last 200 mm of the bar in a high
comply with Table 1. strength cementitious grout. (See Figure 5.)
Refer Paragraph 1.8.3 g) for grout details.
42 July 1992 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
B1AS3FIG5.dwg 030401
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
43
STRUCTURE
SMALL CHIMNEYS A cceptable S olution B 1/A S 3
1.7.4 Brackets shall be located so that the 1.7.9 Where zinc coating of components is
distance between the top of the chimney required it shall be no less than 300 g/m2 in
Amend 9
foundation slab and the first bracket, and the accordance with AS 1397. Sep 2010
distance between adjacent brackets does not 1.7.10 Nails used to fix straps to roof or
exceed 3.0 m. Where a chimney foundation ceiling framing shall be spaced at no less
wall is integral with a building foundation than 35 mm in Radiata Pine, and 70 mm in
wall, then the height to the first bracket may other timbers.
be measured from the top of the building
1.7.11 Acceptable alternatives to the cast-in
foundation wall.
‘U’ strap are:
1.7.5 Alternative fixing using roof tie and
a) Any proprietary bracing strip system of
closely spaced wall ties
equal durability to the ‘U’ strap described in
This alternative chimney fixing shall apply only Paragraph 1.7.6, and capable of carrying a
from the gather to roof level. It requires that seismic force of 12 kN without elongating
either the top of the chimney foundation slab by more than 1.5 mm, or
or a floor bracket complying with Paragraph
b) A cast-in hot dip galvanised, deformed
1.7.3 be located within a distance of 2.5 m
6.0 mm reinforcing bar bent to a ‘U’ shape,
below the first of the closely spaced wall ties.
with each end fixed to the roof or ceiling
(See Figures 2 and 3.) If the latter applies,
framing with six 50 x 4.0 mm galvanised
the chimney below this bracket shall be fixed
fencing staples.
by floor brackets spaced in accordance with
Paragraph 1.7.4. 1.7.12 The ‘U’ strap or either of the acceptable
alternatives may be wrapped around the
1.7.6 Brick chimneys
outside of the chimney rather than be cast-in,
Brick chimneys shall be restrained at roof level provided that if strap is used it shall be painted
by a zinc coated 50 x 1.0 mm mild steel ‘U’ with a zinc rich primer.
strap used in conjunction with closely spaced
1.7.13 Precast pumice concrete chimneys
wall ties. The strap shall be:
Precast pumice concrete chimneys shall be
a) Cast into the grout and wrap around the
restrained at roof level either by a 50 x 1
reinforcing steel (see Figures 2 and 3),
mm ‘U’ strap wrapped around the chimney,
b) Placed at no more than 20° from the or by a hot dip galvanised deformed 6 mm
horizontal, reinforcing bar placed into the grout around
c) Used in conjunction with a packer the reinforcing steel, together with either
(complying with Paragraph 1.7.2) placed at fixing brackets or fixing ties (see Figure 7(b)).
the same level, and Straps and bars shall satisfy the relevant
d) Fixed with twelve 30 x 3.15 mm galvanised requirements of Paragraphs 1.7.6 to 1.7.12.
nails to roof or ceiling framing. 1.7.14 Fixing brackets (see Figure 7(b)) shall
1.7.7 Wall ties (see Figure 7(a)) shall be be made from 5.0 mm thick mild steel angle
located in mortar joints at 225 mm maximum and drilled with:
centres up each side of the chimney, except a) A 50 mm diameter hole to suit the
that pairs of ties shall be used for chimneys reinforcing duct location, and
wider than 600 mm. b) A 14 mm diameter hole for the 12 mm
1.7.8 Wall ties shall be constructed from either diameter coach screw fixing to the double
4 mm diameter galvanised bar or stud.
25 x 1.5 mm zinc coated steel strip capable 1.7.15 Fixing brackets shall be located in
of withstanding a load of 1.2 kN without mortar joints between the units, and be
elongating or shortening by more than 1.5 mm. spaced at no less than 480 mm centres for
stacks up to 600 mm wide, and no less than
320 mm centres for stacks wider than 600 mm.
44 30 September 2010 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
B1AS3FIG6.dwg 030401
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G July 1992
45
STRUCTURE
SMALL CHIMNEYS A cceptable S olution B 1/A S 3
B1AS3FIG7.dwg 030401
46 July 1992 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
1.7.16 Fixing ties shall comprise 4 mm g) Have ducts filled with grout complying
galvanised wire hairpins, which are hooked with NZS 4210, except over the last 200
behind the reinforcing ducts and secured to mm where bars are anchored in the
the required adjacent double studding with gather (refer Paragraph 1.6.2 b)). At these
four heavy duty fencing staples. The ties shall locations a non-shrinking cement-based
be located in mortar joints between the units grout, which attains a minimum compressive
and be at no less than 320 mm centres for strength of 30 MPa at 7 days, shall be used.
stacks up to 600 mm wide, and no less than 1.8.4 Concrete masonry
160 mm centres for stacks wider than 600 mm.
Concrete masonry construction for chimney
foundation walls shall conform to the relevant
1.8 Materials and construction
sections of NZS 4229.
1.8.1 Brickwork
1.8.5 Reinforcing steel
Brick chimney construction shall conform to
Reinforcing used in chimneys is to conform
the relevant sections of NZS 4210.
to AS/NZS 4671, and shall:
Amend 9
1.8.2 Concrete Sep 2010
Chimneys, foundations and hearth slabs of a) For brick, be embedded centrally in the
reinforced concrete, shall comply with the thickness of the grout,
relevant clauses of NZS 3109 for ordinary
b) For in-situ concrete, have cover to the steel
grade concrete.
in accordance with NZS 3109,
1.8.3 Precast pumice concrete
c) For precast pumice concrete, be placed with
Pumice concrete units for use in precast grout in the preformed ducts in the units.
chimneys shall:
1.8.6 Hot dip galvanising
a) Have pumice aggregate which:
Hot dip galvanising shall comply with
Amend 9
i) is free of combustible and organic AS/NZS 4680. Sep 2010
matter, and
ii) has a maximum aggregate size of no 1.9 Systems to resist horizontal
greater than 19 mm, with at least 40% earthquake loadings
but not more than 60% of the aggregate 1.9.1 The bracing described in Paragraphs
retained by a 4.75 mm standard test 1.9.2 to 1.9.6 shall be provided in those
sieve, and buildings where one or more of the following
b) Have a mix ratio by volume of no more than apply:
five parts of mixed pumice aggregate to a) The area of the room containing the
one part of cement, chimney exceeds 24 m2,
c) Have a compressive strength of no less b) The length of the wall on which the
than 7 MPa at 28 days when cured and chimney is located exceeds 3.5 m
tested in accordance with NZS 3112: Part 2, between supporting braced walls which
d) After adequate curing, be air dried and kept are perpendicular to it. This length may
under cover during storage, transport and be increased to 6.5 m where the wall is
on the site, supported, at each floor level and at the
e) Be laid dry. (Work left unfinished should be roof or ceiling level, by either a structural
protected from rain.) diaphragm which conforms with the
relevant requiements of NZS 3604 or by
f) Be joined with mortar which complies with
dragon ties. The dragon ties shall:
NZS 4210, and
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 30 September 2010
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STRUCTURE
SMALL CHIMNEYS A cceptable S olution B 1/A S 3
earthquake loads from the chimney. These – Just below ground 60 + (60% of 60) + 60
floor level = 156
loads are applied at roof level and at each
floor to which the chimney is connected. 1.9.4 A chimney shall be considered as
The bracing elements necessary are additional connected to the building when:
to those required by NZS 3604 or NZS 4229. a) At roof level: it is held either by a roof
bracket or by a roof tie,
b) At ground floor level: it is held by a floor
bracket or the chimney base is integral with
the building foundation wall,
Table 2: Bracing Units Required for Each Chimney Connection to Resist Earthquake Loadings
Paragraphs 1.9.1c) and 1.9.3
48
19 May 2011 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS3 SMALL CHIMNEYS
c) At an intermediate floor level: it is held 2.2.3 Hearth slabs on concrete floors shall
either by a floor bracket or by closely be secured in position by four D10 starter
spaced wall ties spanning the floor. rods. The rods shall be located in each corner
1.9.5 For earthquake ground movement in the of the hearth slab and they shall terminate
direction perpendicular to the wall on which each end with standard hooks complying with
the chimney is located, structural diaphragms NZS 3109.
shall be provided at roof/ceiling level and Spread of fire Amend 2
Aug 1994
at each floor level to which the chimney is 2.2.4 Paragraphs 2.2.1 to 2.2.3 provide an
connected. The diaphragms shall comply acceptable structural solution, but depending
with all relevant clauses of NZS 3604 and on the particular installation, different hearth
NZS 4229. dimensions may be necessary to meet the
1.9.6 For earthquake in the direction parallel spread of fire requirements of NZBC Clause
Amend 15
to the wall on which the chimney is located, C2.2. Hearth slabs for solid fuel burning Jan 2017
Amend 9
the bracing units required as determined from appliances shall comply with AS/NZS 2918. Sep 2010
Amend 5
Jul 2001
Paragraph 1.9.3 shall be provided solely by
that wall.
2.1 Chimneys
2.1.1 Chimneys for solid fuel burning
appliances shall comply with Paragraph 1.0
or with the relevant sections of AS/NZS 3869
Amend 9
Sep 2010 and AS/NZS 2918 for sheetmetal chimneys.
1.0.4 This document assumes general ground 2.0.2 The design procedures of this document
or slope stability and provides methods must be performed by a person who, on
only for ensuring against local failure of the the basis of experience or qualifications, is
foundation. Overall ground stability needs competent to apply them.
to be verified before this document can be
2.0.3 The building's foundation elements or
applied; this is outside the scope of this
the elements of earth retaining structures
verification method.
shall be designed in accordance with the
1.0.5 This document must not be used to appropriate material Standards, as given in B1/
design foundations on loose sands, saturated VM1.
dense sands or on cohesive soils having a
Amend 8 2.0.4 Foundations may be shallow or deep.
Dec 2008 sensitivity greater than 4.
A shallow foundation is one in which the
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2008
51
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B1/V M4
depth from the ground surface to the foundation is beneath the zone of soil affected
underside of the foundation is less than five by shrinking and swelling caused by seasonal
times the width of the foundation. All other weather changes, and the root systems of
foundations are considered to be deep. nearby trees and shrubs.
2.0.5 In assigning values for soil parameters 3.1.3 Consideration shall be given to the
the worst groundwater condition shall be possibility of any surcharge adjacent to a
considered. shallow foundation being removed during the
life of the foundation, so reducing the available
COMMENT:
ultimate bearing strength.
For cohesive soils the fully saturated condition will
generally give the lowest strength and stiffness. 3.1.4 Foundations subject to moment loading
2.0.6 Foundation strength for cohesive soil shall not be proportioned such that the point
depends on loading duration and whether of application of the reaction force on the
consolidation can occur. For this reason the underside of the foundation is closer to the
distinction is made between short term edge than B/6, for a rectangular foundation,
(e.g. initial load application, earthquake or r/2, for a circular foundation.
actions or wind gusts) and long term loading
(e.g. permanent loads such as foundation 3.2 Ultimate and design bearing strength
dead load). For the short term case no and design bearing pressure
consolidation occurs and the calculations
3.2.1 The design bearing pressure qd shall
shall be in terms of undrained shear strength
be determined by dividing the design vertical
(i.e. shear strength of the soil su) and total
forces (derived from combinations of factored
stress. For long term loading, full consolidation
vertical loads) by the effective area of the
occurs and the calculations shall be in terms
of drained shear strength and effective stress foundation. See Paragraph 3.3 for notation
(i.e. soil parameters being cohesion, cI , and and the definition of effective area.
the angle of shearing resistance fI ). 3.2.2 The ultimate bearing strength qu is
2.0.7 For cohesionless soils consolidation that pressure, exerted on the ground by
occurs very quickly so drained strength shall the building foundation, which causes the
be used in all cases. ground to fail by mobilisation of all available
shear strength. It shall be evaluated using the
2.0.8 Supervision and verification
provisions of Paragraph 3.3.
of soil parameters
3.2.3 The design bearing strength qdbs shall be
Design assumptions and soil parameters
determined by multiplying the ultimate bearing
shall be verified during construction. The
designer shall nominate what supervision, strength by the appropriate strength reduction
including verification of soil parameters, will be factor (see Paragraph 3.5.1).
undertaken during the construction period. 3.2.4 The design bearing pressure shall not
exceed the design bearing strength.
3.0 Shallow Foundations
3.3 Ultimate limit state bearing
strength for shallow foundations
3.1 General Provisions
3.3.1 The procedures specified in the
3.1.1 The ultimate bearing strength shall be following text apply to foundations of any
based on the most adverse moisture and size. The formulae are limited to soil profiles
groundwater conditions likely to occur. that for a depth beneath the underside of
3.1.2 Founding depths in clay soils known the foundation of at least two times the
to exhibit swelling and shrinking behaviour foundation width can be represented with
shall be chosen so that the underside of the single values for the density, angle of shearing
52 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
53
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B1/V M4
54 1 January 2017 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
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Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
Figure 1: Bearing Strength Stress Block for a Shallow Rectangular Foundation Subject
to Vertical Load and Moment
Paragraph 3.3.1
V Ml
(as shown e b is
eb positive)
X
x
X + eb B - X - eb
R
B
L'
B'
V
Ml Mb
eb
el L
X
Y
Notes:
1. Section (a) above drawn through foundation width. Section through foundation length similar.
2. B' is the smaller of 2(X + e b) and 2(B - X - e b). Similarly L' is the smaller of 2(Y + e )l and 2(L - Y - e ).l
3. M can be applied anywhere on the foundation and does not have to be applied at the location of V.
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
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STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B1/V M4
Figure 2: Effective Foundation Area for a Circular Foundation Subject to Vertical Load and Moment
Paragraph 3.3.1
B'
Z
2r L'
Mc
ec
Notes
Notes:
Effective area A' shall be represented by an equivalent rectangle of length L' and breadth B', where:
2 -1 2 2 -1
Amend 8 A' == 2
A
2
r rcos -1
cos( ())- - 1 - 1- (Note: cos ( ) is in radians.)
Dec 2008
0.25
1-
B' = A'
1+
0.25
1+
L' = A'
1-
where:
ec + Z - r r - e c- Z
= when e c + Z > r, or otherwise
r r
56 1 December 2008 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
• for f > 0:
(
l = 1 _ _____H_uf________
)
3
(1 – lqd)
lcd = lqd –
Nq tanf
gi
Vuf + AI cI cotfI
for Df <_ 1:
–
l
B l = l N – 1
ci ________
qi q
Nq – 1
D_f
lqd = 1 + 2tanf(1 – sinf)2 __
B
l
( )
D_f d) Ground inclination factors: lcg, lqg and lgg
– for __l > 1:
B
For horizontal ground lcg = lqg = lgg = 1
lqd = 1 + 2tanf(1 – sinf) tan 2 -1
( )D
__
_f , For inclined ground, the permitted slope
l
B
-1
where tan is in radians (angle v below the horizontal) depends on
soil angle of shearing resistance f and the
• for all cases
distance De between the foundation and
lgd = 1 the slope face:,
• where f >
_ 0 (drained analysis)
c) Load inclination factors: lci, lqi and lgi v shall not be > f
where: • where f = 0 (undrained analysis)
• for f = 0 v shall not be > 45°
The ground inclination factors shall be:
(
H
lci = 0.5 1 +l 1– ___
AI su ) • for De ≥ 2B
lcg = lqg = lgg = 1
Amend 16
Apr 2018
COMMENT:
The formulae in Paragraph 3.3.2 assume a general
– for horizontal loading parallel to BI shear failure of the soil but for the soils specified in this
Paragraph a local shear failure is likely.
(
l = 1_ _____0.7H
)
3
_________
uf
qi
Vuf + AIcI cotfI
3.4 Ultimate limit state sliding b) The possibility exists that the soil in front of
resistance the foundation may be removed by erosion
or by building or landscaping work in the
3.4.1 When the loading is not normal to the
future.
foundation base, foundations shall be checked
for failure by sliding. 3.4.4 For drained conditions, the ultimate
sliding strength shall be:
3.4.2 The ultimate sliding resistance shall
comprise the sum of the ultimate sliding S = cI AI + VI tandI
strength between the base of the foundation The value of dI shall be taken as the angle
and the ground, and any available passive
of shearing resistance (fI ) of the foundation
earth pressure in the direction of sliding at the
soil for cast-in-situ concrete foundations and
side of the foundation.
0.67fI for smooth precast foundations.
3.4.3 Passive earth pressure shall not be
3.4.5 For undrained conditions, the ultimate
considered if:
sliding strength shall be:
a) For foundations in clay soils, it is possible
S = AI su
that the clay could shrink away from the
vertical faces of the foundation, or
58 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
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Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
59
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B1/V M4
BG width (between pile extremities) of a pile VB ultimate strength of the block of soil
group (m). enclosed within the pile group (kN).
C circumference of the pile shaft (m). VG ultimate strength of the group (kN).
Db diameter of the pile base (m). Vbu ultimate base resistance (kN).
Ds diameter of the pile shaft (m). Vsu ultimate shaft resistance (kN).
H design horizontal load applied to the pile Vu vertical pile strength (kN).
head (factored applied loads) (kN). W pile weight (part of the dead load) (kN).
Hu ultimate lateral strength of a pile (kN). ca the undrained adhesion (total stress) at
K o the coefficient of earth pressure at rest the soil/shaft interface in a clay soil, or
= 1 – sinfI for loose sand and normally the adhesion at the boundary of a pile
consolidated clay, and (1 – sinfI ) OCR group = αsu (kPa).
for over-consolidated soils. cI a drained (effective stress) adhesion at the
K p coefficient of passive earth pressure soil/shaft interface in a cohesive soil, or
= (1 + sinfI )/(1 – sinfI ). the adhesion at the boundary of a pile
group (kPa).
K s factor that expresses the horizontal
effective stress at the pile/soil interface f for a free head pile, the distance above
in terms of the vertical effective stress the ground surface at which the
(see Table 2). horizontal shear is applied (= M/H); and
for a restrained head pile, the distance
L length of the pile shaft (m). above the ground surface at which the
L G length (between pile extremities) of a restraint is applied (m).
pile group (m). fo length of pile shaft assumed to be
M design moment applied to the pile head unsupported in cohesive soil = 1.5Ds (m).
(factored applied moments) (kNm). gc, gl, gs position along the pile shaft at
Mult ultimate moment strength of the pile which yielding occurs for piles in over-
shaft (kNm). consolidated clay, normally consolidated
OCR over-consolidation ratio being the clay, and sand respectively (m).
previous maximum effective n number of piles in the group.
stress/current effective stress.
Pile material dI Ks
60 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
q vertical stress in the soil at a depth equal Vbu = (9cI + qI Nq + 0.6 Db GNg) Ab
to the base of the pile shaft, total stress
for undrained analysis and effective The values of Nq are taken from Figure 4 and
stress for drained analysis (kPa). Ng from Figure 3.
Fpc strength reduction factor for pile a) For undrained loading of piles in cohesive
strength (for both vertical and lateral soils:
strength) (see Paragraph 4.7.1).
Vsu = (ca)average CL
α adhesion factor (see Figure 5).
where ca = αsu and values for α are given in
g unit weight of the soil in which the pile
Figure 5 for both driven and bored piles.
is embedded, chosen to give the total
stresses for undrained loading in b) For drained loading of piles in cohesive
cohesive soil and effective stresses for soils:
drained loading (gI beneath the water
Vsu = {(cI a)average + (s I vKotandI )average} CL
table) (kN/m3).
G g when the water table is deeper than The value of dI is taken from Table 2.
2B beneath the underside of the foundation
c) For drained loading of driven piles in
and gI when the water table is above this. cohesionless soils:
dI drained angle of shearing resistance at
the soil/shaft interface (see Table 2) Vsu = (s I vKstandI )average CL
(degrees).
Values for Ks are given in Table 2.
f angle of shearing resistance (degrees).
fI effective stress angle of shearing 4.2 Column action
resistance (degrees). 4.2.1 Piles which stand unbraced in ground,
x rate of increase in undrained shear water, or other material incapable of providing
strength with depth (kPa/m). lateral support, shall be designed as columns.
( )average the average value of the parameter in 4.2.2 For a column partly embedded in the
the brackets taken over the length of the ground, the effective length is dependent
pile shaft. upon the position of end restraint, which in
turn is dependent upon the nature of the
4.1.2 Vertical strength
ground. End restraint shall be assumed at a
The vertical pile strength is: depth of no less than:
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
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STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B 1/V M4
62 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
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Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
____________ __ ____________
4.3 Ultimate lateral strength of single piles Hu = 9suDs [ 2[(f + _L)__2 + (f + fo) ]
2 Amend 9
Sep 2010
– (L + 2f + fo)]
4.3.1 In the following paragraphs the terms
“free head” and “restrained head” pile are
used. Free head piles are classified as short The location, measured from the
and long. Restrained head piles are classified ground surface, of the maximum pile
as short, intermediate and long. These terms shaft moment is:
are explained as follows:
Hu
a) A free head pile has no restriction against gc = _______ + fo
head rotation when lateral displacement 9suDs
occurs. For a short free head pile the
magnitude of the maximum bending The maximum moment in the pile shaft is:
moment in the embedded shaft is less than
the ultimate moment strength of the pile
shaft, and the ultimate strength is
controlled by the embedment length of the
( Hu
Mmax = Hu f + fo + _______
18suDs ) Amend 5
Jul 2001
pile shaft. The strength of a long free head
If Mmax is greater than Mult the strength
pile is controlled by the ultimate moment
must be evaluated as for a long free
strength of the pile shaft and not by the
head pile.
embedded length.
ii) long free head piles
b) For a restrained head pile subject to lateral
displacement, the head rotation is The ultimate lateral strength of a long
constrained at the pile head by a fixing free head pile
moment. A short pile is one in which the ______________
head moment and the maximum pile shaft 2Mult
Hu = 3suDs 9(f + fo)2 + _____ – 3(f + fo)
moment are less than the ultimate moment suDs
strength of the pile section. For an
intermediate length restrained head pile the The location of the maximum pile
head moment is equal to the ultimate shaft moment (Mult) is obtained from
strength of the pile shaft and elsewhere the the same equation as for the short pile.
shaft moments are less than Mult. For a b) Restrained head piles
long restrained head pile the head moment
and the maximum pile shaft moment each i) short restrained head piles
have a magnitude of Mult. The ultimate lateral strength of a short
4.3.2 Undrained lateral strength of piles in restrained head pile is:
cohesive soil having a constant
Hu = 9suDs (L – fo)
undrained shear strength with depth
a) Free head piles The pile head moment is:
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 30 September 2010
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STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S Verification Method B1/V M4
ii) intermediate restrained head piles The rate of increase in undrained shear
The ultimate lateral strength of an strength with depth is denoted by x (kPa/m).
intermediate length restrained head a) Long free head pile
pile is: The ultimate lateral strength of a long free
head pile is obtained by solving:
(L + 2f + fo)2 + (L – fo)2 + ____
4Mult
Hu = 9suDs
9suDs 2H
H _2 ___u + f – M = 0
– (L + 2f + fo)] u
3 9Dsx ult
The location, measured from the ground
The location, measured from the ground
surface, of the maximum pile shaft
surface, of the maximum pile shaft moment
moment is:
(Mult) is:
Hu
gc = ––––– + fo 2Hu
____
g =
9suDs I
9Dsx
The pile shaft moment at this depth is:
b) Restrained head pile
Normally consolidated cohesive soils have a ii) long restrained head piles
linear increase in undrained shear strength The ultimate lateral strength of a long
with depth, starting with a value of zero at restrained head pile is obtained by
ground surface level. solving:
COMMENT:
Only the long free head pile and intermediate and long
restrained head piles are considered. Short piles are not
normally used in such material.
64 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
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Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
iii) long restrained head piles 4.6 Ultimate lateral strength of pile
The ultimate lateral strength of a long groups
restrained head pile is obtained by solving: 4.6.1 If piles are spaced at centre to centre
intervals of less than 4.0 times the nominal
pile width, the ultimate lateral pile strength
2
Hu __ 2Hu
______ + f – 2Mult = 0 shall be reduced. The reduced value shall be
3 3KpDsg
calculated as a percentage of the ultimate
lateral pile strength for an isolated pile by
The location of the maximum pile shaft linear interpolation between the two values
moment is obtained from the same given in Table 3.
equation as is used for the intermediate
length case.
4.7 Strength reduction factors
4.7.1 Strength reduction factors for design of
4.4 Pile groups
ultimate vertical and lateral strengths in pile
4.4.1 Ultimate vertical strength of pile groups foundations shall be within the range given in
The undrained vertical strength of a pile Table 4.
group considered as a single block in a The designer shall nominate in the design the
cohesive soil is: strength reduction factors chosen along with
substantiation as to why the values chosen
VB = (9su + q) BG LG + 2 (BG + LG) L (ca)average are considered appropriate. The values chosen
shall be to the approval of the territorial authority.
The drained strength of a pile group considered
COMMENT:
as a single block of soil is given by:
The value of the strength reduction factor used in
design will depend on the designer’s knowledge of the
VB = (cI + qI Nq + 0.6 BG GNg) BG LG + site and the investigations undertaken. As a guide the
2 (BG + LG) L {(cI a)average + lower end of the range will generally be appropriate
(sI v Ko tandI )average } when a limited site investigation is undertaken, average
geotechnical properties are used, published correlations
are used to obtain design parameters or there will be
The ultimate vertical strength of the group is minimal construction control. The upper end of the
determined from: range will generally be appropriate when a comprehensive
site investigation and laboratory testing is undertaken,
geotechnical properties are chosen conservatively, site
1 1
__ = ____ 1
2 2 2
+ ____
2
specific correlations are used for design parameters and
VG n V1 VB there will be careful construction control.
66 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
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Ve r i f i ca tio n Me th o d B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
5.1.2 Belled bases of cast-in-situ concrete 5.2.2 Allowance for corrosion loss need not be
piles shall be no less than 100 mm thick at the made for steel encased in concrete provided
edge of the required base and, unless the bell cover to the steel is no less than:
is reinforced, the conical surfaces shall slope at a) 30 mm for prestressed concrete,
an angle from the horizontal of no less than 60°.
b) 50 mm for precast concrete,
5.2 Steel piles
c) 75 mm for cast-in-situ concrete.
5.2.1 The design of steel piles shall
be based on the nett steel section after
5.3 Timber piles
deducting an appropriate thickness for future
loss by corrosion. 5.3.1 Timber piles shall comply with NZS 3605
or NZS 3603 as applicable, and be naturally
This verification method does not describe a
durable or treated to the appropriate hazard
means of determining the amount of corrosion
level as recommended by NZS 3640.
and proposals must be submitted to the
territorial authority for approval. 5.3.1.1 NZS 3605 shall be subject to the
following modification:
COMMENT:
The amount deducted needs to take account of the
Clause 4.2.4.1 after “limitations for” add
Amend 9
aggressiveness of the soil. Further guidance can be the word “verified” Sep 2010
Method of assessment of ultimate geotechnical strength for load Range of values of Fpc
combinations not involving earthquake overstrength
Static load testing to failure 0.65 – 0.85
Static proof (not to failure) load testing 0.70 – 0.90
Static analysis using CPT (Cone Penetrometer Test) data 0.45 – 0.65
Static analysis using SPT (Standard Penetrometer Test) data in cohesionless soils 0.40 – 0.55
Static analysis using laboratory data for cohesive soils 0.45 – 0.55
Method of assessment of ultimate geotechnical strength for load 0.80 – 0.90
combinations including earthquake overstrength
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 30 September 2010
67
68
STRUCTURE
A p p e n d ix A B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
Appendix A (Informative)
A1.0 Site Investigation
A1.1 General
A1.1.1 No specific site investigation procedures are given in this document. The following
information is provided for guidance only.
A1.1.2 The ground conditions at the building site should be investigated to the extent considered
necessary, by a person with appropriate expertise and experience, to provide essential site data
for design of the proposed building. Both preliminary and detailed investigations may need to
be undertaken.
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
69
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S A ppendix B B 1/V M4
Appendix B (Informative)
B1.0 Serviceability Limit State Deformations (Settlement)
B1.0.1 No specific method is given for determining foundation settlement. The following
information is provided for guidance only.
B1.0.2 Foundation design should limit the probable maximum differential settlement over
a horizontal distance of 6 m to no more than 25 mm under serviceability limit state load
Amend 8
Dec 2008 combinations of AS/NZS 1170 Part 0, unless the structure is specifically designed to prevent
damage under a greater settlement.
B1.0.3 The basis for analysing settlement should be stated in the design. The analysis shall pay
due consideration to:
a) Size, shape and depth of the foundations,
b) Proximity and influence of proposed and existing foundations,
c) Variability of the ground,
d) The presence of compressive or expansive materials,
e) Rate of consolidation,
f) Groundwater level,
g) Extent of fill placed and ground removed when constructing the foundation, and
h) Likelihood of liquefaction, internal erosion, soil collapse or other special feature.
70 1 December 2008 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A p p e n d ix C B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
A gravity retaining wall backfilled with dry sand and founded on clay. In addition to static loading
the effect of a horizontal earthquake acceleration of 0.20g is considered (there is no vertical
acceleration component to the earthquake). The additional active thrust generated by the
earthquake loading is assumed to act 0.6 times the height of the wall above foundation level.
The proportions of the wall and the various soil properties are given in Figure C1.
There are six ultimate limit states to be considered:
1st Short term bearing capacity failure of the foundation beneath the wall,
2nd Short term sliding at foundation level,
3rd Short term bearing capacity failure under earthquake loading,
4th Short term sliding under earthquake loading,
5th Long term bearing capacity failure of the foundation beneath the wall,
6th Long term sliding at foundation level.
Short term analysis (both for the initial static loading of the foundation and the earthquake loading)
is performed in terms of total stress and uses the undrained shear strength (su) of the clay whilst
the long term analysis is done using effective stresses and uses the strength parameters cI and fI
for the clay (see Paragraph 2.0.6). The thrust from the sand backfill is based on effective stresses
and is the same for all cases (see Paragraph 2.0.7).
Figure C1: Wall Details and Soil Properties for the Short Term, Long Term, and Earthquake Loading Cases
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
71
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S A ppendix C B 1/V M4
Active pressure coefficient for the sand backfill under EQ (0.20g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
o
Passive earth pressure coefficient for clay (f = 25 and d = f/2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50
Strength reduction factor for static and EQ bearing failure (Fbc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
Strength reduction factor for static and EQ sliding failure (Fsl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80
C4.0 Notation
The notation in Figure C2 is used to identify the weights and active thrusts on the wall, whilst in
Figure C3 the actions on the foundation are shown.
Wsur
Ws Wbf Pav
Pah = H Pav Pa
Wf hpa Pah
72 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A p p e n d ix C B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
V
hpa
R
Pp
qd
(R = q d B')
B'
B
C5.0 Loadings
Static active thrust per metre from backfill (kN/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 x 16 x 4 2/2 = 38.40
Static active thrust per metre from surcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 x 6 x 4 = 7.20
Total static active thrust per metre of wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 + 7.2 = 45.60
Difference between static and EQ active thrust from backfill . . . . . . . . 57.60 – 38.40 = 19.20
Factored static active thrust from backfill (kN/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.40 x 1.6 = 61.44
Factored static active thrust from surcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 x 1.6 = 11.52
Total factored active thrust per metre of wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.44 + 11.52 = 72.96
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
73
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S A ppendix C B 1/V M4
Figure C4: Horizontal Components of the Active Thrust During Earthquake Loading
18.55
Pah_EQ
10.43 = 66.07
+ + =
1.74
37.09
C5.2 Weights (load factor 1.0) and resultant vertical forces on the wall
74 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A p p e n d ix C B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
For the first, second, fifth and sixth ultimate limit states the horizontal force is:
For the third and fourth ultimate limit states the inertia of the wall is added to the active thrust to
determine H:
Horizontal inertia force on the weight of the wall stem (Ws) . . . . . . . . . . 27.00 x 0.20 = 5.40
Horizontal inertia force on the weight of the wall foundation (Wf) . . . . . . 26.50 x 0.20 = 5.30
Horizontal inertia force on the weight of fill over heel (Wbf) . . . . . . . . . . . 77.76 x 0.20 = 15.55
Horizontal inertia force on the surcharge over heel (Wsur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.73 x 0.20 = 0.95
Take moments about heel to get location of resultant inertia force (m):
hinertia = [(15.55 + 5.40) x (0.4 + 3.6/2) + 5.30 x 0.2 + 0.94 x 4]/27.20 = 1.87
The weights of the various components of the wall and the horizontal inertia forces generated by
the earthquake horizontal acceleration of 0.20g are given in Figure C5.
Figure C5: Weights of the Wall Components, Horizontal 0.20g Inertia Forces and the Location
of the Resultant Inertia Force
4.73 0.95
5.40 15.55
H inertia = 27.20kN
27.00 77.76
h inertia = 1.87m
26.50 5.30
Total stress surcharge pressure in front of wall (kPa) . . . . . . . . . . q = gclayDf = 18 x 0.4 = 7.2
Effective stress surcharge pressure in front of wall (kPa) . . . . . qI = gI clayDf = 8.2 x 0.4 = 3.3
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
75
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S A ppendix C B 1/V M4
C7.0 First Ultimate Limit State (short term static foundation bearing failure)
Figure C6: Wall and Foundation Loads for the First and Second Ultimate Limit States
e X
0.655 0.848
H= Pah_static =
70.47 kN
Vstatic =
154.87 kN
h pa_static = 1.44m
q d = 67.6 kPa
B' = 2.29m
76 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A p p e n d ix C B1 /VM4 F O U N D AT I O N S
C8.0 Second Ultimate Limit State (short term static foundation sliding failure)
The design sliding resistance is derived from the shear strength on the base and the passive
resistance from the clay in front of the embedded part.
Ultimate shear strength: S = su BI = 75 x 2.29 = 171.75
Passive resistance: Pp = 2 su Tf + 0.5 gclayTf2 where Tf is the foundation thickness
= 2 x 75 x 0.4 + 0.5 x 18 x 0.42 = 61.44
Design sliding resistance: SFsl + PpFpp = 171.75 x 0.8 + 61.44 x 0.45 = 165.1
H = 70.5 Thus OK as SFsl + PpFpp > H
C9.0 Third Ultimate Limit State (short term foundation bearing failure under EQ)
Figure C7: Wall and Foundation Loads for the Third and Fourth Ultimate Limit States
e X
1.079 0.854
VEQ =
153.69 kN
Pah_EQ = 66.07 kN
Hinertia =
h inertia =
27.20 kN
1.87m h pa_EQ = 1.74m
qd =
107.5 kPa
(H EQ = Pah_EQ + H inertia = 93.27 kN)
B' = 1.43m
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
77
STRUCTURE
F O U N D AT I O N S A ppendix C B 1/V M4
C10.0 Fourth Ultimate Limit State (short term foundation sliding failure under EQ)
The design sliding resistance is derived from the shear strength on the base and the passive
resistance from the clay in front of the embedded part.
Ultimate shear strength: S = su BI = 75 x 1.43 = 107.25
Passive resistance: Pp = 2 su Tf + 0.5 gclayTf2 = 2 x 75 x 0.4 + 0.5 x 18 x 0.42 = 61.44
Design sliding resistance: SF sl + PpF pp = 107.25 x 0.8 + 61.44 x 0.45 = 113.5
H = 93.3 Thus OK as SF sl + PpF pp > H
C11.0 Fifth Ultimate Limit State (long term foundation bearing failure)
Figure C8: Wall and Foundation Loads for the Fifth and Sixth Ultimate Llimit States
e X
0.703 0.813
H = Pah_static =
70.47 kN
Vdrained =
144.48 kN
h pa_static = 1.44m
q d = 63.7 kPa
B' = 2.27m
78 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
A p p e nd ix C B1 /VM4
In addition there is a small positive water pressure acting on the underside of the wall which
reduces the vertical load applied to the foundation.
u = 0.4 x 9.81 = 3.92 and Vdrained = 154.87 – 3.92 x 2.65 = 144.48
This has the effect of changing slightly X and e, hence BI and qd. We have from the first ultimate
limit state the moment about the heel of the wall of the vertical forces = 131.29 kNm per metre
length of the wall, so:
X = (131.29 – 3.92 x 2.65 x 2.65/2)/144.48 = 0.813
Eccentricity of load: e = 70.47 x 1.44/144.48 = 0.703
BI = 2 x (2.65 – 0.813 – 0.703) = 2.27
d = Vdrained /BI = 144.5/2.27 = 63.7 kPa
Design bearing pressure: q
o
For f equal to 25 the bearing capacity factors are: Nc = 21, Nq = 11 and Ng = 9.
Determine ultimate bearing strength:
qu_drained = cI lcslcdlci lcgNc + qI lqslqdlqilqgNq + 0.5BI gI lgslgdlgilggNg
Shape factors lcs, lqs and lgs shall be taken as 1.0 as foundation is assumed to be long compared
to its width. Also ground inclination factors lcg,lqg and lgg = 1.0 as the foundation is horizontal.
Thus we need only to evaluate depth and load inclination factors.
Depth factors:
lqd = 1 + 2tanfI (1 – sinfI )2(Df /B) = 1 + 2tan(25)(1 – sin(25))2(0.4/2.27) = 1.05
lcd = lqd – (1 – lqd)/NqtanfI = 1.05 – (1 – 1.05)/11tan(25) = 1.06 Amend 12
Feb 2014
lgd = 1
Load inclination factors:
lqi = (1 – 0.7H/(Vdrained + cI BI cotfI ))3 = (1 – 0.7 x 70.47/(144.48 + 12.5 x 2.27 x cot(25)))3 = 0.46
lci = (lqiNq – 1)/(Nq – 1) = 0.40
lgi = (1 – H/(Vdrained + cI BI cotfI ))3 = (1 – 70.47/(144.48 + 12.5 x 2.27 x cot(25)))3 = 0.28
qu_drained = cI Nclcdlci + qI Nqlqdlqi + 0.5BI gI Nglgdlgi
= 12.5 x 21 x 1.06 x 0.40 + 3.3 x 11 x 1.05 x 0.46 + 0.5 x 9 x 2.27 x 8.2 x 1 x 0.28 = 152.29
qdbs_drained = qu_drainedFbc = 152.29 x 0.45 = 68.5 qd = 63.7 Amend 12
Feb 2014
C12.0 Sixth Ultimate Limit State (long term foundation sliding failure)
The design sliding strength is derived from the sliding resistance on the base and the passive
resistance from the clay in front of the embedded part.
Sliding resistance: Sdrained = cI BI + VdrainedtanfI = 12.5 x 2.27 + 144.48 x tan(25) = 95.75
Passive resistance: Pp_drained = 0.5KpgI Tf2 + 2cI Tf Kp
= 0.5 x 3.5 x 8.2 x 0.42 + 2 x 12.5 x 0.4 x 3.5 = 21.00
Design sliding strength: SFsl + PpFpp = 95.75 x 0.8 + 21.00 x 0.45 = 86.05
H = 70.5 Thus OK as SFsl + PpFpp > H
C13.0 Comments
The above calculations reveal that, for static loading, it is the long term case that is critical. Also
for the short term cases the sliding strength derived from passive earth pressure in front of the
embedded foundation is significant.
If the horizontal earthquake acceleration is increased much above 0.2g the third ultimate limit
state becomes the limiting case as bearing failure is initiated. However, as explained in clauses
4.11.2.4 and C4.11.2.4 of NZS 4402: 1992, controlled sliding and tilting of the foundation
during the passage of an earthquake is possible if the resulting post-earthquake permanent
displacements are acceptable. The procedures and criteria for this approach are beyond the
scope of this document.
80 1 December 2000 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
STRUCTURE
A c c e p ta b le So lu tio n B1 /AS4 F O U N D AT I O N S
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 December 2000
81
82
I n d e x B 1 /VM1 /VM2 /VM3 /VM4
& A S 1 / AS2 /AS3 /AS4
Index B1/VM1/VM2/VM3/VM4
& AS1/AS2/AS3/AS4 (Revised by Amendment 4)
Amend 11
Aug 2011
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 August 2011
83
Index B 1/V M1/V M2/V M3/V M4 &
A S 1/A S 2/A S 3/A S 4
Chimneys (continued)
wall ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS3 1.7.5, 1.7.7, 1.7.8
closely spaced wall ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS3 1.7.5, 1.9.4 c)
Design
aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 7.0
Amend 17
Nov 2018 composite steel-concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 5.1.4A
concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 3.0
Amend 8
Dec 2008 concrete masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 4.0, AS1 2.0, AS3 1.3.3
drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see Drains
Amends
8 and 11 earth building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 8.0, AS1 4.0
foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see Foundations
loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 2.0
Amend 10
May 2011 earthquake . . . . . . . . . . VM1 1.0, 2.0, AS1 1.4, AS3 1.9, Table 2
limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 2.0, 7.1
Amend 8
Dec 2008
siteworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 10.0
Amend 18
Jun 2019 steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 5.0, AS1 9.0
strength reduction factor . . . . . . . . VM4 2.0.1, 3.5.1, 4.7, Tables 1, 4
Amend 8
Dec 2008 structural design actions Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 2.0
timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 6.0, AS1 3.0
Amend 11
Aug 2011
windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see Windows
Amend 8
Dec 2008
Amend 11
Aug 2011
Amend 8
Dec 2008
Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 9.0, VM4
design parameters
continuous vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 1.0.6
depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 2.0.4
ground stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 1.0.4
long-term loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 2.0.6
short-term loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 2.0.6
serviceability deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 1.0.3, Appendix B
Foundations (continued)
pile foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0
belled piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.3 b), 5.1.2
bulbed piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.3 c)
concrete piles
cast-in-situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.4.4
precast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.4.4, 5.1.1
downdrag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.5
nominal width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.3, 4.2, 4.6.1
notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.1.1, Figure 5, Table 2
pile driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 5.1.1
pile driving formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.1
pile groups
design pile lateral strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.4
design pile vertical strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.4
ultimate lateral strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.6.1, Table 3
ultimate vertical strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.4.1
single piles
base resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.1.3, Figures 3, 4
column action design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.2
design pile vertical strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.4
design pile lateral strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.4
lateral strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.3
drained cohesionless soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.3.4
free head pile . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.3.2 a), 4.3.3 a), 4.3.4 a)
restrained head pile . . . . . . VM4 4.3.2 b), 4.3.3 b), 4.3.4 b)
undrained cohesive soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.3.2
undrained consolidated soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.3.3
shaft resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.1.4, Figure 5, Table 2
ultimate axial compression . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.0.1, 4.0.2, 4.0.3
vertical strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.1.2
strength reduction factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 4.7, Table 4
types
concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 5.1.1, 5.1.2
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 5.2.1, 5.2.2
timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 5.3
shallow foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.0
Amend 11
Aug 2011 concrete slab-on-ground . . . . . . . . . . . . AS1 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, AS3 1.3
design bearing pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.2.1, 3.2.4
design bearing strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.2.3
design sliding resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.4.6
local shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.3.3
moment loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.1.4
notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.3.1, Figures 1, 2
soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.1.2, 3.4.3
strength reduction factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.5, Table 1
surcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.1.3
ultimate bearing strength . . . . . . VM4 3.1.1, 3.2.2, 3.3.2, Figure 3
ultimate sliding resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.4.2
ultimate sliding strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 3.4.4, 3.4.5
see also Chimneys, foundations
D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G 1 August 2011
85
Index B 1/V M1/V M2/V M3/V M4 &
A S 1/A S 2/A S 3/A S 4
Ground
Amend 11
Aug 2011 good ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS1 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, AS3 1.3.2
Soils
adverse moisture conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM4 1.0.2
86 1 August 2011 D E PA R T M E N T O F B U I L D I N G A N D H O U S I N G
I n d e x B1 /VM1 /VM2 /VM3 /VM4 &
A S 1 / AS2 /AS3 /AS4
Amend 11
Aug 2011
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VM1 12.0
glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS1 7.0