I.

General Document Guidelines

I. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)

II. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. Times New Roman font
III. Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page,
abstract, body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and
figures.
IV. Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after commas, colons, and semicolons
within sentences. Insert two spaces after punctuation marks that end sentences.
V. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
VI. Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces
VII. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper
on the first line of every page.
VIII. Running Head: The running head is a short title that appears at the top of the
pages of a paper or published article. The running head is typed flush left at the top
of all pages. The running head should not exceed 50 characters, including
punctuation and spacing. Using most word processors, the running head and page
number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all
pages.
IX. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive
voice. For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
X. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Footnotes, Tables,
Figures, Appendixes
II. Title Page

I. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.

II. Running Head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) following
"Running head:"
III. Key Elements: Paper title, author(s), institutional affiliation(s), author note.
IV. Paper Title: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the page.
V. Author(s): Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the title.
VI. Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line
following the author(s).
VII. Author Note: Provide information about the author’s departmental affiliation,
acknowledgments of assistance or financial support, and a mailing address for
correspondence.
VIII. Example of APA-formatted Title
Page: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/titlepage.pdf
II. Abstract: The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important
elements of the paper.

I. Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).

II. Heading: "Abstract" (centered on the first line below the running head)
III. Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract
heading. The abstract word limit is set by individual journals. Typically, the word
limit is between 150 and 250 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those
beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than words.
 IV. Example of APA-formatted
Abstract: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/abstract.pdf
II. Body

I. Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the body
of the paper do not begin on new pages.
II. Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the
first line below the running head.
III. Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following
the paper title.
IV. Headings: Five levels of headings are available to be used to organize the paper
and reflect the relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical
research articles utilize two levels of headings: Main headings (such as Method,
Results, Discussion, References) would use Level 1 (centered, boldface,
uppercase and lowercase letters), and subheadings (such as Participants,
Apparatus, and Procedure as subsections of the Method section) would use Level
2 (flush left, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters).
V. Example of APA-formatted Headings:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/headings.pdf
II. Text citations: Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the
author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and words of
others must be formally acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from
the list of references that follows the body of the paper.

I. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence,
the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the
authors. Consider the following example:

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin
dosage over a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the
control condition, the difference was not statistically significant.

[Note: and is used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal
structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.]

II. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the
sentence, both the authors and year of publication appear in parentheses. Consider
the following example:

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types
of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health
(Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton &
Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins,
 1991).

[Note: & is used when multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material.
Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered
alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated by semicolons.]

III. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included
every time the source is cited.
IV. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included
the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's
surname and "et al." are used. Consider the following example:

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types
of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health
(Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...

V. When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's
surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first
time).
VI. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When
it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following
example) that is cited in a source that you have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in
the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only
the source you have read in the References list:

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of
body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

VII. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone

interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a
personal communication is not "recoverable" information, it is not included in the
References section. For the text citation, use the following format:

B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed ...

VIII. To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is

identified, use the first few words of the title in place of the author. If no date is
provided, use "n.d." in place of the date. Consider the following examples:
 Degelman (2009) summarizes guidelines for the use of APA writing style.

Changes in Americans' views of gender status differences have been documented

(Gender and Society, n.d.).

IX. To cite the Bible, provide the book, chapter, and verse. The first time the
Bible is cited in the text, identify the version used. Consider the following example:

"You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you"
(Psalm 86:5, New International Version).

[Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the Bible.]

II. Quotations: When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page
number as part of the citation.

I. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and
should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Consider the following
example:

Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic
and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac
arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).

II. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation

marks) apart from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented
five spaces from the left margin.

II. References: All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the
paper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).

I. Pagination: The References section begins on a new page.

II. Heading: "References" (centered on the first line below the running head)
III. Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the
References heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first
authors. Most reference entries have the following components:

1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source,
using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are
eight or more authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses
(...) and then the final author. If no author is identified, the title of the
document begins the reference.
 2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period
following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use
"n.d." in parentheses following the authors.
3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article)
or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books,
titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.
4. Electronic Retrieval Information: Electronic retrieval information may
include digital object identifiers (DOIs) or uniform resource locators
(URLs). DOIs are unique alphanumeric identifiers that lead users to
digital source material. To learn whether an article has been assigned a
DOI, go to http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/.
IV. Example of APA-formatted References: Go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/references.pdf
V. Examples of sources

1. Journal article with DOI

Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and

judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x

2. Journal article without DOI, print version

Koenig, H. G. (1990). Research on religion and mental health in later life: A

review and commentary. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 23-53.

3. Journal article without DOI, retrieved online [Note: For articles

retrieved from databases, include the URL of the journal home page.
Database information is not needed. Do not include the date of retrieval.]

Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal of

General Practice, 41, 425-427. Retrieved from
http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx

4. Book

Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.).

Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

5. Informally published Web document

Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from

http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796

6. Informally published Web document (no date)

 Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved
from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm

7. Informally published Web document (no author, no date)

Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

8. Abstract from secondary database

Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on

restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172.
Abstract retrieved from PsycINFO database.

9. Article or chapter in an edited book

Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.),

Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.

10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual

of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

II. Footnotes: Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in
the text. A content footnote may be placed at the bottom of the page on which it is
discussed or on a separate page following the References.

I. Pagination: Footnotes begin on a separate page.

II. Heading: "Footnotes" is centered on the first line below the running head.
III. Format: Indent the first line of each footnote 5-7 spaces and number the foonotes
(slightly above the line) as they are identified in the text.
IV. Example of APA-formatted
Footnotes: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/Footnote.pdf
II. Tables: A common use of tables is to present quantitative data or the results of statistical
analyses (such as ANOVA). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 128-150) for detailed
examples. Tables must be mentioned in the text.

I. Pagination: Each Table begins on a separate page.

II. Heading: "Table 1" (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left on the first line below the
running head. Double-space and type the table title flush left (italicized in
uppercase and lowercase letters).
III. Example of APA-formatted
Tables: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/table.pdf
II. Figures: A common use of Figures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations
(other than tables). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 150-167) for detailed examples.
I. Pagination: Figures begin on a separate page.
II. Figure Caption: "Figure 1." (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left and italicized on the
first line below the figure, immediately followed on the same line by the caption
(which should be a brief descriptive phrase).
III. Example of APA-formatted
Figure: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/figure.pdf
II. Appendixes: A common use of appendixes is to present unpublished tests or to describe
complex equipment or stimulus materials.

I. Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a separate page.

II. Heading:If there is only one appendix, "Appendix" is centered on the first line
below the manuscript page header. If there is more than one appendix, use
Appendix A (or B or C, etc.). Double-space and type the appendix title (centered in
uppercase and lowercase letters).
III. Format: Indent the first line 5-7 spaces.
IV. Example of APA-formatted
Appendix: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/Appendix.pdf