32-11th Physics - Book Back Questions - Tamil Medium PDF Download

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gjpndhd;whk; tFg;G Fiwf;fg;gl;l

ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
jkpo; top - vspa ifNaL
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jpUtuq;fk;.
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gjpNdhwhk; tFg;G - ,aw;gpay;

kpf kpf Kf;fpa tpdhf;fSk; mtw;wpw;fhd tpilfSk; ( Gj;jf tpdhf;fs; )
myF : 1 ,ay; cyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; mstPl;baYk;
FW tpdhf;fs;:
1. ,aw;gpay; msTfs; vd;why; vd;d? tiffis vOJf
mstplg;glf;$baJk;> ,aw;gpay; tpjpfis tpthpf;fj; jf;fJkhd msTfs;.
,U tifg;gLk;. mbg;gil msTfs; top msTfs;
NtW ve;j msTfshYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl ,ayhj msTfs; mbg;gil msTfs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. ePsk;> epiw> fhyk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk;> xspr;nrwpT> ntg;gepiy> nghUspd; msT Mfpad.
mbg;gil msTfshy; Fwpg;gplf;$ba msTfs; top msTfs;.
v.fh. gug;G> fdmsT> jpirNtfk;> KLf;fk; kw;Wk; gy
2. ,lkhW Njhw;w Kiwapy; re;jpudpd; tpl;lj;ij ePq;fs; vt;thW msg;gPhf
; s;?
θ vd;gJ re;jpudpd; Nfhz tpl;lk; vd;f.
S – vd;gJ GtpapypUe;J re;jpudpd; njhiyT vd;f.

𝑫
glj;jpypUe;J> 𝜽= 𝑺
vdNt re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; D = S θ
Padasalai.Org θ kw;Wk; S kjpg;G njhpe;jhy;> re;jpudpd; tpl;lj;ijf;

fzf;fplyhk;.
3. Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fisf; fzf;fpLtjpd; tpjpfisj; jUf.

1. Ropaw;w midj;J vz;fSk; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs;. v.fh: 1342 – ehd;F
2. Ropaw;w ,U vz;fSf;fpilg;gl;l Ropfs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs;. v.fh: 2008 – ehd;F
3. jrkg; Gs;sp cs;s vz;zpy; ,Wjpahf tUk; Ropf;fs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs;.
v.fh: 40.00 - ehd;F
4. jrkg;Gs;sp ,y;yhj vz;zpy; ,Wjpahf tUk; Ropf;fs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; my;y.
v.fh: 30700 - %d;W
5. myFld; vOjg;gLk; ,aw;gpay; mstPLfspy; tUk; vy;yh RopfSk; Kf;fpa
vz;ZUf;fs;. v.fh: 30700 m - Ie;J
6. Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; myfpLk; Kiwiag; nghUj;jjy;y.
v.fh: 1.53 cm, 0.0153 m, 0.0000153 km - midj;jpYk; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; %d;W.

4. ghpkhzg; gFg;gha;tpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

1. %d;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,aw;gpay; msTfs; cs;slq;fpa rkd;ghLfSf;F gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ
2. xU rkd;ghL ghpkhz Kiwapy; rhpahdjh vd;Nw nka;g;gpf;f KbAk;. mjd; cz;ikahd
rkd;ghl;ilf; fz;lwpa KbahJ.
3. jphpNfhzkpjp> mLf;Ff;Fwp kw;Wk; klf;if rhh;Gfs; cs;slq;fpa rkd;ghLfspd; njhlh;Gfis
fz;lwpa ,ayhJ.
4. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s msT ];Nfyuh? ntf;luh? vd;gijj; jPhk
; hdpf;f KbahJ.
5. vz;fs; π > e ( Ma;yh; vz; ) Nghd;w ghpkhzkw;w khwpypfspd; kjpg;igg; ngw KbahJ.
5. El;gk; kw;Wk; Jy;ypaj;jd;ik tiuaW. xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
Jy;ypaj; jd;ik vd;gJ cz;ikahd kjpg;gpw;F vt;tsT mUfpy; mstPL nra;Njhk; vd;gJ.
El;gk; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l msTfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vt;tsT neUf;fkhf
cs;sJ vd;gJ.
Padasalai.Org neL tpdhf;fs;:

1. ( i ) Fiwe;j njhiyit msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; jpUF mstp kw;Wk; nth;dpah; mstp gw;wp tpthp.
jpUF mstp:
1. jj;Jtk;: jpUfpd; tl;l ,af;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nghpjhf;fg;gl;l Neh;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
2. 50 mm tiuapyhd nghUl;fspd; ghpkhzq;fis kpfj; Jy;ypakhf mstplg; gad;gLk;
fUtp. ,jd; kPr;rpw;wsT 0.01 mm.

nth;dpah; mstp:
1. Jisapd; Mok; my;yJ Jisapd; tpl;lk; Nghd;w mstPLfis msf;fg; gad;gLk;

gd;Kfj; jd;ik nfhz;l fUtp
2. ,jd; kPr;rpw;wsT 0.01 cm ( nghJthf )
( ii ) ( m ) ePz;l njhiyTfis msf;Fk; Kf;Nfhz Kiw:
1. AB = h vd;gJ kuj;jpd; cauk; my;yJ NfhGuj;jpd; cauk; vd;f.
2. C vd;gJ cw;W Nehf;Fgth; cs;s Gs;sp. NkYk; BC = x vd;f
3. glj;jpypUe;J Vw;wf;Nfhzk; ∠ACB = 𝜽

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; ABC apypUe;J

𝑨𝑩 𝒉
tan θ = 𝑩𝑪
= 𝒙
my;yJ cauk; 𝒉 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
njhiyT x I mwpe;jhy; cauk; h Ig; ngwyhk;.

(M) jiuapy; xU Gs;spapypUe;J Xh; kuj;jpd; cr;rpahdJ
600 Vw;wf; Nfhzj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ. kuj;jpw;Fk;
mg;Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuk; 50 m. kuj;jpd; cauk; vd;d?
𝒉 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎

(iii) ePz;l njhiyTfis msf;Fk; Nulhh; Jbg;G Kiw:
1. Radio Detection and Ranging vd;gjd; RUf;fk;

2. nrt;tha; Nghd;w Gtpf;F mUfpYs;s Nfhspd; njhiyitj; Jy;ypakhf mstpl
3. Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J NubNah gug;gp %yk; NubNah miyj; Jbg;Gfs; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd.
4. vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l Jbg;Gfs; Vw;gp %yk; czug;gLfpwJ.
5. gug;G kw;Wk; Vw;G ,ilapyhd Neu ,ilntsp ‘t ’ vdpy;
Ntfk; = fle;j njhiyT / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk;
njhiyT = Ntfk; x vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Neuk; d=vxt/2
Padasalai.Org
NubNah miy Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;W jpUk;Gtjhy; 2 y; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. gpiofspd; ntt;NtW tiffis tpsf;Ff.
gpio: ,aw;gpay; msT xd;iw mstPL nra;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk; Jy;ypakw;w jd;ik.
tiffs;: Kiwahd gpiofs;> xOq;fw;w gpiofs; kw;Wk; nkhj;jg; gpiofs;
1. Kiwahd gpiofs;: njhlh;r;rpahf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xNu khjphp cUthFk; gpiofs;.
tiffs;: 1. fUtpg; gpiofs; : Kiwahf mstPL nra;ag;glhj fUtpahy; cUthtJ.
Kid Nja;e;j kPl;lh; msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L ngwg;gLk; msTfs;
2. nra;Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;: Nrhjid nra;Ak; fUtpfis mikf;Fk; NghJ Ma;tfr;
#oypy; Vw;gLk; jtWfshy; cUthtJ.
ntg;gf;fhg;gPL rhpahf nra;ag;glhj fNyhhpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;j ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtJ.
3. jdpg;gl;l gpiofs;: Nrhjidapd; NghJ mstpLgthpd; nray;ghl;lhy; cUthtJ.
4. Gwf;fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs;: Nrhjidapd; NghJ ntg;gepiy khWghL> <ug;gjk;
my;yJ mOj;j khw;wk; Nghd;w Gwr;#oy; khWghl;lhy; Vw;gLtJ.
5. kPr;rpw;wsT gpiofs;: xU msTNfhyhy; msf;ff;$ba kpfr;rpwpa msT kPr;rpw;wsT.
mjdhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs;.
2. xOq;fw;w gpiofs;: Nrhjidapy; Vw;gLk; njhlh;gw;w khWghLfshy; rktha;g;Gg; gpiofs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. cw;WNehf;Fgthpd; ftdf;FiwT kw;Wk; mstpLgth; nra;Ak; gpioahy;
cUthtJ. ,it tha;g;Gg; gpiofs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. nkhj;jg;gpiofs;: 1. fUtpia Kiwahfg; nghUj;jhky; mstPL vLj;jy;

2. gpioapd; %yk;> Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shik

3. jtwhf mstPL nra;J mijg; gjptpLjy;
4. fzf;fPl;by; jtwhd kjpg;gPLfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
Fiwf;Fk; Kiwfs;: 1. fUtpfisf; ftdkhfj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;
2. Kiwahfj; jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; 3. cah; El;gk; nfhz;l fUtpfs; gad;ghL
4. Nrhjid nra;gth; ftdkhfTk;> tpopg;GlDk; nray;gLtJ - ,tw;why; Fiwf;fyhk;.
3. gpiofspd; ngUf;fk; gw;wp ePtph; mwpe;jnjd;d? $l;ly; kw;Wk; fopj;jy; gpio ngUf;fj;ij tpthp.
xU Nrhjidapy; ntt;NtW tifahd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mjpf msTfs; msf;fg;gl;L
,Wjpf; fzf;fPl;by; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
gpiofspd; ,Wjp KbTfs; 1. jdpj;jdpahd mstPLfspy; cs;s gpiofs; kw;Wk;
2. fzpj nraypfspd; nray;ghL ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;Js;sJ.
gpiofspd; ngUf;fj;jpd; ntt;NtW rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;:
,U msTfspd; $Ljypy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs;:
ΔA kw;Wk; ΔB vd;gd KiwNa A, B vd;w msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofs; vd;f.
A apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = A ±ΔA
B apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = B±ΔB
Padasalai.Org
$Ljy; Z = A + B $Ljy; Z d; gpio ΔZ MFk;.
Z ± ΔZ = ( A ± ΔA ) + ( B ± ΔB )
= ( A + B ) ± ( ΔA + ΔB )
= Z ± ( ΔA + ΔB )
my;yJ ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB $l;lypy; ngUkg;gpio = jdp msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofspd; $Ljy;
,U msTfspd; fopj;jypy; ( NtWghL ) Vw;gLk; gpiofs;:
ΔA kw;Wk; ΔB vd;gd KiwNa A, B vd;w msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofs; vd;f.
A apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = A ±ΔA
B apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = B±ΔB
NtWghL Z = A - B $Ljy; Z d; gpio ΔZ MFk;.
Z ± ΔZ = ( A ± ΔA ) - ( B ± ΔB )
= ( A - B ) ± ( ΔA + ΔB )
= Z ± ( ΔA + ΔB )
my;yJ ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB fopj;jypy; ngUkg;gpio = jdp msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofspd; $Ljy;
4. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwg; gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.
1. myF - cyfstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> jdpj;Jtkpf;f njhpT nra;ag;gl;l Xh; mstpd; gbj;ju msT
2. KOikg;gLj;Jjy;: jw;fhyj;jpy; fzpg;ghd;fisf; nfhz;L ngwg;gLk; KbTfs; gy ,yf;fq;fs;

nfhz;Ls;sjhf cs;sd. fzf;fPl;by; cs;slq;Fk; jfty;fspd; Kf;fpa vz;ZUit tpl

Kbtpd; Kf;fpa vz;ZU mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
fzf;fPl;bd; Kbtpy; epiyapy;yhj ,yf;fq;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lit ,Ug;gpd;> me;j vz;iz
KOikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. ghpkhzkw;w msTfs;:
(i) ghpkhzkw;w khwpfs;: ghpkhzkpy;yhj Mdhy; khWgl;l kjpg;G nfhz;l ,aw;gpay; msTfs;.
v.fhl;L: xg;glh;jj
; p> jphpG> xsptpyfy; vz; kw;Wk; gy
(ii) ghpkhzkw;w khwpypfs;: ghpkhzkpy;yhj khwpypfs;. v.fhl;L: π, e ( Ma;yh; vz; )

5. ghpkhzj;jpd; xUgbj;jhd newpKiw vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; ahit?
vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
xU rkd;ghl;bYs;s xt;nthU cWg;gpd; ghpkhzq;fSk; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ ghpkhzq;fspd;
xU gbj;jhd newpKiw MFk;.
gad;fs;: 1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l rkd;ghL ghpkhz Kiwg;gb rhpahdjh vd Nrhjpf;f
v.fh. v = u + at
[ L T-1 ] = [ L T-1 ] + [ L T-2 ] [ T ]

[ L T-1 ] = [ L T-1 ] + [ L T-1 ] ,UGwKk; ghpkhzq;fs; rkk;. vdNt ghpkhz Kiwg;gb rhp.
Padasalai.Org
2. ,aw;gpay; msT xd;iw xU myfpLk; KiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU myfpLk; Kiwf;F khw;w
3. ntt;NtW ,aw;gpay; msTfSf;fpilNa cs;s

njhlh;igg; ngWjy;

Padasalai.Orgtha;g;Gf;fhf fhj;jpUf;fhNj.
cdf;fhd tha;g;ig ePNa
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;.
- lhf;lh;. mg;Jy; fyhk;
myF: 2 ,af;ftpay;
rpW tpdhf;fs;
1. fhh;Brpad; Ma mr;Rj; njhFg;G vd;why; vd;d?

ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpYk; xU nghUspd; epiyapid tpthpf;fg; gad;gLk; Ma
mr;Rf;fs; ( x, y, z ) nfhz;l Fwpg;ghaNk fhh;Brpad; Ma mr;Rj; njhFg;G vdg;gLk;.
2. ntf;lh; tiuaW. v.fhl;Lfs; jUf.

vz; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpir ,it ,uz;bdhYk; Fwpg;gplf;$ba msTfs; ntf;lh; vdg;gLk;.
tbt fzpj Kiwapy; ntf;lh; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpiriaf; fhl;Lk; Nfhl;Lj;Jz;L.
v.fh: tpir> jpirNtfk;> ,lg;ngah;r;rp> KLf;fk; Nghd;wit.
3. ];Nfyh; tiuaW. v.fhl;Lfs; jUf.

vz; kjpg;gpdhy; kl;LNk Fwpg;gplf;$ba msTfs; ];Nfyh; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: epiw> fle;j njhiyT> ntg;gepiy> Ntfk; Nghd;wit.
4. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf ( Gs;spg; ngUf;fy; )
,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; vd;gJ mt;tpuz;L ntf;lh;fspd; vz;kjpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;l Nfhzj;jpd; nfhird; kjpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fy;gyDf;Fr;
rkk;. ⃗𝑨. ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
5. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf ( FWf;Fg; ngUf;fy; )
,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ fpilf;Fk; njhFgad; ntf;lhpd;
vz;kjpg;ghdJ> mt;tpU ntf;lh;fspd; vz;kjpg;Gfspd; ngUf;fy;gyd; kw;Wk; mt;tpU
Padasalai.Org
ntf;lh;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l Nfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fy; gyDf;Fr; rkk;.
⃗𝑪 = ⃗𝑨 𝒙 ⃗𝑩
⃗ = ( 𝑨 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ) 𝒏
⃗
6. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf cs;sdth vd vt;thW fz;lwptha;?
⃗ kw;Wk; 𝑩
,uz;L ntf;lh;fs; 𝑨 ⃗⃗ xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf cs;sNghJ> mjhtJ θ = 900 vdpy;
⃗ .𝑩
mtw;wpd; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎 ( RopahFk; ) Vnddpy; cos 900 = 0. vdNt me;j ,uz;L
⃗ kw;Wk; 𝑩
ntf;lh;fs; 𝑨 ⃗⃗ Mfpait nrq;Fj;J ntf;lh;fs; MFk;.
7. ,lg;ngah;r;rp kw;Wk; fle;j njhiyit tiuaW

fle;j njhiyT: nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; nghUs; fle;J nrd;w ghijapd; nkhj;j
ePsk; fle;j njhiyT vdg;gLk;. ,J xU Neh;Fwp ];Nfyh; msT MFk;.
,lg;ngah;r;rp: nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; nghUspd; ,Wjp epiyf;Fk; mjd; Muk;g
epiyf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ,lg;ngah;r;rp vdg;gLk;. NkYk; nghUspd; ,U epiyfSf;fpilNa
cs;s kpff; Fiwe;j njhiyT vdTk; tiuaWf;fyhk;. ,lg;ngah;r;rpapd; jpirahdJ
njhlf;fg; Gs;spapypUe;J ,Wjp epiyg; Gs;spia Nehf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
8. jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; Ntfj;ij tiuaW
t Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; cldbj; jpirNtfk; my;yJ vspikahf t Neuj;jpy; jpirNtfk; vd;gJ
Δt → 0, vd;w epge;jidapy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ruhrhpj; jpirNtfk; MFk;.

NkYk; jpirNtfk; vd;gJ Neuj;ijg; nghWj;J epiyntf;lh; khWk; tPjkhFk;.
,J xU ntf;lh; msT.

⃗
∆𝒓 ⃗
𝒅𝒓
⃗ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒗 =
∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
∆𝒕 → 𝟎
jpirNtfj;jpd; vz; kjpg;G Ntfk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ v = √𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚 + 𝒗𝟐𝒛
Ntfk; vg;NghJk; xU Neh;f;Fwp ];Nfyh; MFk;.
9. KLf;fk; - tiuaW
Δt Ropia neUq;Fk; NghJ> Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J jpirNtfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWghL KLf;fk;.

⃗
∆𝒗 ⃗
𝒅𝒗
KLf;fk; ⃗ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒂 =
∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
∆𝒕 → 𝟎
t Neuj;jpy; nghUspd; KLf;fkhdJ me;Neuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l jpirNtf khWghl;bw;Fr; rkk;.
10. jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; ruhrhp jpirNtfk; NtWghLfs; ahit?
t Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; cldbj; jpirNtfk; my;yJ vspikahf t Neuj;jpy; jpirNtfk; vd;gJ
Δt → 0, vd;w epge;jidapy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ruhrhpj; jpirNtfk; MFk;.

NkYk; jpirNtfk; vd;gJ Neuj;ijg; nghWj;J epiyntf;lh; khWk; tPjkhFk;.
,J xU ntf;lh; msT.
Padasalai.Org
⃗ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
∆𝒕 → 𝟎
⃗
∆𝒓
∆𝒕
=
⃗
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝒕
,lg;ngah;r;rp ntf;lh; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd fhy ,ilntsp Mfpatw;wpd; tpfpjk; ruhrhp

jpirNtfj;jpidf; nfhLf;Fk;.
⃗
∆𝒓
⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒗 ∆𝒕
. ,J xU ntf;lh; msT. ruhrhpj; jpirNtfj;jpd; jpir> ,lg;ngah;r;rp
ntf;lhpd; jpirapy; ( ∆𝒓
⃗ ) mikAk;.
11. xU Nubad; tiuaW

tl;lj;jpd; Muj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ePsKs;s tl;ltpy;> tl;l ikaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk;
12. Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp kw;Wk; Nfhzj; jpirNtfk; ,tw;iw tiuaW
Row;rp ikaj;ijg; nghUj;J ( tl;l ikak; 0 ) nfhLf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; Jfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk;
Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp MFk;. ,jd; myF Nubad; MFk;.
Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp khWk; tPjNk Nfhzj; jpirNtfk; vdg;gLk;. myF Nubad;/ tpdhb
∆𝜽 𝒅𝜽
t Neuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp 𝜽 vdpy;> Nfhzj; jpirNtfk; 𝝎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Δt→0
13. rPuw;w tl;l ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; Ntfk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy; mJ rPuw;w tl;l ,af;fk; MFk;.
14. Nfhz ,af;fj;jpd; ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.

( 𝝎𝟎 + 𝝎 )𝒕
1. ω = ω0 + α t 2. θ = ω0 t + ½ α t2 3. ω 2 = ω02 + 2 α θ 4. 𝜽 = 𝟐
15. rPuw;w tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; njhFgad; KLf;fk; Mu ntf;lUld; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzj;jpw;fhd

Nfhitia vOJf.
𝒂𝒕
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒗𝟐
𝒓
neL tpdhf;fs;
1. ntf;lh; $Ljypd; Kf;Nfhz tpjpia tphpthf tpsf;fTk;.
⃗ kw;Wk; 𝑩
ntf;lh;fspd; Kf;Nfhz tpjp: 𝑨 ⃗⃗ vd;w ,uz;L Ropaw;w ntf;lh;fs; thpirg;gb xU
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gf;fq;fshff; fUjg;gl;lhy;> mtw;wpd; njhFgad; vjph;thpirapy;

vLf;fg;gl;l mk;Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;whtJ gf;fj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
Padasalai.Org
glk; 1
⃗ ntf;lhpd; jiyg;gFjp 𝑩
tpsf;fk; : 𝑨
⃗𝑨 kw;Wk; ⃗𝑩
glk; 2
⃗⃗ ntf;lhpd; thy;gFjpNahL ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
⃗ ntf;lh;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; θ vd;f. ⃗𝑨 ,d; thy; gFjpiaAk;
⃗𝑩
⃗ ,d; jiyg; gFjpiaAk; ,izj;jhy; njhFgad; ntf;lh; ⃗𝑹
⃗ fpilf;Fk;.
glk; 1 ,ypUe;J ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑶𝑸 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑸 mjhtJ ⃗ = ⃗𝑨 + ⃗𝑩
⃗𝑹 ⃗
njhFgad; ntf;lhpd; vz;kjpg;G:
OA vd;w gf;fj;ij ON tiu ePl;Ltjpd; %yk; ABN vd;w nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; fpilf;fpwJ.
njhFgad; ntf;lhpd; jpir:
⃗𝑨 kw;Wk; ⃗𝑩
⃗ ntf;lh; ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; θ vdpy;>
⃗ + 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗ | = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

⃗ vd;w ntf;lh; ⃗𝑨 ntf;lUld; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; α vdpy;> Δ OBN ,y;

⃗𝑹
𝑩𝑵 𝑩𝑵 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
tan α = 𝑶𝑵 = 𝑶𝑨+𝑨𝑵
= 𝑨+𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝜶 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
2. ];Nfyhh; kw;Wk; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy;fspd; gz;Gfis tpthp.
Sl.No ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy;
1. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; 1. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fis ntf;lh; ngUf;fy;

vd;gJ mt;tpuz;L ntf;lh;fspd; vz; nra;Ak; NghJ fpilf;Fk; njhFgad; ntf;lhpd;
kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;l vz;kjpg;G mt;tpU ntf;lh;fspd; vz;kjpg;Gfspd;
Nfhzj;jpd; nfhird; kjpg;G ,tw;wpd; ngUf;fy; gyd; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;l
ngUf;fy; gyDf;Fr; rkk;. Nfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;G ,tw;wpd; ngUf;fy;
⃗𝑨. ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 gyDf;Fr; rkk;.
⃗ = 𝑨
𝑪 ⃗ 𝒙𝑩
⃗⃗ = ( 𝑨 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ) 𝒏
⃗
2. ghpkhw;W tpjpf;F cl;gl;lJ. 2. ghpkhw;W tpjpf;F cl;glhJ.
Padasalai.Org
⃗𝑨. ⃗𝑩 ⃗ . ⃗𝑨
⃗ = ⃗𝑩 ⃗ 𝒙𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ ≠ 𝑩 ⃗ But 𝑨
⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑨 ⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑩
⃗⃗ = − 𝑩 ⃗
⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑨
3. gq;fPl;L tpjpf;F cl;gl;lJ. 3. ---------------------------------

⃗ .( 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗ )=𝑨
⃗⃗ +𝑪 ⃗ .𝑩 ⃗ .𝑪
⃗⃗ + 𝑨 ⃗
4. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l 4. ---------------------------------

⃗⃗ .𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗
Nfhzk; 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 [ ]
𝑨𝑩
5. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fs; ,izahf cs;s 5. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy;

cs;s NghJ θ = 00 vdNt ];Nfyh; sin θ = 1 vd;w epge;jidapy; (θ = 900 ) ngUk
ngUf;fy; ngUkk;. Vnddpy; cos θ = 1 kjpg;igg; ngWk;. ,U ntf;lh;fs; nrq;Fj;J vdpy;
⃗ .𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗ ) ngUkk; =AB ⃗ 𝒙𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗ ) ngUkk; ̂
=AB𝒏
6. ,uz;L ntf;lh;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W 6. ,uz;L Ropaw;w ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy;

vjpuhf cs;s NghJ θ =1800 vdNt |𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽| = 0 vd;w epge;jidapy; θ =00 my;yJ 1800
];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; rpWkk; MFk;. rpWk kjpg;igg; ngWk;. ( ⃗𝑨 𝒙 ⃗𝑩
⃗) rpWkk; =0
0
cos 180 = -1
⃗ .𝑩
(𝑨 ⃗⃗ ) rpWkk; =-AB
7. XuyF ntf;lh; 𝒏
̂ If; fUJk;NghJ ̂𝒙𝒌
7. 𝒊̂ 𝒙 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ 𝒙 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂=𝟎
⃗ XuyF
̂. 𝒏
𝒏 ̂ = 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝟎 = 𝟏 ntf;lh;fspd; jw;rhh;G ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; Rop.
̂. 𝒌
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 𝒊̂. 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂=1

8. nrq;Fj;J XuyF ntf;lh;fisf; fUJk; 8. tyJ if jpUF tpjpapd; gb> nrq;Fj;J XuyF
̂)
NghJ ( 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂)
ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; ( 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂, 𝒌
̂= 𝒌
𝒊̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒌 ̂. 𝒊̂ = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎 , ̂
𝒊̂ 𝒙 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ = 𝒊̂
𝒋̂ 𝒙 𝒌 ̂ 𝒙 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂
𝒌
9. jw;rhh;G Gs;spg; ngUf;fy; kjpg;G 9. jw;rhh;G ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; kjpg;G Rop
( ⃗𝑨 )𝟐 = ⃗𝑨. ⃗𝑨 = 𝑨 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑨𝟐 ⃗𝑨 𝒙 ⃗𝑨 = 𝑨 𝑨𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝟎𝟎 𝒏

̂ = ⃗𝟎
,q;F Nfhzk; θ. A - ,d; vz;kjpg;G
⃗ | = 𝑨 = √⃗𝑨. ⃗𝑨
|𝑨
10. ⃗ .𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ ,d; njhFgad; kjpg;G vg;NghJk; 10. ,U ntf;lh;fspd; ntf;lh; ngUf;fy; kw;Nwhh;
xU ];Nfyh; MFk;. ,U ntf;lh;fSf;F ntf;liuNa jUk;. mt;ntf;lhpd; jpir> mt;tpU
,ilNaahd Nfhzk; FWq;Nfhzk; ntf;lh;fspd; jsj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vdpy; ];Nfyh; ngUf;fy; Neh;f;Fwp.

tphpNfhzk; vdpy; vjph;f;Fwp.
3. khwhj KLf;fk; ngw;w nghUspd; ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis tUtpf;fTk;.
Neh;Nfhl;by; ,aq;Fk; nghUs; xd;W ‘a’ vd;w rPuhd KLf;fj;Jld; ,aq;Ftjhff; fUJf.
Padasalai.Org
t = 0 vd;w tpdhbapy; nghUspd; jpirNtfk; u vd;f. t vd;w tpdhbapy; nghUspd; jpirNtfk;
v vd;f.
1. jpirNtfk; - Neuk; njhlh;G:

KLf;fk; vd;gJ Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J jpirNtfj;jpd; Kjy; tiff;nfO MFk;.
𝒅𝒗
a = 𝒅𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂 𝒅𝒕
Neuk; 0 tpypUe;J t f;F khWk; NghJ> jpirNtfk; u tpypUe;J v f;F khWfpwJ.

𝒗 𝒕 𝒕
njhifg;gLj;j> ∫𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = ∫𝟎 𝒂 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒂 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 ⟹ [ 𝒗 ]𝒗𝒖 = 𝒂 [ 𝒕 ]𝒕𝟎
v-u=a[t–0] or v = u + at
2. ,lg;ngah;r;rp - Neuk; njhlh;G:
jpirNtfk; vd;gJ Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J ,lg;ngah;r;rpapd; Kjy; tiff;nfO MFk;.
𝒅𝒔
v= 𝒅𝒕
𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒗 𝒅𝒕 Vnddpy; v = u + at, vdNt > ds = ( u + at ) dt
Neuk; 0 tpypUe;J t f;F khWk; NghJ> ,lg;ngah;r;rp 0 tpypUe;J s f;F khWfpwJ.

𝒔 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒔 = ∫𝟎 𝒖 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟎 𝒂 𝒕𝒅𝒕 [ 𝒔 ]𝒔𝟎 = 𝒖 [ 𝒕 ]𝒕𝟎 + 𝒂 [ ]
𝟐 𝟎
𝒕𝟐 𝟎𝟐
[s–0]=u [t–0]+a[ 𝟐
- 𝟐
] ⟹ s = u t + ½ a t2
3. jpirNtfk; - ,lg;ngah;;r;rp njhlh;G:

KLf;fk; vd;gJ Neuj;ijg; nghWj;J jpirNtfj;jpd; Kjy; tiff;nfOthFk;.

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒔
a = 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕
= 𝒅𝒔
𝒗 𝒗= 𝒅𝒕
Mjyhy;>
𝟏 𝒔 𝟏 𝒗
𝒅𝒔 = 𝒂
𝒗 𝒅𝒗 njhifg;gLj;j> ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒂
∫𝒖 𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗 𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟏
[ 𝒔 ]𝒔𝟎 = 𝒂
[ ]
𝟐 𝒖
⟹ [𝐬 − 𝟎 ] =
𝒂
[ 𝟐
− 𝟐
] ⟹ 𝒔= 𝟐𝒂
[ 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 ]
2 a s = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 or 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂 𝒔
4. gpd;tUk; nghUl;fspd; ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis tUtpf;fTk; (m) nrq;Fj;jhf fPNo tpOk;

nghUs; (M) nrq;Fj;jhf vwpag;gl;l nghUs;
( m ) nrq;Fj;jhf fPNo tpOk; nghUs; ( M ) nrq;Fj;jhf vwpag;gl;l nghUs;
h cauj;jpypUe;J fPNo tpOk; nghUs; nrq;Fj;jhf Nky; Nehf;fp vwpag;gLk; nghUs;

Xd;iwf; fUJ. fhw;Wj; jiliag; xd;iwf; fUJ. fhw;Wj; jiliag;
Gwf;fzpf;fTk;. Gwf;fzpf;fTk;.
fPo;Nehf;fpa jpiria Neh;f;Fwp Nky; Nehf;fpa jpiria Neh;f;Fwp
y – mr;rhff; fUJf. y – mr;rhff; fUJf.
KLf;fk; ⃗ =𝒈𝒋
𝒂 KLf;fk; a=-g
Padasalai.Org
$Wfis xg;gpLk; NghJ>
ax = 0 az = 0 ay = g
ay = a = + g s= y a=-g
t vd;w ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; nghUspd; t vd;w ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; nghUspd;
,Wjpj; jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; epiy ,Wjpj; jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; epiy
1) v = u + a t v=u+gt 1) v = u + a t v=u–gt
2) s = u t + ½ a t2 y = u t + ½ g t2 2) s = u t + ½ a t2 s = u t - ½ g t2
nghUs; y Gs;spapy; cs;sNghJ nghUspd; ve;jnthU epiy y apYk; nghUspd;
,Ukb Ntfk; jpirNtfk;
3) v2 = u2 + 2 a s v2 = u2 + 2 g y 3) v2 = u2 + 2 a s v2 = u2 - 2 g y
5. fpilj;jsj;Jld; θ Nfhzk; rha;thf vwpag;gl;l vwpnghUs; xd;wpd; fpilj;js neLf;fk;

kw;Wk; ngUk cauk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd rkd;ghLfisg; ngWf.
ngUk cauk; ( hmax )

vwpnghUs; jd; gazj;jpy; milAk; mjpf

gl;r nrq;Fj;J cauk;> ngUk cauk; MFk;.
𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒖𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒚 𝒔 ,q;F>
𝒖𝒚 = 𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 , 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈, 𝒔 = 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙
NkYk; ngUk cauj;jpy; vy = 0
vdNt> 𝟎𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒈 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐 𝒈 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
my;yJ 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝒈
fpilj;js neLf;fk; ( R )
vwpag;gl;l Gs;spf;Fk;> vwpag;gl;l Gs;sp cs;s fpilj;jsj;jpy; vwpnghUs; tpOe;j ,lj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s njhiyT vwpnghUspd; fpilj;js neLf;fk; MFk;.
fpilj;js neLf;fk; R = jpirNtfj;jpd; fpilj;jsf;$W x gwf;Fk; Neuk; = u cos θ x Tf

𝟐 𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜽
𝑹 = 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒙 𝒈
= 𝒈
= 𝒈
fpilj;jsj;Jld; 450 Nfhzj;jpy; vwpnghUis vwpe;jhy;> mJ ngUk fpilj;js neLf;fk;

𝒖𝟐
milAk;. vdNt Rmax = ( sin 2θ = sin 2 x 450 = sin 900 = 1 )
Padasalai.Org
𝒈
6. ika Nehf;F KLf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

Muj;jpd; topNa> ikaj;ij Nehf;fp> jpir
Ntfj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf nray;gLk;
KLf;fk; ika Nehf;F KLf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
1. epiy ntf;lh; kw;Wk; jpirNtf ntf;lh;
,uz;Lk; Δt vd;w rpwpa fhy ,ilntspapy;
θ Nfhzk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp milfpwJ.
2. rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpy;> r = |𝒓

⃗ 𝟏 | = |𝒓
⃗ 𝟐 | and v = |𝒗
⃗ 𝟏 | = |𝒗
⃗ 𝟐|
3. Jfspd; epiyntf;lh; 𝒓
⃗ 𝟏 ypUe;J 𝒓
⃗ 𝟐 f;F khWk; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpia
⃗ = 𝒓
∆𝒓 ⃗𝟐− 𝒓
⃗𝟏 vdTk;> mjd; jpirNtfk; 𝒗
⃗𝟏 ypUe;J 𝒗
⃗ 𝟐 f;F khWtij
⃗ = 𝒗
∆𝒗 ⃗ 𝟏 vdTk; vOjyhk;.
⃗𝟐− 𝒗
4. ,lg;ngah;r;rp ntf;lhpd; vz;kjpg;G Δ r kw;Wk; jpirNtf ntf;lhpd; vz;kjpg;G Δv

gpd;tUk; njhlh;ig epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
∆𝒓 ∆𝒗
𝒓
= − 𝒗
= 𝜽 vjph;f;Fwp Δv tl;l ikaj;ij Nehf;fp cs;sijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
∆𝒓 ∆𝒗 𝒗 ∆𝒓 𝒗𝟐
5. ∆𝒗 = −𝒗 ( 𝒓
) 𝒂= ∆𝒕
= − 𝒓
( ∆𝒕 ) = − 𝒓
6. rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpy;> v = ω r, ,q;F ω ikaj;ijg; nghUj;J Jfspd; Nfhzj;

jpirNtfk;. vdNt ika Nehf;F KLf;fk; a = - ω2 r
7. rPuw;w tl;l ,af;fj;jpd; njhFgad; KLf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
1. tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; Ntfk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;

mJ rPuw;w tl;l ,af;fk; MFk;.
2. v.fh: Cry; Fz;L fl;lg;gl;l fapW nrq;Fj;J tl;lj;jpy;

Rw;wp tUk; NghJ mjd; Ntfk; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; rkkhf ,uhJ.
3. tl;l ,af;fj;jpd; Ntfk; khWk; Nghnjy;yhk; Jfs; glj;jpy;

cs;sthW ikaNehf;F KLf;fk; kw;Wk; njhLNfhl;L KLf;fk;
,uz;ilAk; ngWk;.
4. ika Nehf;F KLf;fk; v2 / r vdpy;> njhFgad; KLf;fj;jpd;
𝒗𝟐 𝟐
vz; kjpg;G aR = √𝒂𝟐𝒕 + ( )
𝒓
6. njhFgad; KLf;fk; Muntf;lUld; θ Nfhzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; > Nfhzj;ij gpd;tUkhW

𝒂𝒕
Fwpg;gplyhk;. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒗𝟐
𝒓
Padasalai.Org
Mz;ltd; Nrhjpg;gJ vy;NyhiuAk; my;y
cd;idg; Nghy rhjpf;fj; Jbf;Fk;
Gj;jprhypfis kl;LNk.
- lhf;lh;. mg;Jy; fyhk;
myF: 3 epA+l;ldpd; ,af;f tpjpfs;

rpW tpdhf;fs;

1. epiykk; tpsf;Ff. Xa;tpy; epiykk;> ,af;fj;jpy; epiykk; kw;Wk; jpirapy; epiykk;

xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; ,U v.fhl;Lfs; jUf.
epiykk;: nghUnshd;wpd; jhNd ,aq;f Kbahj jd;ik my;yJ jdJ ,af;f epiyiaj; jhNd
khw;wpf; nfhs;s ,ayhj jd;ikf;F epiykk; vd;W ngah;.
epiykk; vd;why; nghUs; jdJ epiyia khw;Wtij vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik vd;W miof;fyhk;.
1. Xa;tpy; epiykk;: jdJ Xa;T epiyiaj; jhNd khw;wpf; nfhs;s ,ayhj nghUspd; jd;ik
v.fh: 1. Xa;T epiyapYs;s NgUe;J xd;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ mg;NgUe;jpy; cs;s
gazpfs; jpBnud;W gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLtJ.
2. fk;gsk; xd;iw Ntfkhf mbf;Fk; NghJ mjpypUe;J JhRj; Jfs;fs; ntsptUjy;.
2. ,af;fj;jpy; epiykk;: khwhj;jpir Ntfj;jpYs;s xU nghUs; jdJ ,af;f epiyiaj; jhNd

khw;wpf; nfhs;s ,ayhj jd;ik.
v.fh: 1. ,af;fj;jpYs;s xU NgUe;jpd; jilia jpBnud;W mOj;Jk; NghJ> NgUe;jpYs;s
gazpfs; Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLtJ 2. neLe;njhiyT my;yJ FWfpa Xl;lg;ge;jag;

Nghl;bapy; Xl;lg;ge;ja tPuh; vy;iyf; Nfhl;ilj; njhl;l gpwFk; rpwpJ Jhuk; XLtJ.
3. ,af;fj; jpirapy; epiykk;: xU nghUs; jdJ ,af;fj;jpirapidj; jhNd khw;wpf; nfhs;s

Kbahj jd;ik
Padasalai.Org
v.fh: 1. fapw;wpd; xU Kidapy; fl;lg;gl;l> Row;rp ,af;fj;jpYs;s fy;yhdJ fapW jpBnud;W
mWgl;lhy; njhlh;e;J tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;whky; tl;lj;jpd; njhLNfhl;Lg; ghijapy; nry;Yk;.
2. kiof;F vjpuhf Filia tphpj;jy;
2. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpiaf; $Wf.

xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ me;jg; nghUspd; ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.
⃗
𝒅𝒑
⃗𝑭 =
𝒅𝒕
3. xU epA+l;ld; - tiuaW
1 kg epiwAila nghUspd; kPJ xU tpir nray;gl;L me;j tpirapd; jpirapNyNa 1 ms-2

KLf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mt;tpirapd; msT xU epA+l;ld; vdg;gLk;.
4. xU nghUis efh;jj
; mg;nghUis ,Og;gJ Rygkh? my;yJ js;StJ Rygkh? jdpj;j
nghUspd; tpirg;glk; tiue;J tpsf;Ff.
1. xU nghUs; js;sg;gLk; NghJ:
1. nghUs; xd;iw Rop Kjy; π/2 tiuapyhd Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhzj;jpy; js;Sk; NghJ> nghUspd;
kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; Gw tpir F gug;gpw;F ,izahf F sin θ vd;Wk; gug;gpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf
F cos θ vd;Wk; gFf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; fPo;Nehf;fpa nkhj;j
tpir mg + F cos θ.
,jdhy; nghUs; kPJ nray;gLk; nrq;Fj;J tpir
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. vt;tpj KLf;fKk; ,y;iyahjyhy;
Npssh = mg + F cos θ → 1
3. ,jd; tpisthf Xa;Tepiy cuha;tpd; ngUk kjpg;Gk; gpd;tUkhW mjpfhpf;Fk;.
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝜽) → 2
nghUisj; js;Stjd; %yk; efh;;jJ

; tjw;F mjpf tpir Njitg;gLk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
2. nghUs; ,Of;fg;gLk; NghJ:
1. nghUnshd;iw θ Nfhzj;jpy; ,Of;Fk;NghJ nghUspd; kPJ ehk; nrYj;Jk; tpirapid

,U $Wfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
2. nghUspd; kPjhd nkhj;j fPo;Nehf;F tpir
Npull = mg – F cos θ → 3
3. ,jpypUe;J nghUspd; kPjhd nrq;Fj;J
tpir Npull ,d; kjpg;G N push ,d; kjpg;ig

tplf; FiwT vd mwpayhk;.
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vd mwpayhk;.
rkd;ghL 1 kw;Wk; 3 ypUe;J xU nghUis
efh;j;jj; js;Stij tpl ,Og;gNj vspa top
5. cuha;tpd; gy;NtW tiffis tpsf;Ff. cuha;tpidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; rpytw;iwj;

jUf.
cuha;T vd;gJ xU tpir. ,e;j cuha;T tpirahdJ nghUs; kw;Wk; nghUs; itf;fg;gl;l gug;G
,tw;wpw;fpilNaahd rhh;gpaf;fj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;.
tiffs;: 1. Xa;Tepiy cuha;T 2. ,af;f cuha;T
1.Xa;Tepiy cuha;T: nghUs; efuj; njhlq;Ftij vjph;f;Fk;. njhLk; gug;gpd; mstpidr;
rhh;e;jjy;y. nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpirapd; vz;kjpg;igr; rhh;e;jJ. cuha;Tf; Fzfk; 𝝁𝒔 xd;iw
xd;W njhLk; gug;G nghUl;fspd; jd;ikiar; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;. RopapypUe;J μs N tiu cs;s
ve;j kjpg;igAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝒔 > 𝒇𝒌 NkYk; 𝝁𝒔 > 𝝁𝒌
2. ,af;f cuha;T: nghUs; efUk; gug;igg; nghUj;J nghUspd; rhh;gpaf;fj;ij vjph;f;Fk;.

njhLk; gug;gpd; mstpidr; rhh;e;jjy;y. tpirapd; vz; kjpg;igr; rhh;e;jjy;y.
,af;f cuha;Tf; Fzfk; 𝝁𝒌 xd;iw xd;W njhLk; gug;Gfspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; gug;Gfspd;
ntg;gepiy ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;.
,J vg;nghOJk; Rop kjpg;igg; ngwhJ. NkYk; ,jd; kjpg;G vg;nghOJk; 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 f;Fr; rkkhFk;.

( nghUspd; Ntfk; v < 10 ms-1 f;Fg; nghUe;Jk; ). ,jpy; 𝒇𝒌 < 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝒔 NkYk; 𝝁𝒌 < 𝝁𝒔
cuha;itf; Fiwf;Fk; topKiwfs;:
1. njhopw;rhiyfspy; cs;s fduf ,ae;jpuq;fspy; gug;Gfs; xd;NwhL xd;W rhh;gpaf;fj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;. mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,af;f cuha;itf; Fiwf;f caT vz;nza;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. ,ae;jpuq;fspy; ,af;f cuha;itf; Fiwg;gjpy; ge;J jhq;fp mikg;G ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
6. Xa;Tepiy cuha;T kw;Wk; ,af;f cuha;T Mfpatw;wpw;fhd mDgt fzpjj; njhlh;igf; $Wf.
1. Nrhjid hPjpahf ngUk Xa;Tepiy cuha;T tpirahdJ mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ngw;w

fPo;f;fhZk; fzpjj; njhlh;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
𝟎 ≤ 𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑵
,q;F 𝝁𝒔 Xa;T epiy cuha;Tf; Fzfk; vdg;gLk;.
Xa;Tepiy cuha;T tpir> Rop Kjy; μs N tiuapyhd ve;j kjpg;igAk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
epfo;T: a) vt;tpj ntspg;Gw tpirAk; nray;glhjNghJ Xa;T epiyapYs;s nghUs; kPJ
nray;gLk; Xa;Tepiy cuha;T tpir fs d; kjpg;G RopahFk;.
b) Xa;TepiyapYs;s nghUspd; kPJ nghUs; cs;s gug;gpw;F ,izahf ntspg;Gw tpir
nray;gLk; NghJ> fs d; kjpg;G 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 I tplf; Fiwthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
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c) nghUshdJ gug;gpd; kPJ efuj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; Xa;Tepiy
cuha;T tpir fs ngUk kjpg;ig milAk;.
2. Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; ,af;f cuha;tpd; vz; kjpg;G fPo;f;fhZk; rkd;ghl;bd;gb

mika Ntz;Lk;.
𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 ,q;F 𝝁𝒌 vd;gJ ,af;f cuha;Tf; Fzfk;. NkYk; 𝝁𝒌 < 𝝁𝒔
7. epA+l;ldpd; %d;whtJ tpjpiaf; $Wf.

ve;jnthU nray; tpirf;Fk; rkkhd vjph; nray;tpir cz;L.
8. rhprkkhd tisTr;rhiyapy; fhh; xd;W rWf;Ftjw;fhd epge;jid vd;d?
neL tpdhf;fs;
1. xU ika tpirfs; vd;why; vd;d? yhkpapd; Njw;wj;ijf; $Wf.
gy;NtW tpirfs; xNu Gs;spapy; re;jpf;Fkhdhy; mt;tpirfis xU ika tpirfs; vdyhk;.

xU ika tpirfs; xNu jsj;jpy; mike;jhy; mt;tpirfis xU js tpirfs; vdyhk;.
yhkpapd; Njw;wk;:
rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; %d;W xU js kw;Wk; xU ika tpirfs; nfhz;l mikg;gpy;
xt;nthU tpirapd; vz; kjpg;Gk;> kw;w ,uz;L tpirfSf;fpilg;gl;l Nfhzj;jpd; ird;
kjpg;gpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
⃗𝑭 ⃗𝑭 ⃗𝑭
| 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝜶| = | 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜷| = | 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜸|
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2. rha;jsk; xd;wpy; cuha;Tf; Nfhzk;> rWf;Ff; Nfhzj;jpw;Fr; rkk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
rWf;Ff; Nfhzj;ijf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Nrhjidiar; RUf;fkhf tpthp.
cuha;Tf; Nfhzk;: nrq;Fj;J vjph; tpir kw;Wk; ngUk cuha;T tpir ( 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 ) Mfpa
,uz;bd; njhFgaDf;Fk; ( R ) nrq;Fj;J vjph; tpir ( N ) f;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nfhzk;

cuha;Tf; Nfhzk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔
R = √( 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 )𝟐 + 𝑵𝟐 tan θ = →1
𝑵
cuha;Tj; njhlh;GfspypUe;J
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 Mf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ nghUs; rWf;f
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔
Jtq;Fk;. mjid = 𝝁𝒔 → 2 vd vOjyhk;.
𝑵
rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J 𝝁𝒔 = tan θ

mjhtJ Xa;Tepiy cuha;tpw;fhd Fzfk;
cuha;Tf; Fzfj;jpd; Nld;[d;l; kjpg;gpw;Fr; rkk;.

rWf;Ff; Nfhzk;:
rha;jsj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;> fpilj;jsg;
gug;Gld; rha;jsk; Vw;gLj;Jk; vf;Nfhzj;jpy; efuj;
njhlq;FfpwNjh> mf;NfhzNk rWf;Ff; Nfhzk;
vdg;gLk;.
Gtp<h;g;G tpir mg ,U $Wfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rha;jsg;gug;gpw;F ,izahd $W mg sin θ
rha;jsg;gug;gpw;F vjph; nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mg cos θ
glj;jpypUe;J> N = mg cos θ → 1 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝒔 = 𝒎𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 → 2
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔
2/1 = tan θ = μs Vnddpy; = 𝝁𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝑵 𝑵
vdNt rWf;Ff; NfhzKk; cuha;Tf; NfhzKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkk;.

rWf;Ff; Nfhzj;ij rha;jsg;gug;gpy; kl;LNk gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; cuha;Tf; Nfhzj;ij
vj;jifa gug;gpYk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. tisTr; rhiyfspd; ntsptpspk;G cah;j;jg;gl;bUg;gjd; Nehf;fk; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
rhprkkhd tl;lr; rhiyapy; thfdq;fs; tpgj;jpy; rpf;fhky; jLf;f rhiyapd; ntsp tpspk;G
cl;Gw tpspk;ig tpl rw;Nw cah;jj
; p mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jw;F ntsp tpspk;G cah;j;jg;gl;l
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rhiy vd;W ngah;.
ntsp tpspk;G cah;jj
; g;gl;l rhiyapy; fhh; xd;W tisAk; NghJ mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; ,U
tpirfs;: 1. fPo; Nehf;fpa Gtp <h;g;G tpir mg
2. rhiyg; gug;gpw;F nrq;Fj;jhf cs;s nrq;Fj;J tpir ( N )

nrq;Fj;J tpiria ,U $Wfshfg; gFf;f>
N cos θ fPo;Nehf;fpa Gtp<h;g;G tpiria rkd; nra;fpwJ. ( mg )
N sin θ Njitahd ika Nehf;F tpiriaj; jUfpwJ. ( mv2 / r )
N cos θ = mg → 1 N sin θ = mv2 / r → 2

𝒗𝟐
2/1 tan θ = 𝒓 𝒈 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒓𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
,jpypUe;J tisTr; rhiyapy; thfdq;fspd; NtfkhdJ ntsptpspk;Gf; Nfhzk; kw;Wk; rhiyapd;

tisT Muk; ,uz;ilAk; rhh;e;Js;sJ vd mwpayhk;.
Fwpg;G:
1. thfdj;jpd; Ntfk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Ntfj;ij tpl mjpfnkdpy; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp rWf;Fk;.
cuha;T tpir $Ljy; ika Nehf;F tpiriaf; nfhLj;J rWf;Fjiyj; jLf;Fk;.
2. thfdj;jpd; Ntfk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Ntfj;ij tpl FiwT vdpy; cl;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp efUk;.
cuha;T tpir nray;gl;L ika Nehf;F tpiriaf; Fiwg;gjhy; cl;Gw rWf;Fjy; jLf;fg;gLk;.
4. epA+l;ldpd; %d;W tpjpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

epA+l;ldpd; Kjy; tpjp: xU nghUspd; kPJ ntspg;Gw tpir xd;W nray;glhjtiu mJ

jdJ Xa;T epiyapNyh my;yJ khwhj; jpirNtfj;jpYs;s rPuhd ,af;f epiyapNyh
njhlh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;tpjpapypUe;J epiykk; gw;wpa fUj;ij ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; tpir vd;why;
vd;d vd;gij ,t;tpjp ekf;F tiuaWf;f cjTfpwJ.
epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vd;w xU rpwg;Gf; Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; ,t;tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
,t;tpjp tpirfsw;w nghUspd; ,af;fj;ij Muha;fpwJ.
epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp: xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ me;jg; nghUspd;

ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
,t;tpjp epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
rpy khw;wq;fSld; KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; ,t;tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tpirapd; ghpkhz tiuaiwiaj; jUfpwJ.
tpir = epiw x nghUspd; KLf;fk; vd;w njhlh;G ,t;tpjpapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp: ve;jnthU nray; tpirf;Fk; rkkhd vjph; nray; tpir cz;L.
,aw;ifapy; xNu xU tpir my;yJ jdpj;j tpir vd;gJ Njhd;Wtjpy;iy.
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khwhf tpirfs; rkkhfTk;> vjph; NrhbfshfTk; Njhd;Wk; vd;gij ,t;tpjp cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
epiyk kw;Wk; KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; ,t;tpjp gad;gLfpwJ.
fdT fhz;gth;fs; midtUk; Njhw;gjpy;iy.

fdT kl;Lk; fhz;gth;fs; jhd; Njhw;fpwhh;fs;.
- lhf;lh;. V.gp.N[. fyhk;

myF: 4 Ntiy Mw;wy; kw;Wk; jpwd;

FW tpdhf;fs;
1. ,aw;gpaypy; Ntiyapd; tiuaiwahdJ nghJf;fUj;jpypUe;J vt;thW khWgLfpwJ?
nghJthf Ntiy vd;gJ cly; kw;Wk; kdk; rhh;e;jJ vd ,U tif NtiyfisAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
ve;j xU nray;ghLk; Ntiy vd;Nw miof;fg;gLk;. ,aw;gpaypy; xU nghUspd; kPJ
nray;gLj;jg;gl;l tpir mjid ,lk;ngaur; nra;jhy; tpirapdhy; Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ
vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
2. gy;NtW tifahd epiy Mw;wiyf; $Wf. mjd; rkd;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.

nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpiriag; nghWj;J epiy Mw;wyiy %d;W tifahfg;
gphpf;fyhk;.
1. Gtp<h;g;G tpirapdhy; nghUs; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; <h;g;G mOj;j Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
U = mgh
m - nghUspd; epiw g- Gtp <h;g;G KLf;fk; h- nghUspd; cauk;
2. RUs;tpy; tpir kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w xj;j tpirfspdhy; ngwg;gLk; Mw;wy; kPl;rpaOj;j
Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;. U = ½ k ( xf2 - xi2 )
Padasalai.Org
k – tpir khwpyp xf - RUs;tpy;ypd; ,Wjp epiy xi – RUs;tpy;ypd; njhlf;f epiy
3. epiy kpd;dpay; tpirahy; ngwg;gLk; Mw;wy; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
U = 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝟐
𝟎 𝒓
𝜺𝟎 - ntw;wplj;jpd; tpLjpwd; q1 , q2 - Gs;sp kpd;Jfs;fs;
r - Gs;sp kpd;Jfs;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT
3. Mw;wy; khw;wh tpir kw;Wk; Mw;wy; khw;Wk; tpirfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfisf; $wp
xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; ,U cjhuzq;fs; jUf.
Mw;wy; khw;wh tpirfs;: v.fh: RUs;tpy; tpir> epiykpd;dpay; tpir> fhe;jtpir> Gtp<h;g;G tpir
Mw;wy; khw;Wk; tpirfs;: v.fh: cuha;T tpir> fhw;Wj;jilahy; Vw;gLk; tpir> ghfpay; tpir

4. kPl;rp kw;Wk; kPl;rpaw;w Nkhjypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
5. tiuaW: 1) jpwd; 2) kPl;rpaw;w Nkhjypy; ,af;f Mw;wy; ,og;G

jpwd;: Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; tPjk; my;yJ Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk; tPjk; jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
jpwd; = nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy ( W ) / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk; ( t )
P=W/t myF: thl; ( W )

kPl;rpaw;w Nkhjypy; ,af;f Mw;wy; ,og;G:
KO kPl;rpaw;w Nkhjypd; NghJ ,af;f Mw;wy; ,og;G xyp> xsp> ntg;gk; Nghd;w NtW tifahd
Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
NkhjYf;F Kd; nkhj;j ,af;f Mw;wy; KEi vdTk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; nkhj;j ,af;f Mw;wy; KEf
Padasalai.Org
vdTk; nfhs;f.
KEi = ½ m1 u12 + ½ m2 u22

vdNt ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G
KEf = ½ ( m1 + m2 ) v2
ΔQ = ½ m1 u12 + ½ m2 u22 - ½ ( m1 + m2 ) v2
ΔQ = KEi - KEf
,q;F v=
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )
NkYk; (a + b )2 = a2 + b2 + 2 a b vd;w ,aw;fzpj rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;j,

𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G ΔQ = ½ (𝒎 ) ( 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
neL tpdhf;fs;
1. khwh tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;fhd rkd;ghl;il tiuglj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
1. xU nghUspd; kPJ F vd;w khwh tpir nray;gLk;NghJ tpirapdhy; dr vd;w rpW
,lg;ngah;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jr; nra;ag;gl;l rpW Ntiy dW f;fhd njhlh;G dW = ( F cos θ ) dr
2. njhlf;f epiy ri Kjy; ,Wjp epiy rf tiu ,lg;ngah;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j nra;ag;gLk;

𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
nkhj;j Ntiy W = ∫𝒓 𝒇 𝒅𝑾 𝑾 = ∫𝒓 𝒇( 𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ) 𝒅𝒓 = ( 𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ) ∫𝒓 𝒇 𝒅𝒓
𝒊 𝒊 𝒊
3. W = ( F cos θ ) ( rf - ri )
1. khwh tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy tiuglj;jpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2. tiuglj;jpd; fPo; cs;s gug;G
khwh tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

2. Ntiy Mw;wy; jj;Jtj;ijf; $wp tpsf;Ff. %d;W epfo;Tfis vOJf.

Ntiy - ,af;f Mw;wy; Njw;wk;: nghUspd; kPJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wiy
khw;WfpwJ. ,J Ntiy - ,af;f Mw;wy; Njw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
tpsf;fk;:
1. m epiwAs;s xU nghUs; cuha;tw;w fpilj;jsg; gug;gpy; Xa;tpy; cs;sJ vdf; fUJf.
2. F vd;w khwh tpirapdhy; mNj jpirapy; s vd;w ,lg;ngah;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j nra;ag;gl;l
Ntiy W=Fs khwh tpir F = ma vd;gjhy; W=mas→ 1

𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐
3. v2 = u2 + 2 a s a= 𝟐𝒔
→2
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐
4. rkd;ghL 2 I 1 ,y; gpujpapl> W=m[ 𝟐𝒔
]s = m[ 𝟐
]
W = ½ m v2 – ½ m u 2 → 3
5. ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit:
rkd;ghL 3 ,y; KE = ½ m v2 → 4
nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; vg;NghJk; Neh;f;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ MFk;.
6. rkd;ghLfs; 3 kw;Wk; 4 ypUe;J Δ KE = ½ m v2 – ½ m u2
vdNt W = Δ KE
Padasalai.Org
mjhtJ Ntiy = ,af;f Mw;wy; khWghL
epfo;Tfs;:
1. nghUspd; kPJ tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy Neh;f;Fwp vdpy; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
2. nghUspd; kPJ tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy vjph;f;Fwp vdpy; ,af;f Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.
3. nghUspd; kPJ tpirahy; Ntiy VJk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy vdpy; mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; khwhJ.
3. xU ghpkhz kPl;rp Nkhjypy; nghUl;fspd; jpirNtfj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilj; jUtpj;J

mjd; gy;NtW Neh;Tfis tpthp.
1. m1 kw;Wk; m2 epiwAs;s ,U kPl;rpg; nghUs;fs; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW xU cuha;tw;w
fpilj;jsg; gug;gpy; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; ( Neh;f;Fwp X - mr;rpd; jpirapy; ) ,aq;Ftjhff; fUJ.
2. Neh;f;Nfhl;L ce;j khwh tpjpapypUe;J>
NkhjYf;F Kd; nkhj;j ce;jk; = NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk;
→ 1

3. kPl;rp NkhjYf;F>
NkhjYf;F Kd; nkhj;j ,af;f Mw;wy; = NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; nkhj;j ,af;f Mw;wy;
→2
4. rkd;ghL 2 I 1 My; tFf;f
u1 – u2 = v2 – v1
,r;rkd;ghl;il gpd;tUkhW vOjyhk;.
→3
5. rkd;ghL 3 ypUe;J v1 kw;Wk; v2 kjpg;Gfisf; fhz>
Padasalai.Org
Kjy; kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk;
Kjy; kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk;
rpwg;G Neh;Tfs;:
Kjy; nghUspd;
,Wjp jpirNtfk;
,uz;lhk;
nghUspd; epfo;tpd; %yk;
nghUspd; nghUspd; ,Wjp czh;tJ
epiwfs; njhlf;fj; jpirNtfk;
jpirNtfq;fs;
rkk; jpirNtfq;fs;
mjhtJ u1 kw;Wk; u2 v1 = u2 v2 = u1 ghpkhwg;gLfpd;wd
m1 = m2
,uz;lhk; nghUs; Kjy;
rkk; u1 kw;Wk; 0 v1 = 0 v2 = u1 nghUspd; njhlf;fj; jpir
mjhtJ Ntfj;jpy;
m1 = m2 ,aq;FfpwJ.
Kjy; nghUs; mNj
jpirNtfj;Jld;
m1 << m2 u1 kw;Wk; 0 v1 = - u1 v2 = 0 vjph;j;jpirapy;
mjhtJ m1 / kPz;nlOfpwJ.
m2 = 0 ,uz;lhk; nghUs; Xa;T
epiyapNyNa njhlh;e;J
,Uf;fpwJ.
Kjy; nghUs; mNj
jpirNtfj;Jld; njhlh;e;J
,aq;FfpwJ. ,uz;lhk;
m2 << m1 nghUs; Kjy; nghUspd;
mjhtJ m2 / u1 kw;Wk; 0 v1 = u1 v2= 2 u1 njhlf;f jpirNtfj;ijg;
m1 = 0 Nghy; ,U klq;F
jpirNtfj;Jld;
,aq;FfpwJ.

,e;j cyfj;jpy; gpwe;j midtUf;Fk;

tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; xU gf;fk;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy; me;jg; gf;fj;ij ,e;j cyifNa
gbf;f itg;gJ cq;fs;
iffspy; jhd; cs;sJ.
- V.gp.N[. mg;Jy;fyhk;
Padasalai.Org

myF: 5 Jfs;fshyhd mikg;G kw;Wk; jpz;kg;nghUl;fspd; ,af;fk;

FW tpdhf;fs;
1. epiwikak; tiuaW.
nghUnshd;wpd; xl;L nkhj;j epiwAk; nrwpe;jpUf;Fk; Gs;sp epiwikak; vdg;gLk;.
2. fPo;f;fz;l tbtpay; mikg;Gfspd; epiwikaj;ijf; fhz;f.

a) rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzk; - ikaf; NfhLfspd; FWf;fPl;Lg; Gs;spapy;
b) cUis - mr;rpd; ikag;Gs;spapy;
c) rJuk; - %iytpl;lq;fspd; FWf;fPl;Lg; Gs;spapy;
3. jpUg;G tpir tiuaW. myF ahJ?

xU Gs;sp my;yJ mr;irg; nghUj;J nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLj;jg;gLk; Gw tpirapd; jpUg;G
jpwd; jpUg;G tpir vdg;gLk;. ⃗ 𝒙 ⃗𝑭

⃗ = 𝒓
𝝉 myF: N m or J
4. jpUg;Gtpiria cUthf;fhj tpirfSf;fhd epge;jid ahJ?

1) Row;rp mr;rpw;F ,izahd kw;Wk; vjph; ,izahd tpirfs;
Padasalai.Org
2) mr;rpid re;jpf;Fk; tpirfs; ( r = 0 )
3) Row;rp mr;rpNyNa epiy ntf;lh; mikAk; NghJ
5. eilKiw tho;tpy; jpUg;G tpir gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; VNjDk; ,uz;L $Wf.

(i) fPy;fisg; nghUj;J fjTfisj; jpwe;J %Ljy;
(ii) jpUF FwL %yk; jpUF kiwiar; Royr; nra;jy;
(iii) ghl;by; %b my;yJ jz;zPh; Fohiaj; jpwj;jy;
6. jpUg;G tpirf;Fk; Nfhz ce;jj;jpw;Fkhd njhlh;G ahJ?

𝒅𝑳
Nfhz ce;jk; khWk; tPjk; jpUg;G tpirahFk;. 𝝉= 𝒅𝒕
7. ,ul;ilapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwid tiuaW.

xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj nrq;Fj;J njhiytpy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,U rkkhd vjpnujph;
tpirfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jpUg;G tpisT ,ul;ilapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
8. jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.

xU nghUs; gy tpirfSf;Fl;gl;L rk epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd;
$l;Lj; njhifahdJ ,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.

9. <h;g;G ikaj;ij tiuaW.

xU nghUspd; epiy kw;Wk; jpiriaf; fUjhj NghJ mg;nghUspd; nkhj;j vilAk; nray;
gLtjhfj; Njhd;Wk; Gs;sp.
10. epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; VNjDk; ,uz;ilf; $Wf.

(i) Roy; ,af;fj;jpy; nghUspd; epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; vjph;g;gpd; msT epiykj;
jpUg;Gj; jpwdhFk;.
(ii) Roy; ,af;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l mr;irg; nghUj;J epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwdhdJ nghUspd; epiw
kw;Wk; RoYk; mr;irg; gw;wpa nghUspd; epiw gutiyr; rhh;e;jJ.
11. Row;rp Muk; vd;why; vd;d?

Row;rp mr;rpypUe;J nghUspd; epiw kw;Wk; epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwDf;Fr; rkkhd Gs;sp epiwapd;
nrq;Fj;Jj; njhiyT Row;rp Muk; MFk; myF: m
12. gpd;tUk; ,aw;gpay; msTfSf;Fr; rkkhd Row;rp ,af;f msTfs; ahit?
(i) epiw - epiykj;jpUg;Gj; jpwd; (ii) tpir - jpUg;Gtpir
Padasalai.Org
13. Jha cUSjYf;fhd epge;jid vd;d?
,lg;ngah;r;rp kw;Wk; Row;rp ,af;fj;jpd; $Ljy; cUSjy; MFk;.
Vroll = 0 = ,lg;ngah;r;rp jpirNtfk; + cUSjyhy; Vw;gLk; njhLNfhl;Lj; jpirNtfk; i.e., v – rω = 0
14. rWf;FjYf;Fk; eOTjYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

rWf;Fjy;: 1. Row;rp ,af;fj;ij tpl ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,af;fk; mjpfk;.
2. njhLGs;sp kw;Wk; Nkw;gug;gpw;F ,ilg;gl;l rhh;Gj; jpirNtfk; Ropaw;wJ.
3. ,aq;Fk; thfdk; tOf;Fk; rhiyapy; jpBnud epWj;jg;gl;lhy; Vw;gLtJ.
eOTjy;: 1. ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,af;fj;ij tpl Row;rp ,af;fk; mjpfk;.
2. njhLGs;sp kw;Wk; Nkw;gug;gpw;F ,ilg;gl;l rhh;Gj; jpirNtfk; Rop.
3. thfdkhdJ tOf;Fk; rhiyapy; my;yJ rfjpapy; Gwg;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLtJ.
neL tpdhf;fs;
1. irf;fps; Xl;Lgth; tisTg;ghijia flf;f KaYk; NghJ rha;tjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
nfhLf;fg;gl;l jpirNtfj;jpw;F irf;fps; Xl;Lgth; rhAk; Nfhzj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
1. kpjptz;b Xl;Lgth; rkepiyapy; r MuKs;s tl;lg;ghijapy; ( cah;jj
; g;glhj ghijapy; ) v
Ntfj;Jld; nry;y Kaw;rpg;gjhff; fUJ.
2. kpjptz;b kw;Wk; Xl;LgtiuAk; Nrh;j;J m epiw nfhz;l xNu mikg;ghff; fUJ.

3. ,t;tikg;G Z mr;ir Roy; mr;rhff; nfhz;L Roy;fpwJ.
4. mikg;gpd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirfs; (i) Gtp <h;g;G tpir ( mg )
(ii) nrq;Fj;J tpir ( N ) (iii) cuha;T tpir ( f ) kw;Wk; (iv) ika tpyf;F tpir ( mv2 / r )
5. Row;rp Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; mikg;ghdJ rkepiyapy; ,Uf;f mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; epfu tpir kw;Wk;
epfu jpUg;G tpirapd; kjpg;G Ropahf Ntz;Lk;.
Row;rp rkepiyapy;> 𝝉
⃗ net = 0
6. Gs;sp A itg; nghUj;J Gtp <h;g;G tpir mg My; Vw;gLk; jpUg;G tpir mgAB (fbfhu jpir
vjph;f;Fwp )
7. ika Nehf;F ( tpyf;F ) tpirapd; jpUg;G tpir
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒓
𝑩𝑪 ( vjph; fbfhu jpir Neh;f;Fwp )
𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
8. vdNt> – mg AB + 𝑩𝑪 = 0 mg AB = 𝑩𝑪
𝒓 𝒓
9. Δ ABC apy; AB = AC sinθ kw;Wk; BC = AC cosθ

𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
mg AC sinθ = AC cosθ tan θ =
𝒓 𝒓𝒈
𝒗𝟐
or θ = tan-1 [ ]
Padasalai.Org
𝒓𝒈
10. r Muk; nfhz;l rkkhd tl;lg;ghijapy; v

jpirNtfj;Jld; kpjptz;b Xl;Lgth; flf;f
Kaw;rpf;Fk; NghJ fPNo tpohky; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;f
θ Nfhzk; rha;e;j epiyapy; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. jz;L xd;wpd; epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwid mjd; ikak; topahfTk;> jz;bw;F nrq;Fj;jhfTk;

nry;Yk; mr;irg; nghUj;jJkhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
1. ( M ) epiwAk; ( 𝒍 ) ePsKk; nfhz;l rPuhd epiw mlh;j;jp nfhz;l jpz;kj; jz;L xd;iwf; fUJ.
mj;jpz;kj; jz;bd; epiwikak; topahfTk; mjd; ePsj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhfTk; nry;Yk; mr;irg;
gw;wpa epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. Mjpg;Gs;spahd tbtpay; ikaj;jpy; epiw ikaj;ijg; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. jpz;kj;jz;L X mr;rpy; cs;sJ. MjpapypUe;J x njhiytpy; xU kPEz; epiw ( dm ) If; fUJf.

4. mr;irg; nghUj;J nghUspd; kPEz; epiwf;fhd dm
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; dI = ( dm ) x2
5. epiw rPuhfg; gutpAs;sjhy;> XuyF ePsKs;s jz;bd;

𝑴
epiw λ =
𝒍
6. dm vd;w kpfr; rpwpa ePsKs;s jz;bd; epiw

𝑴
= λ dx = 𝒍
dx
7. jpz;kj;jz;bd; ePsk; KOtjw;Fk;
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; fhz dI Ij; njhifaPL nra;a>

𝑴 𝑴
I = ∫dI = ∫ ( dm ) x2 = ∫ ( dx ) x2 I= ∫ x2 dx
𝒍 𝒍
−𝒍 𝒍
8. Mjpg;Gs;spapd; ,UGwKk; epiw gutpapUg;gjhy; njhifaPl;bd; vy;iy Kjy; tiu
𝟐 𝟐
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
9. 10.
Padasalai.Org
3. ,izar;Rj; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp ep&gp.
Njw;wk;: nghUspd; ve;jnthU mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwdhdJ epiw ikaj;jpd; topNa
nry;Yk; ,iz mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj;jpUg;Gj; jpwd; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; nghUspd; epiwiaAk; ,U
mr;RfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiytpd; ,UkbiaAk; ngUf;fp tUk; ngUf;fw;gyd; Mfpatw;wpd;
$LjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;. I = IC + Md2
ep&gzk;: 1. jpz;kg;nghUs; xd;iwf; fUJf. epiwikak; C ,d; topr; nry;Yk; mr;R AB iag;
gw;wpa nghUspd; epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; IC vd;f.
2. AB f;F ,izahf> d vd;w nrq;Fj;Jj; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s DE vd;w mr;irg; gw;wpa
nghUspd; epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; I vd;f.
3. epiw ikaj;jpypUe;J x njhiytpy; mike;Js;s Gs;sp epiw m If; fUJf.
4. DE mr;irg; nghUj;J Gs;sp epiwapd; epiykj;jpUg;Gj; jpwd; m ( x+d )2
5. DE mr;irg; gw;wpa jpz;kg;nghUs; KOtjw;Fkhd epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; I = ∑ m ( x + d )2

6. I = ∑ m ( x2 + d2 + 2xd )
I = ∑ ( mx2 + md2 + 2d ∑ mx
7. ,q;F, IC = ∑ mx2 vd;gJ epiw ikaj;ijg; gw;wpa
nghUspd; epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;. NkYk;
∑ mx = 0 Vnddpy; x vd;gJ AB Ig; nghUj;J Neh;

kw;Wk; vjph;f;Fwp kjpg;Gfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
8. ,t;thW> I = IC + ∑ md2 = IC + ( ∑ m ) d2
∑m = M vd;gjhy; I = IC + Md2
vdNt ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. nrq;Fj;J mr;Rj; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp ep&gp.

nky;ypa rkjsg; gug;gpw;F nrq;Fj;jhd mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj;jpUg;Gj; jpwdhdJ me;j
jsj;jpNyNa mike;j xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U mr;Rfisg; gw;wpa epiykj;jpUg;Gj;
jpwd;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. %d;W mr;Rf;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhfTk; xU nghJg;
Gs;spapy; re;jpf;FkhWk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. IZ = I X + IY
Padasalai.Org
ep&gzk;:
1. Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f jbkd; nfhz;l nky;ypa
nghUspd; kPJ Mjpg;Gs;sp O vd;f.
2. Z mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf X kw;Wk; Y mr;Rfshy;

Md jsk; cs;sJ.
3. ,k;nky;ypa nghUs; m epiw nfhz;l gy

Jfs;fshy; MdJ.
4. O tpypUe;J r njhiytpy; Ma Gs;spfs; ( x,y) cila P vd;w Gs;spia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
5. Z mr;irg; nghUj;J Jfspd; epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; mr2
Z mr;irg; nghUj;J nky;ypa nghUs; KOtjw;Fkhd epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; IZ = ∑ mr2
6. ,q;F> r2 = x2 + y2 vdNt> IZ = ∑ m ( x2 + y2 ) IZ = ∑ mx2 + ∑my2
7. ∑ mx2 vd;gJ Y mr;irg; nghUj;J epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; kw;Wk; ∑my2 vd;gJ X mr;irg; gw;wpa
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; MFk;.
8. ,t;thW> IX = ∑my2 kw;Wk; IY = ∑ mx2
IZ f;fhd rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapl> IZ = IX + IY vdNt ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. rha;jsj;jpy; cUSjiy tpthp kw;Wk; mjd; KLf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il ngWf.

1. rha;jsj;jpy; m epiwAk;> R MuKk; nfhz;l cUis tbtg; nghUs; eOthky; fPo; Nehf;fp
cUs;fpwJ vd;f.

2. rha;jsj;jpy; nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; ,U tpirfs;: (i) Gtp <h;g;G tpirapd; $W ( mg sinθ )
kw;nwhd;W epiy cuha;T (f).
3. Gtp <h;g;G tpirapd; kw;nwhU $W mg cosθ jsj;jpw;Fr;
nrq;Fj;jhf nray;gLk; nrq;Fj;J tpir N My; rkd;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
4. jdpj;j nghUs; tpirg;glj;ijf; fUj>
,lg;ngah;r;rp ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tpir mg sinθ
mij vjph;f;Fk; tpir cuha;T tpir f
mg sinθ – f = ma → 1
5. Row;rp ,af;fj;jpy; jpUg;G tpiria cuha;T tpir f
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Rf = Iα
𝑲𝟐
6. a = Rα vd;w njhlh;gpypUe;J α = a /R, I = mK2 , Rf = mK2 a /R f = ma ( 𝑹𝟐 ) → 2
𝑲𝟐
7. 2 I 1 ,y; gpujpapl> mg sinθ – ma ( 𝑹𝟐
) = ma
𝑲𝟐 𝑲𝟐
mg sinθ = ma + ma ( 𝑹𝟐 ) a ( 1 + 𝑹𝟐 ) = g sinθ
𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
8. rkd;ghl;il gpd;tUkhW vOj> KLf;fk; a=
Padasalai.Org
𝑲𝟐
( 𝟏+ 𝟐 )
𝑹
thdj;ijg; ghUq;fs;. ehk; jdpj;J ,y;iy.

,e;jg; gpugQ;rk; KOtJk; ek;kplk; el;ghf
cs;sJ. fdT fhz;gth;fSf;F kw;Wk;
ciog;gth;fSf;F kl;LNk
rpwe;jtw;iw toq;FfpwJ. - V.gp.N[. fyhk;

myF: 6 <h;g;gpay; jkpo; top vspa ifNaL
rpW tpdhf;fs; - ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;
1. <h;g;G Gyj;jpd; Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?
ve;j xU Gs;spapYk; njhFgad; <h;g;Gg; GykhdJ jdpj;jdp epiwfshy; Vw;gLk; jdpj;jdp <h;g;Gg; Gyj;jpd;
ntf;lh; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;.
2. <h;g;G epiy Mw;wy; - tiuaW.
m1 vd;w epiw epiyahf cs;s NghJ> m2 vd;w epiwia Kbtpyh njhiytpypUe;J r njhiyTf;Ff;
nfhz;L tu nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy.
3. epiy Mw;wy; vd;gJ jdpj;j xU nghUspd; gz;gh? tpsf;fk; jUf.
,y;iy. Vnddpy; Gtp gug;gpy; <h;g;G jd;dpiy Mw;wy; Rop MFk;.
4. <h;g;G mOj;jk; - tiuaW my;yJ <h;g;G jd;dpiy Mw;wy; - tiuaW
XuyF epiwia Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J <h;g;Gg; Gyj;jpy; cs;s xU Gs;spf;Ff; nfhz;L tur; nra;j
Ntiy MFk; my;yJ <h;g;Gg; Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; XuyF epiwf;fhd <h;g;G epiy Mw;wYf;Fr; rkk;.
5. <h;g;G epiy Mw;wYf;Fk; <h;g;G jd;dpiy Mw;wYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
<h;g;G jd;dpiy Mw;wy;: XuyF epiwia Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J <h;g;Gg; Gyj;jpy; cs;s xU Gs;spf;Ff;
nfhz;L tur; nra;j Ntiy MFk; . V(r) = - GM / R myF: [_y; / fpfp
<h;g;G epiy Mw;wy;: xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirfshy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy.
Padasalai.Org
U = - GMm / R myF: [_y;
6. Gtpapd; tpLgL Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d?
Nfhspd; <h;g;gpay; Gyj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L jg;gpr; nry;YkhW xU nghUs; vwpag;gl Ntz;ba rpWk Ntfk;.
kjpg;G: 11.2 fpkP / tpdhb.
7. nraw;if Jizf;Nfhspd; Mw;wy; my;yJ ve;j xU Nfhspd; Mw;wy; vjph;f;Fwpahf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?
vjph;f;FwpahdJ Jizf;Nfhs; GtpAld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; Jizf;Nfhs; Gtpapd;
Gtpapd; <h;g;G Gyj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nry;y ,ayhJ vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
8. Gtp epiy Jizf;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? JUt Jizf;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d?
Gtpapd; gug;gpypUe;J 36000 fpkP njhiytpy; cs;s epiyahd Jizf;Nfhs;fs; Gtp epiy Jizf;
Nfhs;fs;.
Gtpapd; tl> njd; JUtq;fs; Nky; nry;Yk; Rw;Wg; ghijapy; Gtpapid Rw;wp tUk; Jizf;Nfhs;fs;
JUtj; Jizf; Nfhs;fs; MFk;. Gtpapd; gug;gpypUe;J 500 Kjy; 800 fpkP cauj;jpy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
9. vil tiuaW
xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;gpay; tpirNa mg;nghUspd; vil MFk;.
vilapd; jpir Gtp<h;g;G tpirapd; jpirapNyNa Fwpf; fg;gLfpwJ.
xU nghUis <h;g;gpay; tpirahdJ vt;tsT typikahf <h;f;fpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; mstPlhFk;.
myF: epA+l;ld;.
10. xt;nthU khjKk; re;jpu fpufzKk; #hpa fpufzKk; eilngWjpy;iy. Vd;?
epyhtpd; Rw;Wg;ghijahdJ Gtpapd; Rw;Wg; ghij jsj;jpypUe;J 50 rha;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j 50 rha;thy; Mz;bd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk #hpad;> Gtp kw;Wk; epyT Mfpait xNu

Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikfpd;wd. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; kl;LNk ,it %d;wpd; epiyiag; nghUj;J re;jpu my;yJ
#hpa fpufzk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
11. GtpahdJ jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wp tUfpwJ vd;gij vt;thW ep&gpg;gha;?
,uT Neuq;fspy; tpz;kPd;fs; efh;tJ Nghy Njhd;Wtij cw;W Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; Gtp jd;idj;jhNd
Rw;WfpwJ vd ep&gpf;fyhk;. Gtpapd; jw;Row;rp fhuzkhfNt JUt tpz;kPid kw;w tpz;kPd;fs; tl;lg;
ghijapy; Rw;wp tUtJ Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
12. Nfhs;fspd; gpd;Ndhf;F ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
,utpy; ntWk; fz;fshy; Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fq;fis cw;W Nehf;fpNdhk; vdpy; Nfhs;fs; fpof;F jpirapy;
gazpj;J gpd;G gpd;Ndhf;fp Nkw;F jpirapy; ,aq;fp kPz;Lk; fpof;F jpirapy; gazpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,jw;F Nfhs;fspd; gpd;Ndhf;F ,af;fk; vd;W ngah;.
13. vilapd;ik gw;wpf; Fwpg;g tiuf. ( tpz;ntsp tPuh;fspd; vilapd;ik )
Gtpapd; gug;Gf;F mUNf Gtpapidr; Rw;wp tUk; tpz;ntspf; fyj;jpy; Gtpapd; <h;g;G tpir nray;gLk;.
tpz;ntsp tPuh;fSk; mNj tpiria czh;thh;fs;. ,jdhy; mth;fs; jiuapd; kPJ vt;tpj tpiriaAk;
nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. vdNt fyj;jpd; jiuAk; mth;fs; kPJ vt;tpj nrq;Fj;J tpiriaAk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
,JNt tpz;ntsp tPuh;fspd; vilapd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Gtpia tyk; tUk; Jizf;Nfhspd; Rw;Wf;fhyj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
Padasalai.Org
xU KO Rw;Wf;F Jizf;Nfhs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhyk; Rw;Wf;fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
𝟐𝝅 ( 𝑹𝑬 +𝒉 )
Ntfk; = njhiyT / fhyk; v=
𝑻
𝟑
𝑮 𝑴𝑬 𝟐𝝅 ( 𝑹𝑬 +𝒉 ) 𝟐𝝅
√𝑹 = T= ( 𝑹𝑬 + 𝒉)𝟐
𝑬 +𝒉 𝑻 √𝑮 𝑴𝑬
𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐
,UGwKk; ,Ukbg;gLj;j> T2 = ( 𝑹𝑬 + 𝒉)𝟑 h << R vdNt> T2 = RE 3
𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝑮𝑴𝑬
𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹𝑬
T2 = 𝑮𝑴𝑬 RE = RE T = 2π √
𝒈 𝒈
𝑹𝑬 𝟐
2. Jizf;Nfhs; xd;wpd; Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
Jizf;Nfhspd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wypd; $l;Lj; njhifahFk;.
𝑮𝑴𝒔 𝑴𝑬
epiy Mw;wy; U=- ,af;f Mw;wy; K.E. = ½ Ms v2
( 𝑹𝑬 +𝒉)
𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝑴𝒔
Mdhy;> v=√ kjpg;igg; gpujpapl> K.E. = ½
(𝑹𝑬 +𝒉) 𝟐(𝑹𝑬 +𝒉)
𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝑴𝒔 𝑮𝑴𝒔 𝑴𝑬 𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝑴𝒔

,g;NghJ nkhj;j Mw;wy; E= - =-
𝟐(𝑹𝑬 +𝒉) ( 𝑹𝑬 +𝒉) 𝟐(𝑹𝑬 +𝒉)
vjph;f;FwpahdJ Jizf;Nfhs; GtpAld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mJ Gtpapd;
<h;g;Gg; Gyj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nry;y ,ayhJ vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
3. FWf;Ff; Nfhl;ilg; nghWj;J g vt;thW khWgLk;?
1. GtpahdJ jd; mr;irg; gw;wp Roy;tjhy; Gtpg;gug;gpy; cs;s nghUs; ika tpyf;F tpiria czh;fpwJ.
mt;tpir Gtpapd; FWf;Ff; Nfhl;L kjpg;igr; rhh;e;Js;sJ.
2. Gtp Roytpy;iy vdpy; nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;G tpir mg MFk;.

3. ika tpyf;F tpirapd; kjpg;G mω2 R1 . R1 = R cos λ
,q;F λ vd;gJ FWf;Ff; Nfhl;bd; kjpg;G.
4. vdNt <h;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhf mike;j ika tpyf;F tpirapd;
$W aPQ = ω2 R 1
cos λ = ω2 R cos2 λ
vdNt, g1 = g - ω2 R cos2 λ
5. Gtp ikaf; Nfhl;by;, λ = 0, g1 = g - ω2 R g1 rpWkk;.
JUtg;gFjpapy;, λ = 900, g1 = g, ngUkk;.
4. cauj;ijg; nghUj;J g vt;thW khWgLk;?
1. ‘m’ epiwAs;s xU nghUs; Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J ‘h’ cauj;jpy; cs;sJ vd;f.

𝑮𝑴
Gtpapd; <h;g;G tpirahy; mg;nghUs; czUk; KLf;fk; g1 =
( 𝑹𝒆 +𝒉 )𝟐
𝑮𝑴 𝑮𝑴 𝒉
2. g1 = 𝒉 𝟐 = (1+ )-2
𝑹𝟐
𝒆 ( 𝟏+ ) 𝑹𝟐
𝒆 𝑹𝒆
𝑹𝒆
𝑮𝑴 𝟐𝒉
3. h << Re vdpy;> <UWg;Gj; Njw;wj;jpd; %yk; g1 = (1- )
𝑹𝟐
𝒆 𝑹𝒆
𝟐𝒉
4. ,g;NghJ> g1 = g ( 1 - ) ,jpypUe;J, g1 < g vd ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
𝑹𝒆
Fj;Jauk; ‘h’ mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ, g FiwfpwJ.
Padasalai.Org
1. vilapd;ik vd;gij kpd; cah;jj
xU kdpjh; kpd; cah;jj

neL tpdhf;fs; - 5 kjpg;ngz;
; p ,af;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
; papd; cs;Ns epw;fpwhh; vd;f. mth; kPJ nray;gLk; ,U tpirfs;
1. fPo; Nehf;fpa <h;g;G tpir ⃗𝑭G = - mg 𝒋̂
2. kpd; cah;jj
; papd; jsj;jpdhy; kdpjh; kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; Nky;Nehf;fpa nrq;Fj;J tpir ⃗𝑵
⃗ = N𝒋̂
2. epfo;T (i) kpd; cah;jj

; p Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s NghJ:
kdpjhpd; KLf;fk; Rop. vdNt kdpjh; kPJ nray;gLk; nkhj;j tpirAk; RopahFk;.
epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb> ⃗𝑭G + ⃗𝑵

⃗ =0 - mg 𝒋̂ + N𝒋̂ = 0
$Wfis xg;gpLk; NghJ N – mg = 0 or N = mg → 1
kdpjhpd; Njhw;w vilahdJ cz;ik vilf;Fr; rkk;.
3. epfo;T (ii) : Nky; Nehf;fp my;yJ fPo; Nehf;fp kpd; cah;jj

; p rPuhf ,aq;Fk; NghJ:
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ ( khwhj jpirNtfk; ) kdpjh; kPJ nray;gLk; nkhj;j tpirAk; RopNa.
vdNt> kdpjhpd; Njhw;w vilahdJ mthpd; cz;ik vilf;Fr; rkk;.
4. epfo;T (iii): kpd;cah;j;jp Nky;Nehf;fp KLf;fg;gLk;NghJ: 𝒂

⃗ = a𝒋̂
⃗𝑭G + ⃗𝑵
⃗ = m𝒂
⃗ - mg 𝒋̂ + N𝒋̂ = m a𝒋̂ $Wfis xg;gpLk; NghJ , N=m(g+a) →2
kdpjhpd; Njhw;w vil mthpd; cz;ik vilia tpl mjpfk;.
5. Case (iv): kpd; cah;j;jp fPo; Nehf;fp KLf;fg;gLk;NghJ: 𝒂

⃗ = - a𝒋̂
⃗𝑭G + ⃗𝑵
⃗ = m𝒂
⃗ - mg 𝒋̂ + N𝒋̂ = - m a𝒋̂ $Wfis xg;gpLk;NghJ, N=m(g-a) →3
kdpjhpd; Njhw;w vilahdJ cz;ik vilia tpl FiwT.

jhNd fPNo tpOk; nghUs;fs; <h;g;gpay; tpiria kl;LNk czh;fpd;wd. mg;nghUs;fs; ve;jg; gug;GlDk;
njhlh;G ,y;yhky; cs;sd. ( fhw;wpd; cuha;T tpir Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ ). vdNt nghUspd; kPJ
nray;gLk; nrq;Fj;J tpir RopahFk;. nghUspd; fPo; Nehf;fpa KLf;fk; Gtpapd; <h;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.
a = g rkd;ghL 3 ypUe;J, N = m ( g – g ) = 0. ,JNt vilapd;ik epiy vdg;gLk;.
2. tpLgL Ntfj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
1. M epiwAs;s xU nghUs; vi vd;w njhlf;fj; jpirNtfj;jpy; Nky; Nehf;fp vwpag;gLk; NghJ,
nghUspd; njhlf;f nkhj;j Mw;wy; Ei = ½ M vi2 - G M ME / RE → 1
2. - G M ME / RE vd;gJ M epiwAs;s nghUspd; epiy Mw;wy;.
ME vd;gJ Gtpapd; epiw. RE vd;gJ Gtpapd; Muk;.
3. kpf mjpfkhd cauj;jpy; ( Kbtpyhj; njhiytpy; ) nkhj;j Mw;wy; Rop. mjhtJ epiy Mw;wy; kw;Wk;
,af;f Mw;wy; Rop. ( U ( ∞ ) = 0 ) nkhj;j Mw;wy; Ef = 0
4. Mw;wy; khwh tpjpg;gb, Ei = Ef ½ M vi2 - G M ME / RE = 0 ½ M vi2 = G M ME / RE → 2
5. tpLgL Ntfk;: Nfhspd; <h;;g;gpay; Gyj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;Lj; jg;gpr; nry;y nghUs; vwpag;gl Ntz;ba rpWk
Ntfk; mf;Nfhspd; tpLgL Ntfk; vdg;gL;k;.
vi = ve vd khw;w> ½ M v e2 = G M M E / R E v e2 = 2 G M M E / R E M
v e2 = 2 G M E / R E → 3
6. g = G ME / RE2 vd gad;gLj;j> v e2 = 2 g R E v e = √ 𝟐 𝒈 𝑹𝑬 → 4
3. Padasalai.Org
,r;rkd;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgL NtfkhdJ ‘g’ ,d; kjpg;igAk; Gtpapd; Muj;ijAk; rhh;e;J mikAk;
vdj; njspthfpwJ. nghUspd; epiwiar; rhh;e;jJ my;y.
Gtpapd; Moj;ijg; nghUj;J ‘g’ vt;thW khWgLk;?
1. Gtpapd; Mo; Ruq;fk; xd;wpy; ‘d’ Moj;jpy; cs;s epiw ‘m’ vd;f.
2. Gtpf;F ( Re – d ) f;F NkNy cs;s gFjpahdJ ,e;j KLf;fj;jpw;F ve;j gq;fspg;Gk; nra;tjpy;iy.
<h;g;gpd; KLf;f kjpg;G g1 = G M1 / ( Re – d )2 → 1 ,q;F M1 vd;gJ ( Re – d ) gFjpapd; epiw MFk;.
3. Gtpapd; mlh;j;jp rPuhdJ vdpy; ρ=M/V M vd;gJ Gtpapd; epiw kw;Wk; V mjd; gUkd; MFk;.
𝑴𝟏 𝑴 𝑴
,g;NghJ> = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑽 𝑽
𝑴 𝟒 𝑴
4. 𝑴𝟏 = [ 𝟒 ] 𝝅 ( 𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅 ) 𝟑 = ( 𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)𝟑 →2
𝝅 𝑹𝟑
𝒆 𝟑 𝑹𝟑
𝒆
𝟑
𝑴
5. 3 I 1 ,y; gpujpapl> g1 = G ( 𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)𝟑 . 1 / ( Re – d )2
𝑹𝟑
𝒆
𝒅 𝒅
𝑹𝒆 ( 𝟏− 𝑹 ) ( 𝟏− 𝑹 )
𝒆 𝒆
g1 = G M = GM
𝑹𝟑
𝒆 𝑹𝟐
𝒆
6. ,g;NghJ g1 = g ( 1 – d / Re ) ,q;F, g1 < g. ,jpypUe;J Mok; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ g1 FiwAk;
vd;gij czuyhk;.
Kbahj tp\aq;fs; Fwpj;J fdT fhz;gth;fNs mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhs;s KbAk; - A.P.J.
myF: 7 gUg;nghUspd; gz;Gfs; jkpo; top vspa ifNaL

1. jifT kw;Wk; jphpG - tiuaW
XuyF gug;gpy; nray;gLk; tpir. jifT σ = F / A myF: N m-2
xU nghUspd; ghpkhz khw;wj;jpw;Fk; cz;ikahd ghpkhzj; jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk;
jphpG ε = ΔL / L ghpkhzkw;w kw;Wk; myF mw;w msT.
2. kPl;rpg; gz;gpd; `_f; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
kPl;rp vy;iyf;Fs; Vw;gLk; kpfr;rpwpa cUf;Fiytpy; nghUspy; Vw;gLk; jphpghdJ mjid cUthf;Fk;
jiftpw;F Neh;jj
; fT.
3. gha;]d; tpfpjj;ij tiuaW
xg;Gikf; FWf;fj;jpw;Fk; ( gf;fthl;Lj; jphpG ) xg;Gik tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ( ePsthl;Lj; jphpG ) ,ilNaahd
tpfpjk;.
4. v/F my;yJ ,ug;gh;> ,tw;wpy; vJ mjpf kPl;rpg; gz;Gs;sJ. Vd;?
cz;ikapy; v/F jhd; mjpf kPl;rpg; gz;G cilaJ. v/F kw;Wk; ,ug;gh; ,uz;bd; kPJk; rkkhd mOj;jj;ij
nfhLj;jhy; v/F Fiwthd jphpigNa milAk;. vdNt aq; kPl;rpf; Fzfk; v/Ff;Fj;jhd; mjpfk;.
aq; kPl;rpf; Fzfk; ve;jg;nghUSf;F mjpfNkh mJNt mjpf kPl;rpg; gz;G cilaJ. vdNt ,ug;giu tpl
v/ F mjpf kPl;rpj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
5. xU RUs; tpy; juhR ePz;l fhykhfg; gad;gLj;jpa gpwF jtwhd mstPLfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. Vd;?
xU RUs; tpy; juhR ePz;l fhykhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ mjpy; kPs; Nrhh;T Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
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xU nghUis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kPs;tpir kw;Wk; cUf;Fiyf;Fk; tpirfSf;F cl;gLj;Jk;NghJ
mg;nghUs; jd; kPl;rpj; jd;ikia ,of;Fk; gz;ghdJ kPs; Nrhh;T vdg;gLk;.
6. kPl;rpg; gz;gpd; kPJ ntg;gepiyapd; tpisT ahJ?
nghUspd; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ kPl;rpg;gz;G FiwfpwJ.
7. ePl;lg;gl;l fk;gpapd; kPl;rp epiy Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhitia vOJf.

𝑭𝒍
u=½ = ½ x jifT x jphpG
𝑨𝑳
8. xU ePh;kj;jpd; ghfpay; vz; - tiuaW.
ePh;k VLfSf;fpilNa XuyF jpirNtfr; rhpit epiyepWj;j XuyFg; gug;gpy; nray;gLfpd;w
njhLNfhl;L tpir
9. thpr;rPh; Xl;lk; kw;Wk; Row;rp Xl;lk; - NtWgLj;Jf.
thpr;rPh; Xl;lk;: 1. gha;kj;jpd; jpirNtfk; xt;nthU Gs;spapYk; khwpypahf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. ePh;k VLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fyg;gjpy;iy. 3. rPuhd> khwhj kw;Wk; xOq;fhd jput Xl;lk;
4. gha;kj;jpd; jpirNtfk; vg;NghJk; khWepiy jpirNtfj;ij tplf; FiwT.
Row;rp Xl;lk;: 1. gha;kj;jpd; jpirNtfk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; khwpypahf ,uhJ.
2. ePh;k VLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fyf;fpd;wd. 3. rPuw;w> khWfpd;w kw;Wk; xOq;fw;w jput Xl;lk;
4. gha;kj;jpd; jpirNtfk; vg;NghJk; khWepiy jpirNtfj;ij tpl mjpfk;.
10. nudhy;L vz; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
gha;k Xl;lj;jpd; jd;ikia mJ thpr;rPh; Xl;lk; my;yJ Row;rp Xl;lk; vd mwpe;J nfhs;s nudhy;L

vd;gth; xU rkd;ghl;il tbtikj;jhh;.
Rc = ρ v D / η ,J xU ghpkhzkw;w vz;. ,JNt nudhy;L vz; MFk;.
ρ – gha;kj;jpd; mlh;jj
; p v – gha;kj;jpd; jpirNtfk; D – gha;kk; nry;Yk; Fohapd; tpl;lk;
kw;Wk; η – gha;kj;jpd; ghfpay; vz;
thpr;rPh; Xl;lj;jpw;F Rc < 1000 rPuw;w Xl;lj;jpw;F 1000 < Rc < 2000 Row;rp Xl;lj;jpw;F Rc > 2000
11. Kw;Wj; jpirNtfk; tiuaW.
xU ghFepiy Clfj;jpd; topNa jhNd tpOk; nghUshdJ milAk; ngUk khwhj; jpirNtfk;.
12. ];Nlhf;]; tpirf;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf. mjpYs;s FwpaPLfis tpsf;Ff.
F=6πηrv F- ghfpay; tpir η – ePh;kj;jpd; ghfpay; vz; r- Nfhsj;jpd; Muk;
kw;Wk; v – Nfhsj;jpd; jpirNtfk;
13. ngh;ndsypapd; Njw;wj;ijf; $Wf.
thpr;rPh; Xl;lj;jpy; cs;s mKf;f ,ayhj> ghFepiyaw;w> XuyF epiwAs;s ePh;kj;jpd; mOj;j Mw;wy;>
,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiyahw;wy; Mfpatw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhif vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;.

𝑷 𝒗𝟐
fzpj Kiwg;gb + + 𝒈𝒉 = khwpyp
𝝆 𝟐
14. xU ePh;kk; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy;fs; ahit? mtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.
rPuhfg; ghAk; ePh;kj;jpw;F %tifahd Mw;wy;fs; cz;L.
1. ,af;f Mw;wy;: K.E. = ½ m v2 K.E. / m = v2 / 2
Padasalai.Org
2. epiy Mw;wy;:
3. mOj;j Mw;wy;:
P.E. = mgh
mOj;j Mw;wy; = P V
P.E. / m = gh
15. ,U thpr;rPh; Xl;lq;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; FWf;fpl ,ayhJ. Vd;?

XuyF epiwf;fhd mOj;j Mw;wy; = P V / m
,U thpr;rPh; Xl;lq;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; FWf;fpl ,ayhJ Vnddpy; mit FWf;fpLk; Gs;spapy; ,uz;L
=P/ρ
jpirNtfq;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,J rhj;jpaky;y.
16. ePh;kk; xd;wpd; gug;G ,Otpiria tiuaW. mjd; SI myF kw;Wk; ghpkhzj;ijf; $Wf.
jputj;jpd;; XuyF ePsj;jpy; nray;gLk; tpir my;yJ XuyF gug;gpw;fhd Mw;wNy gug;G ,Otpir MFk;.
T=F/𝒍 myF: N m-1 ghpkhzk;: [ M T-2 ]
17. gug;G ,OtpirahdJ gug;G Mw;wYf;F vt;thW njhlh;GilaJ?
XuyF gug;gpw;fhd gug;G Mw;wyhdJ vz;zstpy; gug;G ,Otpirf;Fr; rkk;.
18. jpz;kk; kw;Wk; jput Nrhb xd;wpd; Nrh;Nfhzj;ij tiuaW.
njhLk; Gs;spapy; jput Nkw;gug;gpw;F tiuag;gl;l njhLNfhl;bw;Fk; jplg;nghUspd; gug;gpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
NfhzkhdJ Nrh;Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;.
19. Xhpd kw;Wk; Ntwpdf; fth;r;rp tpirfis NtWgLj;Jf.
xU jputj;jpy; cs;s xNu tifahd ePh;k %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; tpir Xhpdf; fth;r;rp tpir.
xU ePh;kk; jplg;nghUisj; njhLk; NghJ jput kw;Wk; jplg; nghUs; %yf;$Wfs; Ntwpdf; fth;r;rp tpir
vd;w fth;r;rp tpiriag; ngWfpd;wd.
20. xU Nrhg;Gf; FkpopapDs; fhw;W Cjg;gl;lhy; mjDs;Ns cs;s mOj;jk; vd;dthFk;?
fhw;whdJ FkpopapDs; Cjg;gl;lhy;> Fkpopapd; msT mjpfhpf;fpwJ. FkpopapDs; cs;s mOj;jkhdJ

Fkpopapd; msTf;F vjph;j;jftpy; cs;sJ. vdNt msT nghpjhFk; NghJ> mjw;Fj; jFe;jthW
mOj;jk; FiwfpwJ.
21. Ez;Gio EioT my;yJ Ez;Gior; nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d?
xU Neh;Fj;jhd Fohapy; ePh;kk; NkNyWtJ my;yJ fPopwq;FtJ Ez;Gio EioT vdg;gLk;.
22. ePhpd; gug;gpy; itf;fg;gLk; vz;nza; JspahdJ guTfpwJ Mdhy; vz;nzapy; itf;fg;gLk; ePh;j;Jsp
Nfhs tbtpy; RUq;FfpwJ. Vd;?
ePh; kw;Wk; vz;nza; %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa cs;s Ntwpdf; fth;r;rp tpir mjpfk;. ,q;F guTjy;
eilngWfpwJ. vdNt vz;nza;j;Jsp guTfpwJ.
vz;nza; %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa cs;s Xhpdf; fth;r;rp tpirahdJ ePh; kw;Wk; vz;nza; %yf;$W
-fSf;fpilNa cs;s Ntwpdf; fth;r;rp tpiria tpl mjpfk;. ,q;F RUq;Fjy; eilngWfpwJ.
mjdhy; ePh; RUq;fp Nfhs tbtj;ij milfpwJ.
23. ntd;Rhpkhdpapd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ilf; $Wf.
jj;Jtk;: ngh;ndsyp Njw;wk; gad;: xU Fohapd; topNa nry;Yk; mKf;f ,ayhj ePh;kk; ghAk; tPjj;ij mstpl
%d;W kjpg;ngz;
1. kPl;rpf;Fzfj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
kPl;rpf; Fzfk; = jifT / jphpG
%d;W tiffs;: 1. aq; Fzfk; 2. gUkf; Fzfk; 3. tpiwg;G my;yJ rWf;Fg;ngah;r;rpf; Fzfk;
Padasalai.Org
𝝈𝒕 𝝈𝒄
1. aq; Fzfk; : Y = ,Otpir my;yJ mKf;fj; jifT / ,Otpir my;yJ mKf;fj;jphpG Y= 𝒐𝒓
𝜺𝒕 𝜺𝒄
−𝝈𝒏 −∆𝑷
2. gUkf;Fzfk;: K = nrq;Fj;Jj; jifT my;yJ mOj;jk; / gUkj; jphpG K= = ∆𝑽
𝜺𝒗
𝑽
𝝈𝒔 𝑭𝒕
3. tpiwg;Gf; Fzfk;: 𝜼𝑹 = rWf;Fg; ngah;r;rpj; jifT / rWf;Fg;ngah;r;rpj; jphpG 𝜼𝑹 = =
𝜺𝒔 𝚫𝑨 𝜽
2. xU Fohapd; topNa thpr;rPh; Xl;lj;jpy; xU tpdhbapy; ghAk; jputj;jpd; gUkDf;fhd gha;]d; rkd;ghl;ilj;
jUtp.
Ez;Foha; topahf xU nehbapy; ghAk; jputj;jpd; gUkDf;fhd rkd;ghL gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; rhh;e;Js;sJ.
(i) ePh;kj;jpd; ghfpay; vz; (ii) Fohapd; Muk; (iii) mOj;jr; rhpT ( P/𝒍 )
V α ηa rb ( P / 𝒍 ) c V = k η a rb ( P / 𝒍 ) c ,UGwKk; ghpkhzq;fisg; gpujpapl>
[ L3 T-1 ] = [ M L-1 T-1 ]a [ L ]b [ M L-2 T-2 ]c [ M0 L3 T-1 ] = [ Ma+c L-a+b-2c T-a-2c ]
M,L,T d; mLf;Ffis xg;gpl;Lj; jPh;f;f> a = -1, b=4 and c = 1

𝝅 𝑷 𝒓𝟒
V = k η-1 r4 ( P / 𝒍 ) 1 Nrhjidapd; %yk; k = π /8 vdNt, V=
𝟖𝒍𝜼
3. jputj;Jsp xd;wpd; cs;Ns cs;s kpifaOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
a) jputj;Jsp: R Muk; nfhz;l jputj;Jsp xd;wpd; gug;G ,Otpir T vd;f.
(i) gug;G ,Otpirahy; tpir FT = 2π RT tyg;Gwkhf
(ii) ntspg;Gw mOj;jj;jhy; tpir FP1 = P1 π R2 tyg;Gwkhf
(iii) cl;Gw mOj;jj;jhy; tpir FP2 = P2 π R2 ,lg;Gwkhf
jputj;Jsp rkepiyapy; cs;sjhy;, FP2 = FT + FP1

P2 π R2 = 2π RT + P1 π R2
⟹ ( P 2 – P1 ) π R2 = 2 π R T
kpifaOj;jk; ΔP = P2 – P1 = 2 T / R
4) Nrhg;Gf; Fkpo; xd;wpd; cs;Ns cs;s kpifaOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
R MuKila Nrhg;Gf; Fkpo; xd;wpd; gug;G ,Otpir T vd;f.
Nrhg;Gf; Fkpopf;F fhw;Wld; njhLk; ,U gug;Gfs;> Fkpopapd; cl;Gwk; xd;W> ntspg;Gwk; xd;W.
vdNt gug;G ,Otpirahy; Vw;gLk; tpir 2 x 2π RT
(i) gug;G ,Otpirahy; tpir FT = 4 π RT tyg;Gwkhf
Fkpo; rkepiyapy; cs;sjhy;, FP2 = FT + FP1
P2 π R2 = 4 π RT + P1 π R2 ⟹ ( P2 – P1 ) π R2 = 4 π R T
5) fhw;Wf;Fkpop xd;wpd; cs;Ns cs;s kpifaOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
Padasalai.Org
R MuKila fhw;Wf;Fkpop xd;wpd; gug;G ,Otpir T vd;f.
fhw;Wf; Fkpopapd; ntspg;Gw kw;Wk; cl;Gw mOj;jq;fs; KiwNa P1 kw;Wk; P2 vd;f.
(i) gug;G ,Otpirahy; tpir FT = 2π RT tyg;Gwkhf
fhw;Wf;Fkpop rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;, FP2 = FT + FP1
P2 π R2 = 2π RT + P1 π R2 ⟹ ( P2 – P1 ) π R2 = 2 π R T
6. epiw khwh epiyapy; gha;kk; xd;wpd; Xl;lj;jpw;fhd njhlh; khwpypr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jUtp.
1. AB vd;w Foha; a1 kw;Wk; a2 vd;w rPuw;w FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;G cilaJ vd;f. mjhtJ a1 > a2.
2. ghFepiyaw;w> mKf;f ,ayhj ePh;kk; rPuhf v1 kw;Wk; v2 vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; a1 kw;Wk; a2 gug;Gfs;
topNa gha;e;J nry;fpwJ vd;f.
a1 v1 = a2 v2 = a v = khwpyp . ,J njhlh; khwpypr; rkd;ghL vdg;gLk;. ,J ghAk; ePh;kq;fspd; epiw
khwhJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

neL tpdhf;fs; - Ie;J kjpg;ngz;
1. fk;gp xd;wpy; XuyF gUkdpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l kPl;rp Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
1. xU nghUis ePl;rpailar; nra;jhy; kPs;tpir ( mftpir ) f;F vjpuhf Ntiy nra;ag;gl;L> mt;Ntiy
nghUspy; kPl;rp Mw;wyhf Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ePl;lg;glhj epiyapy; L ePsKk; A FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xU fk;gpiaf; fUJf. xU tpir 𝒍
vd;w ePl;rpia cUthf;Fk;NghJ Mw;wypy; ,og;gpy;iy vd;W nfhs;f.

𝒍
3. tpir F My; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy = fk;gp ngWk; Mw;wy;. dW = F d𝒍 Mjyhy; nkhj;j Ntiy W = ∫𝟎 𝑭 𝒅𝒍
𝑭 𝑳 𝒀𝑨𝒍 𝒍 𝒀𝑨𝒍
4. aq; Fzfj;jpypUe;J> Y= 𝒙 F= ,g;NghJ, W = ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒍
𝑨 𝒍 𝑳 𝑳
5. njhifaply; nra;J vy;iyfisg; gpujpapl, W = ½ F𝒍 = kPl;rp epiy Mw;wy;

𝑭 𝒍 𝟏
6. Mw;wy; mlh;j;jp: XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s Mw;wy;. u = ½ F𝒍 / A L = ½ = 𝒙 jifT x jphpG
𝑨 𝑳 𝟐
2. ];Nlhf; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp mjpf ghFepiy nfhz;l jputj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; Nfhsj;jpd; Kw; Wj; jpir
Ntfj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilj; jUtp.
1. η ghfpay; vz; nfhz;l mjpf ghFepiyAs;s jputj;jpd; topNa ‘r’ MuKs;s Nfhsk; xd;W tpOtjhff;
; p ρ. gha;kj;jpd; mlh;j;jp σ.
fUJf. Nfhsg;nghUspd; mlh;jj
𝟒
2. Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ nray;gLk; GtpaPh;g;G tpir FG = mg = 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝆 𝒈 ( fPo;Nehf;fp)
𝟑
𝟒
ce;J tpir U = 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝈 𝒈 ( Nky;Nehf;fp )
Padasalai.Org
𝟑
ghfpay; tpir F = 6πη r 𝒗𝒕
3. Kw;Wj; jpirNtfk;: xU ghFepiy Clfj;jpd; topNa jhNd tpOk; xU
nghUshdJ milAk; ngUk khwh jpirNtfk;.
4. fPo;Nehf;fpa epfu tpir = Nky; Nehf;fpa tpir FG = U + F F = FG – U

𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝒓𝟐 ( 𝝆−𝝈)
6πη r 𝒗𝒕 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝆 𝒈 − 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝈 𝒈 6πη r 𝒗𝒕 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 (𝝆 − 𝝈 )𝒈 𝒗𝒕 = 𝒈
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝜼
𝟐 𝒓𝟐 ( 𝝆− 𝝈 )
5. 𝒗𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒈 ⇒ 𝒗𝒕 𝜶 𝒓 𝟐 Nfhsj;jpd; Kw;Wj;jpirNtfk; mjd; Muj;jpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh;j;jfT.
𝟗 𝜼
3. ngh;ndsyp Njw;wj;ijf; $wp ep&gpf;fTk;.
ngh;ndsyp Njw;wk;: thpr;rPh; Xl;lj;jpy; cs;s mKf;f ,ayhj? ghFepiyaw;w> XuyF epiwAs;s ePh;kj;jpd;
mOj;j Mw;wy;> ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiyahw;wy; Mfpatw;wpd; $l;Lj; njhif vg;NghJk; khwpyp.
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
fzpj Kiwg;gb> + + 𝒈𝒉 = khwpyp.
𝝆 𝟐
ep&gpj;jy;:
1. AB vd;w Fohapd; topahf ePh;kk; gha;tjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.
V – ePh;kj;jpd; gUkd; kw;Wk; t – A apypUe;J B f;F ePh;kk; gha MFk; Neuk;
2. aA, vA kw;Wk; PA vd;git A y; KiwNa Fohapd; gug;G> jpirNtfk; kw;Wk;
ePh;k mOj;jk; vd;f.
A ,y; cs;s ePh;kk; nray;gLj;Jk; tpir FA = PA aA
3. t fhy mstpy; ePh;kk; fle;j njhiyT d = vA t
nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy W = FA d = PA aA vA t Mdhy; aA vA t = aA d = V V- vd;gJ A y; ePh;kj;jpd; gUkd;

4. nra;ag;gl;l NtiyNa mOj;j Mw;wy; ( A y; ) W = FA d = PA V

𝑷𝑨 𝑽 𝑷𝑨
A y; XuyF gUkDf;fhd mOj;j Mw;wy; = PA V / V = PA XuyF epiwf;fhd mOj;j Mw;wy; = =
𝒎 𝝆
𝑷𝑨
m vd;gJ A y; ‘t’ fhyj;jpy; EioAk; ePh;kj;jpd; epiw . mOj;j Mw;wy; EPA = m →1
𝝆
5. A y; ePh;kj;jpd; epiy Mw;wy; PEA = mghA → 2 A y; ePh;kj;jpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; ½ m 𝒗𝟐𝑨 → 3

𝑷𝑨
A y; nkhj;j Mw;wy; EA = 1+2+3 = m + mghA +½ m 𝒗𝟐𝑨
𝝆
𝑷𝑩
6. ,NjNghy; B y; nkhj;j Mw;wiyf; fzf;fpl, EB = m + mghB +½ m 𝒗𝟐𝑩
𝝆
𝑷𝑨 𝑷𝑩
Mw;wy; khwh tpjpapypUe;J, EA = EB m + mghA +½ m 𝒗𝟐𝑨 = m + mghB +½ m 𝒗𝟐𝑩
𝝆 𝝆
𝑷𝑨 𝑷𝑩
7. XuyF epiwf;fhd nkhj;j Mw;wy; + ghA +½ 𝒗𝟐𝑨 = + ghB +½ 𝒗𝟐𝑩 = khwpyp
𝝆 𝝆
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
rkd;ghl;il ‘g’ My; tFf;f> + h+ = khwpyp.
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
4. ntd;Rhpkhdpapd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
gad;: xU Fohapd; topNa nry;Yk; mKf;f ,ayhj ePh;kk; ghAk; tPjj;ij mstpl.
jj;Jtk;: ngh;ndsyp Njw;wk;.
mikg;G: 1. A kw;Wk; A1 vd;w ,U mfd;w Foha;fs; ( gug;G A ) B vd;w FWfyhd Fohapd; %yk; ( gug;G ‘a’ )
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. U tbt mOj;jkhdpahdJ ,t;tpU mfd;w kw;Wk; FWfyhd Foha;fSf;fpilNa ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Padasalai.Org
mOj;jkhdpapy; cs;s jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jp ρm.
3. A kw;Wk; B ,ilNa cs;s mOj;j NtWghL ΔP = P1 – P2 cau
NtWghl;lhy; mstplg;gLfpwJ.
njhlh; khwpypr; rkd;ghl;bd;gb, Av1 = a v2 v2 =

𝑨 𝒗𝟏
𝒂
4. ngh;ndsyp rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp>
𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝝆 𝑨
P1 + ρ 𝟏
= P2 + ρ 𝟐
= P2 + [ 𝒗𝟏 ]𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝝆 ( 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
5. ,g;NghJ mOj;j NtWghL ΔP = P1 – P2 = 𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝟐 ( ∆𝑷 ) 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 ( ∆𝑷 ) 𝒂𝟐
6. A vd;w mfd;w Fohapd; Kidapy; jput Xl;lj;jpd; Ntfk; v12 = 𝒗𝟏 = √
𝝆 ( 𝑨𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ) 𝝆 ( 𝑨𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )
𝟐 ( ∆𝑷 ) 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 ( ∆𝑷 )
7. xU tpdhbapy; A d; topahfg; gha;e;J nry;Yk; jputj;jpd; gUkd; V = A 𝒗𝟏 = A √ =aA√
𝝆 ( 𝑨𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ) 𝝆 ( 𝑨𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )
KbahJ vd;W eP nrhy;tij vy;yhk; ahNuh xUtd;

vq;Nfh nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - V.gp.N[.
myF: 8 ntg;gKk; ntg;g ,af;ftpaYk; jkpo; top vspa ifNaL

1. #oypd; jd;ik vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk; midj;Jg; nghUs;fSk; Rop nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F Nky;
cs;s midj;J ntg;gepiyfspYk; ntg;gf;fjph; tPr;ir ckpOk;.
2. ];nl/ghd; Nghy;l;];nkd; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
fUk;nghUspd; XuyF gug;gpdhy; XuyF Neuj;jpy; fjph; tPrg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wypd; nkhj;j msT> mf;
fUk;nghUspd; nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyapd; ehd;Fkb kjpg;Gf;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. E α T4 or E = σ T4
3. tpad; ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU fUk;nghUs; fjph;tPr;rpdhy; ckpog;gLk; ngUkr;nrwpT nfhz;l miyePskhdJ mf;fUk;nghUspd;
nfy;tpd; ntg;g epiyf;F vjph; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. λm α 1/ T my;yJ λm = b/ T b – tpad; khwpyp
4. ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epiy khwpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
ntg;g ,af;ftpay; mikg;G xd;wpd; epiyia tpthpf;Fk; khwpfspd; njhFg;gpw;F ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epiy
khwpfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: mOj;jk;> ntg;gepiy> gUkd; kw;Wk; mf Mw;wy;.
5. ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Rop tpjpiaf; $Wf.
A kw;Wk; B vd;w ,uz;L mikg;Gfs; C vd;w %d;whtJ mikg;Gld; ntg;gr; rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gpd; A kw;Wk; B
vd;w ,uz;L mikg;GfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ntg;gr;rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
6. ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
mikg;gpd; mf Mw;wy; khWghlhdJ mikg;gpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ntg;g j;jpw;Fk; #oypd; kPJ mt;tikg;G
nra;j Ntiyf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;bw;Fr; rkkhFk;. ΔU = Q - W
Padasalai.Org
7. kPnkJ epfo;T vd;why; vd;d?
kpf kpf nkJthf eilngWk; epfo;T. ,J KbAk; tiu mikg;G #oYld; ntg;gr;rkepiy> ,ae;jpur; rkepiy
kw;Wk; Ntjpr; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;gb jd;Dila khwpfshd ( P,V,T ) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;Gfis kpf nkJthf
khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;. tiuaWf;f ,ayhj msT nkJthf Vw;gLk;.
8. P V tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d?
mOj;jk; P I Y mr;rpYk; gUkd; V I X mr;rpYk; nfhz;L tiuag;gLk; tiuglk;. tiuglj;jpd; fPo; cs;s
gug;G thA tphptilAk; NghJ thAthy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy my;yJ mKf;fg;gLk;NghJ thA kPJ nra;ag;gl;l
Ntiyiaj; jUk;.
9. khwh mOj;jj;jpy; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwid tiuaW.
mOj;jk; khwhj NghJ xU fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAila nghUspd; ntg;gepiyia xU nfy;tpd; cah;j;j Njitg;gLk;
ntg;gj;jpd; msT.
10. khwh gUkdpy; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwid tiuaW.
gUkd; khwpypahf cs;s NghJ xU fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAila nghUspd; ntg;gepiyia xU nfy;tpd; cah;j;j
Njitg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT.
11. ntg;gepiy khwh kw;Wk; ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;Tfs; vd;why; vd;d?
ntg;gepiy khwh epfo;tpy; ntg;gepiy Xh; khwh kjpg;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.Mdhy; ntg;g ,af;ftpay;
mikg;gpd; mOj;jKk;> gUkDk; khw;wkilAk;. PV=μRT
ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;tpy; mikg;gpd; cs;Ns my;yJ ntspNa ntg;gk; EiotNjh my;yJ ntspNawNth
,y;iy. ( Q = 0 ). vdNt mikg;gpd; mOj;jk;> gUkd; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy Nghd;wit khWk;.
12. mOj;jk; khwh kw;Wk; gUkd; khwh epfo;Tfs; vd;gd ahit?

khwh mOj;jj;jpy; eilngWk; ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epfo;T. ntg;gepiy> gUkd; kw;Wk; mfMw;wy; khWk;.
khwh gUkdpy; eilngWk; ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epfo;T. mOj;jk;> ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mf Mw;wy; khWk;.
13. Row;rp epfo;T vd;why; vd;d?
ntg;g ,af;ftpay; mikg;G xU epiyapypUe;J njhlh;r;rpahf khw;wkile;J ,Wjpapy; jdJ njhlf;f
epiyia kPz;Lk; milAk;. mf Mw;wy; khWghL Rop. mikg;gpw;;Fs; nry;Yk; ntg;gk; mNjNghy; ntspNaWk;.
14. kPs; kw;Wk; kPsh epfo;Tfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fhl;L jUf.
kPs; epfo;T: ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epfo;T xd;W mJ eilngw;w ghijf;F vjph;j;jpirapy; nray;gl;L> mikg;Gk;
#oYk; jd;Dila njhlf;f epiyia mila KbAkhdhy; mj;jifa ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epfo;T kPs; epfo;T.
nkJthf eilngWk; mKf;fk;> RUs; tpy;ypd; tphpT Mfpait vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;.
,aw;if epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; kPsh epfo;TfshFk;. ,e; epfo;it P V tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;f ,ayhJ.
xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; mOj;jk;> ntg;gepiy Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;G ,Uf;fhJ.
15. ntg;g ,ae;jpuk; vd;why; vd;d?
ntg;gj;ij cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W Row;rp epfo;it Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mt;ntg;gj;ij Ntiyahf khw;Wk; xU
fUtpNa ntg;g ,ae;jpuk; MFk;.
16. ntg;g ,ae;jpuj;jpd; gaDW jpwd; - tiuaW
xU KO Rw;Wf;F nray;gL nghUspdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyf;Fk; ntg;g %yj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ntg;gj;jpd;
msTf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk;.
Padasalai.Org
17. ntg;g ,af;ftpay; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapd; fpshrpa]; $w;iwf; $Wf.
ntg;gk; vg;NghJk; #lhd nghUspypUe;J Fsph;r;rpahd nghUSf;Fj; jhdhfNt ghAk;.
18. nfy;tpd; - gpshq;f; tbitf; $Wf.
xU Row;rp ntg;g epfo;tpy; Vw;fg;gl;l ntg;gk; KOtijAk; Ntiyahf khw;Wk; ve;j xU ntg;g ,ae;jpuj;ijAk;
ehk; tbtikf;f ,ayhJ.
19. fhh;Ndh ,ae;jpuk; vd;why; vd;d?
,uz;L ntg;gepiyfSf;fpilNa Row;rp epfo;thf nray;gLk; kPs; epfo;T ,ae;jpuk; fhh;Ndh ,ae;jpuk; MFk;.
20. ntg;gf; flj;Jj; jpwid tiuaW. mjd; myif vOJf.
khwh epiy epge;jidapy; XuyF ntg;gepiy NtWghl;by; XuyF jbkd; nfhz;l nghUspd; topNa XuyF
gug;gpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf cs;s jpirapy; flj;jg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msNt> nghUspd; ntg;gf; flj;Jj; jpwd;.
myF: J s-1 m-1 K-1 my;yJ W m-1 K-1
%d;W kjpg;ngz;
1. gpd;tUtdtw;iw tiuaW: m) xU Nkhy; M) Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; ,) cs;Siw ntg;gk;
<) fUk; nghUs;
m) xU Nkhy;: mtNfl;Nuh vz;Zf;F ( NA ) rkkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;s jdpkj;jpd; msT.
M) Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwd;: xU Nkhy; msTs;s nghUspd; ntg;g epiyia 1 K my;yJ 10 C
cah;j;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wypd; msNt Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwd;.
,) cs;Siw ntg;gk;: XuyF epiwAila nghUspd; epiyia khw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; Mw;wypd;
msNt nghUspd; cs;Siw ntg;gk;. Q=mxL L=Q/m myF: J kg-1

<) fUk;nghUs;: fUk;nghUs; vd;gJ mjd; kPJ tpOfpd;w midj;J miyePsq;fSk; cila ntg;gf; fjph;
tPr;ir cl;fth;fpwJ kw;Wk; mij ntsptpLfpwJ. ve;j ntg;gf; fjph;tPr;irAk; vjpnuhspg;gJ my;yJ
flj;JtJ ,y;iy.
2. P V tiuglk; tiuf. i) ntg;gepiy khwh ii) ntg;g khw;wPlw;w iii) mOj;jk; khwh iv) gUkd; khwh
epfo;Tfs;. ntg;gepiy khwh epfo;T ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;T
mOj;jk; khwh epfo;T gUkd; khwh epfo;T
Padasalai.Org
3. jz;zPhpd; Kuz;gl;l tphpitg; gw;wp tpthp.
1. rhjhuz ntg;gepiyfspy;: jputq;fs; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ tphptilAk;. FspUk; NghJ RUq;Fk;.
2. jz;zPh; Kuzhd xU gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjhtJ 00 C Kjy; 40 C tiu ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ
jz;zPh; RUq;FfpwJ.
3. miw ntg;gepiyapypUe;J Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ 40 C ntg;gepiyia milAk; tiu mjd; gUkd; FiwAk;.
4. 40 C f;Ff; fPo; mjidf; Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; gUkd; mjpfhpf;Fk;. NkYk; mjd; mlh;j;jp FiwAk;.
mjhtJ 40 C ntg;gepiyapy; jz;zPh; gUk mlh;j;jpiag; ngWk;. ,JNt jz;zPhpd; Kuz;gl;l tphpT.
5. jz;zPhpd; Kuz;gl;l tphptpd;
fhuzkhf Vhpfs; kw;Wk; Fsq;fspd;
Nkw;gug;G ciwe;J gdpf;fl;bfshy;
%lg;gl;bUg;gpDk;> mbapy; cs;s ePh;
Ciwahky; ,Ue;J ePh; tho; caphpdq;fis
fhf;Fk;.
4. ntg;g ,ae;jpur; rkhdj;ij tpthjpf;Fk; [_ypd; Ma;it tpthp.
[_y; vd;w mwpQH; ,ae;jpu Mw;wiy mf Mw;wyhfTk;> mf Mw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhfTk; khw;w KbAk;
vd;W ep&gpj;jhh;.
Nrhjid: 1. ,uz;L epiwfs; fapW xd;wpd; topNa JLg;G rf;fuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2. Gtp<h;g;G tpirahy; ,uz;L epiwfSk; ‘h’ Jhuj;jpw;F fPNo
tUk;NghJ 2 mgh msT epiy Mw;wiy ,of;fpd;wd.
3. epiwfs; fPNo tUk; NghJ JLg;G rf;fuk; Rw;Wtjhy; mjw;Fk;
ePUf;Fk; ,ilNa Xh; cuha;T tpir Njhd;Wk;.
4. ,jd; tpisthf ePhpd; ntg;gepiy caUk;. ,q;F <h;g;G epiy
Mw;wy; ePhpd; mf Mw;wyhf khw;wkilfpwJ vd;gij czuyhk;.
5. Gtp <h;g;G tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapdhy; ePhpd; ntg;gepiy
cah;e;Js;sJ. ,ae;jpuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy = ntg;gk;.
6. 1 fpuhk; epiwAila ePhpd; ntg;gepiyia 10 C cah;j;j 4.186 J Mw;wy; Njitg;gLk; vd;W fz;lwpe;jhh;.
1 cal = 4.186 J ,jw;F [_ypd; ntg;g ,ae;jputpay; rkhdk; vd;W ngah;.
5. ntg;gepiy khwh epfo;tpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
1. ey;ypay;G thA xd;iwf; fUJf. khwh ntg;gepiyapy; kPnkJ epfo;tpy; ( Pi , Vi ) vd;w njhlf;f epiyapypUe;J
(Pf , Vf ) vd;w ,Wjp epiyf;F mjid tphptila mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

𝑽 𝝁𝑹𝑻
2. thAthy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W = ∫𝑽 𝒇 𝑷 𝒅𝑽 ey;ypay;G thAr; rkd;ghl;bypUe;J, P=
𝒊 𝑽
𝑽 𝝁𝑹𝑻 𝑽 𝒅𝑽
3. ,g;NghJ, W = ∫𝑽 𝒇 𝒅𝑽 W = 𝝁 𝑹 𝑻 ∫𝑽 𝒇
𝒊 𝑽 𝒊 𝑽
𝑽𝒇
4. njhifaPl;ilr; nra;a, W = 𝝁 𝑹 𝑻 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝑽𝒊
Padasalai.Org
5. ntg;gepiy khwh tphptpy; thAthy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy Neh;f;Fwp. ntg;gepiy khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAtpd;
kPJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy vjph;f;Fwp MFk;.
6. ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;tpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
1. KOikahf ntg;gf; fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l Rth;> mbg;gug;G nfhz;l cUisapDs; cs;s μ Nkhy; ey;ypay;G
thAitf; fUJf. A FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;G nfhz;l cuha;tw;w ntg;gf;fhg;Gg; ngw;w gp];ld; cUisapy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. ntg;gg; ghpkhw;wkpy;yh Kiwapy; mikg;G ( Pi , Vi , Ti ) vd;w njhlf;f epiyapypUe;J (Pf , Vf , Tf ) vd;w

𝑽
,Wjp epiyia milAk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy W vd;f. W = ∫𝑽 𝒇 𝑷 𝒅𝑽
𝒊
𝑽
3. P = khwpyp / Vγ vdNt> W = ∫𝑽 𝒇 khwpyp dV / Vγ
𝒊
𝑽 𝑽−𝜸+𝟏 𝑽𝒇 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
4. W = khwpyp ∫𝑽 𝒇 𝑽−𝜸 𝐝𝐕 = khwpyp [ ] 5. [ 𝜸−𝟏 − 𝜸−𝟏 ]
𝒊 −𝜸+𝟏 𝑽𝒊 𝟏−𝜸 𝑽𝒇 𝑽𝒊
𝟏
6. khwpypapd; kjpg;ig Pi Viγ = Pf Vfγ vdg; gpujpapl> W= [ 𝑷𝒇 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑷𝒊 𝑽𝒊 ]
𝟏−𝜸
𝝁𝑹
7. ey;ypay;G thA tpjpapypUe;J, Pf Vf = μRTf kw;Wk; Pi Vi= μRTi vdNt, Wadia = [ 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻𝒇 ]
𝜸−𝟏
7. fhh;Ndh ,ae;jpuj;jpd; gaDW jpwDf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

𝑾
η = nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy / ngwg;gl;l ntg;gk; = ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy; tpjpapypUe;J , W = QH -QL
𝑸𝑯
𝑸𝑳
η = QH -QL / QH = 1 -
𝑸𝑯
𝑽𝟐 𝜸−𝟏 𝑽𝟑 𝜸−𝟏
ntg;gepiy khwh> ntg;gg; ghpkhw;wkpy;yh epge;jidfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tFf;f [ ] =[ ]
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟒

𝑽
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟑 )
𝑽𝟒
,jpypUe;J = ,e;j kjpg;ig gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;by; gad;gLj;j = 𝑽
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟒 𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟐 )
𝑽𝟏
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳
= vdNt gaDWjpwd; η = 1 - =1-
𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯 𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯
1. epA+l;ldpd; Fsph;T tpjpia tphpthf tpsf;Ff.
Fsph;T tpjp: nghUnshd;wpd; ntg;g ,og;G tPjk;> mg;nghUSf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; cs;s ntg;gepiy NtWghl;bw;F
𝒅𝑸
Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. 𝜶 − ( 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 ) →1
𝒅𝒕
,q;F T – nghUspd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; Ts – #oypd; ntg;gepiy
vjph;f;Fwp Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J ntg;gk; njhlh;e;J Fiwe;J nfhz;L tUtijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
1. ‘m’ epiwAk; ‘s’ jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwDk; cs;s nghUisf; fUJf. dt vd;w rpwpa Neu ,ilntspapy;
Vw;gl;l ntg;gepiyf; FiwT dT vdpy; ntg;g ,og;gpd; msT dQ = m s dT → 2

𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑻
2. ,UGwKk; dt My; tFf;f> =ms →3
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑸
3. epA+l;ldpd; Fsph;T tpjpapypUe;J> 𝜶 − ( 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 ) = −𝒂 ( 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 ) → 4 a – Neh;f;Fwp khwpyp
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻 𝒂
4. 3 kw;Wk; 4 ypUe;J> - a ( T – Ts ) = m s my;yJ = − 𝒅𝒕 → 5
𝒅𝒕 𝑻−𝑻𝒔 𝒎𝒔
𝒅𝑻 𝒂 𝒂
5. rkd;ghL 5 I ,UGwKk; njhifaPL nra;a, ∫ 𝑻−𝑻𝒔 = − ∫ 𝒎 𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 ) = − 𝒕 + 𝒃𝟏
𝒎𝒔
Padasalai.Org
𝒃𝟏 – njhiff;nfO khwpyp.
𝒂 𝒕
6. ,UGwKk; mLf;Ff; FwpaPL vLj;jhy;, T = Ts + b2 𝒆𝒎𝒔 ,q;F b2 = 𝒆𝒃𝟏 = khwpyp.
2. ey;ypay;G thA xd;wpw;fhd Nkah; njhlh;igg; ngWf.
1. 𝝁 Nkhy; msTila ey;ypay;G thA nfhs;fyd; xd;wpy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thAtpd; gUkd;
V, mOj;jk; P kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy T.
khwh gUkdpy; thAit ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk; cah;T dT vd;f.
2. thAthy; ve;j NtiyAk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. mikg;gpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; ntg;gk; mf Mw;wiy kl;LNk
mjpfhpf;Fk;. mf Mw;wypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; dU vd;f.
3. Cv vd;gJ gUkd; khwh Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vdpy; dU = μ Cv dT → 1
4. khwh mOj;jj;jpy; thAit ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk; cah;T dT.
‘Q’ vd;gJ mikg;gpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ntg;gk; vdTk; gUkdpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; dV vdTk;
nfhz;lhy; Q = μ Cp dT → 2
5. W vd;gJ thAthy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy vdpy; W = P dV → 3
ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy; tpjpapypUe;J Q = dU + W → 4
6. 1,2, kw;Wk; 3 I 4 ,y; gpujpapl, μ Cp dT = μ Cv dT + P dV → 5
ey;ypay;G thAtpd; epiyr; rkd;ghl;bypUe;J> P V = μ R T tiff;nfOg;gLj;j P dV + V dP = μ R dT
7. mOj;jk; khwpyp. vdNt, dP = 0, μ Cp dT = μ Cv dT + μ R dT
Cp = Cv + R my;yJ Cp – Cv = R ,j;njhlh;gpw;F Nkah; njhlh;G vd;W ngah;.
3. fhh;Ndh ntg;g ,ae;jpuj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;Ff.

fhh;Ndh ,ae;jpuj;jpd; 4 gFjpfs;: 1. ntg;g %yk; 2. ntg;g Vw;gp 3. ntg;gf;fhg;G Nkil 4 . nray;gLk; nghUs;
fhh;Ndh Rw;W: nray;gL nghUs; ehd;F njhlh;r;rpahd kPs; epfo;Tfis Row;rp Kiwapy; epfo;j;JfpwJ.
kP nkJ ntg;gepiy khwh tphpT kP nkJ ntg;g khw;wPlw;w tphpT
1. cUis ntg;g%yj;jpd; kPJ itf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. cUis ntg;gf;fhg;G Nkilapd; kPJ itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ntg;gepiy khwh epfo;T. mf Mw;wy; khwhJ. 2. ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;T. gp];ld; efu mDkjpf;fg;
gLfpwJ.
3. thAthy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyahy; gUkd; 3. thA V2 tpypUe;J V3 f;F tphptilfpwJ. mOj;jk;
V1 ypUe;J V2 f;F mjpfhpf;fpwJ. mOj;jk; P2 ypUe;J P3 f;Ff; FiwfpwJ.
P1 ypUe;J P2 f;Ff; FiwfpwJ.
4. AB vd;w ghij %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. BC vd;w ghij %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

𝒗 𝒗
WA→B = ∫𝒗 𝟐 𝑷 𝒅𝑽 ( thAthy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy ) WA→B = ∫𝒗 𝟑 𝑷 𝒅𝑽 ( thAthy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy )
𝟏 𝟐
𝝁𝑹
5. ntg;gepiy khwh tphptpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy 5. WA→B = [ 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑳 ] = BC d; fPo; cs;s gug;G.
𝜸−𝟏
𝒗𝟐
WA→B = μ R TH 𝒍𝒏 ( ) = AB d; fPo; cs;s gug;G
𝒗𝟏
Padasalai.Org
kP nkJ ntg;gepiy khwh mKf;fk; kP nkJ ntg;g khw;wPlw;w mKf;fk;
1. cUis ntg;g Vw;gpapd; kPJ itf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. cUis ntg;gf; fhg;G Nkilapd; kPJ itf;fg;
thA ntg;gepiy khwhky; mKf;fg;gLfpwJ. gLfpwJ. ntg;g khw;wPlw;w Kiwapy; thA
mKf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. mOj;jk; kw;Wk; gUkd; KiwNa P4 kw;Wk; V4. 2. mOj;jk; kw;Wk; gUkd; njhlf;f epiyia
P1 kw;Wk; V1 I milfpd;wd.
3. CD vd;w tis Nfhl;lhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. DA vd;w tisNfhl;lhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

𝑽 𝒗𝟒 𝒗𝟑 𝑽 𝝁𝑹
WC→D = ∫𝑽 𝟒 𝑷 𝒅𝑽 = μ R TL 𝒍𝒏 ( ) = - μ R TL 𝒍𝒏 ( ) WD→A = ∫𝑽 𝟏 𝑷 𝒅𝑽 = - [ 𝑻𝑳 − 𝑻𝑯 ]
𝟑 𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟒 𝟒 𝜸−𝟏
= - CD tisNfhl;bw;Ff; fPo; cs;s gug;G. = DA f;Ff; fPo; cs;s gug;G.
thAtpd; kPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;G: 1. xU KO Rw;wpy; fhh;Ndh ,ae;jpuk; nra;j nkhj;j Ntiy = W = WA→B – WC→D
2. xU KO Rw;wpy; nray;gL nghUshy; nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j Ntiy P-V tiuglj;jpYs;s ABCD
vd;w %lg;gl;l tisNfhl;bdhy; #og;gl;l gug;gpw;Fr; rkk;.
3. xU KO Rw;wpw;Fg; gpwF nray;gL nghUspd; mf Mw;wy; khw;wk; Rop.

njhpahJ vd;gij ijhpakhf xg;Gf;nfhz;Lmijj;

njhpe;J nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs; - fyhk;
Padasalai.Org
myF: 9 thAf;fspd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;if jkpo; top vspa ifNaL
1. mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiyapd; El;gkhd Njhw;wk; gw;wp vOJf.
thAf;fspd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifapd; gb> mOj;jkhdJ %yf;$Wfspd; jpirNtfj;NjhL njhlh;GilaJ.

𝑵
P=⅓ 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 m – %yf;$wpd; epiw N – mtNfl;Nuh vz; V – gUkd;
𝑽

̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 - %yf;$Wfspd; mtNfl;Nuh jpirNtfk;
𝟑
Ruhrhp K.E. / %yf;$W K.E. = ∈ = N k T
𝟐
2. epytpw;F Vd; tspkz;lyk; ,y;iy?
epytpd; Fiwe;j <h;g;G tpirapd; fhuzkhf> epyTg; gug;gpy; cs;s thAf;fspd; ruhrhp ,Ukb %y Ntfk;>
mjd; tpLgL Ntfj;ij tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf epyTg; gug;gpy; cs;s midj;J
thAf;fSk; epytpypUe;J ntspNawp tpLfpd;wd.
3. thA %yf;$W xd;wpd; ruhrhp ,Ukb %y Ntfk;> ruhrhp Ntfk; kw;Wk; kpfTk; rhj;jpakhd Ntfk; ,tw;wpd;
fzpjr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.
𝟑𝑹𝑻 𝟖𝑹𝑻 𝟐𝑹𝑻

Vrms = √ Vave = √ Vmp = √
𝑴 𝝅𝒎 𝑴
4. ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; mOj;jk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;G ahJ?

𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝑼 𝟐
thAtpd; mf Mw;wy; U = 𝑵𝒌𝑻 NkYk;, U = 𝑷𝑽 PV = NkT vd;gjhy;> P= = 𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝑽 𝟑
𝟐 𝝆 ̅̅̅
mOj;jkhdJ XuyF gUkDs;s thAtpd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wypd; 2/3 f;Fr; rkk;. P= ( 𝒗𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟐
5. Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $Wfs; tiuaW.
Kg;ghpkhz ntspapYs;s ntg;g ,af;ftpay; mikg;G xd;wpd; epiy kw;Wk; mikg;gpid tpthpf;fj;
Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;j gl;r rhh;gw;w Ma mr;Rf; $Wfspd; vz;zpf;if.
6. Mw;wy; rk gq;fPl;L tpjpiaf; $Wf.
Padasalai.Org
,af;ftpay; nfhs;ifapd; gb> T vd;w nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gr; rkepiyapy; cs;s mikg;G
xd;wpd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy;> mt;tikg;gpd; midj;J Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $WfSf;Fk; rkkhf gfph;e;J
mspf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $Wk; (x,y my;yJ z jpirfspy; ,af;fk; ) ½ kT Mw;wiyg; ngWk;.
7. ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia vOjp mjid tiuaW.

𝒌𝑻
%yf;$W xd;W Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilNa flf;Fk; ruhrhp njhiyT. λ=
√𝟐 𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝑷
8. ghapy; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
khwh ntg;gepiyapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l thA xd;wpd; mOj;jk; mjd; gUkDf;F vjph;j;jfT. NkYk; ruhrhp
𝟐
,lg;ngah;T Mw;wy; xU khwpypahFk;. PV= 𝑵 ∈ P V = khwpyp
𝟑
9. rhh;y]; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU Fwpg;gpl;;l mOj;jj;jpy; thA xd;wpd; gUkd; mjd; mf Mw;wYf;F Neh;j;jfT my;yJ thAtpd; ruhrhp
𝑽
,af;f Mw;wYf;F Neh;j;jfT my;yJ nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F Neh;j;jfT. V α T my;yJ = khwpyp
𝑻
10. mtNfl;Nuh tpjpapid vOJf.
khwh ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpy; rk gUkDs;s midj;J thAf;fSk; xNu vz;zpf;ifapy; thA
%yf;$Wfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. thA %yf;$W xd;wpd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy; xNu ntg;gepiyapy;
rk kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
11. ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
ntg;gepiy caUk; NghJ ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
mOj;jk; FiwAk; NghJk;> %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; FiwAk; NghJk; ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

%d;W kjpg;ngz;
1. ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ntg;gepiyiag; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;fTk;.

𝟏 𝟏
1. P = 𝒏𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 PV= 𝑵𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 →1
𝟑 𝟑
2. ey;ypay;G thA tpjpg;gb, PV = N k T → 2

𝟏 𝟏
3. 1 kw;Wk; 2 ypUe;J> NkT = 𝑵𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 kT= 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 → 3
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟏
4. rkd;ghL 3 I ,UGwKk; 3/2 My; ngUf;f> kT= 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
5. 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 %yf;$W xd;wpd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy;. ( ̅̅̅̅
𝑲𝑬 )
𝟐
𝟑
̅̅̅̅ = ∈ =
6. 𝑲𝑬 k T thA %yf;$W xd;wpd; ntg;g epiyia jPh;khdpg;gJ mt;thAtpd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy;.
𝟐
∈ 𝜶𝑻 NkYk; ∈ vd;gJ %yf;$wpd; epiwiar; rhh;e;jjy;y.

𝟏 𝟑
̅̅̅̅ = N (
7. mf Mw;wy; U = N x 𝑲𝑬 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 ) = NkT
𝟐 𝟐
U vd;gJ mjd; ntg;gepiyia kl;LNk rhh;e;jJ. mjd; mOj;jk; kw;Wk; gUkidr; rhh;e;jJ my;y.
2. mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy; ,ilNaahd njhlh;ig tpthp.

𝟑 𝟑
1. thAtpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; U= NkT or U = PV→1
𝟐 𝟐
2. mf Mw;wy; mlh;jj
; p u = U / V ( XuyF gUkDf;fhd mf Mw;wy; )
𝟐𝑼 𝟐
3. rkd;ghL 1 ypUe;J, P = = 𝒖 thAtpd; mOj;jk; = %d;wpy; ,U gq;F mf Mw;wy; mlh;j;jp
𝟑𝑽 𝟑
Padasalai.Org
4. ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy; nghWj;J mOj;jk;
5. rkd;ghL 2 d; tyg;Gwk; 2 My; ngUf;fp 2 My; tFf;f>

P=
𝟏
𝟑
𝒏𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 =
%d;wpy; ,Ugq;F XuyF gUkDf;fhd ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wy; vd;gJ mOj;jj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.
neLtpdh - Ie;J kjpg;ngz;

𝟏
𝟑
P=
𝝆 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 → 2
𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝝆 𝟐
𝒙 ̅̅̅
𝒗 =
,q;F ρ = nm epiw mlh;j;jp
𝟐
𝟑
𝒙 ̅̅̅̅
𝑲𝑬
1. thA xd;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.
1. 𝒍 gf;f msT nfhz;l fdrJuf; nfhs;fyd; xd;wpDs; N vz;zpf;ifAila XuZ thA %yf;$Wfs;
cs;sd. xt;nthU %yf;$wpd; epiwAk; m vd;f.
thA %yf;$Wfs; NkhJtjhy;> ,af;f Mw;wy; ,og;G VJkpy;iy. Mdhy; ce;j khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. ce;j khw;wj;jpdhy; nfhs;fydpd; XuyF gug;Gil a Rth; czUk; tpir> Rthpd; kPJ thAthy; Vw;gLk;
mOj;jj;ij eph;zapf;fpwJ. xU rpwpa Neu ,ilntspapy; thA %yf;$Wfshy; Rthpd; kPJ khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j ce;jk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
3. nfhs;fydpy; cs;s nkhj;j n %yf;$Wfspy; ruhrhpahf ghjp %yf;$Wfs; tyJ gf;fr; Rthpid Nehf;fpAk;
kWghjp %yf;$Wfs; ,lJgf;fr; Rthpid Nehf;fpAk; nry;fpd;wd.
,q;F, n – XuyF gUkdpYs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if.

𝒏
4. Δt Neu ,ilntspapy; tyJ gf;fr; Rthpd; kPJ NkhJk; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if 𝑨𝒗𝒙 ∆𝒕
𝟐
𝒏
nkhj;j khw;wg;gl;l ce;jk; ∆𝑷 = 𝑨𝒗𝒙 ∆𝒕 x 2 m 𝒗𝒙 ∆𝑷 = A 𝒗𝟐𝒙 𝒎𝒏∆𝒕
𝟐

5. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb> ce;j khw;wk; tpiriaf;

∆𝑷
nfhLg;gjhy; F= = 𝒏𝒎 𝑨𝒗𝟐𝒙
∆𝒕
𝑭
6. mOj;jk; P = = 𝒏𝒎 𝒗𝟐𝒙 %yf;$Wfs; midj;Jk; xOq;fw;w
𝑨
,af;fj;jpy; cs;sjhy; mit midj;jpd; NtfKk; xd;whf ,uhJ.
𝒗𝟐𝒙 vd;w gjj;ij ruhrhp ̅̅̅

𝒗𝟐𝒙 vd khw;w> P = nm ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒙
7. xOq;fw;w ,af;fj;jpy; jpiria tiuaWf;f ,ayhJ.
Gtp<h;g;G tpir ,q;F Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. %d;W jpirfspYk; thA %yf;$Wfspd; ruhrhp Ntfk; rkk;.
𝟏 ̅̅̅
vdNt> ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒙 = ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒚 = ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒛 ruhrhp ,Ukb Ntfk; ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒙 + ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒚 + ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒛 =3 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒙 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐𝒙 = 𝒗𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝑵 𝑵
8. ,g;NghJ mOj;jj;jpd; rkd;ghl;ilg; gpd;tUkhW vOjyhk;. P= 𝒏𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎 ̅̅̅
𝒗𝟐 Vnddpy; n =
𝟑 𝟑 𝑽 𝑽
2. XuZ> <uZ kw;Wk; %tZ %yf;$Wfspd; Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $Wfisg; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;fTk;.
XuZ %yf;$W <uZ %yf;$W %tZ %yf;$W

rhjhuz ntg;gepiyapy;: Neh; Nfhl;by; mike;j %tZ %yf;$W
mjd; ,ay;gpd; epiwaw;w kPl;rpAWk; RUs;tpy;ypd; rhjhuz ntg;gepiyapy; %d;W ,lg;ngah;T
fhuzkhf %d;W ,U Kidfspy; Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $WfisAk; ,uz;L Row;rp
,lg; ngah;T Rje;jpu nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Gs;sp ,af;ff; $WfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,af;ff; $Wfisg; epiwfisg; Nghd;w mikg;G.
ngw;wpUf;Fk;. %d;W ,lg;ngah;T Rje;jpu f=5
,af;ff; $WfisAk;>
nrq;Fj;jhf cs;s %d;W Ma
Padasalai.Org
f=3 cah; ntg;gepiyapy; ,uz;L mjph;T Rje;jpu
mr;Rf;fisg; nghUj;J ,af;ff; $WfisAk; ngWfpwJ.
v.fhl;L: Roy;tjhy; ,uz;L Row;rp
`Pypak;> epahd; ,af;ff; $WfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. f=7
kw;Wk; Mh;fhd; ( jd; mr;irg; nghUj;J RoYk;
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: CO2
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ)
f=5
cah; ntg;gepiyapy; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj %tZ %yf;$W
5000 K ntg;gepiyapy; $Ljyhf %d;W mZf;fSk; Kf;Nfhznkhd;wpd; %d;W

,uz;L mjph;T Rje;jpu ,af;ff; cr;rpapy; mike;Js;sJ. %d;W Neh;f;Nfhl;L
$Wfisg; ngWfpwJ. Rje;jpu ,af;ff; $WfisAk;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W
( xd;W ,af;f Mw;wypdhy; nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j %d;W nrq;Fj;J
kw;wJ epiyahw;wypdhy; ) mr;Rf;fisg; gw;wp RoYk; ,uz;L Row;rp
,af;ff; $WfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
f=7
f=6

v.fhl;L: i`l;u[d;, iel;u[d;

kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; v.fhl;L: ePh;> ry;gh; il Mf;irL
Padasalai.Org
3. XuZ> <uZ kw;Wk; %tZ %yf;$Wfspd; Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd;fspd; tpfpjj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia tUtp.
XuZ %yf;$W <uZ %yf;$W %tZ %yf;$W
ruhrhp ,af;f 𝟑
𝒌𝑻 jho; ntg;gepiyapy;
𝟓
𝒌𝑻 Neh;f;Nfhl;by;
Mw;wy; 𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 mike;j%yf;$W
𝟕
𝒌𝑻
cah; ntg;gepiyapy; 𝒌𝑻 𝟐
𝟐 Neh;f;Nfhl;byikahj %tZ
%yf;$W
𝟔
𝒌𝑻 = 𝟑 𝒌𝑻
𝟐
xU Nkhy; 𝟑
𝒌𝑻 x NA =
𝟑
𝑹𝑻 jho; ntg;gepiyapy; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j
thAtpd; nkhj;j 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓
𝒌 𝑻 𝒙 𝑵𝑨 =
𝟓
𝑹𝑻 %tZ %yf;$W
Mw;wy; 𝟐 𝟐 𝟕 𝟕
𝒌𝑻 𝒙 𝑵𝑨 = 𝑹 𝑻
cah;ntg;gepiyapy; 𝟐 𝟐
U 𝟕 𝟕 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj
𝒌𝑻 𝒙 𝑵𝑨 = 𝑹 𝑻
𝟐 𝟐 %tZ %yf;$W
𝟑 𝒌𝑻 x NA = 3 R T
xU Nkhy;
khwh gUkdpy; 𝟑 jho; ntg;gepiyapy;
𝟓
𝑹 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j
Nkhyhh; 𝑹 𝟐 𝟕
𝟐 %tZ %yf;$W 𝑹
jd;ntg;g 𝟕
𝟐
Vw;Gj;jpwd; cah; ntg;gepiyapy; 𝑹
𝒅𝑼
𝟐 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj
CV = %tZ %yf;$W 3 R
𝒅𝒕
CP = C V + R 𝟑
𝑹+ R =
𝟓
𝑹 jho; ntg;gepiyapy;
𝟓
𝑹 + R=
𝟕
𝑹 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 %tZ %yf;$W
𝟕 𝟗
cah; ntg;gepiyapy; 𝑹+R= 𝑹
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟗
𝑹+𝑹= 𝑹
𝟐 𝟐

Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj
%tZ %yf;$W
3 R+R=4R
jd;ntg;g 𝟓 jho; ntg;gepiyapy;
𝟕
= 1.40 Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j
Vw;Gj;jpwd;fspd; = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝟓 %tZ %yf;$W
𝟑
tpfpjk; 𝟗
𝟗
= = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
γ = CP / Cv cah; ntg;gepiyapy; = 1.28 𝟕
𝟕
Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikahj
%tZ %yf;$W
𝟒
= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
𝟑
4. thAf;fspd; ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia tUtp.
,uz;L mLj;jLj;j Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilNa %yf;$W flf;Fk; ruhrhp njhiyT ruhrhp Nkhjypilj;Jhuk;.
1. ‘d’ tpl;lKila %yf;$Wfshy; Md mikg;igf; fUJf. XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; ‘n’ vd;f.
2. xNu xU %yf;$W kl;Lk; ,af;fj;jpy; cs;sJ vdTk; kw;wit midj;Jk; Xa;tpy; cs;sd vd;Wk; fUJf.
3. ‘t’ vd;w fhy ,ilntspapy; π d2 vt gUkDs;s fw;gid
cUisapy; %yf;$W flf;Fk; njhiyT vt vd;f.
4. ,g;NghJ> ruhrhp Nkhjypilj;Jhuk;
= fle;j njhiyT / Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if

𝒗𝒕 𝟏
λ = = →1
𝐧 𝛑 𝒅𝟐 𝐯𝐭 𝒏 𝝅 𝒅𝟐
Padasalai.Org
( Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = xU Fwpg;gpl;l gUkdpy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if )
5. thAf;fspd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifapd; gb> midj;J %yf;$WfSk; xOq;fw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;sd.
tphpthd fzf;fPLfSf;Fg; gpd;G ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; Jhuj;jpw;fhd rhpahd fzpjr; rkd;ghL
𝝀=
𝟏
√𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 𝒅𝟐
→2 ruhrhp Nkhjypilj; JhukhdJ vz; mlh;j;jpf;F vjph;j;jfT.
𝒎 𝒎
6. %yf;$wpd; epiwiag; nghUj;J> 𝝀= mn = ρ Mjyhy; 𝝀=
√𝟐 𝒎 𝒏 𝝅 𝒅𝟐 √𝟐 𝝆 𝝅 𝒅𝟐
𝑷
7. mOj;jk; kw;Wk; nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyiag; nghUj;J , n = 𝒌𝑻
𝒌𝑻
‘n’ ,d; kjpg;ig 2 ,y; gpujpapl> 𝝀=
√𝟐 𝝅 𝒅𝟐 𝑷
mjpfhiy eP epidj;j Neuj;jpy;

vOe;J tpl;lhNy Njhy;tpfs;
cd;id tpl;L xJq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.
- A.P.J. fyhk;
myF: 10 miyTfs; jkpo; top vspa ifNaL
rpW tpdhf;fs; – ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;
1. rPuiyT ,af;fk; kw;Wk; rPuw;w miyT ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d? v.fhl;L jUf.
rPuhd fhy ,ilntspapy; jhdhfNt kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epfOk; ve;j xU ,af;fKk; rPuiyT ,af;fk; MFk;.
v.fhl;L: Cry; fbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Kl;fs;> njhl;bypd; miyTfs;> #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUk; Gtpapd; ,af;fk;

kw;Wk; tsUk; kw;Wk; NjAk; re;jpud;.

rPuhd fhy ,ilntspapy; jhdhfNt kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epfohj ve;j xU ,af;fKk; rPuw;w miyT ,af;fkhFk;.
v.fhl;L: epy eLf;f epfo;T> vhpkiy ntbg;G epfo;T Mfpait.
2. miyTW ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

xU nghUs; my;yJ JfshdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ,af;fj;i j
Nkw;nfhs;Skhdhy; mt;tpaf;fk; miyTW ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fhl;L: ekJ ,jaj;Jbg;G> G+r;rpapd; rpwfpd; ,af;fk;> Cry; fbfhuk; Nghd;wit.
3. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fk; miyTW ,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;G tifahFk;. ,jpy; Jfspd; KLf;fk; my;yJ tpirahdJ
epiyahd Gs;spapypUe;J mJ mile;J ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F Neh;j;jftpYk;> vg;nghOJk; epiyahd Gs;spia
Nehf;fpAk; ,Uf;Fk; vdyhk;.
4. tiuaW (i) miyT Neuk; (ii) mjph;ntz;
(i) miyT Neuk;: Jfnshd;W xU KO miyTf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk;. T = 2π / ω
(ii) mjph;ntz;: Jfnshd;W xU nehbapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; miyTfspd; vz;zpf;if. f=1/T myF: s-1 my;yJ Hz
5. fl;lk; kw;Wk; fl;l NtWghL tiuaW.

fl;lk;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l fzj;jpy; mjph;tilak; Jfspd; fl;lk;> mf;fzj;jpy; mj;Jfspd; epiyia KOikahff;
Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l fzj;jpy; rkepiyiag; nghWj;J mj;Jfspd; epiy kw;Wk; ,af;fj;jpiria
fl;lk; tpthpf;fpwJ.
Padasalai.Org
y = A sin ( ωt + φ0 ) ,jpy; φ = ωt + φ0 vd;gJ mjph;tilak; Jfspd; fl;lk;.
fl;l NtWghL: jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,U Jfs;fisf; fUjpdhy;> mtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfs;
y1 = A sin ( ωt + φ1 ) kw;Wk; y2 = A sin ( ωt + φ2 )
mtw;wpw;fpilNa fl;l NtWghL Δφ = ( ωt + φ2) - ( ωt + φ1)

%d;W kjpg;ngz;
1. rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpd; tpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd tPoy; xU jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fk;:
1. m epiw nfhz;l Jfs; xd;W v vd;w rPuhd jpirNtfj;jpy; r Muk; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; ghpjpapy; ,lQ;Rop
-ahf ,aq;Ftjhff; fUJf.
2. Ma mr;R mikg;gpd; Mjpg;Gs;spahdJ tl;lj;jpd; ikak; O cld; nghUe;Jtjhff; nfhs;f.
Jfspd; Nfhzj;jpirNtfk; ω vdTk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; t ,y; mj;Jfspd; Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp θ
vdTk; nfhz;lhy; θ = ωt.
3. rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; xU Jfspd; epiyia me;j tl;lj;jpDila tpl;lj;jpy; tpor;nra;jhy; me;j
tPoy; xU jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
4. tl;lkhdJ jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpd; Nkw;Nfhs; tl;lk; vdg;gLk;. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fkhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l

tl;lj;jpd; ve;j xU tpl;lj;jpd; kPJk; ,aq;Fk; Jfs; epiyapd; tPo;T vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Padasalai.Org
2. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp> jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; KLf;fk; Mfpatw;iw tiugl Kiwapy; tpsf;Ff.
eLepiyg;Gs;spapy; y=o, Jfspd; jpirNtfk; ngUkk;. Mdhy; Jfspd;

KLf;fk; Rop.
ngUk epiyapy; ( y = ±𝑨 ) Jfspd; jpirNtfk; Rop. Mdhy; Jfspd;
KLf;fk; ngUkk;. ∓ Aω2 vd;w kjpg;Gld; vjph;j;jpirapy; nray;gLfpwJ.

𝝅
,lg;ngah;r;rpia tpl jpirNtfkhdJ fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fpAk; kw;Wk;
𝟐
𝝅
KLf;fkhdJ jpirNtfj;ij tpl fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
𝟐
Mdhy; KLf;fkhdJ ,lg;ngah;r;rpia tpl π fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
3. njhlhpizg;G kw;Wk; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;s RUs;tpy;fspd; njhFgad; RUs;khwpypf;fhd Nfhitfisg; ngWf.

t.v RUs;tpy;fspd; njhlhpizg;gpy; RUs;tpy;fs; gf;f,izg;gpy;

z;
1. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l RUs;tpy;fs; 1. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l RUs;tpy;fs;
njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ mit gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ mit
Vw;gLj;Jk; epfu tpistpw;Fr; rkkhd tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; epfu tpistpw;Fr; rkkhd tpisit
Vw;gLj;Jk; njhFgad; RUs;tpy;iy gad;gLj;jyhk;. Vw;gLj;Jk; njhFgad; RUs;tpy;iy gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2.
3. k1 kw;Wk; k2 vd;w RUs; khwpyp nfhz;l ,U 3. k1 kw;Wk; k2 vd;w RUs; khwpyp nfhz;l ,U
RUs;tpy;fs; njhlhpizg;gpy; m vd;w epiwAld; RUs;tpy;fs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; m vd;w epiwAld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJf. ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJf.
4. F vd;w Gwtpir tyJ Gwk; nray;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; 4. F vd;w Gwtpir tyJGwk; nray;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;
RUs;tpy;fs; rkepiyapypUe;J milAk; ePl;rpfs; ,U RUs;tpy;fSk; xNu mstpyhd ePl;rp my;yJ
x1 kw;Wk; x2 vd;f. nkhj;j ,lg;ngah;r;rp x = x1 + x2 ,Wf;fj;ij milfpd;wd.
5. `_f; tpjpapd; gb epfu tpir F =- ks (x1 + x2) 5. `_f; tpjpapd; gb epfu tpir F = - kpx → 1
𝑭 ,q;F> kp vd;gJ njhFgad; RUs; khwpyp.
my;yJ x1 + x2 = - →1
𝒌𝒔
,q;F> ks vd;gJ njhFgad; RUs; khwpyp.
6. x1 = - F/k1 x2 = -F/k2 6. F = - k1 x- k2 x 1 ,y; gpujpapl kp = k1 + k2
7. Padasalai.Org
1 ,y; gpujpapl - F/k1 - F/k2 = - F / ks
my;yJ
𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒌𝒔 𝒌𝟏
𝟏
𝒌𝟐
or ks = k1 k2 / k1 + k2
‘n’ RUs;tpy;fspd; njhlhpizg;Gf;F

𝟏
𝒌𝒔
= ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏

𝟏
𝒌𝒊
7. ‘n’ RUs;tpy;fspd; gf;f ,izg;Gf;F kp = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒌𝒊
1. RUs;tpy; xd;wpd; fpilj;js miyTfisg; gw;wp tpthp. ( Neh;g;Nghf;F rPhpir miyapaw;wp )
1. epiwaw;w RUs;tpy;Yld; m epiw nfhz;l nghUs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cuha;tw;w fpilj;jsg;gug;gpd; kPJ
cs;sJ. RUs;tpy;ypd; tpiwg;G my;yJ tpirkhwpyp k MFk;. eLepiyg;Gs;sp x0 vd;f.
2. epiwia rkepiyapypUe;J tyg;Gwkhf x njhiytpw;F ,lk;ngaur; nra;J gpd;G tpLtpj;jhy; epiwahdJ
eLepiyg;Gs;sp x0 Ig; nghUj;J Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; miyTWk;.
3. kPs; tpir F MdJ epiwapd; ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
xU ghpkhz ,af;fj;jpw;F Fαx F=-kx →1 kPs;tpirAk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpAk; vjpnujph; jpir.
( `_f; tpjp )
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
4. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb, m = - kx =- 𝒙→2
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎

𝒅𝟐 𝒙
5. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy;> a= = - ω2 x → 3
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒌 𝒌
6. 2 kw;Wk; 3 I xg;gpl, ω2 = ω=√ rad s-1 ,q;F ω – miyapaw;wpapd; Nfhz mjph;ntz;.
𝒎 𝒎
𝝎 𝟏 𝒌
7. miyapaw;wpapd; mjph;ntz; f= = √ Hz
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝟏 𝒎
miyTfspd; miyT Neuk; T = = 𝟐𝝅 √ second.
𝒇 𝒌
2. RUs;tpy; xd;wpd; nrq;Fj;J miyTfisg; gw;wp tpthp.
1. RUs;tpy; khwpyp k nfhz;l RUs;tpy;yhdJ $iuapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;f
epiw m ,izf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;G RUs;tpy;ypd; ePsk; L vd;f.
2. RUs;tpy;ypd; kw;nwhU Kidapy; epiw m ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ RUs;tpy; 𝒍 ePsj;jpw;F tphptilfpwJ.
3. ePl;rpahy; Vw;gLk; kPs;tpir F1 vd;f. <h;g;G tpir nrq;Fj;jhf fPo;Nehf;fp nray;gLk;.
mikg;G rkepiyapy; cs;sNghJ>
F1 + mg = 0 → 1 Mdhy; F1 α 𝒍 F1 = - k 𝒍 → 2
4. 2 I 1 ,y; gpujpapl> -k 𝒍 + mg = 0 mg = k 𝒍
𝒎 𝒍
= →3
𝒌 𝒈
5. kpfr;rpwpa mstpy; Gwtpiria epiw kPJ nrYj;j
mJ NkYk; fPo;Nehf;fp y vd;w ,lg;ngah;r;rp milfpwJ.
Padasalai.Org
gpwF NkYk; fPOk; miyTWfpwJ. RUs;tpy;ypd; ePl;rp y+𝒍, mjdhy; cUthFk; kPl;rp tpir
F2 = - k ( ( y+𝒍 ) = - ky – k𝒍 → 4
6. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb> F2 + mg = m
ePl;rpapd; fhuzkhf epiwapd; kPJ nray;gLk; nkhj;j tpir

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒕𝟐
→ 5 ( jdpj;j nghUs; tpirg;glj;jpd; gb ) my;yJ
F=
F2 α ( y+𝒍 )
F2 + mg = - ky – k𝒍 +k𝒍 = - k y → 6
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒌
7. 6 I 5 ,y; gpujpapl, m = - ky =- 𝒚 →7 ,J jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpd; tiff;nfO tbtk;.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy;> a= = - ω2 y → 8
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒌 𝒌
8. 7 kw;Wk; 8 ,ypUe;J ω2 = ω=√ rad s-1 ω – miyapaw;wpapd; Nfhz mjph;ntz;.
𝒎 𝒎
𝝎 𝟏 𝒌
miyTfspd; mjph;ntz; f= = √ Hz
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝟏 𝒎 𝒍
miyTfspd; miyT Neuk; T = = 𝟐𝝅 √ tpdhb. rkd;ghL 3 ypUe;J T = 𝟐𝝅 √
𝒇 𝒌 𝒈
3. jdp Cry; gw;wp tphpthf tpthjpf;fTk;.
1. jdp Crypy; xU ePskhd fapw;wpy; m epiw nfhz;l Cry; Fz;L xU Kidapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;L kW
Kidapy; jhq;fpapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkepiyapy;> miyT ,y;yhky; jdpCry; fPo;Nehf;fp njhq;Fk;.
mJNt jdpCrypd; rkepiyg; Gs;sp MFk;.
2. jdpCriy rkepiyg;Gs;spapypUe;J rpwpa ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jp tpLk;NghJ mJ Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. jdpCrypd; ePsk; 𝒍 vd;f.
3. Cry;Fz;L kPJ nray;gLk; ,U tpirfs;: (i) <h;g;gpay; tpir ⃗𝑭 = m 𝒈

⃗⃗ ( nrq;Fj;jhf fPo;Nehf;fp )

(ii) ,Otpir ⃗𝑻 ( njhq;ftplg;gl;l Gs;spia Nehf;fp fapw;wpd; topNa )
4. <h;g;gpay; tpirapd; ,U $Wfs;:
a) nrq;Fj;Jf; $W - ,Otpirf;F vjph;j;jpir Fas = mg cos θ
b) njhLtpay; $W – fapw;Wf;F nrq;Fj;jhf Fps = mg sin θ

𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
5. ,g;NghJ T – Fas = m T – mg cos θ = m →
𝒍 𝒍
njhLtpay; tpirNa kPs;tpirahf ,Ug;gjhy; , epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb>

𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
m + Fps = 0 m = - Fps m = - mg sin θ → 1
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐
6. tl;ltpy; ePsk; ‘s’ I Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rpapd; ‘θ’ %yk; vOj, s=𝒍𝜽

𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝜽
KLf;fk; =𝒍 →2
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝟐 𝜽 𝒈
7. 2 I 1 ,y; gpujpapl, 𝒍 = - g sin θ =- 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 rpwpa θ kjpg;gpw;F, sin θ ≈ 𝜽
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒍
𝒅𝟐 𝜽 𝒈
vdNt, =- 𝜽 →3
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒍
𝒅𝟐 𝜽
8. Nfhzr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy;> a= = - ω2 θ → 4
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒈 𝒈
3 kw;Wk; 4 ypUe;J> ω2 = ω=√ rad s-1 ,q;F ω – miyapaw;wpapd; Nfhz mjph;ntz;.
𝒍 𝒍
𝝎 𝟏 𝒈
9. miyTfspd; mjph;ntz; f= = √𝒍 Hz
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Padasalai.Org
10. miyTfspd; miyT Neuk;
4. jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy; gw;wp tpthp.
a) epiy Mw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghL:

𝟏
T = = 𝟐𝝅 √
𝒇
𝒍
𝒈
second
⃗𝑭 = - k 𝒓
jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy;, `_f; tpjpg;gb tpirf;Fk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G ⃗
xU ghpkhz ,af;fj;jpy; F = - k x Mdhy; F = - dU / dx ,g;NghJ dU = k x dx
rpwpa ,lg;ngah;r;rp dx I Nkw;nfhs;s F vd;w tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy epiyahw;wyhf Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

𝒙
U ( x ) = ∫𝟎 𝒌 𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟏 = ½ k [ ( x1 )2 ]𝒙𝟎 = ½ k x2 k = m ω2 Mjyhy; U ( x ) = ½ m ω 2 x2 → 1
jdpr;rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s xU JfSf;F x = A sin ωt U ( t ) = ½ m ω2 A2 sin2 ω t → 2

fhyj;ijg; nghUj;J epiyahw;wy; khWghL
b) ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghL:

𝒅𝒙 𝟐
,af;f Mw;wy; KE = ½ m vx2 = ½ m ( ) Mdhy; x = A sin ω t
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
vdNt jpirNtfk vx = = 𝑨 𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 = A ω √𝟏 − ( )𝟐 = ω √𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝑨

KE = ½ m vx2 = ½ m ω2 ( A2 – x2 ) → 3 NkYk; K E = ½ m 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝎𝒕 → 4

fhyj;ijg; nghUj;J ,af;f Mw;wy; khWghL
c) nkhj;j Mw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghL:
1. ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wypd; $Ljy; nkhj;j Mw;wy; MFk;. E = KE + U
E= ½ m ω 2 ( A2 – x 2 ) + ½ m ω 2 x 2 (1+3) ,g;NghJ, E = ½ m ω2 A2 = khwpyp →5
,NjNghy;> 2 kw;Wk; 4 If; $l;Lk;NghJ
E = ½ m ω2 A2 sin2 ω t + ½ m 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝎𝒕 = ½ m ω2 A2 = khwpyp → 6
Vnddpy;> sin2 ωt + cos2 ωt = 1

Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjp ep&gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Padasalai.Org
,kaj;jpd; cr;rpia vl;bj; njhLtjhapDk; rhp
my;yJ cd; tho;f;ifg; gzpapd; cr;rj;ij
miltjhapDk; rhp NkNy Vwpr; nry;y
xUtUf;F kpf;f kdTWjp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
- lhf;lh;. V.gp.N[. mg;Jy; fyhk;
myF: 11 miyfs; jkpo;top vspa ifNaL
1. miyfs; vd;why; vd;d?

ntspapy; xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F Clfk; khw;wg;glhky; Mw;wy; kw;Wk; ce;jj;ij vLj;Jr;

nry;Yk; epfo;T.
2. miyfspd; tiffis vOJf.
a) ,ae;jpu miy – guTtjw;F xU Clfk; Njitg;gLk; miyfs;. v.fhl;L: xyp miyfs;> ePhpd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
cUthFk; rpw;wiyfs;.
b) ,ae;jputpay; my;yhj miy – guTtjw;F vt;tpj ClfKk; Njitg;glhj miyfs;. v.fhl;L: xsp miyfs;.
3. FWf;fiy vd;why; vd;d? xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

Clfj;jpd; Jfs;fs; mjd; eLepiyiag; nghUj;J miy guTk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;Jj; jpirapy; miyTWk;.
v.fhl;L: xsp ( kpd;fhe;j miyfs; )
4. nel;liy vd;why; vd;d? xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

Clfj;jpd; Jfs;fs; mjd; eLepiyiag; nghUj;J miy guTk; jpirf;F ,izahd jpirapy; miyTWk;.
v.fhl;L: xyp
5. miyePsk; tiuaW.
FWf;fiyapy; ,U mLj;jLj;j ,U KfLfs; my;yJ ,U mfLfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhiyT.
nel;liyapy; ,U mLj;jLj;j ,Wf;fq;fs; my;yJ jsh;r;rpfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT. SI myF kPl;lh;
6. miy xd;wpd; mjph;ntz;> miyePsk;> jpirNtfk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaahd njhlh;ig vOJf.
jpirNtfk; v=fλ ,q;F> v – jpirNtfk; f – mjph;ntz; λ – miyePsk;
7. miyfspd; FWf;fl
P ;L tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
,U miyfs; Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhy; mjd; njhFg;G miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G> FiwT my;yJ tPr;R
Padasalai.Org
khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; tpisT.
8. tpk;ky;fs; - tiuaW
rw;Nw NtWgl;l mjph;ntz; nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l miyfs; Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhy;> xU Gs;spapy;
Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J tPr;R khWgLfpd;w xyp Nfl;Fk; tpisT.
xU tpdhbapy; Vw;gLk; tPr;R ngUkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpk;ky; mjph;ntz; MFk;. xU tpdhbapy; tpk;ky;fspd;
vz;zpf;if n = | 𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟐 |
9. xypapd; nrwpT kw;Wk; cug;G Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

xypapd; nrwpT: xyp Kd;NdWk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf XuyF gug;gpd; topNa CLUtpr; nry;Yk; xypj;jpwd;
xypapd; cug;G: xypia fhJ czUk; jpwdpd; epiy my;yJ Nfl;gthpd; xyp czUk; jpwd;.
10. xj;jjph;T fhw;W jk;g fUtpapy; Kidj;jpUj;jk; vd;why; vd;d?

xj;jjph;T fhw;Wj; jk;gf; fUtpapy; vjph;ff
; Z Jy;ypakhf jpwe;j Kidapy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;fhf nra;ag;
Ntz;ba jpUj;jk; Kidj;jpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
11. vjpnuhyp vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

Rth; my;yJ kiy my;yJ ve;jnthU xypj;jil gug;gpdhYk; xyp vjpnuhypf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nfl;fg;
gLk; xyp. 200 C apy; fhw;wpy; xypapd; Ntfk; 344 m s-1. kdpj nrtpapd; njhlh; Nfl;Fk; jpwd; 0.1 s
jpirNtfk; = fle;j Jhuk; / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk; = 2 d / t . ,g;NghJ 2d = 344 x 0.1 34.4 m
d = 34.4 / 2 = 17.2 m. 200 C apy; vjpnuhyp Nfl;f> gug;G mika Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhiyT 17. 2 m
12. Kd;NdW miyf;Fk; epiy miyf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghLfis tpthp.

Kd;NdW miy: Kd;NdW FWf;fiyapy; KfLfs; mfLfshfTk;> Kd;NdW nel;liyapy; ,Wf;fq;fs;

jsh;r;rpfshfTk; guTfpd;wd. ,e;j miyfs; xU Clfj;jpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpNah my;yJ gpd;Ndhf;fpNah

efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l jpirNtfj;jpy; Clfk; xd;wpy; Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. miy nry;Yk; jpirapy; cs;s
midj;J Jfs;fSk; rk tPr;Rld; mjph;TWk;. Mw;wiy jhq;fpr; nry;Yk;.
epiy miyfs;: epiy FWf;fiyfspy; KfLk; mfLk; Vw;gLk;. epiy nel;liyfspy; ,Wf;fKk; jsh;r;rpAk;
Vw;gLk;. Clfj;jpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpNah my;yJ gpd;Ndhf;fpNah efuhJ. Clfj;jpy; Kd;Ndwhj miyfs;.
fZtpYs;s Jfs;fs; jtpu kw;w midj;Jj; Jfs;fSk; ntt;NtW tPr;RfSld; mjph;TWk;. fZtpy; tPr;R
rpWkk; my;yJ Rop. vjph;f;fZtpy; ngUkk;. Mw;wiyf; flj;Jtjpy;iy.
𝑻
13. fk;gp xd;wpy; Vw;gLk; Kd;NdW miyf;fhd jpirNtfj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghL v = √ vd epWTf.
𝝁
1. fk;gpapd; xU mbg;gilg; gFjpiaf; fUJf. mf;fzj;jpy; A kw;Wk; B vd;w ,U Gs;spfisf; fUJf.

𝒅𝒎
2. 𝒅𝒍 kw;Wk; dm vd;gd rpW gFjpapd; ePsk; kw;Wk; epiw vd;f. eP s; epiw mlh;j;jp μ = dm = 𝝁 𝒅𝒍 → 𝟏
𝒅𝒍
𝒅𝒍 𝒗𝟐
3. glj;jpypUe;J> Nfhzk; = tpy;ypd; ePsk; / Muk; 𝜽= ika Nehf;F KLf;fk; aCP =
𝒓 𝒓
4. vdNt> ika Nehf;F tpir

𝒅𝒎 𝒗𝟐 𝝁 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒍
FCP = = →𝟐
𝑹 𝑹
5. ,Otpiria ,U $Wfshfg; gFf;f>
fpilkl;lf; $Wfs; T cos θ / 2 vz; kjpg;gpy;
Padasalai.Org
rkk;. jpirapy; vjph;. rkd; nra;fpd;wd.
6. nrq;Fj;Jf; $Wfs; T sin θ / 2 tpy;ypd;

ikaj;ij Nehf;fp nray;gLtjhy; $l;lg;gLk;.
FT = 2 T sin θ / 2 → 3
𝜽 𝜽
7. kpff; Fiwthf tPr;R ,Ug;gjhy; sin ≈
𝟐 𝟐
𝜽 𝒅𝒍
FT = 2 T x = T θ = T → 4 ( Vnddpy; θ = d𝒍/𝑹 )
𝟐 𝑹
8. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb, tpirapd; Muj;jpirf; $W = ika Nehf;F tpir
𝒅𝒍 𝝁 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒍 𝑻
T = v=√
𝑹 𝑹 𝝁
3. fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfj;jpw;fhd epA+l;ld; rkd;ghl;il tpsf;Ff. mjpy; yhg;yh]pd; jpUj;jj;ij tpthp.
epA+l;ld; tha;g;ghL: fhw;wpy; xyp miyfs; ntg;gepiy khwh epfo;tpy; guTtjhf epA+l;ld; fUjpdhh;.
,Wf;fq;fSk; jsh;r;rpfSk; kpf nkJthf eilngWtjhy; ntg;gepiy khwhky; cs;sJ.
ghapy; tpjpg;gb , P V = khwpyp tifg;gLj;j, P dV + V dP = 0

𝒅𝑷
P=-V = 𝑲𝑰 ,q;F KI fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy khwh gUkf; Fzfk;.
𝒅𝑽
𝑲𝑰 𝑷
fhw;wpy; xypapd; Ntfk; vT = √ = √ ,q;F ρ vd;gJ fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jp 1.293 kg m-3
𝝆 𝝆
NTP apy; P ,d; kjpg;G 76 cm ghjur mOj;jkhFk;. vdNt, P = h ρ g = 0.76 x 13.6 x 10 4 x 9.8 N m-2
njhpe;j kjpg;Gfis vT apy; gpujpapl, ngwg;gLk; kjpg;G 279. 80 = 280 m s-1
kjpg;gPl;by; gpio cs;sJ Vnddpy; cz;ikahd kjpg;G 00 C ,y; 332 m s-1.

yhg;y]pd; jpUj;jk;:

fhw;wpy; xyp miyfs; ntg;gg; ghpkhw;wkpy;yh epfo;tpy; guTtjhf yhg;y ]; fUjpdhh;. ,Wf;fq;fSk;>
jsh;r;rpfSk; kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gLtjhy; ntg;gepiy khwhJ vdf; fUj KbahJ.
gha;rd; tpjpg;gb, P Vγ = constant tifg;gLj;j, Vγ dP + P ( γ Vγ-1 dV ) = 0

𝒅𝑷
Pγ=-V = KA ,q;F> KA vd;gJ fhw;wpd; ntg;g khw;wPlw;w tpistpy; gUkf; Fzfk;.
𝒅𝑽
𝑲𝑨 𝑷𝜸 𝑷
,g;NghJ> VA = √ =√ √𝝆 = 280 m s-1 kw;Wk; γ = 1.4
𝝆 𝝆
,q;F> γ = CP / CV mOj;jk; khwh Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; kw;Wk; gUkd; khwh Nkhyhh; jd;ntg;g
Vw;Gj;jpwd;fspd; jfT.
vdNt> VA = 280 x √1.4 = 331.30 m s-1 . ,J Ma;T KbTf;F kpf neUf;fkhf mike;j kjpg;G MFk;.
4. epiy miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? mit cUthtij tpthp. Mjd; gz;Gfis vOJf.
epiy miyfs;: miy xd;W fbdkhd xd;wpd; kPJ NkhJk; NghJ mJ kPz;nlOe;J te;J mNj Clfj;jpy;
vjph;j;jpirapy; gioa miyAld; Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhy; fpilf;Fk; miy tbtk;.
tpsf;fk;: xNu tPr;R kw;Wk; xNu jpirNtfk; nfhz;l ,U rPhpir Kd;NdW miyfs; vjpnujph; jpirapy;
,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;f.
Kjy; miyapd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp y1 = A sin ( kx – ωt ) → 1 ( tyJ Gwk; efUk; gL miy )
,uz;lhtJ miyapd; ,lg;ngah;;r;rp y2= A sin ( kx + ωt ) → 2 ( ,lJ Gwk; efUk; vjpnuhypg;G miy )
Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtj;jpd;gb, y = y1 + y2 = A sin ( kx – ωt ) + A sin ( kx + ωt )
jphpNfhzkpjp tpjpfspypUe;J, y ( x,t ) = 2 A cos ωt sin (kx) → 3
Padasalai.Org
,q;F, 2 A sin ( kx ) = A1 miyapd; tPr;R MFk;. ,g;NghJ, y ( x,t ) = A1 cos ( ωt )
tPr;rpd; ngUk epiy vjph;ff

; Z MFk;. mij
tPr;rpd; Rop (rpWk ) epiy fZ MFk;.. mij xn = n

xm = [
𝟐𝒎+𝟏
𝝀
𝟐
𝟐
]
𝝀
𝟐
where m = 0,1,2,3……….. vd;W Fwpf;fyhk;.
where, n = 0,1,2,3……….vd;W Fwpf;fyhk;.
gz;Gfs;: 1. Clfj;jpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpNah my;yJ gpd;Ndhf;fpNah efuhJ. mjdplj;jpy; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. ngUk tPr;R epiyapYs;s Gs;spfs; vjph;f;fZ vdTk; Rop tPr;R epiyapYs;s Gs;spfs; fZ vdTk; $wg;gLk;.
3. mLj;jLj;j ,U fZ my;yJ vjph;f;fZf;fSf;fpilNa cs;s njhiyT λ/2
4. xU fZ mjw;F mLj;j vjph;f;fZtpw;F ,ilNaahd njhiyT λ / 4.
5. epiyahd miyfspd; topNa flj;jg;gLk; Mw;wy; RopahFk;.
5. Rukhdp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mikg;G kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpthp.
xyp njhlh;ghdtw;iw msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp Rukhdp MFk;. fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; epiyahd FWf;fiyfspd;
mjph;ntz;> ,Otpir> mjph;T ePsk;> XuyF fk;gpapd; epiw ,tw;wpd; fhl;rp tpsf;fk; nra;J msf;f.
mikg;G: xU kPl;lh; ePsKs;s kug;ngl;b. mjd; kPJ rPuhd cNyhff;fk;gp nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU Kid nfhf;fpAlDk; kW Kid xU cUis fg;gp topNa xU epiwj;jhq;fpAlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Otpiria mjpfhpf;f epiwfs; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L efh;j;jf;$ba $h;Kidfspd; %yk; njhiyit
khw;wp mjph;TWk; fk;gpapd; ePsj;ij khw;wyhk;.
nray;ghL:

epiyahd FWf;fiyfs; fk;gpapy; cUthfpd;wd.

$h;Kidapy; fZf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; ,ilapy;
vjph;ff
; Zf;fSk; Njhd;Wk;.
𝝀
𝒍 vd;gJ fk;gpapd; ePsk; vdpy; 𝒍= λ = 2𝒍
𝟐
T fk;gpapd; ,Otpir kw;Wk; μ fk;gpapd; XuyF

ePs epiw vdpy;> mjph;TWk; gFjpapd; mjph;ntz;
𝝂 𝟏 𝑻
f = 𝝀 = 𝟐𝒍 √𝝁 Hz.
6. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; Nkw;Ruq;fs; Vw;gLtij tpsf;Ff. (m) %ba Mh;fd; Foha; (M) jpwe;j Mh;fd; Foha;
t.v %ba Mh;fd; Foha; jpwe;j Mh;fd; Foha;
z;
1. xU Kid %bAk;; xU Kid jpwe;Jk; cs;s Foha; 1. ,U KidfSk; jpwe;j Foha;.
2. mbg;gil mjph;T epiy: 2. mbg;gil mjph;T epiy:
fhw;Wj; jk;gj;jpd; kpf vspa mjph;T epiy. fhw;Wj; jk;gj;jpd; kpf vspa mjph;T epiy. ,U
jpwe;j Kidapy; vjph;f;fZTk; %ba Kidapy; jpwe;j KidfspYk; vjph;ff ; Z cUthfpwJ.
fZTk; cUthfpwJ.
3. 𝜆1 𝑣 𝑣 𝜆1 𝑣 𝑣
L= 4
λ1 = 4 L mjph;ntz; f1 = 𝜆 = 4𝐿
3. L =
2
λ1 = 2 L mjph;ntz; f1 = 𝜆 = 2𝐿
1 1
4.
Padasalai.Org
L=
3𝜆2
4
λ2 =
4𝐿
3
Frequency f2 =
𝑣
𝜆2
=
3𝑣
4𝐿
= 3f1
L=
4. L = λ2 λ2 = L mjph;ntz;
𝑣
f2 = 𝜆 =
2
𝑣
𝐿
= 2f1
5. 5𝜆3 4𝐿 𝑣 5𝑣 3𝜆3 2𝐿 𝑣 3𝑣
L= 4
λ3 = 5
mjph;ntz; f3 = 𝜆 = 4𝐿
= 5f1 5.L = 2
λ3 = 3
mjph;ntz; f3 = 𝜆 = 2𝐿
= 3f1
3 3
6. Nkw;Ruq;fspd; mjph;ntz;fspd; jfT 1:3:5 6. Nkw;Ruq;fspd; mjph;ntz;fspd; jfT 1:2:3
7. xj;jjph;T fhw;Wj; jk;g fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtj;ijf; fz;lwptij tpthp.
gad;: vspa Kiwapy; miw ntg;gepiyapy; fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtj;ijf; fz;lwpAk; fUtp.
mikg;G: 1. xU kPl;lh; ePsKs;s fz;zhb my;yJ cNyhff; Foha;. xU Kid jpwe;Jk; kWKid ePh;
Nrkf;fyd; R cld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. ,e;j mikg;G msTNfhy; nghUj;jg;gl;l nrq;Fj;J jhq;fpapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. ug;gh; Fohapy; ghjpasT ePh; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrkf;fyj;jpd; cauj;ij khw;w ePh; kl;lj;ij khw;wyhk;.
4. ePhpd; Nky; gug;G %ba gFjpahfTk; kWKid jpwe;j KidahfTk; cs;sjhy; ,J xU %ba Mh;fd; Foha;.
5. mjph;TWk; ,irf;fit xd;iw Fohapd; jpwe;j Kidf;fUfpy; itf;Fk; NghJ fhw;Wj;jk;g ePsk; rhpnra;ag;
gLfpwJ. vdNt fhw;Wj;jk;g mjph;tnz; MdJ ,irf;fitapd; mjph;ntz;Zld; xj;jjph;T milfpwJ.
𝝀
6. Kjy; xj;jjph;tpw;F> = 𝑳𝟏 . vjph;f;fZ Jy;ypakhf jpwe;j Kidapy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;fhf nra;ag;
𝟒
𝝀
gLk; jpUj;jk; Kidj;jpUj;jk; MFk;. ,g;NghJ> = 𝑳𝟏 + e → 1
𝟒
𝟑𝝀
7. fhw;Wj; jk;gj;jpd; ePsj;ij khw;wp ,uz;lhtJ xj;jjph;T ngwg;gLfpwJ. = 𝑳𝟐 + e → 2
𝟒
𝟑𝝀 𝝀 𝝀
2 – 1, − = 𝑳𝟐 + e – ( 𝑳 𝟏 + e ) ,g;NghJ, = 𝑳𝟐 – 𝑳𝟏 = ΔL or λ = 2 ΔL
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
Padasalai.Org
8. miw ntg;gepiyapy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;
Kid jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ghL e =

v = f λ = 2 f ΔL
𝑳𝟐 −𝟑𝑳𝟏
𝟐
ntw;wpf;Fj;jhd; vy;iyfs; cz;L.

Kaw;rpf;F vy;iyfs; ,y;iy.
Kaw;rpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,U.

Padasalai.Org
+
mwptpay; kdpj ,dj;jpw;fhd

xU mofhd ghpR.
kdpjuhfpa ehk;
mij rpijj;J tplf; $lhJ.
- mg;Jy; fyhk;

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www.Padasalai.Org www.Padasalai.

gjpndhd;whk; tFg;G Fiwf;fg;gl;l

KJfiy ,aw;gpay; Mrphpah;>

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gjpNdhwhk; tFg;G - ,aw;gpay;

S – vd;gJ GtpapypUe;J re;jpudpd; njhiyT vd;f.

vdNt re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; D = S θ

Padasalai.Org θ kw;Wk; S kjpg;G njhpe;jhy;> re;jpudpd; tpl;lj;ijf;

3. Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fisf; fzf;fpLtjpd; tpjpfisj; jUf.

2. Ropaw;w ,U vz;fSf;fpilg;gl;l Ropfs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs;. v.fh: 2008 – ehd;F

3. jrkg; Gs;sp cs;s vz;zpy; ,Wjpahf tUk; Ropf;fs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs;.

v.fh: 40.00 - ehd;F

4. jrkg;Gs;sp ,y;yhj vz;zpy; ,Wjpahf tUk; Ropf;fs; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; my;y.

v.fh: 30700 - %d;W

5. myFld; vOjg;gLk; ,aw;gpay; mstPLfspy; tUk; vy;yh RopfSk; Kf;fpa

vz;ZUf;fs;. v.fh: 30700 m - Ie;J

6. Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; myfpLk; Kiwiag; nghUj;jjy;y.

v.fh: 1.53 cm, 0.0153 m, 0.0000153 km - midj;jpYk; Kf;fpa vz;ZUf;fs; %d;W.

Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]

4. ghpkhzg; gFg;gha;tpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

Padasalai.Org neL tpdhf;fs;:

1. jj;Jtk;: jpUfpd; tl;l ,af;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nghpjhf;fg;gl;l Neh;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;

2. 50 mm tiuapyhd nghUl;fspd; ghpkhzq;fis kpfj; Jy;ypakhf mstplg; gad;gLk;

fUtp. ,jd; kPr;rpw;wsT 0.01 mm.

1. Jisapd; Mok; my;yJ Jisapd; tpl;lk; Nghd;w mstPLfis msf;fg; gad;gLk;

2. ,jd; kPr;rpw;wsT 0.01 cm ( nghJthf )

( ii ) ( m ) ePz;l njhiyTfis msf;Fk; Kf;Nfhz Kiw:

1. AB = h vd;gJ kuj;jpd; cauk; my;yJ NfhGuj;jpd; cauk; vd;f.

2. C vd;gJ cw;W Nehf;Fgth; cs;s Gs;sp. NkYk; BC = x vd;f

3. glj;jpypUe;J Vw;wf;Nfhzk; ∠ACB = 𝜽

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nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; ABC apypUe;J

njhiyT x I mwpe;jhy; cauk; h Ig; ngwyhk;.

mg;Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuk; 50 m. kuj;jpd; cauk; vd;d?

𝒉 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎

1. Radio Detection and Ranging vd;gjd; RUf;fk;

5. gug;G kw;Wk; Vw;G ,ilapyhd Neu ,ilntsp ‘t ’ vdpy;

Ntfk; = fle;j njhiyT / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk;

njhiyT = Ntfk; x vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Neuk; d=vxt/2

Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]

2. gpioapd; %yk;> Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shik

ΔA kw;Wk; ΔB vd;gd KiwNa A, B vd;w msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofs; vd;f.

A apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = A ±ΔA

B apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = B±ΔB

,U msTfspd; fopj;jypy; ( NtWghL ) Vw;gLk; gpiofs;:

ΔA kw;Wk; ΔB vd;gd KiwNa A, B vd;w msTfspd; jdpg;gpiofs; vd;f.

A apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = A ±ΔA

B apd; mstplg;gl;l kjpg;G = B±ΔB

NtWghL Z = A - B $Ljy; Z d; gpio ΔZ MFk;.

2. KOikg;gLj;Jjy;: jw;fhyj;jpy; fzpg;ghd;fisf; nfhz;L ngwg;gLk; KbTfs; gy ,yf;fq;fs;

Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]

nfhz;Ls;sjhf cs;sd. fzf;fPl;by; cs;slq;Fk; jfty;fspd; Kf;fpa vz;ZUit tpl

(ii) ghpkhzkw;w khwpypfs;: ghpkhzkpy;yhj khwpypfs;. v.fhl;L: π, e ( Ma;yh; vz; )

[ L T-1 ] = [ L T-1 ] + [ L T-2 ] [ T ]

3. ntt;NtW ,aw;gpay; msTfSf;fpilNa cs;s

Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]

Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]

ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpYk; xU nghUspd; epiyapid tpthpf;fg; gad;gLk; Ma

mr;Rf;fs; ( x, y, z ) nfhz;l Fwpg;ghaNk fhh;Brpad; Ma mr;Rj; njhFg;G vdg;gLk;.