ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Prodigy Public School which

provided me with the opportunity to fulfil my wish and

achieve my goal. I would like to express my deep debt to Mr

Hanumant Deshmukh (PGT- English), project guide for his

vital suggestions, meticulous guidance and constant

motivation which went a long way in the successful

completion of this project.

I cannot move on without thanking beloved Principal Ma'am

for creating the required academic environment which made

my task appreciable.

On a moral personal note, my deepest appreciation and

gratitude to my beloved parents and classmates who have

been an inspiration and have provided me with unrelenting

encouragement and support.

By Diya Nanavare
 A

Project
On
ALBERT EINSTEIN
For
AISSCE 2020-2021 Examination
As a part of the ENGLISH 301
Submitted By Diya Nanavare
Roll No. :- 33
Under the Guidance of: Hanumant Deshmukh
PGT- English
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled, Albert

Einstein is a bonafide work done by Diya Nanavare XI d
during the academic session 2021-2022 is partial
fulfillment of CBSE's AISSCE Examination 2021 and has
been carried out under my direct supervision and
guidance. This report or a similar report on the topic
has not been submitted for any other examination and
does not form a part of any other course undergone by
the candidate.
 INTRODUCTION

Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm,

Wü rttemberg, Germany—died April 18,
1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-
born physicist who developed the special
and general theories of relativity and won
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his
explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Einstein is generally considered the most
influential physicist of the 20th century.
Einstein is best known for developing the
theory of relativity, but he also made
important contributions to the
development of the theory of quantum
mechanics.
 Childhood and education
Einstein’s parents were secular, middle-
class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein,
was originally a featherbed salesman and
later ran an electrochemical factory with
moderate success. His mother, the former
Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He
had one sister, Maria (who went by the
name Maja), born two years after Albert.

Einstein would write that two “wonders”

deeply affected his early years. The first
was his encounter with a compass at age
five. He was mystified that invisible forces
could deflect the needle. This would lead to
a lifelong fascination with invisible forces.
The second wonder came at age 12 when he
discovered a book of geometry, which he
devoured, calling it his “sacred little
geometry book.”
Einstein became deeply religious at age 12,
even composing several songs in praise of
God and chanting religious songs on the
way to school. This began to change,
however, after he read science books that
contradicted his religious beliefs. This
challenge to established authority left a
deep and lasting impression. At the
Luitpold Gymnasium, Einstein often felt out
of place and victimized by a Prussian-style
educational system that seemed to stifle
originality and creativity. One teacher even
told him that he would never amount to
anything.
Yet another important influence on Einstein
was a young medical student, Max Talmud
(later Max Talmey), who often had dinner
at the Einstein home. Talmud became an
informal tutor, introducing Einstein to
higher mathematics and philosophy. A
pivotal turning point occurred when
Einstein was 16 years old. Talmud had
earlier introduced him to a children’s
science series by Aaron Bernstein,
Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher
(1867–68; Popular Books on Physical
Science), in which the author imagined
riding alongside electricity that was
traveling inside a telegraph wire. Einstein
then asked himself the question that would
dominate his thinking for the next 10 years:
What would a light beam look like if you
could run alongside it? If light were a wave,
then the light beam should appear
stationary, like a frozen wave. Even as a
child, though, he knew that stationary light
waves had never been seen, so there was a
paradox. Einstein also wrote his first
“scientific paper” at that time (“The
Investigation of the State of Aether in
Magnetic Fields”).
Einstein’s education was disrupted by his
father’s repeated failures at business. In
1894, after his company failed to get an
important contract to electrify the city of
Munich, Hermann Einstein moved to Milan
to work with a relative. Einstein was left at
a boardinghouse in Munich and expected to
finish his education. Alone, miserable, and
repelled by the looming prospect of military
duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away
six months later and landed on the doorstep
of his surprised parents. His parents
realized the enormous problems that he
faced as a school dropout and draft dodger
with no employable skills. His prospects did
not look promising.
Fortunately, Einstein could apply directly to
the Eidgenö ssische Polytechnische Schule
(“Swiss Federal Polytechnic School”; in
1911, following expansion in 1909 to full
university status, it was renamed the
Eidgenö ssische Technische Hochschule, or
“Swiss Federal Institute of Technology”) in
Zü rich without the equivalent of a high
school diploma if he passed its stiff
entrance examinations. His marks showed
that he excelled in mathematics and
physics, but he failed at French, chemistry,
and biology. Because of his exceptional
math scores, he was allowed into the
polytechnic on the condition that he first
finish his formal schooling. He went to a
special high school run by Jost Winteler in
Aarau, Switzerland, and graduated in 1896.
He also renounced his German citizenship
 From graduation to the “miracle
year” of scientific theories of Albert
Einstein
After graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one
of the greatest crises in his life. Because he
studied advanced subjects on his own, he
often cut classes; this earned him the
animosity of some professors, especially
Heinrich Weber. Unfortunately, Einstein
asked Weber for a letter of
recommendation. Einstein was
subsequently turned down for every
academic position that he applied to. He
later wrote,
In 1902 Einstein reached perhaps the
lowest point in his life. He could not marry
Maric and support a family without a job,
and his father’s business went bankrupt.
Desperate and unemployed, Einstein took
lowly jobs tutoring children, but he was
fired from even these jobs.

The turning point came later that year,

when the father of his lifelong friend Marcel
Grossmann was able to recommend him for
a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent
office in Bern. About then, Einstein’s father
became seriously ill and, just before he
died, gave his blessing for his son to marry
Maric. For years, Einstein would experience
enormous sadness remembering that his
father had died thinking him a failure.
With a small but steady income for the first
time, Einstein felt confident enough to
marry Maric, which he did on January 6,
1903. Their children, Hans Albert and
Eduard, were born in Bern in 1904 and
1910, respectively. In hindsight, Einstein’s
job at the patent office was a blessing. He
would quickly finish analyzing patent
applications, leaving him time to daydream
about the vision that had obsessed him
since he was 16: What would happen if you
raced alongside a light beam? While at the
polytechnic school he had studied
Maxwell’s equations, which describe the
nature of light, and discovered a fact
unknown to James Clerk Maxwell himself—
namely, that the speed of light remains the
same no matter how fast one moves. This
violates Newton’s laws of motion, however,
because there is no absolute velocity in
Isaac Newton’s theory. This insight led
Einstein to formulate the principle of
relativity: “the speed of light is a constant in
any inertial frame (constantly moving
frame).”
Einstein also submitted a paper in 1905 for
his doctorate.

Other scientists, especially Henri Poincaré

and Hendrik Lorentz, had pieces of the
theory of special relativity, but Einstein was
the first to assemble the whole theory
together and to realize that it was a
universal law of nature, not a curious
figment of motion in the ether, as Poincaré
and Lorentz had thought. (In one private
letter to Mileva, Einstein referred to “our
theory,” which has led some to speculate
that she was a cofounder of relativity
theory. However, Mileva had abandoned
physics after twice failing her graduate
exams, and there is no record of her
involvement in developing relativity. In fact,
in his 1905 paper, Einstein only credits his
conversations with Besso in developing
relativity.)
In the 19th century there were two pillars
of physics: Newton’s laws of motion and
Maxwell’s theory of light. Einstein was
alone in realizing that they were in
contradiction and that one of them must fall
 General relativity and teaching
career of Albert Einstein
At first Einstein’s 1905 papers were
ignored by the physics community. This
began to change after he received the
attention of just one physicist, perhaps the
most influential physicist of his generation,
Max Planck, the founder of the quantum
theory.

Soon, owing to Planck’s laudatory

comments and to experiments that
gradually confirmed his theories, Einstein
was invited to lecture at international
meetings, such as the Solvay Conferences,
and he rose rapidly in the academic world.
He was offered a series of positions at
increasingly prestigious institutions,
including the University of Zü rich, the
University of Prague, the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology, and finally the
University of Berlin, where he served as
director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for
Physics from 1913 to 1933 (although the
opening of the institute was delayed until
1917).
Even as his fame spread, Einstein’s
marriage was falling apart. He was
constantly on the road, speaking at
international conferences, and lost in
contemplation of relativity. The couple
argued frequently about their children and
their meager finances. Convinced that his
marriage was doomed, Einstein began an
affair with a cousin, Elsa Lö wenthal, whom
he later married. (Elsa was a first cousin on
his mother’s side and a second cousin on
his father’s side.) When he finally divorced
Mileva in 1919, he agreed to give her the
money he might receive if he ever won a
Nobel Prize
One of the deep thoughts that consumed
Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a crucial
flaw in his own theory: it made no mention
of gravitation or acceleration. His friend
Paul Ehrenfest had noticed a curious fact. If
a disk is spinning, its rim travels faster than
its centre, and hence (by special relativity)
metre sticks placed on its circumference
should shrink. This meant that Euclidean
plane geometry must fail for the disk. For
the next 10 years, Einstein would be
absorbed with formulating a theory of
gravity in terms of the curvature of space-
time. To Einstein, Newton’s gravitational
force was actually a by-product of a deeper
reality: the bending of the fabric of space
and time
In November 1915 Einstein finally
completed the general theory of relativity,
which he considered to be his masterpiece.
In the summer of 1915, Einstein had given
six two-hour lectures at the University of
Gö ttingen that thoroughly explained an
incomplete version of general relativity that
lacked a few necessary mathematical
details. Much to Einstein’s consternation,
the mathematician David Hilbert, who had
organized the lectures at his university and
had been corresponding with Einstein, then
completed these details and submitted a
paper in November on general relativity
just five days before Einstein, as if the
theory were his own. Later they patched up
their differences and remained friends.
Einstein would write to Hilbert,
Today physicists refer to the action from
which the equations are derived as the
Einstein-Hilbert action, but the theory itself
is attributed solely to Einstein.
Einstein was convinced that general
relativity was correct because of its
mathematical beauty and because it
accurately predicted the precession of the
perihelion of Mercury’s orbit around the
Sun (see Mercury: Mercury in tests of
relativity). His theory also predicted a
measurable deflection of light around the
Sun. As a consequence, he even offered to
help fund an expedition to measure the
deflection of starlight during an eclipse of
the Sun.
 World renown and Nobel Prize
Einstein’s work was interrupted by World
War I. A lifelong pacifist, he was only one of
four intellectuals in Germany to sign a
manifesto opposing Germany’s entry into
war. Disgusted, he called nationalism “the
measles of mankind.” He would write, “At
such a time as this, one realizes what a
sorry species of animal one belongs to.”
In the chaos unleashed after the war, in
November 1918, radical students seized
control of the University of Berlin and held
the rector of the college and several
professors hostage. Many feared that calling
in the police to release the officials would
result in a tragic confrontation. Einstein,
because he was respected by both students
and faculty, was the logical candidate to
mediate this crisis. Together with Max
Born, Einstein brokered a compromise that
resolved it.

After the war, two expeditions were sent to

test Einstein’s prediction of deflected
starlight near the Sun. One set sail for the
island of Principe, off the coast of West
Africa, and the other to Sobral in northern
Brazil in order to observe the solar eclipse
of May 29, 1919. On November 6 the results
were announced in London at a joint
meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal
Astronomical Society.
The headline of The Times of London read,
“Revolution in Science—New Theory of the
Universe—Newton’s Ideas Overthrown—
Momentous Pronouncement—Space
‘Warped.’” Almost immediately, Einstein
became a world-renowned physicist, the
successor to Isaac Newton
Invitations came pouring in for him to
speak around the world. In 1921 Einstein
began the first of several world tours,
visiting the United States, England, Japan,
and France. Everywhere he went, the
crowds numbered in the thousands. En
route from Japan, he received word that he
had received the Nobel Prize for Physics,
but for the photoelectric effect rather than
for his relativity theories. During his
acceptance speech, Einstein startled the
audience by speaking about relativity
instead of the photoelectric effect.

Einstein also launched the new science of

cosmology. His equations predicted that the
universe is dynamic—expanding or
contracting. This contradicted the
prevailing view that the universe was static,
so he reluctantly introduced a
“cosmological term” to stabilize his model
of the universe. In 1929 astronomer Edwin
Hubble found that the universe was indeed
expanding, thereby confirming Einstein’s
earlier work. In 1930, in a visit to the Mount
Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles,
Einstein met with Hubble and declared the
cosmological constant to be his “greatest
blunder.” Recent satellite data, however,
have shown that the cosmological constant
is probably not zero but actually dominates
the matter-energy content of the entire
universe. Einstein’s “blunder” apparently
determines the ultimate fate of the universe
During that same visit to California,
Einstein was asked to appear alongside the
comic actor Charlie Chaplin during the
Hollywood debut of the film City Lights.
When they were mobbed by thousands,
Chaplin remarked, “The people applaud me
because everybody understands me, and
they applaud you because no one
understands you.” Einstein asked Chaplin,
“What does it all mean?” Chaplin replied,
“Nothing.”

Einstein also began correspondences with

other influential thinkers during this
period. He corresponded with Sigmund
Freud (both of them had sons with mental
problems) on whether war was intrinsic to
humanity. He discussed with the Indian
mystic Rabindranath Tagore the question of
whether consciousness can affect existence.
One journalist remarked,
Personal sorrow, World War II, and
the atomic bomb
The 1930s were hard years for Einstein. His
son Eduard was diagnosed with
schizophrenia and suffered a mental
breakdown in 1930. (Eduard would be
institutionalized for the rest of his life.)
Einstein’s close friend, physicist Paul
Ehrenfest, who helped in the development
of general relativity, committed suicide in
1933. And Einstein’s beloved wife, Elsa,
died in 1936.
To his horror, during the late 1930s,
physicists began seriously to consider
whether his equation E = mc2 might make
an atomic bomb possible. In 1920 Einstein
himself had considered but eventually
dismissed the possibility. However, he left it
open if a method could be found to magnify
the power of the atom. Then in 1938–39
Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner,
and Otto Frisch showed that vast amounts
of energy could be unleashed by the
splitting of the uranium atom. The news
electrified the physics community.
Increasing professional isolation and
death
Although Einstein continued to pioneer many
key developments in the theory of general
relativity—such as wormholes, higher
dimensions, the possibility of time travel, the
existence of black holes, and the creation of
the universe—he was increasingly isolated
from the rest of the physics community.
Because of the huge strides made by
quantum theory in unraveling the secrets of
atoms and molecules, the majority of
physicists were working on the quantum
theory, not relativity. In fact, Einstein would
engage in a series of historic private debates
with Niels Bohr, originator of the Bohr atomic
model. Through a series of sophisticated
“thought experiments,” Einstein tried to find
logical inconsistencies in the quantum theory,
particularly its lack of a deterministic
mechanism. Einstein would often say that
“God does not play dice with the universe.”

In 1935 Einstein’s most celebrated attack on

the quantum theory led to the EPR (Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen) thought experiment.
According to quantum theory, under certain
circumstances two electrons separated by
huge distances would have their properties
linked, as if by an umbilical cord. Under these
circumstances, if the properties of the first
electron were measured, the state of the
second electron would be known instantly—
faster than the speed of light. This conclusion,
Einstein claimed, clearly violated relativity.
(Experiments conducted since then have
confirmed that the quantum theory, rather
than Einstein, was correct about the EPR
experiment. In essence, what Einstein had
actually shown was that quantum mechanics
is nonlocal—i.e., random information can
travel faster than light. This does not violate
relativity, because the information is random
and therefore useless.)

The other reason for Einstein’s increasing

detachment from his colleagues was his
obsession, beginning in 1925, with
discovering a unified field theory—an all-
embracing theory that would unify the forces
of the universe, and thereby the laws of
physics, into one framework. In his later years
he stopped opposing the quantum theory and
tried to incorporate it, along with light and
gravity, into a larger unified field theory.
Gradually Einstein became set in his ways. He
rarely traveled far, confining himself to long
walks around Princeton with close associates,
whom he engaged in deep conversations
about politics, religion, physics, and his
unified field theory. In 1950 he published an
article on his theory in Scientific American,
but because it neglected the still-mysterious
strong force, it was necessarily incomplete.
When he died five years later of an aortic
aneurysm, it was still unfinished.
 Legacy of Albert Einstein
In some sense, Einstein, instead of being a
relic, may have been too far ahead of his
time. The strong force, a major piece of any
unified field theory, was still a total mystery
in Einstein’s lifetime. Only in the 1970s and
’80s did physicists begin to unravel the
secret of the strong force with the quark
model. Nevertheless, Einstein’s work
continues to win Nobel Prizes for
succeeding physicists. In 1993 a Nobel Prize
was awarded to the discoverers of
gravitation waves, predicted by Einstein. In
1995 a Nobel Prize was awarded to the
discoverers of Bose-Einstein condensates (a
new form of matter that can occur at
extremely low temperatures). Known black
holes now number in the thousands. New
generations of space satellites have
continued to verify the cosmology of
Einstein. And many leading physicists are
trying to finish Einstein’s ultimate dream of
a “theory of everything.”
CONCLUSION
Albert Einstein was a very famous scientist.
He has helped many people and made many
discoveries throughout his life. He made
people aware of the theory of relativity. He
was advanced in science and mathematics.
He has inspid many people in science by his
acheivements and discoveries. He made
many discoveries which helps the world
now. Even now, almost a century after her
people still investigate inside Einstein's
universe.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.britannica.com/biography/
Albert-Einstein/From-graduation-to-the-
miracle-year-of-scientific-theories
www.wikipidia.com