WWW Interviewbit Com Python Interview Questions
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1. What is Python?
Python is a highlevel, interpreted, generalpurpose programming language. Being a generalpurpose
language, it can be used to build almost any type of application with the right tools/libraries. Additionally,
python supports objects, modules, threads, exceptionhandling and automatic memory management which
help in modelling realworld problems and building applications to solve these problems.
2. What are the benefits of using Python?
Python is a generalpurpose programming language that has simple, easytolearn syntax which
emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Moreover, the language is
capable of scripting, completely opensource and supports thirdparty packages encouraging modularity
and codereuse.
Its highlevel data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, attract a huge
community of developers for Rapid Application Development and deployment.
Begin your success journey!
3. What is a dynamically typed language?
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Before we understand what a dynamically typed language, we should learn about what typing is. Typing
refers to typechecking in programming languages. In a strongly-typed language, such as Python, "1" +
2 will result in a type error, since these languages don't allow for "typecoercion" (implicit conversion of
data types). On the other hand, a weakly-typed language, such as Javascript, will simply output "12" as
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Typechecking can be done at two stages
1. Static Data Types are checked before execution.
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2. Dynamic Data Types are checked during execution.
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Python being an interpreted language, executes each statement line by line and thus typechecking is
done on the fly, during execution. Hence, Python is a Dynamically Typed language.
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4. What is an Interpreted language?
An Interpreted language executes its statements line by line. Languages such as Python, Javascript, R,
PHP and Ruby are prime examples of Interpreted languages. Programs written in an interpreted language
runs directly from the source code, with no intermediary compilation step.
5. What is PEP 8 and why is it important?
PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is an official design document providing
information to the Python Community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes. PEP 8 is
especially important since it documents the style guidelines for Python Code. Apparently contributing in the
Python opensource community requires you to follow these style guidelines sincerely and strictly.
6. How is memory managed in Python?
Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager. The memory allocated by
the manager is in form of a private heap space dedicated for Python. All Python objects are stored in this
heap and being private, it is inaccessible to the programmer. Though, python does provide some core API
functions to work upon the private heap space.
Additionally, Python has an inbuilt garbage collection to recycle the unused memory for the private heap
space.
7. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used?
A namespace in Python ensures that object names in a program are unique and can be used without any
conflict. Python implements these namespaces as dictionaries with 'name as key' mapped to a
corresponding 'object as value'. This allows for multiple namespaces to use the same name and map it to
a separate object. A few examples of namespaces are as follows:
Local Namespace includes local names inside a function. the namespace is temporarily created for a
function call and gets cleared when the function returns.
Global Namespace includes names from various imported packages/ modules that is being used in the
current project. This namespace is created when the package is imported in the script and lasts until the
execution of the script.
Builtin Namespace includes builtin functions of core Python and builtin names for various types of
exceptions.
Lifecycle of a namespace depends upon the scope of objects they are mapped to. If the scope of an
object ends, the lifecycle of that namespace comes to an end. Hence, it isn't possible to access inner
namespace objects from an outer namespace.
8. What is Scope in Python?
Every object in Python functions within a scope. A scope is a block of code where an object in Python
remains relevant. Namespaces uniquely identify all the objects inside a program. However, these
namespaces also have a scope defined for them where you could use their objects without any prefix. A
few examples of scope created during code execution in Python are as follows:
1. A local scope refers to the local objects available in the current function.
2. A global scope refers to the objects available throught the code execution since their inception.
3. A modulelevel scope refers to the global objects of the current module accessible in the program.
4. An outermost scope refers to all the builtin names callable in the program. The objects in this scope
are searched last to find the name referenced.
Note: Local scope objects can be synced with global scope objects using keywords such as global.
9. What is Scope Resolution in Python?
Sometimes objects within the same scope have the same name but function differently. In such cases,
scope resolution comes into play in Python automatically. A few examples of such behaviour are:
Python modules namely 'math' and 'cmath' have a lot of functions that are common to both of them
log10() , acos() , exp() etc. To resolve this amiguity, it is necessary to prefix them with their respective
temp = 10 # globalscope variable
def func():
temp = 20 # localscope variable
print(temp)
print(temp) # output => 10
func() # output => 20
print(temp) # output => 10
temp = 10 # globalscope variable
def func():
global temp
temp = 20 # localscope variable
print(temp)
print(temp) # output => 10
func() # output => 20
print(temp) # output => 20
10. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators in Python are essentially functions that add functionality to an existing function in Python
without changing the structure of the function itself. They are represented by the @decorator_name in
Python and are called in bottomup fashion. For example:
# decorator function to convert to lowercase
def lowercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_lowercase = func.lower()
return string_lowercase
return wrapper
# decorator function to split words
def splitter_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_split = func.split()
string_split = func.split()
return string_split
return wrapper
@splitter_decorator # this is executed next
@lowercase_decorator # this is executed first
def hello():
return 'Hello World'
hello() # output => [ 'hello' , 'world' ]
The beauty of the decorators lies in the fact that besides adding functionality to the output of the method,
they can even accept arguments for functions and can further modify those arguments before passing it
to the function itself. The inner nested function, i.e. 'wrapper' function, plays a significant role here. It is
implemented to enforce encapsulation and thus, keep itself hidden from the global scope.
# decorator function to capitalize names
def names_decorator(function):
def wrapper(arg1, arg2):
arg1 = arg1.capitalize()
arg2 = arg2.capitalize()
string_hello = function(arg1, arg2)
return string_hello
return wrapper
@names_decorator
def say_hello(name1, name2):
return 'Hello ' + name1 + '! Hello ' + name2 + '!'
say_hello('sara', 'ansh') # output => 'Hello Sara! Hello Ansh!'
11. What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference
between the two?
Lists and Tuples are both sequence data types that can store a collection of objects in Python. The
objects stored in both sequences can have different data types. Lists are represented with square
brackets ['sara', 6, 0.19] , while tuples are represented with parantheses ('ansh', 5, 0.97) .
But what is the real difference between the two? The key difference between the two is that while lists are
mutable, tuples on the other hand are immutable objects. This means that lists can be modified,
appended or sliced onthego but tuples remain constant and cannot be modified in any manner. You can
run the following example on Python IDLE to confirm the difference:
my_tuple = ('sara', 6, 5, 0.97)
my_list = ['sara', 6, 5, 0.97]
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'sara'
my_tuple[0] = 'ansh' # modifying tuple => throws an error
my_list[0] = 'ansh' # modifying list => list modified
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'ansh'
12. What are Dict and List comprehensions?
Python comprehensions, like decorators, are syntactic sugar constructs that help build altered and
filtered lists, dictionaries or sets from a given list, dictionary or set. Using comprehensions, saves a lot of
time and code that might be considerably more verbose (containing more lines of code). Let's check out
some examples, where comprehensions can be truly beneficial:
Performing mathematical operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list] # list comprehension
# output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
Performing conditional filtering operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0] # list comprehension
# output => [9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
Combining multiple lists into one
Comprehensions allow for multiple iterators and hence, can be used to combine multiple lists into one.
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [7, 8, 9]
[(x + y) for (x,y) in zip(a,b)] # parallel iterators
# output => [8, 10, 12]
[(x,y) for x in a for y in b] # nested iterators
# output => [(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)]
Flattening a multidimensional list
A similar approach of nested iterators (as above) can be applied to flatten a multidimensional list or work
upon its inner elements.
my_list = [[10,20,30],[40,50,60],[70,80,90]]
flattened = [x for temp in my_list for x in temp]
# output => [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]
Note: List comprehensions have the same e몭ect as the map method in other languages. They follow the
mathematical set builder notation rather than map and filter functions in Python.
13. What are the common builtin data types in Python?
There are several builtin data types in Python. Although, Python doesn't require data types to be defined
explicitly during variable declarations but type errors are likely to occur if the knowledge of data types and
their compatibility with each other are neglected. Python provides type() and isinstance() functions to
check the type of these variables. These data types can be grouped into the following catetgories
None Type
None keyword represents the null values in Python. Boolean equality operation can be performed using
these NoneType objects.
NoneType Represents the NULL values in Python
Numeric Types
There are three distint numeric types integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers.
Additionally, booleans are a subtype of integers.
int Stores integer literals including hex, octal and binary numbers as integers
Stores literals containing decimal values and/or exponent sign as floatingpoint
float
numbers
bool Stores boolean value (True or False)
Note: The standard library also includes fractions to store rational numbers and decimal to store floating-
point numbers with user-defined precision.
Sequence Types
According to Python Docs, there are three basic Sequence Types lists, tuples, and range objects.
Sequence types have the in and not in operators defined for their traversing their elements. These
operators share the same priority as the comparison operations.
Class Name Description
list Mutable sequence used to store collection of items.
tuple Immutable sequence used to store collection of items.
range Represents an immutable sequence of numbers generated during execution.
str Immutable sequence of Unicode code points to store textual data.
Note: The standard library also includes additional types for processing:
1. Binary data such as bytearray bytes memoryview , and
2. Text strings such as str .
Mapping Types
A mapping object can map hashable values to random objects in Python. Mappings objects are mutable
and there is currently only one standard mapping type, the dictionary.
dict Stores commaseparated list of key: value pairs
Set Types
Currently, Python has two builtin set types set and frozenset. set type is mutable and supports methods
like add() and remove() . frozenset type is immutable and can't be modified after creation.
set Mutable unordered collection of distinct hashable objects
frozenset Immutable collection of distinct hashable objects
Note: set is mutable and thus cannot be used as key for a dictionary. On the other hand, frozenset is
immutable and thus, hashable, and can be used as a dictionary key or as an element of another set.
Modules
Module is an additional builtin type supported by the Python Interpreter. It supports one special operation,
i.e., attribute access: mymod.myobj , where mymod is a module and myobj references a name defined in
m's symbol table. The module's symbol table resides in a very special attribute of the module __dict__, but
direct assignment to this module is neither possible nor recommended.
Callable Types
Callable types are the types to which function call can be applied. They can be userdefined functions,
instance methods, generator functions, and some other builtin functions, methods and classes.
Refer the documentation at docs.python.org for a detailed view into the callable types.
14. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used?
Lambda is an anonymous function in Python, that can accept any number of arguments, but can only have
a single expression. It is generally used in situations requiring an anonymous function for a short time
period. Lambda functions can be used in either of the two ways:
Assigning lambda functions to a variable
mul = lambda a, b : a * b
print(mul(2, 5)) # output => 10
Wrapping lambda functions inside another function
def myWrapper(n):
return lambda a : a * n
mulFive = myWrapper(5)
print(mulFive(2)) # output => 10
15. What is pass in Python?
The pass keyword represents a null operation in Python. It is generally used for the purpose of filling up
empty blocks of code which may execute during runtime but has yet to be written. Without the pass
statement in the following code, we may run into some errors during code execution.
def myEmptyFunc():
# do nothing
pass
myEmptyFunc() # nothing happens
## Without the pass keyword
# File "<stdin>", line 3
# IndentationError: expected an indented block
16. How do you copy an object in Python?
In Python, the assignment statement ( = operator) does not copy objects. Instead, it creates a binding
between the existing object and the target variable name. To create copies of an object in Python, we need
to use the copy module. Moreover, there are two ways of creating copies for the given object using the
copy module
Shallow Copy is a bitwise copy of an object. The copied object created has an exact copy of the values
in the original object. If either of the values are references to other objects, just the reference addresses for
the same are copied.
Deep Copy copies all values recursively from source to target object, i.e. it even duplicates the objects
referenced by the source object.
from copy import copy, deepcopy
list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4]
## shallow copy
list_2 = copy(list_1)
list_2[3] = 7
list_2[2].append(6)
list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
## deep copy
list_3 = deepcopy(list_1)
list_3[3] = 8
list_3[2].append(7)
list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
17. What is the difference between xrange and range in
Python?
xrange() and range() are quite similar in terms of functionality. They both generate a sequence of integers,
with the only difference that range() returns a Python list, whereas, xrange() returns an xrange
object.
So how does that make a difference? It sure does, because unlike range(), xrange() doesn't generate a
static list, it creates the value on the go. This technique is commonly used with an object type generators
and has been termed as "yielding".
Yielding is crucial in applications where memory is a constraint. Creating a static list as in range() can
lead to a Memory Error in such conditions, while, xrange() can handle it optimally by using just enough
memory for the generator (significantly less in comparison).
for i in xrange(10): # numbers from o to 9
print i # output => 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for i in xrange(1,10): # numbers from 1 to 9
print i # output => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for i in xrange(1, 10, 2): # skip by two for next
print i # output => 1 3 5 7 9
Note: xrange has been deprecated as of Python 3.x. Now range does exactly the same what xrange used
to do in Python 2.x, since it was way better to use xrange() than the original range() function in Python 2.x.
18. What are modules and packages in Python?
Python packages and Python modules are two mechanisms that allow for modular programming in
Python. Modularizing ahs several advantages
1. Simplicity: Working on a single module helps you focus on a relatively small portion of the problem at
hand. This makes development easier and less errorprone.
2. Maintainability: Modules are designed to enforce logical boundaries between different problem
domains. If they are written in a manner that reduces interdependency, it is less likely that modifications in
a module might impact other parts of the program.
3. Reusability: Functions defined in a module can be easily reused by other parts of the application.
4. Scoping: Modules typically define a separate namespace, which helps avoid confusion between
identifiers from other parts of the program.
Modules, in general, are simply Python files with a .py extension and can have a set of functions, classes
or variables defined and implemented. They can be imported and initialized once using the import
statement. If partial functionality is needed, import the requisite classes or functions using from foo
import bar .
Packages allow for hierarchial structuring of the module namespace using dot notation. As, modules
help avoid clashes between global variable names, in a similary manner, packages help avoid clashes
between module names.
Creating a package is easy since it makes use of the system's inherent file structure. So just stuff the
modules into a folder and there you have it, the folder name as the package name. Importing a module or
its contents from this package requires the package name as prefix to the module name joined by a dot.
Note: You can technically import the package as well, but alas, it doesn't import the modules within the
package to the local namespace, thus, it is practically useless.
19. What are global, protected and private attributes in
Python?
Global variables are public variables that are defined in the global scope. To use the variable in the global
scope inside a function, we use the global keyword.
Protected attributes are attributes defined with a underscore prefixed to their identifier eg. _sara. They can
still be accessed and modified from outside the class they are defined in but a responsible developer
should refrain from doing so.
Private attributes are attributes with double underscore prefixed to their identifier eg. __ansh. They cannot
be accessed or modified from the outside directly and will result in an AttributeError if such an attempt is
made.
20. What is self in Python?
Self is a keyword in Python used to define an instance or an object of a class. In Python, it is explicity
used as the first paramter, unlike in Java where it is optional. It helps in disinguishing between the methods
and attributes of a class from its local variables.
21. What is __init__?
__init__ is a contructor method in Python and is automatically called to allocate memory when a new
object/instance is created. All classes have a __init__ method associated with them. It helps in
distinguishing methods and attributes of a class from local variables.
# class definition
class Student:
def __init__(self, fname, lname, age, section):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
self.age = age
self.section = section
# creating a new object
stu1 = Student("Sara", "Ansh", 22, "A2")
22. What is break, continue and pass in Python?
The break statement terminates the loop immediately
Break
and the control flows to the statement after the body of the loop.
The continue statement terminates the current iteration of the statement,
Continue skips the rest of the code in the current iteration and the control flows to the next
iteration of the loop.
As explained above, pass keyword in Python is generally used to fillup empty
blocks
Pass
and is similar to an empty statement represented by a semicolon in languages
such as Java, C++, Javascript etc.
pat = [1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3]
for p in pat:
pass
if (p == 0):
current = p
break
elif (p % 2 == 0):
continue
continue
print(p) # output => 1 3 1 3 1
print(current) # output => 0
23. What is pickling and unpickling?
Python library offers a feature serialization out of the box. Serializing a object refers to transforming it
into a format that can be stored, so as to be able to deserialize it later on, to obtain the original object. Here,
the pickle module comes into play.
Pickling
Pickling is the name of the serialization process in Python. Any object in Python can be serialized into a
byte stream and dumped as a file in the memory. The process of pickling is compact but pickle objects can
be compressed further. Moreover, pickle keeps track of the objects it has serialized and the serialization is
portable across versions.
The function used for the above process is pickle.dump() .
Unpickling
Unpickling is the complete inverse of pickling. It deserializes the byte stream to recreate the objects stored
in the file, and loads the object to memory.
The function used for the above process is pickle.load() .
Note: Python has another, more primitive, serialization module called marshall, which exists primarily to
support .pyc files in Python and differs significantly from pickle.
24. What are generators in Python?
Generators are functions that return an iterable collection of items, one at a time, in a set manner.
Generators, in general, are used to create iterators with a different approach. They employ the use of
yield keyword rather than return to return a generator object.
Let's try and build a generator for fibonacci numbers
## generate fibonacci numbers upto n
## generate fibonacci numbers upto n
def fib(n):
p, q = 0, 1
while(p < n):
yield p
p, q = q, p + q
x = fib(10) # create generator object
## iterating using __next__(), for Python2, use next()
x.__next__() # output => 0
x.__next__() # output => 1
x.__next__() # output => 1
x.__next__() # output => 2
x.__next__() # output => 3
x.__next__() # output => 5
x.__next__() # output => 8
x.__next__() # error
## iterating using loop
for i in fib(10):
print(i) # output => 0 1 1 2 3 5 8
25. What is PYTHONPATH in Python?
PYTHONPATH is an environment variable which you can set to add additional directories where Python
will look for modules and packages. This is especially useful in maintaining Python libraries that you do not
wish to install in the global default location.
26. What is the use of help() and dir() functions?
help() function in Python is used to display the documentation of modules, classes, functions, keywords,
etc. If no parameter is passed to the help() function, then an interactive help utility is launched on the
console.
dir() function tries to return a valid list of attributes and methods of the object it is called upon. It behaves
differently with different objects, as it aims to produce the most relevant data, rather than the complete
information.
For Modules/Library objects, it returns a list of all attributes, contained in that module.
For Class Objects, it returns a list of all valid attributes and base attributes.
With no arguments passed, it returns a list of attributes in the current scope.
27. What is the difference between .py and .pyc files?
.py files contain the source code of a program. Whereas, .pyc file contains the bytecode of your
program. We get bytecode after compilation of .py file (source code). .pyc files are not created for all the
files that you run. It is only created for the files that you import.
files that you run. It is only created for the files that you import.
Before executing a python program python interpreter checks for the compiled files. If the file is present,
the virtual machine executes it. If not found, it checks for .py file. If found, compiles it to .pyc file and then
python virtual machine executes it.
Having .pyc file saves you the compilation time.
28. How Python is interpreted?
Python as a language is not interpreted or compiled. Interpreted or compiled is the property of the
implementation. Python is a bytecode(set of interpreter readable instructions) interpreted generally.
Source code is a file with .py extension.
Python compiles the source code to a set of instructions for a virtual machine. The Python interpreter is
an implementation of that virtual machine. This intermediate format is called “bytecode”.
.py source code is first compiled to give .pyc which is bytecode. This bytecode can be then interpreted
by official CPython, or JIT(Just in Time compiler) compiled by PyPy.
29. What are unittests in Python?
unittest is a unit testing framework of Python.
Unit testing means testing different components of software separately. Can you think why unit testing is
important? Imagine a scenario, you are building software which uses three components namely A, B, and
C. Now, suppose your software breaks at a point time. How will you find which component was
responsible for breaking the software? Maybe it was component A that failed, which in turn failed
component B, and this actually failed the software. There can be many such combinations.
This is why it is necessary to test each and every component properly so that we know which
component might be highly responsible for the failure of the software.
30. What is docstring in Python?
Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a specific code segment.
The docstring should describe what the function or method does.
31. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in
python?
Pass by value: Copy of the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the copy of the object will not
change the value of the original object.
Pass by reference: Reference to the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the new object will
change the value of the original object.
In Python, arguments are passed by reference, i.e., reference to the actual object is passed.
def appendNumber(arr):
arr.append(4)
arr = [1, 2, 3]
arr = [1, 2, 3]
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3]
appendNumber(arr)
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3, 4]
32. What are iterators in Python?
Iterator is an object.
It remembers its state i.e., where it is during iteration (see code below to see how)
__iter__() method initializes an iterator.
It has a __next__() method which returns the next item in iteration and points to the next element. Upon
reaching the end of iterable object __next__() must return StopIteration exception.
It is also self iterable.
Iterators are objects with which we can iterate over iterable objects like lists, strings, etc.
class ArrayList:
def __init__(self, number_list):
self.numbers = number_list
def __iter__(self):
self.pos = 0
return self
def __next__(self):
if(self.pos < len(self.numbers)):
self.pos += 1
return self.numbers[self.pos ‐ 1]
else:
raise StopIteration
array_obj = ArrayList([1, 2, 3])
it = iter(array_obj)
print(next(it)) #output: 2
print(next(it)) #output: 3
print(next(it))
#Throws Exception
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#...
#StopIteration
33. What is slicing in Python?
As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
stop is the ending index or where to sop.
step is the number of steps to jump.
Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print(numbers[1 : : 2]) #output : [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
34. Explain how can you make a Python Script executable
on Unix?
Script file must begin with #!/usr/bin/env python
35. Explain how to delete a file in Python?
Use command os.remove(file_name)
import os
os.remove("ChangedFile.csv")
print("File Removed!")
36. Explain split() and join() functions in Python?
You can use split() function to split a string based on a delimiter to a list of strings.
You can use join() function to join a list of strings based on a delimiter to give a single string.
string = "This is a string."
string_list = string.split(' ') #delimiter is ‘space’ character or ‘ ‘
print(string_list) #output: ['This', 'is', 'a', 'string.']
print(' '.join(string_list)) #output: This is a string.
37. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?
Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of array should be
homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and consumes far less memory than lists.
Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists can be heterogeneous.
It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory.
import array
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3])
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ' ) #OUTPUT: 1 2 3
print(i, end=' ' ) #OUTPUT: 1 2 3
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 'string']) #OUTPUT: TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
a = [1, 2, 'string']
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ' ) #OUTPUT: 1 2 string
38. What does *args and **kwargs mean?
*args
*args is a special syntax used in function definition to pass variablelength argument.
“*” means variable length and “args” is the name used by convention. You can use any other.
def multiply(a, b, *argv):
mul = a * b
for num in argv:
mul *= num
return mul
print(multiply(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) #output: 120
**kwargs
**kwargs is a special syntax used in function definition to pass variablelength keyworded argument.
Here, also, “kwargs” is used just by convention. You can use any other name.
Keyworded argument means a variable which has a name when passed to a function.
It is actually a dictionary of variable name and its value.
def tellArguments(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key + ": " + value)
tellArguments(arg1 = "argument 1", arg2 = "argument 2", arg3 = "argument 3")
#output:
# arg1: argument 1
# arg2: argument 2
# arg3: argument 3
39. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Negative indexes are the indexes from the end of the list or tuple or string.
Arr[1] means last element of array Arr[]
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
#get the last element
print(arr[1]) #output 6
#get the second last element
print(arr[2]) #output 5
Practice Python Questions asked in
Interviews
Q Suppose list1 = [3,4,5,2,1,0], what is list1 after list1.pop(1)?
list1 = [3,4,5,2,1]
list1 = [3,4,5,2,0]
list1 = [3,5,2,1,0]
list1 = [3,4,5,2]
Q What is the output of the following statement "Hello World"[::‐1] ?
"Hello World"
"World Hello"
"dlroW olleH"
"olleH dlroW"
Q What is the difference between lists and tuples?
List is a sequence data type, while tuple is not.
Tuples are mutable but lists are immutable.
Tuple is a sequence data type, while lists is not.
Lists are mutable but tuples are immutable.
100000000000000000000
1e+20
100000000000000000000.0
1.0e+20
Q Which statement is false for __init__?
__init__ is called manually on object creation.
__init__ is a constructor method in Python.
All classes have a __init__ method associated with them.
__init__ allocates memory for objects.
Q Which of the following is the function responsible for pickling?
pickle.save()
pickle.store()
pickle.pickle()
pickle.dump()
Q Which of the following is a protected attribute?
__sara__
__ansh
_sara_
ansh__
Q Which of the following is untrue for Python namespaces?
Python namespaces are implemented as a dictionary in Python.
Python namespaces have keys as addresses of the objects.
Lifecycle of a namespace depends upon the scope of the objects they are mapped to.
Namespaces ensure that object names in a program are unique.
Q Let list1 = ['s', 'r', 'a', 's'] and list2 = ['a', 'a', 'n', 'h'] , what is
the output of ["".join([i, j]) for i, j in zip(list1, list2)] ?
['s', 'a', 'r', 'a', 'a', 'n', 's', 'h']
['s', 'r', 'a', 's', 'a', 'a', 'n', 'h']
['sa', 'ra', 'an', 'sh']
['sa', 'sa', 'sn', 'sh', 'ra', 'ra', 'rn', 'rh', 'aa', 'aa', 'an', 'ah', 'sa', 'sa', 'sn', 'sh']
Current time.
Current time in milliseconds.
Current time in milliseconds since midnight, January 1, 1970.
Current time in milliseconds since midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT (the Unix time).
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